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to the unknown solution, followed by a few drops of silver nitrate solution. The solubility of the precipitate formed is then tested in dilute and concentrated ammonia. Test Add dilute nitric acid to a solution of the unknown and then silver nitrate* Test the precipitate: first with dilute ammonia and then (if no change) with concentrated ammonia. Observations White precipitate turning purple on standing; soluble in dilute ammonia. Cream precipitate insoluble in dilute but soluble in concentrated ammonia. Yellow precipitate insoluble in concentrated ammonia Inferences It is a chloride
It is a bromide
It is an iodide
*Sometimes the silver nitrate is added first, followed by the nitric acid. The observations for a chloride then are white precipitate which stays on the addition of nitric acid. The ionic equation for the precipitation of a silver halide (X stands for Cl, Br or I) is: Ag+ (aq) + X-(aq) AgX (s)
Contains a C-CI group Contains a C-Br group Contains a C-I group Contains a C-CI group Contains a C-Br group Contains a C-I group
Add concentrated sodium hydroxide in ethanol- fit the test tube with a delivery tube and warm gently, passing any gas evolved through a little bromine water
The identity of the halogen in the precipitate formed with the silver nitrate can be confirmed by adding ammonia solution. Observations Precipitate dissolves in dilute ammonia Precipitate insoluble in dilute but soluble in concentrated ammonia Precipitate insoluble in concentrated ammonia Inferences AgCI- the unknown is a chloroalkane AgBr- the unknown is a bromoalkane AgI- the unknown is an iodoalkane