Science Lab Report

Richard Zhou 10D (SNC2D7-02)

The factors that effect the rate of reaction

Design
Question Part 1: How does the particles size of the reactant affect the reaction rate? Part 2: How does the temperature affect the rate of reaction? Part 3: How does the concentration of the reactants affect reaction rate? Hypothesis Part 1 I think if the substance have a bigger particle size meaning its size is bigger, will have a more reaction rate due to collision theory. It will have a more reaction rate because there are more room for the particles to bump in to each other and causing a reaction. If it is smaller meaning the substances size is smaller, it will have a less reaction rate due to collision theory because it will have less room for more particles to bump into each other. Part 2 If the temperature increases, the rate of reaction will be faster because if the temperature increases the more often the particles will move and therefore reaction occurs. If the temperature is low, the rate of reaction will be slower because the particles will not move as much as the temperature increased and therefore reaction occurs slowly. Part 3 The more concentration of the reactants, the less time it will take for it to have a reaction because there is more particles and therefore the particles are more likely to bump into each other to form a reaction. If the less concentration, it will dissolve faster and have a less reaction time because the particles will less likely to bump into each other to cause a reaction. Procedure Part 1 Three tablets were obtained and two of the tablets were broken down into different sizes. The first tablet was kept as a whole tablet, the second tablet was broken down in half, and the third tablet was broken down into powder by using the mortar and pestle. The weight of the tablets was measured on a balance in order for them to be the same. A graduated cylinder was taken and water was poured at 100mL. A flask was taken and the 100mL of water in the graduated cylinder was poured in. The first tablet was dropped into the flask with 100ml of water. The time for the reaction to completely finish was recorded. The graduated cylinder and the flask were

cleaned. These steps were used for the two remaining tablets that are left and the time for the reaction to completely finish was recorded.

Part 2 Three flasks and a graduated cylinder were obtained. 100 mL of water was poured into a graduated cylinder. The 100 mL of water was then poured in to the flask carefully. These steps were repeated for the remaining two flasks. One flask was kept intact. The other two flasks were placed on a hot plate in order for its temperature to rise. The temperature of the flask that was left intact was measured. Three tablets were obtained and one tablet was placed into the flask that was left intact. The time for the tablet to dissolve in the flask that was left intact was recorded. The tablets were placed into the other two flasks and time for reaction was recorded.

Part 3

Procedure

Three test tubes and a small graduated cylinder was obtained. Pure hydrochloric acid was obtained and by using a thin stem pipette, 6 mL of hydrochloric acid was dropped in to the small graduated cylinder. The 6 mL of hydrochloric acid was then obtained from the small graduated cylinder by using a thin stem pipette and squeezed into the test tube carefully. The test tube was then labeled as 3 molarity (M). (Show in diagram 1) The second time 4mL of hydrochloric acid was obtained by using thin stem pipette and squeezed into a small graduated cylinder and 2 mL of distilled water was poured into the small graduated cylinder to dilute the concentration of the acid to 2 molarity. The diluted hydrochloric acid was then obtained from the small graduated cylinder by using a thin stem pipette and squeezed into the test tube carefully. The test tube was then labeled as 2 molarity. (Shown in diagram 1.1) The third time 2mL of hydrochloric acid was obtained by using thin stem pipette and squeezed into a small graduated cylinder and 4 mL of distilled water was poured into the small graduated cylinder to dilute the concentration of the acid to 1 molarity. The diluted hydrochloric acid was then obtained from the small graduated cylinder by using a thin stem pipette and squeezed into the test tube carefully. The test tube was then labeled as 1 molarity. (Shown in diagram 1.2) The fourth time 6 mL of distilled water was poured into a small graduated cylinder and then was poured into the test tube. It was labeled as 0 molarity. Four equal pieces of Magnesium strip was obtained and was put into the test tube. The time for the reaction to be completely over was recorded. (Shown in diagram 1.3)

Data Collecting and Processing

Raw data tables Part 1

The Reaction Rate Of Surface Area

Reactant Mass +/- 0.1g Water (mL) +/0.5mL 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL Time(s) +/- 0.1s

Powdered tablet Broken tablet Solid tablet (intact)

Estimated 3.16 g 3.19 g 3.16 g

12.0 s 40.2 s 40.1 s

Independent variable: The state of the reactant tablet Dependent variable: Rate of reaction(s) Control variable: Amount of water (100mL)

Part 2

The Reaction Rate of Temperature

Test Tablet Temperature +/0.02 C 23.8 C 48.4 C 79.9 C Reaction time +/0.1s 49.6 s 44.0 s 28.6 s

1 2 3

Whole Whole Whole

Independent variable: Temperature (C) Dependent variable: Rate of reaction (s) Controlled variable: The amount of water (100mL), Number of tablets

Part 3

The Reaction Rate of Concentration

Test 1 2 3 4 Mg strip 1 1 1 1 Concentration (6ml) +/- 0.05mL 3M 2M 1M 0M Time +/- 0.1s 27.6 s 40.4 s 81.0 s N/R (No reaction)

Independent variable: Molarity of diluted HCL (M) Dependent variable: Rate of reaction (s) Controlled variable: The number of Mg strips and the amount of water (mL)

Data Processing
Overview I decided to present the data into the form of putting the reaction rate (which is time of reaction finish) into s-1 so that the difference of reaction time between each test and reactant is clearer. It is used to show which test have a faster reaction rate more clear by using decimal to the power of -1. Part 1

The Reaction Rate Of Surface Area

Reactant Mass +/- 0.1g Water (mL) +/0.5mL 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL Time(s) +/0.1s 12.0 s 40.2 s 40.1 s Rate of reaction+/- 0.01s in power of -1 0.083s-1 0.025s-1 0.025s-1

Powdered tablet Broken tablet Solid tablet (intact) Part 2

Estimated 3.16 g 3.19 g 3.16 g

The Reaction Rate of Temperature

Test 1 2 3 Tablet Whole Whole Whole Temperature +/0.02 C 23.8 C 48.4 C 79.9 C Reaction time +/-0.1s 49.6 s 44.0 s 28.6 s Rate of reaction+/0.01 s in power of -1 0.020s-1 0.022s-1 0.034s-1

Part 3

The Reaction Rate of Concentration

Test Mg strip Concentration Time +/- 0.1s Rate of reaction +/0.01s in power of -1 0.036s-1 0.025s-1 0.012s-1 N/R

1 2 3 4 Sample calculation

1 1 1 1

3M 2M 1M 0M

27.6 s 40.4 s 81.0 s N/R (No reaction)

Rate of reaction in power -1 In order to compare the time of reaction more efficiently, the number of tablets was divided by the time of reaction. For example: in part 1 the time for reaction to be completely over in the powdered tablet is 12 seconds. Since there is only one tablet being used, the reciprocal is 1/12 seconds. It is then converted to decimals, which equals to 0.0833(where the 3 is repeated) seconds-1. The number is then rounded off to 0.083s-1.

Analysis

1. Please see the section Presentation for the graph. The general trends I notice where that the time of reaction, which is the time of reaction occurred and to finished, is going down which indicates that the reaction rate is faster. Other trends such as the reaction time going up meaning that the reaction rate is slower than before. 2. In each part of this investigation, a chemical change occurred then the solute start to bubble when a solvent is dropped into the solute. For example, when an Effervescent tablet is dropped into the solute, which is water, it started to bubble and a chemical reaction had occurred. In part three, the Magnesium ribbon bubbled and dissolved as it was in the Hydrochloric acid. Also, when heat exothermically release from the substance. For example, in part three the flask became hotter and the reaction occurs. There is also a new substance formed during a chemical reaction and a new color is formed. For example, in part one the tablet is dropped into flask and a new color is formed meaning that a new substance formed. 3. a.) The surface area is affected by the reaction rate because as there is a low surface area meaning the particle size is smaller, the reaction rate is faster. On the other hand, if there is a high surface area meaning the particle size is bigger, the reaction rate is slower. For example, in part one the particle size of the whole tablet is much bigger than the powdered tablet that was broken down. The whole tablet needed more time to dissolve into the water than the powdered tablet. b.) As temperature increase, the rate of the reaction is faster because the particles collide into each other faster causing the chemical reaction faster. If the temperature is low, the rate of the reaction is slower because there will be less particles to collide into each other causing the chemical reaction slower. For example, in part two as the temperature is higher, the reaction rate is faster than the reaction rate of the lower temperature. c.) If the concentration of solute or solvent is high, the faster the reaction rate is because there are more particles to collide into and causing a reaction. If there is less concentration of solute or solvent, the slower the reaction rate because it will have less particles to collide into and causing a reaction. For example, in part three the concentration in the hydrochloric acid 3M (molarity) has a faster reaction rate than 2M of hydrochloric acid. 4. Automobiles are hard to start in winter because the oil get thicker in the winter than summer because the temperature is colder so it is harder for the engine to push around the oil and for it to spin. The engine will spin less in the winter, therefore its harder to start car. Also, the battery of the car is colder for the engine to start. The battery produces electrons that will help to produce energy for the engine to start. Since its cold it will have less energy to work with and therefore it is more difficult to start the engine. 5. There might be more positive ions in one chemical than negative ions in the substance and they speed up the reaction rate. They speed up the reaction

rate because there are more positive ions so that the negative ions will attract to the positive ions more quickly and therefore a chemical reaction occurs faster. Other factors can be the energy used in a chemical reaction could be less therefore causing the reaction rate faster. I could test my ideas by breaking down hydrogen peroxide and water by electrolysis to see which one is faster without adding magnesium oxide. I can then test it by adding magnesium oxide to break down hydrogen peroxide and water. Conclusion and Evaluation In conclusion, the rate of reaction can be affected in several ways. The factors are the surface area, temperature, and the concentration of the substance, could affect the rate of reaction. The larger the surface area is the slower the reaction rate is and the smaller the surface area is the faster the reaction rate is. The higher temperature, the faster the reaction rate is and the lower the temperature, the slower the reaction rate is. The higher the concentration of the substance is, the faster the reaction rate is and the lower concentration of the substance, the slower the reaction rate is. My hypothesis was correct; the less room for the particles to collide the faster the reaction rate is, the more room for the particles to collide the slower the reaction rate is. The higher the temperature is, the more often the particles move and therefore causing the reaction at a faster pace. The lower the temperature is, the less often the particles move and therefore causing the reaction at a slower pace. The less concentration of a substance meaning there is fewer particles, the slower the reaction rate is. The more concentration of a substance meaning there are more particles, the faster the reaction rate is. In my data, powdered tablet dissolved faster than the whole tablet because the powdered tablet had less space between each particle and the whole tablet had more space between each particle. The time for the broken tablet was an error because it should of took less time for it to solve than the whole tablet. It was an error because it was not cut precisely with a tool; it was broken down by hand. So the broken tablet did not have the same surface area therefore it took longer time for it to dissolve than it should have. Other data such as the higher the temperature, the faster the reaction time was to finish. For example in my data, the room temperature of the water being used was 23.8C and it had a reaction time of 49.6 seconds. On the other hand, the water that was heated longer had a temperature of 79.9C and it had a reaction time of 28.6C. This means that the higher the temperature is, the faster the reaction time is. Another data that was collected was how does the concentration of the substance affect reaction rate. The higher the concentration, the faster the reaction rate is and the lower the concentration, the slower the reaction rate is. In my data three molarity of Hydrochloric acid had a reaction time of 27.6 seconds and the one

molarity had a reaction time of 81 seconds therefore the higher the concentration, the faster the reaction rate. Some possible errors are parallax or meniscus error, which is not reading the scale at the bottom of the meniscus when measuring volume. It is more severe in measuring the volume of the water and the amount of the hydrochloric acid because a 0.1mL division cylinder was used so it is easier to misread the scale. Other errors such as weighting the tablet, the weight of the powdered tablet was assumed because it was not weighted before and the weight of the broken tablet actually weights more than the whole tablet, which is an error because it can only be +/0.01g off. In fact, the broken tablet is about 0.03gs off the original tablet. It can be +/- 0.01g off because the balance is not always accurate. Errors such as not washing the cylinder or the flask before going on to the next test can cause some discrepancy of the results because the flask or the cylinder can have residue from the test before causing the results to differ. Another error can be when do you decide when the reaction is actually over. For example in part two and three, as a class we all depended on Clarck Perez and Luana Nemteanu when the reaction is over. Everyone had a different opinion of rather or not the reaction is actually over. This may result errors in seconds or milliseconds. In part two we as a class, had to depend on Clarck Perez for the temperature of the water that is being tested, which everybody has an opinion on if they are doing the lab independently. The magnesium ribbon might of not cut into four equal pieces meaning that when it dissolved in the Hydrochloric acid slower or faster, there might a discrepancy in the timing of the reaction. Other modifications such as doing more tests on each part such as part one breaking the tablet not in half in quarters to see what is reaction time and also using other substances such as. Part two taking the five or more different temperatures and record the time of reaction and also using other substances such as sodium into water. For part three I would make more diluted hydrochloric acid with different molarity and I would measure each piece of magnesium equally that I put into each of the diluted hydrochloric acid. The rate of reaction is affected by the surface area of the solvent, the concentration of the solute or solvent, and the temperature of the solute or solvent. The lower surface area, the faster the reaction rate is, the higher surface area the slower the reaction rate is. The higher temperature, the faster the reaction rate is and the lower the temperature, the slower the reaction rate is. The higher the concentration of the substance is, the faster the reaction rate is and the lower concentration of the substance, the slower the reaction rate is.