KOLEJ ANTARABANGSA TEKNOLOGI DAN PROFESIONAL PERLIS, MALAYSIA

DRUG APPLIED TO HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

NAME: MUHAMMAD DANIAL ARIF B. AB. AZIZ I/C NUMBER: 920128-09-5101 MATRIK NUMBER: DPM40/512/0060 SEMESTER: 2 GROUP: 2 LECTURE: Pn. KASMAYANTIE Bt. KAMIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT _____________________________________________________ 2 INTRODUCTION __________________________________________________________ 3 CONTENTS_______________________________________________________________ 5
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ______________________________________________________ 5
AVELOX _____________________________________________________________________________ 5 ZINNAT ______________________________________________________________________________ 7

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM __________________________________________________ 8

INOCOR _____________________________________________________________________________ 8 LANOXIN ____________________________________________________________________________ 9

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ________________________________________________________ 10

DIBOSE _____________________________________________________________________________ 10 ARIMIDEX ___________________________________________________________________________ 11

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ________________________________________________________ 12

DELTASONE ________________________________________________________________________ 12 FLANIL______________________________________________________________________________ 13

SKELETAL SYSTEM _________________________________________________________ 14

ROCALTROL ________________________________________________________________________ 15 RHEUMATREX ______________________________________________________________________ 16

RENAL SYSTEM _____________________________________________________________ 17

LASIX _______________________________________________________________________________ 17 RENAGEL ___________________________________________________________________________ 18

NERVOUS SYSTEM __________________________________________________________ 19

AMERGE ____________________________________________________________________________ 19 DEPAKOLE _________________________________________________________________________ 20

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM _________________________________________________________ 21

PARIET _____________________________________________________________________________ 21 MAG-OX400 _________________________________________________________________________ 22

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ________________________________________________________ 23

ANSAID _____________________________________________________________________________ 23 HETRAZAN _________________________________________________________________________ 24

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM __________________________________________________ 25

ZEROXIN ___________________________________________________________________________ 25 CLOBEX ____________________________________________________________________________ 26

CONCLUSION ___________________________________________________________ 27 REFERENCES ___________________________________________________________ 28

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This task would not have been possible without the support from many people. First of all, I would like to give a special thanks to Pn. Kasmayantie Binti Kamis, lecture of DFB 2043, Anatomy and Physiology 2 for giving me guidance, invaluable assistance and support while I am completing this task and also other lectures whose give me support for this task. I also would like to thanks to all my fellow friends whos helped me for getting and sharing some valuable information for me to complete this task. Special thanks also to my parent En. Ab. Aziz B. Mat Amin and Pn. Hashimah Binti Ahmad for giving me encouragement and support to complete this given task. Last but not least, I am grateful to God for giving me strength to face challenges and tests when I complete this task.

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INTRODUCTION
Our body consist of several systems that working together to create a complex mechanism. Without them we cannot live. Our body system consist of integumentary system, skeletal system, respiratory system, blood circulatory system, cardiovascular system, nervous system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, renal system, digestive system and reproductive system. Each systems have its own function and organs. First of all, our integumentary system can protect our body from damages, provide waterproof layer, excrete waste products, and regulate our body temperature and also the attachment site for sensory reeceptors. This system consist of several organs such as skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors. Skeletal system is the one most important system in our body. Newborns human have over 270 bones which join together into axis which is axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Axial skeleton consist of 80 bones formed by vertebral column that consist 26 bones (7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar), 12 pairs of ribs and sternum, and also the skull or cranium. Appendicular skeleton consist of 126 bones formed by pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdles and lower limbs. Skeletal system has five major functions. The first function in for give support and shape for the body. Second function is for movement that powered by skeletal muscle. The third function is for protection for the vital organs such as heart, lungs, brain, spinal cord and other organs. The fourth function is the formation of blood cell called haematopoiesis that occur at bone marrow. The last function is for storage. The third system in our body is respiratory system. This system consist of nasal cavity, oral cavity, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles and lungs. This system act as our breathing mechanism for our body to get enough oxygen. Other system that can be relate together is blood circulatory system and cardiovascular system. Blood circulatory system that consist red blood cell help to transport oxygen we take from our lungs to body cells and transport carbon dioxide from body cells back to lungs. Other function of blood circulatory system is its formed our body immune protection. Cardiovascular system that consist of heart help pumping the blood to all part of the body to ensure that all body cells get enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. Our nervous system consist of two main parts which is Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The CNS consist of brain and spinal cord. The function of this system is to detect and collect stimuli, sending stimuli to brain, integrate the information, interpret the information, analyse the information, make a decision and give a reflex action. Endocrine system is the system of glands that secretes different type of hormones to help the body regulate and maintain optimal environment. This system controlled by
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the hypothalamus in the brain. Lymphatic system consist of lymph, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs and lymph vessel. Lymphatic system are responsible for removal of interstitial fluid from body tissue, absorb and transport fatty acids and fat from digestive system, transport white blood cell to and from lymph nodes to bones and transport antigen cells into lymph nodes. Renal system consist of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. It is responsible in removal of wastes product from blood, regulate body fluid level and blood pressure, producing urine and excrete urine. The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. It consist of GI tract, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. The major organs of the reproductive system includes, the external genitalia (penis and vulva) as well as a number of internal organs including the gamete producing gonads (testicles and ovaries). However, all the above systems can infected by viruses and bacteria or can be infected by diseases. Fortunately, there are several drugs or medicines for each type of the system that has been discovered to treat the diseases. But not all the diseases can be treated.

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CONTENTS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is the system by which oxygen is taken into the body and the exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide occur. This system consist of nasal passages, pharynx, bronchi and lungs. Talking about diseases, there are several type of diseases can occur on this system. Most of them are caused by bacteria or viruses infection. Most of these bacteria and viruses are spread through the air that we breathe. Disease that can occur are asthma, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, there are a variety of drugs that have been found to treat and relieve this such of diseases. The two examples of drugs are Avelox and Zinnat. AVELOX Avelox is the trade name for Moxifloxacin, its generic name. Avelox is manufactured by Bayer Healthcare. Avelox is fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. It has been indicated to treat acute sinusitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pheunomia. Contraindication Allergy to Moxifloxacin: Patients whose have allergy to Moxifloxacin and others quinolone medication should not take Avelox. Patients that exhibit allergy symptoms such as facial swelling, hives, dizziness or severe breathing difficulties should see their doctor immediately. Under age 18: Avelox is not approved to treat patients below 18 years old. This drug can cause significant joint and bones problem to children. Side effect Patients who take Avelox should stop taken it if they face: severe dizziness, fainting, fast or pounding heartbeats; sudden pain, snapping or popping sound, bruising, swelling, tenderness, stiffness, or loss of movement in any of your joints; diarrhea that is watery or bloody;
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confusion, hallucinations, depression, insomnia or nightmares, unusual thoughts or behavior, feeling light-headed; seizure (convulsions); severe headache, ringing in your ears, dizziness, nausea, vision problems, pain behind your eyes; pale or yellowed skin, dark colored urine, fever, weakness; urinating less than usual or not at all; easy bruising or bleeding; numbness, tingling, or unusual pain anywhere in your body; the first sign of any skin rash, no matter how mild; or severe skin reaction -- fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain, followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling.

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ZINNAT

Zinnat is the trade name for cefuroxime axetil drug. Zinnat is manufactured by GlasoSmithKline (GSK) is belongs to cephalosporin group of antibiotics. Zinnat is used to treat upper respiration tract infection such as sinusitis and tonsillitis. It also used to treat lower respiration tract infection such as pneumonia, acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Contraindicaion Zinnat is contraindicated to hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics. Side effects Allergic reactions Allergic reactions have been reported with less than 1% of patients. These include rashes, itching, redness, and hives. More severe reactions include Steven Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and anaphylactic reaction. If patients are having severe breathing difficulty, severe itching and lots of hives, skin peeling off from your body and faintish ness following zinnat therapy, then drug must be stopped and they must seek emergency medical attention. Gastro intestinal effects Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are the commonest side effects. Zinnat can have a strong persistent bitter taste when tablets are crushed and given to children. Even the commercial suspensions are disliked by many children due to bitter taste. Gastritis, bleeding from the gut, indigestion, mouth ulcers, swollen tongue, and loss of appetite, thirst, and stomach cramps occur rarely with zinnat. Neurological side effects Headache, dizziness, sleepiness, myoclonic jerks (type of seizure), and generalized hyperexitability, have been reported with zinnat. Although these side effects are rare, they can occur more frequently with coexisting renal impairment. Renal and genital side effects Acute renal failure has been reported very rarely with patients receiving zinnat. Kidney pain, urethral pain, difficulty in urination, vaginal candidiasis (fungal infection in vagina) and excessive vaginal discharge have been reported rarely with zinnat therapy.

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Cardiovascular system consist of heart and blood vessels. Any diseases that involve heart and blood vessel are called cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are coronary heart diseases, cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, heart failure, cor pulmonale, inflammatory heart disease, valvular heart disease and stroke. There are certain drugs can be used to treat or relieve the pain of disease. The two example of drugs used are Inocor and Lanoxin. INOCOR Inocor is the trade name for amrinone drug. It is a is a pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor which is can improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. It was prescribed to use in the treatment of congestive heart failure and some studies also indicated that it also used before coronary artery bypass surgery. Contraindication hypertensivity condition. Side effects Some known side effect for this drug are: GI disturbances, nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopaenia, hypotension, chest pain, hypersensitivity, myositis, vasculitis, nail discoloration, Injection site pain, decreased tear production.

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LANOXIN Lanoxin is the trade name for digoxin drug produced by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Digoxin is a chemical that derived from a plant called digitalis plant. Lanoxin is the medicine used to treat heart failure. It also used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, and make the heart to beat stronger and with a more regular rhythm. Contraindication Contraindication of Lanoxin to the patients with the following medical condition. Hypersensitivity to Cardiac Glycosides Patients who had a history of allergic reactions to cardiac glycosides should avoid Lanoxin. Signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity to cardiac glycosides include difficulties breathing, wheezing, hives, rashes, swollen face and tongue, itching, watering eyes and congestion. Ventricular Fibrillation Lanoxin should not be used in patients with ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation is a severe abnormal heart rhythm that can be life-threatening. During ventricular fibrillation, blood is not pumped from the heart and resulting in sudden cardiac death. Second- and Third-degree Heart Block Lanoxin also should not be used in patients with heart block problems. Heart block problems occur when electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles are blocked. This results in decreased blood circulation and that could result in heart attack and death.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine system is the system of glands that secretes different type of hormones to help the body regulate and maintain optimal environment. This system controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. Endocrine diseases are the disorder of endocrine system which is the system may or not function properly. Endocrine disorders may be subdivided into three groups: Endocrine gland hyposecretion (leading to hormone deficiency) Endocrine gland hypersecretion (leading to hormone excess) Tumours (benign or malignant) of endocrine glands Diseases that mainly occur are adrenal disorders, glucose homeostasis disorders, calcium homeostasis disorders and metabolic bone disease, pituitary gland disorders, sex hormone disorders and tumours of the endocrine glands. However, there are many types of drugs in the market that can be used in endocrine diseases treatments. Examples of them are Dibose and Arimidex. DIBOSE Dibose is brand name for acarbose drug. This drugs also have other brand name such as Garbose, Glucar, Glucobay, Glucoric and Precarbay. Acarbose is an oral alpha-glucosidase inhibitor for use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It will inhibits alpha glucosidase, an intestinal enzyme that release glucose from larger carbohydrates. Contraindication Acarbose has the following contraindications: hypersensivity to acarbose type drug diabetic ketoacidosis cirrhosis inflammatory bowel disease colonic ulcer partial GI obstruction GI obstruction risk malabsorption syndromes

Side effect Since acarbose prevents the degradation of complex carbohydrates into glucose, some carbohydrate will remain in the intestine and be delivered to the colon. In the colon, bacteria digest the complex carbohydrates, causing gastrointestinal sideeffects such as flatulence and diarrhea. Since these effects are dose-related, in

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general it is advised to start with a low dose and gradually increase the dose to the desired amount. Patients using acarbose also suffers from a bout of hypoglycaemia. To prevent this, patients must eat something containing monosaccharides, such as fruit juice. Hepatitis also been reported when patients use acarbose. But, it usually goes away when the medicine is stopped.

ARIMIDEX Arimidex is the trade name for anastrozole marketed by AsraZeneca. It is an aromatase-inhibiting drug. Arimidex is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women and adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women. Contraindication Arimidex is contraindicated to the following conditions. Pregnancy and Premenopausal Women Arimidex may cause foetal harm when administered by a pregnant woman and offers no clinical benefit to premenopausal women with breast cancer. Arimidex also contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women using Arimidex. If Arimidex is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus or potential risk for loss of the pregnancy. Hypersensitivity Arimidex is contraindicated in any patient who has shown a hypersensitivity reaction to the drug or to any of the excipients. Observed reactions include anaphylaxis, angioedema, and urticaria. Side effect Serious side effect of Arimidex are: Skin reactions such as lesions, ulcers, or blisters; Allergic reactions with swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and/or throat. This may cause difficulty in swallowing and/or breathing; Changes in blood tests of the liver function, including inflammation of the liver with symptoms.

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscular system is an organ system consist of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It allowed the movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. Same as other system in the body, muscular system also can infected by diseases. The diseases that occur can affect the normal working of the muscles in the body. If the muscular system is affected by any disease or disorder, it leads to many minor and in some case major health problems. Not only affect mobility, but also causes many other functional problems. Muscular diseases are Muscular Dystrophy, Cerebral Palsy, Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, Dermatomyositis, Compartment Syndrome and Myotonia. Deltasone and Flanil are the example of drugs in the market that used to treat several muscle diseases. DELTASONE Deltasone contain prednisone which is a glucocorticoid. Deltasone is indicated to treat not only muscle diseases but other system diseases such as: Rheumatic Disorders Collagen Diseases Dermatologic Diseases Hematologic Disorders Edematous States

Contrandication Systemic fungal infections and known hypersensitivity to components. Side effect Known side effect of Deltasone are: Impaired wound healing Thin fragile skin Petechiae and ecchymoses Facial erythema Increased sweating May suppress reactions to skin tests

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FLANIL Flanil is type of drug containing Eugenol, Menthol and Methyl salicylate. Flanil are prescribed to relief of simple muscular discomforts & painful muscles following unaccustomed exercise or exertion, insect bites, itching, used in pruritus and urticaria. Contraindication Flanil are contraindicated to hypersensitivity to methyl salicylate or to any of the excipients of Flanil and ulceration. Side effect Flanil has no known side effect has been reported.

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SKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeletal system is the body system that consists of the bones, their associated cartilages, and the joints. It supports and protects the body, produces blood cells, and stores minerals. As the other body system, skeletal system also has its own diseases. Most of the diseases are involved bones and joints. The type of diseases that occur are Arthritis Arthritis is an inflammatory condition that affects your joints, such as the knees, or a portion of spinal column. Bone Cancer Bone cancer, though uncommon, is cancer that originates within a bone of your body causing bones to weaken. Individuals with bone cancer may experience fatigue, bone pain or frequent bone fractures. Osteomalacia (Rickets) Osteomalacia is a disease that leads to a softening and weakening of your bone tissue. This disease, which in children is also called rickets, is typically caused by prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become brittle and weak due to the extensive loss of bone tissue. There are many type of drugs on market to treat the above diseases. The two example of drug are Rocaltrol and Rheumatrex.

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ROCALTROL Rocaltrol is brand names fo calcitriol type drug. It indicated to treat Vitamin D deficiency and also osteomalacia (Rickets). Besides that, it also used for familial hypophosphatemia and hypoparathyroidism, and in the management of hypocalcemia and renal osteodystrophy in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis. Rocaltrol also used in conjunction with calcium in the management and prevention of primary or corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Contraindication Rocaltrol has contraindications for vitamin D analogues such as Vitamin D2, Vitamin D3, Calcitriol, and Calcidiol. Vitamin D should not be given to patients with hypercalcemia or evidence of vitamin D toxicity. Use of vitamin D in patients with known hypersensitivity to vitamin D or any of the inactive ingredients is contraindicated. Side effect Stop using calcitriol and call your doctor at once if you have a serious side effect such as: weakness, headache, drowsiness nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, constipation loss of appetite dry mouth, increased thirst metallic taste in your mouth urinating more than usual fast, slow, or uneven heart rate changes in behavior Muscle pain, bone.

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RHEUMATREX Brand Names: Rheumatrex Generic Names: methotrexate Indications: Methotrexate is used to treat psoriasis, an inflammatory skin disease, as well as the arthritis. It is also used to treat active rheumatoid arthritis in adults and children and other rheumatic diseases. Contraindication: Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions from methotrexate in breast fed infants, it is contraindicated in nursing mothers. Patients with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis with alcoholism, alcoholic liver disease or other chronic liver disease should not receive methotrexate. Patients with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis who have overt or laboratory evidence of immunodeficiency syndromes should not receive methotrexate. Patients with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis who have preexisting blood dyscrasias, such as bone marrow hypoplasia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia or significant anemia, should not receive methotrexate. Patients with a known hypersensitivity to methotrexate should not receive the drug Side effect Rheumatrex may have the side effect such as elevated liver enzymes, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, thrombocytopenia, rash, pruritus, dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, dizziness, hepatoxicity, bone marrow suppression, GI toxicity, fibrosis, cirrhosis, tumor lysis syndrome, fatal skin reactions, opportunistic infections, cough and chest lesions.

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RENAL SYSTEM
Renal system is responsible in removal of wastes product from blood, regulate body fluid level and blood pressure, producing urine and excrete urine. Any diseases that occur at this system are called Urologic diseases. The diseases include benign and malignant tumours, infections and inflammations, and obstruction by calculi. The example of drugs used during therapy are Lasix and Afinitor. LASIX Lasix has a generic name furosemide is water pill type that prevents the body from absorbing too much salt, allowing the salt to instead be passed out in urine. Lasix are indicated to treat fluid retention (edema) in people with congestive heart failure, liver disease, or a kidney disorder such as nephrotic syndrome. This medication is also used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Contraindication Lasix contraindicated to patients with anuria and in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to furosemide. Side effect Known Lasix side effects are: ringing in your ears, hearing loss; itching, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes); severe pain in your upper stomach spreading to your back, nausea and vomiting; weight loss, body aches, numbness; swelling, rapid weight gain, urinating less than usual or not at all; chest pain, new or worsening cough with fever, trouble breathing; pale skin, bruising, unusual bleeding, feeling light-headed, rapid heart rate, trouble concentrating; low potassium (confusion, uneven heart rate, leg discomfort, muscle weakness or limp feeling); low calcium (tingly feeling around your mouth, muscle tightness or contraction, overactive reflexes); headache, feeling unsteady, weak or shallow breathing; or Severe skin reaction -- fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain, followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling.

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RENAGEL Renagel is the brand of sevelamer. Sevelamer helps prevent hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the body) caused by elevated phosphorus. Renagel is used to control phosphorus levels in people with chronic kidney disease who are on dialysis. Contraindication Renagel is contraindicated in patients with bowel obstruction. Side effect Renagel has less serious and serious side effect. Patients who got less serious side effect should seek for the doctor immediately and patients that have serious side effect must stop taking this medication. Less serious side effect included: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite; upset stomach, gas, bloating; diarrhea, mild constipation; tired feeling; itching; or joint pain. Serious side effect are: black, bloody, or tarry stools; constipation that gets worse or does not clear up; severe constipation with stomach pain; or fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms.

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NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is the network of specialized cells, tissues, and organs in a multicellular animal that coordinates the body's interaction with the environment, including sensing internal and external stimuli, monitoring the organs, coordinating the activity of muscles, initiating actions, and regulating behavior. Any type of diseases that occur at nervous system is called neurological diseases. This diseases included headache, head trauma, stroke, epilepsy, spinal disease, Parkinsons disease and brain tumors/cancer and also meningitis. However, there is a lot of medications that used to treat this diseases. For example Amerge and Depakole.
AMERGE

Amerge is the trade name for naratriptan hydrochloride. Naratriptan is a selective serotonin agonist which acts and produces vasoconstriction of cranial arteries. Amerge is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine attacks. It also for use in the treatment of cluster headache, or management of basilar and hemiplegic migraine. Contraindication Amerge has the following contraindication: Basilar/haemiplegic migraine, uncontrolled hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, coronary vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular syndromes, severe hepatic/renal impairment

Side effect Amerge can cause several side effects. This side effect included: Dizziness, drowsiness, malaise/fatigue, nausea, vomiting, paraesthesia, pain or pressure in throat or neck, palpitation, hypertension, hypotension,
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heart murmurs, bradycardia, hyperlipidaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hypothyroidism, hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, ketonuria, eye haemorrhage, allergic reaction, hallucinations.

DEPAKOLE Depakole, trade for divalproex sodium manufactured by Abbott Laboratories. It has been approved for the treatment of complex partial seizures, a common type of epilepsy. It also can be used for the treatment of migraine headaches. Contraindication Depakole is contraindicated for patients with hepatic disease or significant hepatic dysfunction, as well as those known to be allergic to it. Side effect Some side effect may face by patients are: mild drowsiness or weakness; diarrhea, constipation, stomach ache; changes in your menstrual periods; enlarged breasts, weight changes; tremor (shaking); hair loss; vision changes; or unusual or unpleasant taste in mouth

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. It consist of GI tract, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. All diseases that occur at the gastrointestinal tract are labelled as digestive diseases. This includes diseases of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and large intestine. Digestive diseases included, Esophagus Disorders, Acute Pancreatitis, Appendicitis, Hernia, Duodenal Ulcer, Gastritis and Constipation. Certain type of medicines have been released to treat digestive diseases. However, not all medicines can be used and most of them only act as painkiller. The example of medicines are Pariet and Mag-Ox400. PARIET Pariet is the trade name used for rabeprazole. Rabeprazole works by slowing or preventing the production of acid in the stomach. Pariet used to treat and maintain healing of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It is also used to treat symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation, of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). Contraindication Pariet is contraindicated to hypersensitivity to rabeprazole, substituted benzimidazoles or any of components of its pharmaceutical forms. Side effect Pariet side effect included anxiety arthralgia asthenia constipation diarrhea dry mouth erythema granulocytopenia headache increased or decreased appetite insomnia leukocytopenia meteorism muscle or bone pain myalgia nausea
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skin eruption thrombocytopenia vertigo vomiting

MAG-OX400 Mag Ox400 is magnesium oxide is used by gastric patients to relieve gastric pain. Other trade for this drug are Max-Ox200 and MagGel. Contraindication No known contraindication considered. Side effect Mag-Ox400 side effect are Diarrhea Hypermagnesemia. Milk-alkali syndrome.

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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphatic system is the body system that responsible to collect and return interstitial fluid, including plasma protein to the blood, and thus help maintain fluid balance, defending the body against disease by producing lymphocytes, help to absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them into the blood. Lymphatic diseases is the disorder of lymphatic organ. Lymphatic diseases included Hodgkins Lymphoma, Lymphadentis Lymphadentis, Lymphangitis, Lymphedema, lymphatic filariasis and Lymphocytosis. The example of drugs used to treat this disease are Ansaid and Hetrazan. ANSAID Ansaid is the trade name for flurbiprofen is an Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Ansaid is analgesics drug used by Lymphangitis patients to reduce the pain. Ansaid also can be used in other diseases as a pain reliever. Contraindication Ansaid contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to flurbiprofen. Side effect Ansaid has several side effects that has been reported by patients. abdominal pain constipation diarrhea dyspepsia/heartburn nausea vomiting

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HETRAZAN Hetrazan, the trade name for diethylcarbamazine. It used as an anthelmintic drug in the treatment of filariasis. It also used in the treatment of loiasis and onchocerciasis. Contraindication Hetrazan is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the diethylcarbamazine. Side effect Side effect of Hetrazan are itching and swelling of face, especially eyes.

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. Most of the diseases that affect the integumentary system are dermatological and include such specific skin disorders or diseases as acne, psoriasis, athlete's foot, dermatitis, vitiligo and skin cancer. Diseases that affect the hair and nails include alopecia areata and paronychia. Certain type of drugs are used to treat the diseases. Example of the drugs are Zeroxin and Clobex. ZEROXIN Zeroxin is benzoyl peroxide topical drug that has an antibacterial effect. It also has a mild drying effect, which allows excess oils and dirt to be easily washed away from the skin. Benzoyl peroxide topical is used to treat acne. Contraindication Zeroxin is contraindicated to acne rosacea hypersensitivity. Side effect Zeroxin may give excessive dryness of skin, marked scaling, erythema, edema and contact sensitization.

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CLOBEX Clobex is manufactured by Galderma Laboratories is clobetasol propionate that used to treat moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Contraindication Clobex is is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to clobetasol propionate, to other corticosteroids, or to any ingredient in this preparation. Side effect Most reported Clobex side effect are Skin Atrophy, Telangiectasia, skin discomfort and dry skin.

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CONCLUSION
Human body has a variety of system such as respiratory system, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, muscular system, renal system, nervous system, digestive system, lymphatic system, skeletal system and integumentary system. These systems are working together to make our body function properly. With the present of these system, our body can maintain its optimum environment such as body temperature, blood pressure, sugar and salt level and body water level. Some of the system also help the body in releasing hormones and help to protect the body against microorganism and other foreign substances that enter the body. However, the function of the body can be affected if one or more body systems infected by diseases. All type of systems have their own diseases such as asthma and pneumonia affecting respiratory system, heart attack or congestive heart failure affecting cardiovascular system, glucose homeostasis disorders affecting adrenal system and other types of diseases that affective each system and sometimes these diseases are fatal. Nowadays, many variety of drugs had discovered to treat the diseases and some of them only specialised for a certain body system. Besides that, patients who takes these type of drugs should know their side effect. They must stop taking the drug prescribed if they faced serious side effect or they must seek for the doctors immediately.

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REFERENCES
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