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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~akumar/IAP1/aprg_remains/workbook/cha...

CONVERSION OF UNITS
Problem : An SO2 concentration is given as 830mg/m3 at 25C and 1 atm. Express this concentration in parts per million (ppm). Solution : Step 1 Concentration of SO2 is 830 mg/m3 AT STP conditions (25C and 1 atm), one mole of gas occupies 24.5 L (V=nRT/P). Molecular Weight of SO2 is 64g/mol Step 2 concentration(10 mg/m3) x 24.5 L/mol ppm = molecular weight(g/mol) x 1000 (mL/m3*g) Step 3 830 (mg/m3) x 24.5 L/mol ppm = 64 (g/1 mol SO2) x 1000 (mL/m3*g) Exercise: Carbon Monoxide concentration at 90C and 6 atm is 90 mg/m3. Express this concentration in ppm. (0.016 ppm) Problem : The exhaust from a 1981 Honda contains 1.5% by volume of carbon monoxide. Compute the concentration of CO in milligrams/m3 at 25C and 1 atm of pressure. Solution : Step 1 1 percent by volume = 104 ppm. = 0.32 ppm

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

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1.5 percent by volume = 1.5*104 ppm. Molecular Weight of CO is 28 g/mol Step 2 ppm x molecular weight(g/mol) x 1000 (mg*L/m3*g) concentration (mg/m3) = 24.5 (L/mol) Step 3 1.5 x 104 ppm x 28(g/mol) x 1000 (mg*L/m3*g) concentration (mg/m3) = 24.5 (L/mol) = 1.71 x 107 ug/m3 = 1.71 x 104 mg/m3 Exercise: An exhaust gas containing 3.2 percent by volume SO2 is released at 25C and 1 atm. Compute the concentration in mg/m3. (8.36 x 104 mg/m3)

Weight Fraction, Mole Fraction, and Average Molecular Weight


BASIC EQUATIONS : mass Density : volume density of a given substance = density of water 1 g/cm3 density of a given substance

Specific gravity :

For example Specific gravity of methanol is given as 0.91. Therefore density of methanol is 0.91 multiplied by density of water = 1 g/cm3. Supposing a mixture has A, B, and C as its components. Then, Weight fraction of A = ( Wt. of A ) / ( Total Wt. ) Mole fraction of A = ( Moles of A ) / ( Total moles ) Number of moles of A = ( Wt. of A ) / ( Mol. Wt of A ) Total Wt = Wt(A) + Wt(B) + Wt(C). Total moles = molesA + molesB + molesC. Problem : Determine the mole fraction, weight fraction and average molecular weight of all the components in a

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

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mixture, if contains 20 lbs of O2, 30 lbs of NO2 and 10 lbs of SO2. Solution : Step 1 Find the molecular weight(mol.wt.) of each gas. mol.wt. of O2 = 32g/mole. mol.wt. of SO2 = 64g/mole. mol.wt. of NO2 = 46g/mole. Step 2 Determine the number of moles of each gas. moles of O2 = 20 lbs / (32g * 10-3kg/g * 2.2 lb/kg) = 284.1 moles. moles of NO2 = 30 lbs / (46g * 10-3kg/g * 2.2 lb/kg) = 296.4 moles. moles of SO2 = 10 lbs / (64g * 10-3kg/g * 2.2 lb/kg) = 71 moles. Total moles = 284.1 + 296.4 + 71 = 651.1. Step 3 Determine mole fractions. mole fraction O2 = 284.1 / 651.5. = 0.436. mole fraction NO2 = 296.4 / 651.5. = 0.455. mole fraction SO2 = 71.0 / 651.5 = 0.109. Step 4 Determine the weight fractions. Wt. fraction. O2 = 20/(20+30+10) = 2/6. Wt. fraction. NO2 = 30/60. Wt. fraction. SO2 = 10/60 = 1/2 = 1/6

Step5 Determine the average mol.wt. of mixture. Average mol. wt. = (mol.wt of A * mole fraction of A) + (mol.wt of B * mole fraction of B) + (mol.wt of C * mole fraction of C). Avg. mol.wt. = 32*0.436 + 46*0.455+64 *0.109 = 41.858 g/mole. Exercise: For a mixture equal weights of O2 and SO2, determine the mole fractions and weight fraction of each component and the average molecular weight of the mixture. (O2: 0.67 mol frac., 0.5 weigh frac.; SO2: 0.33 mol frac., 0.5 weigh frac.; average molecular weight: 42.6 g/mol)

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Definition

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

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Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the liquid surface. It is equal to 101.3 KPa absolute (760mm of mercury or 2116 lbf/ft2). Absolute pressure : Gage pressure + Atmospheric pressure. Problem : Determine the pressure, both absolute and gauge, exerted at the bottom of the column of liquid, with 1m height and with a density of 1200 Kg/m3. Solution : Pgage = Density*accel. due to gravity *height of liquid column. = 1200 Kg/m3 * 9.8 m/s2 * 1 m = 11.760 N/m2 Pabsolute = 101.3 + 11.760 = 113.06.KPa. Exercise: Determine the absolute and gauge pressure exerted at the bottom of the column of liquid, with 11 meters high and with a density of 1 Kg/m3. (Pgauge = 0.107 kPa, Pabsolute = 101.407 kPa)

GAS LAW
Formula :

PV=nRT
where, P: Absolute Pressure V : Volume occupied. T : Absolute temperature. n : Number of moles R : Gas law constant. = 1.986 cal/gmole-K. Absolute temperatures ( Rankine or Kelvin) are used in the ideal gas law. Temperature in F + 460 = Temperature in Rankine. Temperature in C + 273 = Temperature in Kelvin. Rewriting ideal gas law in terms of density, Density = mass/volume = n * mol.wt. of gas / Volume. where, n = number of moles = (P*V ) / ( R*T). Density = P*mol.wt. / ( R * T) By combining Boyle's law and Charles law, we get

{ q * P / T } a = { q * P / T} s
where,

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

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q :Volumetric flow rate P : Absolute pressure. T :Absolute temperature. s : Standard conditions a : Actual conditions. Problem : Calculate the density of a gas whose molecular weight is 29 at 1 atm,absolute and 80F. Solution : 80 F = 80 + 460 = 560 R density = P * mol.wt/RT R = 0.73 atm-ft3 /lb mol-R. density = 1*29/0.73*540 = 0.0735 lb/ft3. Exercise: Calculate the density of the same gas at 3 atm and 212F (0.1773 lb/ft3)

Problem : Determine the actual volumetric flow rate in acfm assuming that pressure is constant, when the actual temperature is 700 F. The standard conditions are 70 F and 3000 cfm. Solution : Temperaturestd = 70 F = 530 R. Temperatureact = 700 F = 1160 R. qact = qstd*(Tempact / Tempstd). = 3000*(1160 / 530). = 6566.03 acfm. Exercise: Determine the actual volumetric flow rate of the above furnace's releases at 1 atm and 65F. (3268.86 L/hr) Problem : For an SO2 emission of 22000 kg/day and an exhaust gas flow rate of 5.0 million m3/hr (after the scrubber) measured at 150C and 1 atm of pressure, calculate the concentration (ppm) of SO2 in the exhaust gases. Solution: Step 1 : kg n = 22000 day g-mol = 343750 day Step 2: x 1000 kg g x 64 g g-mol

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

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nRT VSO2 = P =

343750 (g*mol/day) x 0.08206 (L*atm/gmol*K) x (150+273)K 1 atm = 11932037 L/day

Step 3: Vexhaust gases = (5.0 x 106 m3/hour x 1000L/m3 x 24 hours/1 day) = 1.2 x 1011 L/day Step 4: For 1 day, total volume = 1.2 x 1011 L volume of SO2 = 1.1932037 x 107 L

VSO2 Concentration SO2 = Vexhaust gases =

1.1932037 x 107 L x 106 ppm 1.2 x 1011 L

= 99 ppm Exercise: Calculate the concentration of SO2 if the above measurements were made at 400C and 2.5 atm. (63 ppm)

STACK DISCHARGE VELOCITY


Definition : Stack discharge velocity is the velocity at which the exhaust gas from the process is discharged to the atmosphere. Problem : Determine the stack discharge velocity at 320F if the standard conditions for the exhaust are 2000 scfm, 60F and 1 atm. The diameter of the stack is found to be 1.2 ft. Solution: Actual volumetric flow rates are always used to calculate stack discharge velocity. Pstd/Pact is usually equal to 1 as the gas is discharged into the atmosphere. Step 1 : Calculate the qactual Formula : qact = qstd * {Tact*Tstd} at constant pressure. Tact = 320 + 460 = 780 R Tstd = 60 + 460 = 520 R qstd = 2000 scfm. qact = 2000 * 780/520. = 3000 acfm. Step 2 :
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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~akumar/IAP1/aprg_remains/workbook/cha...

Calculate crossectional area of the stack. A = PI* D2/4. =Pi * 1.22/4. = 1.130 ft2 Step 3 : Calculate discharge velocity. Discharge vel. = qact / A = 3000 / 1.13 = 2654.86 ft / min. = 44.2 ft / sec. Note : The velocity calculated in the above problem is average velocity. Exercise: Determine the stack discharge velocity at 125F for a 2.4 ft diameter stack with the same standard exhaust conditions. (8.3 ft/sec)

REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re)


Definition : Reynolds Number is the ratio of the inertial forces to viscous forces acting on a fluid. It provides information about the flow behavior of the fluid, i.e. whether the flow is laminar or transitional. It is defined: D*V D*V*r Re = = u m D = diameter of duct V = average velocity of fluid m = viscosity of fluid r = density of fluid u = kinematic viscosity of liquid In general, laminar flow transition region turbulent flow although this varies from case to case Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000

Problem : Determine the Reynolds number and the flow behavior for a gas flowing through a 1.7 ft diameter duct at a velocity of 25 ft/sec. The density of the gas is 0.075 lb/ft3 and the viscosity is 1.16 x 10-5 lb/ft-s. Solution: Step 1:

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

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D*V*r Re = m = 2.75 x 105 Step 2: =

1.7 ft x 25 ft/sec x 0.075 lb/ft3 1.16 x 10-5 lb/ft*sec

2.75 x 105 > 4000 therefore flow is turbulent Exercise: At what velocity would the above gas need to achieve laminar flow through the duct? (0.18 ft/sec)

REQUIRED HEAT RATE


The amount of heat required to a fluid which undergoes a temperature change can be defined as follows: heat transferred = mCpDT where, m = mass of fluid Cp = heat capacity of fluid DT = change in temperature Furthermore, the rate of heat transfer, Q, can be defined: mCpDT Q= t where, t = time Problem : Determine the rate of heat transfer if the mass flow rate of the gas stream is 1400 lb/min, when the temperature of the gas is raised from 200F to 1000F. Cp is given as 0.26 Btu/lb-F. Solution: 1400 lb x 0.26 Btu/lb-F x (1000F-200F) Q= 1 min = 2.912 x 105 Btu/min Exercise: What would be the heat transferred over a period of one hour and 15 minutes? (2.184 x 107 Btu)

GROSS HEATING VALUE (HVG)


Definition : Gross heating value of a mixture is given the sum of the heating value of each component multiplied by that components mole fraction, or HVG = S(xi)(HVi) where, xi = mole fraction of ith component HVi = heat value of ith component

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~akumar/IAP1/aprg_remains/workbook/cha...

Problem : Determine the HVG of a mixture which comprises of N2, CH4 C2H6, C3H6, and C4H10 with respective mole fractions of 0.0515, 0.811, 0.0967, 0.0351, and 0.0056. Use the following data Gas N2 CH4 C2H6 C3H6 C4H10 Solution: HVG = S(xi)(HVi) = (0.0515 x 0)+(0.811 x 1013)+(0.0967 x 1700)+(0.0351 x 1920)+(0.0056 x 3218) = 1071.35 (Btu/s-ft3) Exercise: Find the HVG for the mixture if there were no nitrogen present. (1129.55 (BTU/s-ft3)) HVG (Btu/s-ft3) 0 1013 1700 1920 3218

HENRY'S LAW
Definition : Henry's law states that the partial pressure of the solute in equilibrium in solution is proportional to mole fraction pg = H*xg where, pg = H= xg = partial pressure of gas (atm.) Henry's las constant (atm/mole fraction) mole fraction of gas in solution

(Note: H is a function of temperature) For and ideal gas, pg = yg*P total pressure mole fraction of gas in gaseous mixture yg =

where, Pg =

Problem : Determine the maximum mole fraction of SO2 that can be dissolved in a solution to exert a partial pressure of 0.01 atm at 80F. Henry's law constant = 510 atm/mole fraction @ 1 atm, 80F Solution: Pg 0.01 atm xg = = 510 (atm/mole fraction) H

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Workbook

http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~akumar/IAP1/aprg_remains/workbook/cha...

= 1.96 x 10-5 Exercise: Find the pressure exerted by the solution when the mole fraction of SO2 is 1.0. (510 atm) Click here for more problems Drop in your comments and suggestions to Ashok Kumar, akumar@uoft02.utoledo.edu Anupma Sud, asud@top.eng.utoledo.edu

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