I.

The most spectacular and influential youth cultures in post-war Britain: 1. 1950s budding British youth culture dominated by the American trends and styles: 1950s: looking for American equivalents; listening to American music: Elvis Presley; lack of money, little social mobility, a car was a rarity, lack of access to certain goods, 2. The Teddy Boys and the Teddy Girls, or Teds. c. 1953: Taken from Edward VII (Edwardian period) clothing typical for his times: male clothing: tailor-made drape jackets, high-waist drainpipe(rurki) trousers, brightly coloured socks, brogues (oxfordy), crepe-soled shoes (na soninie), often suede (known as brothel creepers burdelowe cichostpy), high-necked loose collar (konie Sowackiego) on white shirt, a bootlace(sznureczkowy) tie, a brocade waistcoat, hairstyles: long, strongly-moulded greased-up (brulantyna) hair a quaff (czub) at the front and ducks arse (kuper) at the rear, Teddy Girls: drape jackets, hobble (bombki) skirts, long plaits, straw boater hat (kapelusz somkowy), cameo brooches, espadrilles and coolie hats (chiskie), ponytails, They want to look special at every moment of a day, Their clothes were made by tailors (paid in installments raty), Ideology of this working class: Associated with gang culture, Rebel from parents, Enjoy life now, Rebellious threat to society, Associated with American rock and roll music, 3. Ton-Up Boys: a biker subculture of the late 1950s, evolved into The Rockers in 1960s The idion: to da a Ton (wyciga ton, jecha 100km/h), Imitation of Marlon Brando Style Later like pilots during WWII, Clothing: Lether motorcycle jackets, Levi 5001 jeans or leather trousers, engineer boots, tall motorcycle boots or creeper shoes, helmets, often wit aviator goggles for night ridding, a silk scarf around the neck, long wool socks pulled over the top the boots (RAF style), They had favourite shops in London, They listened to rock music (early 60s), Ace Caf in London It was a masculine subculture, Ideology:

 They rejected drugs and alcohol (if you drink or take you are not a macho), No free love, Like country music, A lot of casualties, 4. The youth revolution of the 1960s: popularity of subcultures in 1960s, perceived as groups of potential buyers, 5. The Mods (originally modernists), preferred to call themselves stylists or faces: 1960-66, London East End, Great influence of British working class, Clothing: For men: tailor-made lightweight shining suits with a 3-button, two-vent (dwurzdowa) jacket, narrow trousers, button-collar shirts, a narrow tie, zip boots (kozaczki), long green anoraks known as parkas, For women: a mini-skirt, thick mascara, bright make-up, Hairstyle: men: short hair with a fringe known as Roman Style(Fryzura na Tytusa); women: short and straight; Italian motor-suiter, not racing but going on sightseeing resorts, They were involved in fighting with the Rockers All night dancing, They liked African and American soul, blues, Their style perceived by designers and spread among others, 6. The Beatniks (the Beat Generation): Very end of 1950s into early 1960s, An American import, They were students of art and music schools, They listened to Bob Dylan, It was a short movement future hippie culture, It was ethnic community in Cornwell, Newguay. They were known for rolling cigarettes, marihuana, listening to folk music and modern jazz, Ideologies: Anty-materialistic, Importance of improving your inner self, Travelling from place to place Playing guitar in various places (people gave them money), Issue of disintegration, Unisex dress style: Men: wearing goatees (floppy hats) and berets, jeans, sandals on bare feet, Women: black leotards (leginsy) and long, straight and unadorned hair, 7. The Hippies (freaks, heads): 1967-74, It was an American import; in early 60s in America (San Fransisco), in High Asbury,

The movement lost its impact in 1974, They were children from upper and middle classes, Summer of love 69 Clothing: Brightly colored clothing in unusual styles: bell-bottom pants, vests, dashikis, peasant blouses, and long, full skirts, non-Western clothing inspired with Native American, Asian, Indian, African and Latin American motifs: ethnic jewelry, flowers in heads, Ideology: Rejection of materialism/rat race, Communal sharing, Hedonism - enjoying life as it is, Nostalgia to simple times, Oriental philosophies, Sexual freedom, Soft drugs (LSD, Marihuana), Communes community of people living together, sharing common interests, property, possessions, resources, work and income; child does not know who the father is, They listened to Bob Dylan psychedelic rock, They produced clothes and had their own shops, They had no particular ideology (only pacifism a commitment to peace and opposition to war and violence), Peace-makers, Flower children, 8. Skinheads (brush-cuts and spikers): 1960s, Originated among working class youths, Named for their close-cropped or shaven heads, Greatly influenced by West Indian rude boys and British mods, in terms of fashion, music and lifestyle, Primarily based on fashion, music and lifestyle, not politics or race, but attitudes toward race and politics have become factors in which some skinheads align themselves, Clothing: Long-sleeve or short-sleeve button-up shirts or sweatshirts, collarless granddad shirts (Oxford shirts), V-neck sweaters, T-shirts, flight jackets (black or green), denim jackets (often blue), Harrington jackets, monkey jackets, Crombie-style overcoats, short macs, sheepskin -length coats, parkas, braces (no more than 1 inch in width), Footwear: (for men and women) army boots, workboots, Dr. Martens boots and shoes, brogues, loafers, football-style athletic shoes by Adidas, Music: soul, ska, rocksteady, early reggae, punk rock,

 Ideology: Engaged in violence against random Pakistanis and other South Asian immigrants, The symbiotic relationship between skinheads and black immigrants was music, The identity of the original skinhead was thus constructed in dialogue with black immigrants and organized around music created by black performers, The politicization produced a crisis of identity in the skinhead scene: left-wing and right-wing skinheads, 9. Rastafarians: Since 1966, Notting Hill in London the foundation of the Rastafarian organization People Democratic Movement, Arose in a Christian culture in Jamaica in the 1930s, Said that Jesus Christ was black, and that white Christian society (or Babylon) has commonly depicted him as white for centuries in order to suppress the truth and gain world dominion over all peoples, Music: reggae (Bob Marley), Ideology: encompasses themes such as the spiritual use of cannabis and the rejection of modern western society, a singular God whom they call Jah, Elements of style: Dreadlocks, the colored gold, red, green, and black (the Ethiopian flag), hats, berets, scarfs, 10. The punk subculture: The late 1970s, Sex Pistols punk rock band formed in 1975, initiated the punk movement in the UK, and inspired many punk and alternative musicians, Malcolm McLaren - is a performer, impresario, self-publicist and most famously, former manager of the Sex Pistols, started to manage The Strand, the band who would later become the Sex Pistols; In 1983 McLaren released Duck Rock, an album which mixed up influences from Africa and the Americas, including hip-hop, Vivienne Westwood - a British fashion designer largely responsible for bringing modern punk and new wave fashions into the mainstream, Westwood and McLaren lived in a council flat in Clapham and had a son they named Joseph, Sex Boutique boutique opened by Malcolm McLaren at 430 King's Road - Let It Rock (also known as Sex, Too Fast To Live Too Young To Die, Seditionaries)where Westwood began to sell her outrageous designs in the shop, Based around punk rock, It includes music, ideologies, fashion, visual art, dance, literature and film, Ideology: Categorized as having left-wing or progressive views, punk politics cover the entire political spectrum,

 Anti-authoritarianism, a DIY ethic, non-conformity, direct action and not selling out, Other notable trends in punk politics include nihilism, anarchism, socialism, anti-militarism, anti-capitalism, anti-racism, anti-sexism, anti-nationalism, antihomophobia, environmentalism, vegetarianism, veganism and animal rights, Dress style (unisex): Ripped clothing, safety pins, a black bin liner made into a dress, shirt or skirt, safety pins, lavatory chains and razor blades as jewelry; leather, rubber and vinyl clothing, tight drainpipe jeans, plaid/tartan trousers, kilts or skirts, Tshirts, leather jackets decorated with pins, buttons, and metal studs or spikes; Footwear: Converse sneakers, skate shoes, brothel creepers, or Dr. Martens, 11. The Acid House and Rave: Late 1980s early 1990s, The musical genre of Acid House, played by legendary house DJs Alredo Fiorillio and Jose Padilla in clubs, Rave or rave party is a term first used in the 1980s and 90s to describe dance parties with fast-paced electronic music and light shows, Introduced to the drug MDMA, more commonly known as ecstasy, The Second Summer of Love, Dress style: Baggy clothes, dungarees, informal beach wear, surfing outfits, baseball caps, smiley stickers, 12. Other contemporary youth subcultures: existing, in transition, nonexistent: The Casual subculture in the late 1970s; a subsection of association football culture that is typified by football hooliganism and the wearing of expensive European designer clothing; many hooligans started wearing designer labels and expensive sportswear in order to avoid the attention of police. They didn't wear club colours, so it was easier to infiltrate rival groups and to enter pubs; Music: electric, pop groups (Wham!, ABC), Britpop; The Goth subculture - during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene, an offshoot of the post-punk genre; influences from nineteenth century Gothic literature along with horror films; associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion; Gothic music encompasses a number of different styles. Styles of dress within the subculture range from deathrock, punk, androgynous, Victorian, some Renaissance and Medieval style attire, or combinations of the above, most often with black attire, makeup and hair, The Cybergoth subculture in 1988; derives from elements of cyberpunk, goth, raver, and rivethead fashion. Unlike traditional goths, Cybergoths follow electronic dance music more often than rock; It combines elements of industrial aesthetics with a style associated with "Gravers" (Gothic ravers); Clothing: primarily black clothing with hints of neon colors, as well as clothing made of reflective materials and PVC, and huge platform boots. Their hair extensions or falls often incorporate a bright color and multiple piercings are typical. Goggles are often worn. Some cyber goths also wear gas masks or (in what appears to be a kind of medical fetish) shiny PVC

doctors' masks; Music: the instrumental, computer driven, synthesized hypnotic tempos and textures of the trance music,