Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurement

6.2 Protection Systems

To fulll vital protection redundancy requirements, only those functions that are interdependent and directly associated with each other are integrated into the same unit. For backup protection, one or more additional units should be provided. All relays can stand fully alone. Thus, the traditional protection principle of separate main and backup protection as well as the external connection to the switchyard remain unchanged. One feeder, one relay concept Analog protection schemes have been engineered and assembled from individual relays. Interwiring between these relays and scheme testing has been carried out manually in the workshop. Data sharing now allows for the integration of several protection and protection-related tasks into one single numerical relay. Only a few external devices may be required for completion of the total scheme. This has signicantly lowered the costs of engineering, assembly, panel wiring, testing and commissioning. Scheme failure probability has also been lowered. Engineering has moved from schematic diagrams toward a parameter denition procedure. The powerful user-denable logic of SIPROTEC 4 allows exible customized design for protection, control and measurement.

Measuring included For many applications, the accuracy of the protection current transformer is sufcient for operational measuring. The additional measuring current transformer was required to protect the measuring instruments under short-circuit conditions. Due to the low thermal withstand capability of the measuring instruments, they could not be connected to the protection current transformer. Consequently, additional measuring core current transformers and measuring instruments are now only necessary where high accuracy is required, e.g., for revenue metering. Corrective rather than preventive maintenance Numerical relays monitor their own hardware and software. Exhaustive self-monitoring and failure diagnostic routines are not restricted to the protection relay itself but are methodically carried through from current transformer circuits to tripping relay coils. Equipment failures and faults in the current transformer circuits are immediately reported and the protection relay is blocked. Thus, service personnel are now able to correct the failure upon occurrence, resulting in a signicantly upgraded availability of the protection system.

6
52

21

67N

FL

79

25

SM

ER

FR

BM

85 SIPROTEC Line protection Serial link to station or personal computer kA, kV, Hz, MW, MVAr, MVA ER FR SM BM

to remote line end 21 67N FL 79 25 85 SM ER FR BM Distance protection Directional earth-fault protection Distance-to-fault locator Auto-reclosure Synchrocheck Carrier interface teleprotection Self-monitoring Event recording Fault recording Breaker monitor

Load monitor

Fault report Fault record Relay monitor Breaker monitor Supervisory control

Fig. 6.2-27: Numerical relays offer increased information availability

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Siemens Energy Sector Power Engineering Guide Edition 7.0