1

File Wiik Haplogroup R1b,

R1b SNP and STR 10.9.2012 b
Kalevi Wiik
October 2012

Haplogroup R1b
This compilation of genetic data on haplogroup R1b consists of two main parts:
PART I deals with SNP (Single Nucleotide Plolymorphism) data and
PART II with STR (Short Tandem Repeat) data. The illustrations in Part I are
called Figures (although they in, reality are, Tables, Maps and Diagrams),
while those in PART II are called sparately Tables, Maps and
Histograms. The purpose of the difference in the nomenclature of illustrations
is to assist the reader to keep the two kinds of data separate throughout the
material.

PART I
SNP data of haplogroup R1b
1. Geographic distribution of haplogroup R1b
Figure 1. Geographic area of haplogroup R1b. 7
Figure 2. Frequencies of R1b in Europe. 8
Figure 3. Frequencies of haplogroup R1b in various parts of Northern Africa. 8
Figure 4. Frequencies of R1b in Northern Europe. 9
Figure 5. Frequency of R1b in Finland. 10

2. Inventory of SNP mutations and subclades

Figure 6. ISOGG 2012 tree of haplogroup R1b. The tree contains 95 subclades. 11-13
Figure 7. A tree diagram constructed on the basis of Figure 6. 14
Figure 8. A tree of the most relevant mutations of haplogroup R1b according to
Myres et al. 2010. 15
Figure 9. The ideolized areas of subclides V88, M73, and M269 and their
phylogenetic tree. 16
Figure 10. Difference in the geographic concentrations of some R1b mutations in
various parts of Eurasia. 17
Figure 11. The family story of R1b. 18

3. Developmen of the brances of the R1b tree

Figure 12. Frequency zones of M259. 19
Figure 13. Frequency zone of M73. 19
Figure 14. M269 by Myres et al. 2010. 20
Figure 15. M73 by Myres et al. 2010. 20
Figure 16. L23. 20
Figure 17. L23 by Myres et al. 2010. 20
Figure 18. Distribution of subclade L23 (without M412). 20
Figure 19. M412/L51. 21
Figure 20. M412 by Myres et al. 2010. 21
Figure 21. L11. 21
Figure 22. L11 (xU106,S116). 21

Figure 23. L11 all by Myres et al. 2010. 21

Figure 24. L11(xU106,S116) by Myres et al. 2010. 21
Figure 25. R1b mutation tree of levels ten through thirteen. 22
Figure 26. Frequency zones of U106 by Myres et al. 2010. The Atlantic
North Group. 23
Figure 27. Frequency zones of S116 by Myres et al. 2010. The Atlantic
South Group. 23
Figure 28. U106/S21. The Atlantic North Group. Eupedia. 23
Figure 29. The split of West European subclade L11 into U106/S21 and P312/S116
or Atlantic North and Atlantic South. 23
Figure 30. The center and essential distribution area of U106/S21 (Atlantic
North). 24
Figure 31. The center and essential distribution area of P312/S116 (Atlantic
South). 24
Figure 32. U152. The Hallstatt Group. 24
Figure 33. M529(xM222). The Irish group. 24
Figure 34. M529(xM222). The Irish group without M222.
Figure 35. Another distribution map of the Hallstatt subgroup U152/S28.
Eupedia. 25
Figure 36. Assumed routes of the subclades of R1b on levels two to ten. 26
Figure 37. U106 is without U198 in the Table. 26
Figure 38. Areas and suggested names of R1b mutations. 27
Figure 39. Frequency of M269. 27-28
Figure 40. Frequencies of V88, M269, and M73. 28-29
Figure 41. Frequencies of M269, U106, and U198. 29
Figure 42. Frequency of subclade M269 (earlier R1b3) of R1b in Sweden.
Figure 43. Distribution of 95 mutations in eleven European populations. 30-32
Figure 44. Statistics on the mutations occuring in the FTDNA but not in the ISOGG
tree 2012. 33
Figure 45. Combination of the preceding two Tables (ISOGG+ and ISOGG-). 34
Figure 46. The Number of subclades in various parts of Europe. 34

4. R1b trees of some European populations

Figure 47. R1b tree of France. 35-36
Figure 48. R1b tree of Ireland. 37-38
Figure 49. R1b tree of Scotland. 39-40
Figure 50. R1b tree of Wales. 41
Figure 51. R1b tree of Germany. 42-43
Figure 52. R1b tree of Hungary. 44
Figure 53. R1b tree of Poland. 45
Figure 54. R1b tree Russia. 46
Figure 55. R1b tree of Norway. 47
Figure 56. R1b tree of Sweden. 48
Figure 57. R1b tree of Finland. 49
Figure 58. Table Close relatives. 50
Figure 59. Number of identical subclades in some pairs of populations of R1b in
various areas of Europe. 51
Figure 60. Sameness percentage between pairs of populations. 52
Figure 61. Difference percentage between populations. 53

Figure 62. R1b same subclades 47% 14. Percentage of identical subclades. Critical
percentage 47 %. 54
Figure 63. Percentage of different subclades. Critical percentage 60 %. 55
Figure 64. Five groups of related subgroups. 56
Figure 65. A map of the percentage of identical subclades. The bridge between
West-European and North-European R1b lies between Germany and
Norway, and that between Nort-European and Central-Euopean R1b
between Poland and Norway. 57
Figure 66. The Number of different subclades between pairs of populations. 58
Figure 67. The number of the subclades of R1b in various parts of Europe. 59
Figure 68. The number of levels or the depth of the phylogenetic R1b tree in various
parts of Europe. 60
PART II
STR data of Haplogroup R1b
Tables and maps of the STR modals of European R1b populations 61
Table 0. Approximate numbers of participants in the Tables. 62
Legends for the Tables 63
Panel 1: Markers 1-12 64
Introduction 64
Table Panel 1 65
Table DYS393 66
Histogram DYS393 67
Table DYS393: West vs. East 67
Histogram DYS393 West 68
Histogram DYS393 East 68
Map DYS393: second in frequency 68
Table DYS390 69
Histogram DYS390 70
Table DYS19 71
Histogram DYS19 72
Table DYS391 73
Histogram DYS391 74
Table DYS426 76
Histogram DYS426 76
Table DYS388 77
Histogram DYS388 78
Table DYS439 79
Histogram DYS439 80
Table DYS389i 81
Histogram DYS389i 82
Table DYS392 83
Histogram DYS392 84
Table DYS389ii 85

Histogram DYS389ii 86
Map DYS389ii second in frequency 86
Panel 2: Markers 13-25
Introduction 87
Table Panel 2 88
Table DYS458 89
Table DYS449 89
Table DYS464c 89
Map 464c 89
Panel 3: Markers 26-37
Introduction 90
Table Panel 3 90
Table DYS456 91
Table DYS456: alleles 15 and 16. 92
Histogram DYS456 93
Map DYS456-A 94
Map DYS456-B 94
Table DYSADYa 95
Histogram DYSADYa 96
Table DYSCDYb 96
Histogram DYSADYb 97
Panel 4a: Markers 38-47
Table Panel 4a 98
Panel 4b: Markers 48-60
Table Panel 4b 99
Table DYS413a 99
Panel 4c: Markers 61-67
Table Panel 4c 100
Panel 5a: Markers 68-75
Table Panel 5a 101
Table DYS710 102
Histogram DYS710 103
Table DYS714 104
Histogram DYS714 105
Panel 5b: Markers 76-85
Table Panel 5b 106
Table DYS549 107
Histogram DYS549 108
Table DYS522 109
Histogram DYS522 110
Panel 5c: Markers 86-94
Table Panel 5c 110
Table DYSYGA 111
Histogram DYSYGA 112

Map DYSYGA 112

Table DYS712 113
Histogram DYS712 114
Map DYS712 114
Panel 5d: 95-102
Table Panel 5d 115
Table DYS650 116
Histogram DYS650 117
Map DYS650 117
Table DYS504 118
Histogram DYS504 119
Map DYS504 119
Panel 5e: 103-111
Table Panel 5e 120
STR-distances between populations
Table Critical markers. 121
Table Distances 1. Mutual distances in steps between European
populations. 122
Table Distances 2. The average distances of a population from the other
nineteen European populations. 122
Map Distance zones. 123
Map Modal 1. Genetic distances in
steps from the European
Modal. 124
Map Modal 2. Three zones of the
distances from the European
Modal. 125

PART I
In this report, oridinary text is minimized and contains only the most essential
explanations nexessary to understand the essential issues. Therefore, the presentation
is more like a compilation of data than a real study.
Haplogroup R1b is most common in Western Europe and it has been studied by many
genetists for decades. The first representative of this haplogroup of men was called
Oisin by Brian Sykes and Ruisko by Stephen Oppenheimer. I have always called
him Robert to remind the reader of letters R and b in the name of this haplogroup. (In
my nomenclature his brother is Raul with R and a in his name).

SNP Data of Haplogroup R1b

1. Geographic distribution of R1b
The geographic distribution of haplogroup R1b is seen in Maps 1 - 5.
There are small differences between the maps because of the different data they are
based on.
Map 1 shows that R1b has worldwide three concentrations:
(1) A primary concentration in Western Europe.
(2) A secondary one in the area south of the Black Sea.
(3) A third concentration in Northern Africa.
Map 2 shows that R1b is primarily a West-European or Atlantic haplogroup with its
concentration in the British Isles and France. The frequencies are clinal with
decreasing frequencies when departing from the Atlantic coast, and the frequency
valley between the Western and Eastern concentrations runs from Eastern Finland
through Central Russia (the Moscow area) to Southern Greece; cf. the black bar in
Map 2.

Figure 1. Geographic area of haplogroup R1b.

Figure 2. Frequencies of R1b in Europe. The black bar represents the frequency valley between the
Western and Eastern concentrations.
The African constration of R1b is situated in Nort-western Nigeria and Chad; cf. Map 3.

Figure 3. Frequencies of haplogroup R1b in various parts of Northern Africa. Source: Pericic.

Figure 4. Frequencies of R1b in Northern Europe.

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Figure 5. Frequency of R1b in Finland. Based on the material in Lappalainen et al. 2006.

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2. Inventory of SNP mutations and subclades

Figure 1 is based on the R1b tree of ISOGG 2012 . It differs from the original ISOGG
2012 tree only in that the starred mutations and subclades have been omitted. The
most important mutations are boldfaced and underlined. The leftmost column gives
the level of the mutations and subclades in the ISOG 2012 tree (the lower the
number, the higher it is in the tree). To some extent, the level numbers refer to the
time of mutations: the older a mutation, the higher it is in the tree.
0 R M207/Page37/UTY2, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S9
1 R1 M173/P241/Page29, M306/S1, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P245, P286, P294
2 R1a M420/L146, L62/M513, L63/M511, L145/M449.
2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128.
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a1 P107.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a2 L6.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a3 L217.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4b L325.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a2 P89.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198/U106.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1a L46/S172.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1a1 L45, L164, L237.

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14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1 Z2.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a Z7.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a Z1.
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1b Z1.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2 Z326.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2a L188.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2c L200.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b1 M65.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b2 Z196.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2a M153.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b2 L165/S68.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3a M126.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3b M160.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1 Z367.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
15
14
15
13

R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a1 M228.2.
R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b Z34.
R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b1 Z35.
R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.

13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a1 L562.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e1 L4/S178.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4a M37.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c1 P66.1, P66.2, P66.3.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.

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13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4d L96.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4e L144/S175, L195.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g2 L554.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1a L362.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2 Z246/S280.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a DF25/S253.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
16 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1a L627.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h3 L720/S299.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h4 S190.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b5 L238/S182.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
8 R1b1a2a1b L584.
4 R1b1b M335.
4 R1b1c V88.
5 R1b1c1 M18.
5 R1b1c2 V8.
5 R1b1c3 V35.
6 R1b1c3a V7.
5 R1b1c4 V69.

Figure 6. ISOGG 2012 tree of haplogroup R1b. The tree contains 95 subclades.

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Figure 7 (preceding page). A tree diagram constructed on the basis of Figure 6.

Figure 8. A tree of the most relevant mutations of haplogroup R1b according to

Myres et al. 2010 2010. Notice that S116 = P312 and M529 = L21.

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Figure 9. The idealized areas of subclides V88, M73, and M269 and their phylogenetic tree.

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Figure 10. Difference in the geographic concentrations of some R1b mutations in

various parts of Eurasia.

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Figure 11. The family story of R1b.

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Developmen of the brances of the R1b tree

From the poin of view of the emergence of new subclades, following conclusions can
be made on the basis of the ISOGG 2012 tree:
On level two, haplogroup R1b was characterised by mutation M343. The group lived
somewhere in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. I call it the General Group.
On level three, the haplogroup experienced mutation P25.1 but remained practically
unchanged. I keep the name unchanged; I call it still the General Group.
On level four, the General Group (P25.1) experienced two essential mutations: The
southern part of the General Group was influenced by mutation V88 while the main
portion of it was under the influence of mutation P297. I call the former Southern
and the latter Northern. The R1b men of the Southern Group live today (a) in the
Near East (e.g. Lebanon) and on the Mediterranean coast and islands (e.g. Sardinia),
and (b) in Norhern Africa.
On level five, the Southern Group developed into the Mediterranian Group by
mutation M18. The geographic distribution of this group covers today, for example,
Sardinia and Lebanon. The African branch of the Southern Group developed into the
African Group that had at least three subclades: V6, V35, and V69.
On the same level (and therefore simultaneously) the Northern Group was also
split because in the Northeastern part of it occured mutation M73 and in the rest of it
mutation M269. The result was the Northeastern Group to the south of the Ural
Mountains and the Euroasian Group elsewhere.

Figure 12. Frequency zones of M269.

Figure 13. Frequency zones of M73.

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Figure 14. M269 by Myres et al. 2010.

Figure 15. M73 by Myres et al. 2010.

The development of the subclades of haplogroup R1b continued on the lower levels
as follows:
On levels six and seven, no essential change occured. Euroasian group M269
experienced two successive mutations L23 and L150, and the name of group M269
was changed accordingly: first (on level six) to L23 and then (on level seven) to
L150.

Figure 16. L23.

Figure 17. L23 by Myres et al. 2010

Figure 18. Distribution of subclade L23 (without M412).

On level eight, R1b had two subclades, L51/M412 in Western Europe and L584 (=
L23(x412)) in the Kaspian-Uralic region. The two subclades were brothers to each
other and their common father was L23 and grandfather M269.

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Figure 19. M412/L51.

Figure 20. M412 by Myres et al. 2010

On level nine, the dominant group L51/M412 developed into L11.

Figure 21. L11.

Figure 22. L11 (xU106,S116)

Figure 23. L11 all by Myres et al. 2010.

Figure 24. L11(xU106,S116) by Myres et al.
2010.
The total distribution of total subclade L11 on the left and that of L11 without the influence of U106
and S116 on the right.

On the next lower levels ten, eleven, twelve, and thirteen, the most essential
subclades of the R1b are represented by the following tree:

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Figure 25. Levels from ten to thirteen of the SNP mutations of FR1b.

On level eleven, a significant development took place as group L11, which already
had reached Western Europe split into two. The result was (a) L106 in the northern
half of Western Europe and (b) P312 (= S116) in its southern half. I call the
subclades Atlantic South and Atlantic North. Cf. Maps 26 and 27.

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Figure 26. U106/S21 by Myres et al. 2010. The Atlantic North Group.
Figure 27. S116/S312 by Myres et al. 2010.
The Atlantic South Group.

Figure 28. The Atlantic North Group U106/S21 according to Eupedia.

On level twelve subclade P312 (the Atlantic South Group) developed into U152
and L21/M529. The split is seen graphically in the following three Maps.

Figure 29 The split of West European subclade L11 into U106/S21 and P312/S116 or Atlantic
North and Atlantic South.

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Figure 30 The center and essential distribution area of U106/S21 (Atlantic North).
Figure 31 The center and essential distribution area of P312/S116
(Atlantic South).
Subgroup U106/S21 is a brother group of P312/S116 and their father is L11.
On level twelve another relevant split took place: According to ISOGG 2012 subclade P312/S166
(the Atlantic South) split into six subclades: M66, Z196, U152, M529/L21, L238, and DF19. Of
these U152 and L21 were more important than others. I call the former Hallstatt and the latter
Irish. The Hallstatt group stayed largely on the continent while the Irish one moved to the
British Isles; cf. the following Maps.

Figure 32. U152. The Hallstatt Group

Figure 33. M529. The Irish Group.

Figure 34. M529(xM222). The Irish group without M222.

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Figure 35. A distribution map of the Hallstatt Group U152/S28 by Eupedia.

The maps above show the geographic regions of development M269 > L51 > L11
and the split of L11 into U106 and P312/S116.
The areas of populations M269, L51, and L11 (and most probably also those of L23
and L150 between L51 and L11) were similar if not identical. They covered entire
Western Europe. The West European area split into two when after L11 there was a
more western subclade in Iberia, France, Ireland and Sardinia, and a more eastern one
in England, Benelux, Germany, and Southern Norway.
Family story of West-European R1b men
To simplify things, there was a man called Michel (M269) who was the forefather of
all the West-European R1b men. Generations later there was a man called Leo (L11)
belonging to the same fatherline. He lived in the area of modern France and had two
sons, Ulf (U106) and Pierre (P312). Ulf moved to the area of Netherlands and Pierre
to the Basque area. Later, Ulfs male descendants spread to the coasts of the North
Sea, and those of Pierre to Iberia, France and Ireland. I call the southern WestEuropean group (U106) Atlantic South and the northern one Atlantic North.
In the next phase, the center of the Atlantic South subclade P312/S116 developed
into many new subgroups, the most important of them being U152 and L21/M529.
The men of subgroup U152 moved to Switzerland and formed a new group I call
Hallstatt. Subgroup L21/M529 moved to Ireland and formed a group I call Irish.
Later a new subgroup M222 of the Irish subgroup emerged in Northern Ireland. I
call this North-Irish.

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Figure 36. Assumed routes of the subclades of R1b on levels two to ten.
Population
Austria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Eastern Europe
England
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Poland
Russia
Slovenia
Spain
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine

U106
22.70%
13.90%
16.80%
0.00%
20.30%
7.10%
18.70%
5.90%
3.50%
35.10%
8.20%
5.40%
3.80%
7.70%
13.30%
0.40%
9.40%

n
22
36
113
44
138
56
332
102
284
94
110
56
105
164
90
523
32
Figure 37. U106 without U198. Source: the 2007 articles of Myres et al. 2010 and Sims et al.

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Mutation
M343
M18
V88
P297
M73
M269
L23*
L23
M412
L11/P301
U106*
U106
S116*/P312*
S116/P312
U152

M126
M160
M529*
M222
M65
M153
M167/SRY2627

Main area
Origin: SW Asia; Eurasia+parts of Africa
Lebanon, Sardinia
North Africa, Central Sahel Region
Eurasia
Anatolia, Caucasus, Ural, Hazara
Eurasia; center: Bashkiria+Permic
Origin: Circum-Uralic+Turkic
Europe
Western Europe
Western Europe
Norther Poland & Southern England
Eastern Rhine river basin

Potential name
Euroasian-African
Libanon-Sardinian
North African
Eurasian
East European
Eurasian
East European
European
West European
West European
Pomeranian-Devonish
East-Germanic?

Western Rhine river basin

Switzerland, Italy, France and Western Poland,
parts of England and Germany; north
Bashkortostan
?
?
England+Ireland?
Scotland+Ireland

West-Germanic?
Cenral European&Bashkirian

Basques&Gascons
Basques&Catalanians

Basque-Garcon
Basque-Calanian

English-Irish
Scottish-Irish

Figure 38. Areas and suggested names of R1b mutations.

Country
Wales
Basques, Spain
Ireland
Spain, Catalonia
France, Ile et Vilaine
France, Haute-Garonne
England, Cornwall
France, Loire-Atlantique
France, Finistre
Basques in France
Spain, East Andalucia
Spain, Castilla La Mancha
France, Vende
France, Baie de Somme
England, Leicestershire
Italy, North-East (Ladin)
Spain, Galicia
Spain, West Andalucia
Portugal, South
Italy, North-West
Denmark
Netherlands
Italy, North East
Bashkirs, Russia
Germany, Bavaria
Italy, West Sicily
Poland

R-M269
92.3%
87.1%
85.4%
81.3%
80.5%
78.9%
78.1%
77.1%
76.0%
75.4%
72.0%
72.0%
68.0%
62.8%
62.0%
60.8%
58.0%
55.0%
46.2%
45.0%
42.9%
42.0%
41.8%
34.4%
32.3%
30.3%
22.7%

Sample
65
116
796
80
82
57
64
48
75
61
95
63
50
43
43
79
88
72
78
99
56
84
67
471
80
122
110

Source
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Moore et al. (2006)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Battaglia et al. (2008)
Lobov (2009)
Balaresque et al. (2009)
Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
Myres et al. 2010 (2007)

28
Slovenia A
Slovenia B
Turkey, Central
Albanians in Makedonia
Italy, East Sicily
Crete
Italy, Sardinia
Iran, North
Moldova
Greece
Turkey, West
Romania
Turkey, East
Algeria, Northwest (Oran area)
Russia, Roslavl
Iraq
Nepal, Newar
Serbia
Tunisia, Tunis
Algeria, Algiers, Tizi Ouzou
Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Iran, South
Russia, Repievka
UAE
Bosniaks in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Pakistan
Russia, Belgorod
Russia, Ostrov
Russia, Pristen
Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Qatar
China
India
Croatia, Osijek
Yemen
Tibet
Nepal, Tamang
Nepal, Kathmand
Japan

21.3%
20.6%
19.1%
18.8%
18.4%
17.0%
17.0%
15.2%
14.6%
13.5%
13.5%
13.0%
12.0%
11.8%
11.2%
10.8%
10.60%
10.0%
7.2%
6.5%
6.2%
6.0%
5.2%
3.7%
3.5%
2.8%
2.8%
2.7%
2.2%
2.2%
1.4%
0.8%
0.5%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

75
70
152
64
114
193
930
33
268
171
163
54
208
102
107
139
66
100
139
46
81
117
96
164
85
176
143
75
45
90
72
128
728
29
62
156
45
77
23

Battaglia et al. (2008)

Balaresque et al. (2009)
Cinniolu et al. (2004)
Battaglia et al. (2008)
Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
King et al. (2008)
Contu et al. (2008)
Regueiro et al. (2006)
Varzari (2006)
King et al. (2008)
Cinniolu et al. (2004)
Varzari (2006)
Cinniolu et al. (2004)
Robino et al. (2008)
Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Al-Zahery et al. (2003)
Gayden et al. (2007)
Belaresque et al. (2009)
Adams et al. (2008)
Adams et al. (2008)
Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Regueiro et al. (2006)
Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Cadenas et al. (2007)
Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Sengupta et al. (2006)
Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Balanovsky et al. (2008)
Marjanovic et al. (2005)
Cadenas et al. (2007)
Sengupta et al. (2006)
Sengupta et al. (2006)
Battaglia et al. (2008)
Cadenas et al. (2007)
Gayden et al. (2007)
Gayden et al. (2007)
Gayden et al. (2007)
Sengupta et al. (2006)

Figure 39. Frequency of M269. Source: Wikipedia.

Population
Northern Africa
Central Sahel Region
Western Africa
Eastern Africa
Southern Africa
Western Europeans
North western Europeans
Central Europeans
North Eastern Europeans
Russians
Eastern Europeans
Balkanians
Western Asians
Southern Asians
South eastern Asians
North eastern Asians
Eastern Asians
TOTAL

R-V88
5.2%
23.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.3%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

R-M269
0.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
57.8%
55.8%
42.9%
1.4%
6.7%
20.8%
12.9%
5.5%
1.7%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%

Figure 40. Frequencies of V88, M269, and M73.

R-M73
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.1%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%

Total%
5.9%
23.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
57.8%
55.8%
42.9%
1.4%
6.7%
20.8%
13.1%
5.8%
4.8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6%

N
691
461
123
442
105
465
43
77
74
60
149
510
328
288
10
30
156

29

Population
Austria
Central/South America
Czech Republic
Denmark
Eastern Europe
England
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Jordan
Middle-East
Netherlands
Oceania
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Poland
Russia
Slovenia
Spain
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine

n
22
33
36
113
44
138
56
332
102
284
76
43
94
43
29
177
47
110
56
105
164
90
523
32

RM269
27.30%
0.00%
27.80%
34.50%
4.50%
57.20%
51.80%
43.10%
80.40%
37.30%
0.00%
0.00%
54.30%
0.00%
0.00%
3.40%
0.00%
22.70%
21.40%
17.10%
42.30%
57.80%
14.50%
25.00%

R-U106
(U198-)
22.70%
0.00%
13.90%
16.80%
0.00%
20.30%
7.10%
18.70%
5.90%
3.50%
0.00%
0.00%
35.10%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
8.20%
5.40%
3.80%
7.70%
13.30%
0.40%
9.40%

RU198
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.09%
0.00%
0.14%
0.00%
0.18%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.21%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.18%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%

Figure 41. Frequencies of M269, U106, and U198.

Population
Gotland
Uppsala
stergtland/Jnkping
Blekinge/Kristianstad
Skaraborg
Vrmland
Vsterbotten
Sweden as a whole
Swedish Saami
sterbotten

n
40
55
41
41
45
42
41
305
38
40

M269 %
6=15.0%
14=25.5%
13=31.7%
9=22.0%
17=37.8%
7=16.7%
6=14.6%
72=23.6%
3=7.9%
1=2.5%

Figure 42. Frequency of subclade M269 (earlier R1b3) of R1b in Sweden. Source: Karlsson et al.
2006.

SNP-mutations and subgroups of R1b in eleven populations

A summary of the SNP-mutations and subgroups is seen in Figure 43.
Legend of the Table:
Leftmost column = mutations.
Level = level of the phylogenetic tree of FTDNA Project. Questionmarks in this
column indicate that the mutation is listed in the results of the FTDNA Project of
indivual areas but not in the overall FTDNA tree. These mutations are usually new
that have not yet been accepted by ISOGG 2012.
+ = number of plusses.

30

No.

Level

Mutation

Fra

Ire

Sco

Wal

Ger

Hun

Pol

Rus

Nor

Swe

Fin

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

2
3
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
11
12
13
13
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
14
15
16
17
18

M434
P25
L320
M73
M269
L23
L150
L51
L11
U106
P107
L6
L217
Z18
L257
L325
Z381
Z156
L1
P89
Z301
U106
L48
L47
L44
L46
L45
Z9
Z2
Z7
Z8
Z1
Z12
L148
Z326
L188
L200
P312
M65
L196

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

11
11
11
3
11
9
9
10
10
10
0
2
1
8
6
0
5
4
6
2
3
6
8
5
4
1
0
7
2
3
7
4
3
3
2
0
0
9
0
7

20
15
16
14
10
11
11

31

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

12
12
13
13
11
12
12
12
13
14
15
14
15
13
13
14
15
12
12
13
13
13
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
12
12
12
12
13
13
12
13
14
13
14
15
16

M153
L176
SRY
L165
U152
M126
M160
L2
Z367
L20
M228
Z34
Z35
L196
Z49
Z142
L562
Z36
Z56
L4
S47
Z144
L21
M37
M222
M513
P66
L193
L705
L96
L144
L159
Z253
L226
L554
DF21
P314
L362
Z246
DF25
DF5
L627

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
-

0
9
10
2
9
0
0
11
2
2
0
1
1
0
4
4
1
4
3
0
3
3
9
2
6
4
1
4
3
2
2
6
6
3
0
5
6
2
0
1
5
1

32

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95

13
13
12
11
11
8
4
4
5
5
5
6
5

L720
S190
L371
L238
DF19
L584
M335
V88
M18
V8
V35
V7
V69
Tot

+
46

+
+
+
56

+
+
+
+
52

+
29

+
+
45

22

+
+
+
34

Figure 43. Distribution of 95 mutations in eleven European populations.

19

+
+
25

14

14

1
0
3
2
6
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0

33

Level
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Tot

Mutation Fra Ire Sco Wal Ger Hun Pol Rus Nor Swe Fin
Z245
+
+
+
+
+
Z248
+
+
+
+
+
DF23
+
+
+
+
L69
+
+
+
Z5
+
+
+
P238
+
+
Z11
+
+
L744
+
+
+
M9
+
+
P241
+
+
P245
+
+
P27
+
+
L457
+
+
L552
+
L553
+
L628
+
M306
+
P224
+
P227
+
P229
+
P232
+
P280
+
P285
+
L344
+
L346
+
L564
+
L319.1
+
L625
+
L626
+
L706.2
+
+
P459
+
L557
+
L561
+
L567
+
L58
+
L643
+
L644
+
L405
+
Z209
+
L583
+
16 18 15
8
3
0
2
1
1
0
0
Fra Ire Sco Wal Ger Hun Pol Rus Nor Swe Fin
Figure 44. Statistics on the mutations occuring in the FTDNA but not in the ISOGG tree 2012. The
levels of these are unknown because the mutations are not listed in the ISOGG tree 2012. The
number of these subclades is 40.

34

Sum of the two Tables (ISOGG+ and ISOGG-)

Fra

Ire

Sco

Wal

Ger

Hun

Pol

Rus

Nor

Swe

Fin

ISOGG+ 46
ISOGG- 16
Total
62

56
18
74

52
15
67

29
8
37

46
3
49

22
0
22

34
2
36

19
1
20

25
1
26

14
0
14

14
0
14

Figure 45. Combination of the preceding two Tables (ISOGG+ and ISOGG-).

Figure 46. The number of R1b subclades in various parts of Europe.

35

R1b trees of some European populations

The following Tables consist of SNP mutations and subclades of eleven European
populations arranged in the form of phylogenetic trees: (1) France, (2) Ireland, (3)
Scotland, (4) Wales, (5) Germany, (6) Hungary, (7) Poland, (8) Russia, (9) Norway,
(10) Sweden, and (11) Finland. They are based on the material of ISOGG 2012.

(1) R1b tree of France

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17. I
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a Z1.
19 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1 Z12.
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.

36
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4d L96.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
15
11

R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.I

Figure 47. The R1b tree of France.

37

(2) R1b tree of Ireland

2

R1b M343.

3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.

4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a2 L6.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1 Z2.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a Z7.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a Z1.
19 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1 Z12.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b2 L165/S68.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.

38

11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.

12 R1b1a2a1a1b4a (M37).
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c1 P66_1, P66_2, P66_3.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4e L144/S175, L195.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1a L362.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a DF25/S253.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
16 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1a L627.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
4 R1b1c V88.
55 mutations
Figure 48. The R1b tree of Ireland.

39

(3) R1b tree of Scotland

White lines = Sco+, Ire -. = typically Scottish.
2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a2 L6.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a2 P89.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1 Z2.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a Z1.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

13 R1b1a2a1a1b2b2 L165/S68.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1 Z367.
14
14
15
15
13

R1b1a2a1a1b3c1a L20/S144.
R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b Z34.
R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a1 L562.
R1b1a2a1a1b3c1b1 Z35.
R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.

40

13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a1 L562.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4a M37.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.I
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4g1 L226/S168.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
14 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1a L362.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h3 L720/S299.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
4 R1b1c V88.
Figure 49. The R1b tree of Scotland.

41

(4) R1b tree of Wales

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c3 L705.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4e L144/S175, L195.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4i L371.
In additon mutations not included in ISOGG 2012:
Z245
Z248
DF23
L744/745/746
L344
L346
L564
L706.2

Figure 50. The R1b tree of Wales.

42

(5) R1b tree of Germany

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a5 Z381.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5a Z156.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a2 P89.2.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1a (L46/S172).
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a Z7.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
18 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a Z1.
19 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1 Z12.
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2 Z326.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116..
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c1 Z367.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3e Z56.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e3 Z144, Z145, Z146.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4c DF1/L513/S215.

43
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4c2 L193/S176.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b5 L238/S182.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
Figure 51. The R1b tree of Germany (actually the German-speaking area).

44

(6) R1b tree of Hungary

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b2 Z196.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
14 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3a Z142.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.

Figure 52. The R1b tree of Hungary.

45

(7) R1b tree of Poland

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a1 M73, M478.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a3 L217.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5a1 L1/S26.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a5b Z301.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a L47/S170.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2a1 L44/S171, L163.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
16 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a Z7.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.
15 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b2 (Z326).
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c2 L196.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3c3 Z49.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3d Z36.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.
8 R1b1a2a1b (L584). S (6kpl??),
4 R1b1c V88.

Figure 53. The R1b tree of Poland.

46

(8) R1b tree Russia

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b1 M467/S29/U198.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4b M222/Page84/USP9Y+3636.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4h DF21/S192.I
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.
15 R1b1a2a1a1b4h2a1 DF5/S191.

Russia: 20 subclades.
Figure 54. The R1b tree of Russia.

47

(9) R1b tree of Norway

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
6 R1b1a2a L23/S141, L49.1.
7 R1b1a2a1 L150.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
12 R1b1a2a1a1a4a L257/S186.
13 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2 L48/S162
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
20 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1a1a L148/S173.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b2b L176.2/S179.2.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4f L159.2/S169.2.
12 R1b1a2a1a1b4g Z253.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b4h1 P314.2/S220.2.I
11 R1b1a2a1a1b5 L238/S182.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b6 DF19.

Figure 55. The R1b tree of Norway.

48

(10) R1b tree of Sweden

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
13

R1b1a2a1a1b2b1 M167/SRY2627.

11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
13 R1b1a2a1a1b3e2 S47.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.

Figure 56. The R1b tree of Sweden.

49

(11) R1b tree of Finland

2 R1b M343.
3 R1b1 L278, M415, P25.1, P25.2, P25.3.
4 R1b1a P297, L320.
5 R1b1a2 L265, M269, M520, S3, S10, S13, S17.
8 R1b1a2a1a L51/M412/S167.
9 R1b1a2a1a1 L11/S127, L52, L151, P310/S129, P311/S128
10 R1b1a2a1a1a M405/S21/U106.
11 R1b1a2a1a1a4 Z18, Z19.
14 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b Z9.
10 R1b1a2a1a1b P312/S116.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b3 S28/U152 .
12 R1b1a2a1a1b3c L2/S139.
11 R1b1a2a1a1b4 L21/M529/S145, L459.
17 R1b1a2a1a1a5b2b1a1 Z8.

Figure 57. The R1b tree of Finland.

50

Fra

Ire

xxxxx

44+17

38+23

Sco

25+27

Wal

37+15

Ger

20+30

Hun

25+32

Pol

20+28

Rus

23+27

Nor

14+35

Swe

12+38

Fin

xxxxx

48+17

30+26

36+25

16+45

27+35

20+35

23+34

14+42

14+42

xxxxx

24+35

23+33

17+41

26+33

18+37

21+37

12+44

12+43

xxxxx

22+27

16+18

20+23

14+21

16+22

12+20

13+17

xxxxx

18+31

23+31

16+33

23+23

15+30

14+31

xxxxx

14+15

11+20

15+17

11+15

10+16

xxxxx

13+29

19+21

13+23

13+22

xxxxx

16+13

9+17

8+17

xxxxx

19+8

13+13

xxxxx

13+2
xxxxx

Fra
Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Figure 58. Table Close relatives (9-11). Number of identical mutations + Number of different
mutations.
Close relatives: Fra+Ire, Fra+Sco, Fra+Ger, Ire+Sco, Ire+Wal, Ire+Ger, (Nor+Ger), Nor+Rus,
Nor+Swe, (Nor+Fin), Swe+Fin.
The two figures connected by a plus denote the number of same and different subclades of R1b.
For example, 44+17 in the leftmost slot shows that France and Ireland have 44 idendital subclades
and 17 different ones. If the number of identical subgroups is bigger than or equal to the number of
different subgroups, I call the two populations closely related. But if the number of different
subclades if bigger than that of identical ones, I call them remote. The closely related
populations are green in the Table. See also the Map showing their approximate locations.

51

Figure 59. Number of identical subclades in some pairs of populations of R1b in various areas of
Europe. The subclades of R1b form three areas that can be called close relatives:
(1) Western Europe (the British Isles, France and Germany),
(2) Northern Europe (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia), and
(3) Central Europe (Poland and Hungary).

52

Fra
xxxxx

Ire

Sco

Wal

Ger

Hun

Pol

Rus

Nor

Swe

Fin

72%

62%

48%

71%

40%

44%

42%

46%

29%

30%

xxxxx

74%

54%

59%

26%

44%

36%

40%

25%

25%

xxxxx

41%

41%

29%

44%

32%

36%

33%

22%

xxxxx

45%

47%

47%

40%

42%

38%

43%

xxxxx

37%

43%

33%

50%

33%

32%

xxxxx

48%

35%

36%

42%

38%

xxxxx

31%

48%

36%

37%

xxxxx

55%

35%

32%

xxxxx

70%

50%

xxxxx

67%
xxxxx

Figure 60. Sameness percentage between pairs of populations.

Fra
Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

53

Fra
xxxxx

Ire

Sco

Wal

Ger

Hun

Pol

Rus

Nor

Swe

Fin

28%

38%

52%

29%

60%

56%

58%

54%

71%

70%

xxxxx

26%

46%

41%

74%

56%

64%

60%

75%

75%

xxxxx

59%

59%

71%

56%

68%

64%

67%

78%

xxxxx

55%

53%

53%

60%

58%

62%

57%

xxxxx

63%

57%

67%

50%

67%

68%

xxxxx

52%

65%

64%

58%

62%

xxxxx

69%

52%

64%

63%

xxxxx

45%

65%

68%

xxxxx

30%

50%

xxxxx

33%
xxxxx

Fra
Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Figure 61. Difference percentage between populations. Red = far from each other (different
subclades 60% or more).

54

Figure 62. Percentage of identical subclades. Critical percentage 47 %.

55

Figure 63. Percentage of different subclades. Critical percentage 60 %.

No red line:
a) between Ir+Sc+Wa+Fr+Ge+Po
b) between No+Sw+Fi
c) between Po+Hu
d) between No+Ru
e) between No+Ge+Po

56

Figure 64. Five groups of related subgroups.

57

Figure 65. Map of the percentage of identical subclades.

The bridge between West-European and North-European R1b lies between Germany and
Norway, and that between Nort-European and Central-Euopean R1b between Poland and Norway.
According to this, R1b may have moved mainly from Germany and Poland to Scandinavia.

58

The following Tables contain information about the number of different subclades. For example,
the first line Fra 7 16 Ire shows that there are 7+16 = 23 different subclades between France and
Ireland and that 7 of these occur in France and 16 in Ireland. I call the populations with higher
number of different subclades (in this case Ireland) more varied and the the other one (in this case
France) less varied.
Fra
Fra
Fra
Fra
Fra
Fra
Fra
Fra
Fra
Fra

16

10

13

23

11

28

23

28

25

34

36

Wal
Wal
Wal
Wal
Wal
Wal
Wal

20

13

14

15

13

17

16

Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol

21

15

21

21

Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Ire
Ire
Ire
Ire
Ire
Ire
Ire
Ire
Ire

10

25

16

39

28

35

32

41

42

Ger
Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Ger
Ger
Ger
Ger
Ger
Ger

27

20

11

29

22

30

31

Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Rus
Rus
Rus

11

12

Sco
Wal
Ger
Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco
Sco

32

20

13

36

26

35

34

42

41

Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Hun
Hun
Hun
Hun
Hun

14

11

10

11

12

Nor
Swe
Fin

Nor
Nor

12

Swe
Fin

Swe

Fin

Figure 66. The Number of different subclades between pairs of populations.

Wal
Ger
Hun
Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

Pol
Rus
Nor
Swe
Fin

59

Figure 67. The number of the subclades of R1b in various parts of Europe.

In respect to the number of the subclades of Haplogroup R1b, Europe seems to be

divided into three zones: (A) In the Western zone (Ireland, Scotland, and France) the
number of R1b subclades is 50-60. (B) In the Central zone (Wales, Benelux,
Germany, and Poland) it is 34-44. (C) In the Eastern zone (Norway, Sweden, Finland,
Russia, and Hungary) it is 15-28. The number of subclades refelect the total
frequency of R1b: the higher the total frequency of R1b the larger the number of
subclades.

60

Figure 68. The number of levels or the depth of the phylogenetic R1b tree in various parts of
Europe. The number of levels in the phylogenetic tree varies from thirteen to twenty. (A) The
number of levels is highest in Norway, Benelux, and France. (B) Next comes Ireland, Scotland,
Wales, Poland, and Germany. (C) The lowest number of levels is in Sweden, Finland, Russia, and
Hungary.

61

Tables and maps of the STR modals of European R1b

populations
In the second part of this presentation I deal with haplogroup R1b from the point of
view of the haplotypes based on the Short Tandem Repeat (STR) information given in
the FTDNA tables of Family Tree DNA Project (FTDNA) as they were in May 2012.
My material consists of twenty-five European populations. The main question is:
What conclusions are possible about the genetic relationships and origins of the
European populations?
My primary concern are the Modal Types of STR types of twenty-five populations,
and I deal with these in two types of Tables. In one type I present the modal values
for one hundred and eleven loci or markers in the populations; in the other type I give
the frequencies of occurrence for the alleles of the markers of the modal types of
each population. In many cases I make the relevant facts of the Tables graphic by
using histograms and maps with geographic distributions.
Unfortunately, the material is not completely reliable in all respects:
(1) All the cliants (informants) of the various national FTDNA projects do not
necessarily represent only the members of that nation (population), because some
people may have ordered their DNA-analysis from a national project that is not (from
the genetic poin of view) their own. In my results, for example, the informants
classified as Polish, are those that have ordered their Y-chromosome analysis from
the Polish DNA Project regardless of the given home place of their forfather.
(2) In some cases, the information on individual populations is based on so few
indivuduals that the figures are statistically unreliable. The too restricted material is
particularly evident in cases of Panel 5 (markers 69-111) for which the cliants of
FTDND Project have often saved money and ordered only more restricted and
cheaper panels like Panel 1 (markers 1-12) and Panel 2 (markers 13-25) without a
more detailed analysis of Panel 3 (markers 26-37), Panel 4 (markers 38-67) and
particularly Panel 5 (markers 68-111).
(3) The results are somewhat biased also because the intrest in various populations in
geneaological study (searching of ones genetic roots) varies considerably. Another
facter influencing the sizes of populations is, regrettably, the amount of money the
representatives of various populations have had available for this purpose. The
representation of wealthier people is higher than that of less wealthy ones.
I go through the material in the order of FTDNA Panels 1 5.

62

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Panel>
DYS>
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germany
Poland
Basques
Spain
Portugal
Flanders-Fle
Switzerland
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuania
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Finland

1 (1-12)
393-389ii
1042
164
3019
2791
325
1206
233
125
210
115
86
66
194
80
17
56
16
20
10
16
36
97
59
95
85

2 (13-25)
458-464d
750
135
2453
2532
294
993
208
81
153
65
58
59
143
46
13
51
9
19
9
16
32
71
53
74
78

3(26-37)
460-438
668
128
2231
2401
270
944
197
77
142
56
52
56
129
40
11
51
6
17
8
14
30
65
49
74
75

4(38-67)
531-565
345
89
1343
1267
169
539
113
44
75
31
30
33
62
20
7
6
6
11
4
9
21
43
37
50
58

5(68-111)
710-435
50
15
294
276
32
54
16
3
6
4
4
7
6
5
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
7
6
2
3

Table 0. Approximate numbers of participants in the Tables. The FTDNA Project contains five
Panels, and each Panel consists of a different number of markers. For example, the number of
markers in Panel 1 is twelve and that of Panel 5 is 68-111. The number of participants (men who
have had their DNA tested by the FTDNA laboratory) varies in the Panels because people have
ordered different numbers of markers to be analysed. The number of participants is quite low for
some populations particularly in Panels 4 and 5. This should be kept in mind when reading the
Tables.

63

Legends for the Tables

The Tables are of two types: Panel Tables amd Frequency Tables; see, for example, Table
Panel 1 and Table 1-393 below. The former consist of the alleles of the modal types of populations
or countries; the latter of the frequencies of the alleles of some critical loci of the Y-chromosome.
In the Panel Tables,
(1) The critical loci are shown as brown cells.
(2) The Modal (the most frequent) values of all the populations or a European Model are marked
green in the upper part of each Panel Table,
(3) Red colour, underlining and boldface of the figures in the Panel Tables shows that the value
deviates from the modal value.
(4) Black shows that the value is identical with the modal value.
(5) Two or more figures in one cell designate that the frequencies of these alleles are equal.
In the Frequency Tables,
(1) The most frequent alleles are marked red.
(2) The ones second in frequency are marked green.
(3) All other alleles are marked black.

Germany in the Tables refers to the German language area, not to the German State.

64

(1) Panel 1: Markers 1-12

Introduction
If only markers 1 to 12 are considered, the modal types of European R1b-men form a homogeneous
group. The modals of the twenty five populations are identical; cf. Table 1. It is, therefore, useless
to try, for example, to explain the genetic relations and migrations of European R1b-populations on
the basis of the alleles of the modal types based on the twelve-marker panel. The panel can be
used, of course, for family studies, but for a study of the relationships of popultions it is too
restricted. The modal values of the twenty-five populations included in this study are as follows:
No>
DYS>
Allele

1
393
13

2
390
24

3
19
14

4
391
11

5-6
385a,b
11-14

7
426
12

8
388
12

9
439
12

10
389i
13

11
392
13

12
389ii
29

Also the frequencies of the alleles of the twelve markers in the modals of the twenty-five
populations are similar; cf. Tables 1-393, 1-390, 1-19, 1-391, 1-426, 1-388, 1-439, 1-389i, 1-392,
and 1- 389ii, and the histograms of the equivalent Figures 1-393, 1-390, 1-19, 1-391, 1-426, 1-388,
1-439, 1-389i, 1-392, and 1- 389ii. The only exceptions in this respect are Romania and Latvia:
DYS390 has equally frequent alleles 23 an 24 in Romania and DYS392 has equally frequent alleles
13 and 14 in Latvia. Both populations are, however, represented by a very low number of
informants (16 in Romania and 10 in Latvia).

65

Panel 1 (1-12)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

No>
DYS>
Modal
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germany
Poland
Basques
Spain
Portugal
Flanders-Fl
Switzerland
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuania
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Finland

1
393
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

2
390
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
23,24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24

3
19
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

4
391
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

5-6
385a,b
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14
11-14

7
426
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

8
388
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

9
439
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

10
389i
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

11
392
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13,14
13
13
13
13
13
13

12
389ii
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29

Table Panel 1. Alleles of the markers of Panel 1 in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

Total

1042
164
3019
2791
325
1206
233
125
210
115
86
66
194
80
17
56
16
20
10
16
36
97
59
95
85

66

Marker 1: DYS393
1

DYS393
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10 Portugal
11 Flanders
12 Switzerland
13 Italy
14 Czech
15 Slovakia
16 Hungary
17 Romania
18 Lithuania
19 Latvia
20 Ukraine
21 Russia
22 Denmark
23 Sweden
24 Norway
25 Finland
Total

10
1
0.1%
-

11
1
0.1%
1
0.0%
1
0.3%

1
1.0%
0.0%

1
0.5%
0.0%

12
60
6.0%
4
2.4%
90
2.6%
99
3.5%
7
2.2%
62
5.1%
53
22.8%
5
3.9%
11
5.3%
3
2.6%
5
5.8%
2
3.0%
39
20.1%
15
18.8%
3
17.6%
11
19.6%
2
12.5%
3
15.0%
1
10.0%
3
17.6%
13
36.1%
4
4.1%
2
3.4%
6
6.3%
1
1.2%
9.9%

13
907
87.0%
152
92.7%
3290
93.4
2564
91.9%
300
92.3%
1062
88.1%
168
72.1%
113
87.6%
183
88.0%
106
92.2%
80
93.0%
61
92.4%
145
74.7%
56
70.0%
14
82.4%
39
69.6%
13
81.2%
17
85.0%
9
90.0%
14
82.4%
23
63.9%
87
90.0%
56
94.9%
85
89.5%
84
98.9%
85.7%

14
71
6.8%
8
4.9%
132
3.7%
122
4.4%
16
4.9%
82
6.8%
11
4.7%
11
8.5%
14
6.7%
6
5.2%
1
1.2%
3
4.5%
12
6.2%
9
11.3%
5
8.9%
1
6.3%
5
5.2%
1
1.7%
4
4.2%
4.2%

15
2
0.2%
8
0.2%
6
0.2%
1
0.3%
1
0.4%
2
1.0%
1
0.5%
1
1.8%
0.2%

Table 1-393. Frequencies of the alleles of DYS393 in twenty-five European populations.

Total
1042
100.2%
164
100.0%
3521
99.9%
2791
100.0%
325
100.0%
1206
100.0%
233
100.0
129
100.0%
208
100.0%
115
100.0%
86
100.0%
66
99.9%
194
100.0%
80
100.1%
17
100.0%
56
99.9%
16
100.0%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
17
100.0%
36
100.0%
97
100.3%
59
100.0%
95
100.0%
85
100.1%
100.0%

67

Histogram DYS393.
West
DYS393
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germany
Basque
Spain
Portugal
Switzerland
Denmark
West total

12
6.0%
2.4%
2.6%
3.5%
2.2%
5.1%
3.9%
5.3%
2.6%
3.0%
4.1%
3.7%

13
87.0%
92.7%
93.4%
91.9%
92.3%
88.1%
87.6%
88.0%
92.2%
92.4%
90.0%
90.5%

14
6.8%
4.9%
3.7%
4.4%
4.9%
6.8%
8.5%
6.7%
5.2%
4.5%
5.2%
5.6%

Total
1042
164
3521
2791
325
1206
129
208
115
66
97

DYS393
Poland
Flanders
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuania
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Sweden
Norway
Finland
East total

12
22.8%
5.8%
20.1%
18.8%
17.6%
19.6%
12.5%
15.0%
10.0%
17.6%
36.1%
3.4%
6.3%
1.2%
14.8%

13
72.1%
93.0%
74.7%
70.0%
82.4%
69.6%
81.2%
85.0%
90.0%
82.4%
63.9%
94.9%
89.5%
98.9%
82.0%

14
4.7%
1.2%
6.2%
11.3%
8.9%
6.3%
1.7%
4.2%
3.2%

Total
233
86
194
80
17
56
16
20
10
17
36
59
95
85

East

Table West and East of DYS393. Red = most frequent allele; blue and green = second in frequency.

68

Histogram DYS393 West.

Histogram DYS393 East.

Map DYS393 second in frequency.

The most frequent allele of DYS393 is 13 in all parts of Europe, and its frequency
range varies from about 70% to about 98 %; cf. Table 1-393. The allele second in
frequency shows, however, some correlation with geography: Allele DYS393=12
has higher values (15-36 %) in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech, Slovakia, Hungary,
Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, the Ukraine, and Russia), as well as Italy. And its values
are considerably lower (1-6 %) elsewhere. Conversely, allele DYS393=14 has
slightly higher values in Western Europe (average 5.6%) than Eastern Europe
(average 3.2%); cf. Tables 393 West and DYS 393 East. As seen graphically in
Histograms DYS393 West and DYS393 East, the differences in this respect are
small. In summary, the DYS393 differences are geographically regular but
genetically small.

69

Marker 2: DYS390
1

DYS390
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basques

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland
Total

19
1
2.7%
0.1%

21
1
0.1%
2
0.0%
1
0.0%
1
0.3%
1
0.4%
1
0.5%
1
2.7%
0.2%

22
7
0.7%
3
1.8%
38
1.1%
31
1.1%
1
0.3%
14
1.2%
6
2.3%
1
0.8%
4
1.9%
1
0.9%
2
1.0%
1
1.3%
1
1.8%
1
2.7%
4
4.1%
1
1.1%
1.0%

23
195
18.7%
59
36.0%
285
8.1%
449
16.1%
49
15.1%
216
17.9%
70
30.0%
21
16.3%
26
12.4%
20
17.4%
20
23.3%
19
28.8%
25
12.9%
19
23.8%
2
11.8%
14
25.0%
8
50.0%
3
15.0%
1
10.0%
3
18.8%
7
19.4%
27
28.4%
11
18.6%
23
24.2%
26
30.6%
21.1%

24
671
64.4%
88
53.7%
2068
58.9%
1763
63.2%
220
67.7%
760
63.0%
128
54.9%
92
71.3%
145
69.0%
80
69.6%
60
69.8%
44
66.7%
137
70.6%
45
56.3%
11
64.7%
37
66.1%
8
50.0%
14
70.0%
8
80.0%
10
62.5%
22
61.1%
62
63.9%
43
72.9%
61
64.2%
43
50.6%
64.2%

25
157
15.1%
12
7.3%
1047
29.8%
518
18.6%
52
16.0%
203
16.8%
26
11.2%
15
11.6%
33
15.7%
14
12.2%
5
5.8%
3
4.5%
25
12.9%
14
17.5%
4
23.5%
4
7.1%
3
15.0%
1
10.0%
3
18.8%
3
8.3%
4
4.1%
5
8.5%
10
10.5%
16
18.8%
12.8%

26
11
1.1%
2
1.2%
67
1.9%
29
1.0%
2
0.6%
13
1.1%
2
0.9%
1
0.5%
1
1.2%
4
2.1%
1
1.3%
0.5%

27
7
0.2%
1
0.5%
0.0%

Table 1-390. Frequencies of alleles at DYS390 in twenty-five European populations.

Total
1042
100.1%
164
100.0%
3514
100.0%
2791
100.0%
325
100.0%
1206
100.0%
233
99.7%
129
100.0%
210
100.0%
115
100.1%
86
100.1%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.2%
17
100.0%
56
100.0%
16
100.0%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.1%
36
99.9%
97
100.0%
59
100.0%
95
100.0%
85
100.0%
99.9%

70

Histogram DYS390.

71

Marker 3: DYS19
1

DYS19
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland

Total

10
1
0.5%
-

12
1
0.1%
5
0.1%
2
0.1%
2
0.1%
1
0.9%
-

13
32
3.0%
3
1.8%
30
0.9%
24
0.9%
4
1.2%
10
3.1%
5
2.1%
2
1.6%
3
1.4%
1
0.9%
2
2.3%
1
1.5%
10
5.1%
1
1.3%
1
5.9%
2
3.6%
1
6.3%
2
10.0%
4
4.1%
2
3.4%
-

0.0%

0.1%

2.4%

14
907
87.0%
144
87.8%
3199
90.9%
2530
90.6%
289
88.9%
976
87.0%%
207
88.8%
122
94.6%
167
79.9%
91
79.1%
75
87.2%
57
86.4%
153
78.9%
67
83.8%
12
70.6%
49
87.5%
12
75.0%
17
85.0%
9
90.0%
15
93.8%
31
86.1%
79
81.4%
52
88.1%
79
83.2%
76
89.4%

15
90
8.6%
14
8.5%
274
7.8%
226
8.1%
28
8.6%
187
8.6%
19
8.2%
5
3.9%
28
13.4%
22
19.1%
8
9.3%
8
12.1%
26
13.4%
8
10.0%
4
23.5%
4
7.1%
2
12.3%
1
5.0%
1
10.0%
1
6.3%
4
11.1%
12
12.3%
5
8.5%
12
12.7%
8
9,4%

16
12
1.2%
2
1.2%
10
0.3%
7
0.3%
1
0.3%
26
1.2%
2
0.8%
9
4.3%
1
1.2%
4
2.1%
2
2.5%
1
1.8%
1
6.3%
2
2.1%
3
3.2%
1
1.2%

17
1
0.6%
1
0.0%
1
0.0%
3
0.9%
5
2
1.0
2
2.5%
1
2.8%
1
1.1%
-

Total
1042
99.9%
164
99.9%
3519
100.0%
2791
100.0%
325
99.9%
1206
100.0%
233
99.9%
129
100.1%
209
100.0%
115
100.0%
86
100.0%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.1%
17
100.0%
56
100.0%
16
99.9%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.1%
36
100.0%
97
99.9%
59
100.0%
95
100.2%
85
100.0%

85.6%

10.3%

1.2%

0.4%

100.0%

Table 1-19. Frequencies of alleles at DYS19 in twenty-five European populations.

72

Histogram DYS19.

73

(4) Marker 4: 391

1

DYS391
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland
Total

7
1
0.0%
-

8
1
0.0%
3
0.1%
-

9
1
0.1%
2
1.2%
14
0.4%
3
0.1%
1
0.1%
-

0.0%

0.0%

1
1.8%
1
1.1%
0.2%

10
309
29.7%
44
26.8%
1018
28.9%
996
35.7%
78
24.1%
389
32.2%
90
38.6%
47
36.4%
65
31.0%
30
26.1%
25
29.1%
19
28.8%
70
36.1%
24
30.0%
3
17.6%
16
28.6%
5
31.3%
6
30.0%
4
25.0%
13
36.1%
37
38.1%
12
20.3%
32
33.7%
20
23.5%
28.7%

11
691
66.3%
110
67.1%
2374
67.4%
1700
60.9%
234
72.2%
779
64.6%
134
57.5%
82
63.6%
139
66.2%
81
70.4%
58
67.4%
44
66.7%
122
62.9%
55
68.8%
13
76.5%
37
66.1%
10
62.5%
13
65.0%
10
100.0%
9
56.3%
21
58.3%
57
58.8%
47
79.7%
60
63.2%
58
68.2%
67.1%

12
50
4.8%
8
4.9%
108
3.1%
86
3.1%
10
3.1%
35
2.9%
8
3.4%
5
2.4%
3
2.6%
2
2.3%
3
4.5%
2
1.0%
1
1.3%
1
5.9%
2
3.6%
1
5.0%
3
18.8%
2
5.6%
2
2.1%
2
2.1%
7
8.2%
3.6%

13
1
0.1%
7
0.2%
3
0.1%
2
0.6%
2
0.2%
1
0.4%
1
0.5%
1
0.9%
1
1.2%
-

1
6.3%
1
1.0%
0.5%

Table 1-391. Frequencies of alleles at DYS391 in twenty-five European populations.

Total
1042
100.0%
164
100.0%
3523
100.0%
2791
100.0%
324
100.0%
1206
100.0%
233
99.9%
129
100.0%
210
100.1%
115
100.0%
86
100.0%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.1%
17
100.0%
56
100.1%
16
100.1%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.1%
36
100.0%
97
100.0%
59
100.0%
95
100.1%
85
99.9%
100.1%

74

Histogram DYS391.

75

DYS426
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland
Total

10
1
0.1%
1
0.0%
1
1.8%
0.1%

11
9
0.9%
3
1.8%
18
0.5%
16
0.6%
3
0.9%
3
0.2%
25
10.7%
1
0.8%
3
1.5%
1
0.9%
14
7.2%
3
5.4%
2
12.5%
2
10.0%
1
6.3%
1
2.8%
2.5%

12
1013
97.2%
160
97.6%
3456
98.2%
2732
97.9%
318
98.1%
1150
95.4%
206
88.4%
125
96.9%
203
96.7%
111
96.5%
83
96.5%
62
93.9%
173
89.2%
80
100.0%
17
100.0%
48
85.7%
14
87.5%
18
90.0%
7
70.0%
15
93.8%
35
97.2%
96
99.0%
57
96.6%
94
98.9%
83
97.6%
94.4%

13
19
1.8%
1
0.6%
45
1.3%
42
1.5%
3
0.9%
53
4.4%
2
0.9%
3
2.3%
4
1.9%
3
2.6%
3
3.5%
4
6.1%
7
3.6%
4
7.1%
3
30.0%
1
1.0%
2
3.4%
1
1.1%
2
2.4%
3.4%

14
1
0.3%
0.0%

Total
1042
100.0%
164
100.0%
3519
100.0%
2791
100.0%
324
100.2%
1206
100.0%
233
100.0%
129
100.0%
210
100.1%
115
100.0%
86
100.0%
66
10.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.0%
17
100.0%
56
100.0%
16
100.0%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.1%
36
100.0%
97
100.0%
59
100.0%
95
100.0%
85
100.0%
100.4%

Table 1-388. Frequencies of alleles at DYS388 in twenty-five European populations.

76

Histogram DYS426.

77

DYS388
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland
Total

9
1
0.1%
-

10
5
0.5%
1
0.6%
1
0.0%
1
0.3%
6
0.5%
1
0.4%
1
1.1%
1
1.8%
2
2.1%
-

11
1
0.1%
3
0.1%
3
0.1%
5
0.4%
5
2.1%
3
2.3%
1
5.0%
2
20.0%
1
6.3%
-

12
1011
97.0%
160
97.6%
3430
97.5%
2745
98.4%
319
98.2%
1172
97.2%
221
94.8%
125
96.9%
205
97.6%
115
100.0%
85
98.8%
65
98.5%
192
99.0%
80
100.0%
17
100.0%
55
98.2%
16
100.0%
19
95.0%
7
70.0%
14
87.5%
33
91.7%
95
97.9%
56
94.9%
92
96.8%
85

13
21
2.0%
3
1.8%
79
2.2%
31
1.1%
4
1.2%
14
1.2%
4
1.7%
1
0.8%
2
1.0%
1
1.5%
2
1.0%
1
10.0%
1
6.3%
3
8.3%
2
2.1%
1
1.7%
1
1.1%
-

14
3
0.3%
6
0.2%
11
0.4%
1
0.3%
8
0.7%
2
0.9%
3
1.4%
-

2
3.4%
-

15
1
0.0%
1
0.1%
-

0.0

0.3

1.5

100.0%
96.1

1.7

0.3

0.0

Table 1-388. Frequencies of alleles at DYS388 in twenty-five European populations.

1042
100.0%
164
100.0%
3519
100.0%
2791
100.0%
325
100.0%
1206
100.1%
233
99.9%
129
100.0%
210
100.0%
115
100.0%
86
99.9%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.0%
17
56
100.0%
16
100.0%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.1%
36
100.0%
97
100.0%
59
100.0%
95
100.0%
85
100.0%
99.9%

78

Histogram DYS388.

79

DYS439
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland

Total

8
1
0.0%
-

9
2
0.1%
3
0.1%
-

10
14
1.3%
16
0.5%
12
0.4%
4
1.2%
43
3.6%
1
0.4%
1
0.8%
8
3.8%

11
210
20.0%
31
18.9%
801
22.8%
548
19.7%
49
15.1%
276
23.0%
72
31.3%
31
24.0%
43
20.6%

12
616
58.6%
108
65.9%
2089
59.5%
1767
63.7%
217
66.8%
653
54.3%
110
47.8%
74
57.4%
121
57.9%

13
180
17.1%
21
12.8%
517
14.7%
398
14.3%
49
15.1%
207
17.2%
41
17.8%
20
15.5%
33
15.8%

14
30
2.9%
4
2.4%
79
2.2%
44
1.6%
5
1.5%
23
1.9%
3
1.3%
3
2.3%
4
1.9%

15
1
0.1%
8
0.2%
3
0.1%
1
0.3%
3
1.3%
-

16
1
0.0%
-

Total
1051
100.0%
164
100.0%
3513
100.0%
2775
99.9%
325
100.1%
1202
100.0%
230
99.9%
129
100.0%
209
100.0%

1
0.9%
1
1.5%
2
1.0%
1
1.2%
1
1.8%
1
2.8%
1
1.0%
1
1.7%
3
3.2%
1
1.2%

21
18.3%
18
20.9%
14
21.2%
32
16.5%
20
23.5%
3
17.6%
11
20.0%
2
12.3%
8
40.0%
5
50.0%
4
25.0%
2
5.6%
19
19.6%
23
40.0%
31
32.6%
26
31.0%

63
54.8%
49
57.0%
45
68.2%
117
60.3%
45
52.9%
9
52.9%
30
54.5%
12
75.0%
9
45.0%
3
30.0%
10
62.5%
24
66.7%
62
63.9%
28
47.5%
49
51.6%
50
59.5%

27
23.5%
15
17.4%
5
7.6%
38
19.6%
18
21.2%
5
29.4%
12
21.8%
1
6.3%
3
15.0%
2
20.0%
2
12.5%
9
25.0%
11
11.3%
7
11.9%
12
12.6%
6
7.1%

3
2.6%
4
4.7%
1
1.5%
4
2.1%
1
1.8%
1
6.3%
3
3.1%
1
1.2%

1
1.2%
-

1
0.5%
-

115
100.1%
86
100.0%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
85
100.0%
17
99.9%
55
99.9%
16
99.9%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.0%
36
100.1%
97
99.9%
59
100.1%
95
100.0%
84
100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

1.1%

23.6%

57.4%

16.1%

1.7%

0.1%

0.0%

100.0%

Table 1-439. Frequencies of alleles at DYS439 in twenty-five European populations. The most
perspicuous distinctive feature between the populations is perhaps the high frequency of allele 13 in
Russia.

80

Histogram DYS439.

81

DYS389i
France

Finland

9
4
0.4%
-

10
1
0.0%
-

11
1
0 .0%
2
0.1%
2
0.2%
1
2.8%
-

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Total

0.0%

0.0%

0.1%

12
73
7.0%
14
8.5%
125
3.5%
150
5.4%
16
4.9%
60
5.0%
23
9.9%
9
7.0%
10
4.8%
11
9.6%
10
11.6%
7
10.6%
16
8.2%
3
3.8%
8
14.3%
2
12.5%
3
15.0%
7
19.4%
4
4.1%
5
8.5%
6
6.3%
7
8.2%
7.5%

13
821
78.8%
128
78.0%
2871
81.6%
2271
81.4%
260
80.0%
992
82.3%
172
73.8%
84
65.1%
149
71.0%
90
78.3%
62
72.1%
50
75.8%
146
75.3%
65
81.3%
14
82.4%
40
71.4%
12
75.0%
11
55.0%
10
100.0%
14
87.5%
23
63.9%
78
80.4%
47
79.7%
79
83.2%
72
84.7%
77.5%

14
138
13.2%
22
13.4%
508
14.4%
353
12,6%
48
14.8%
146
12.1%
38
16.3%
36
27.9%
50
23.8%
14
12.2%
14
16.3%
9
13.6%
30
15.5%
10
12.5%
3
17.6%
8
14.3%
2
12.5%
6
30.0%
2
12.5%
5
13.9%
15
15.5%
7
11.9%
10
10.6%
6
7.1%
14.6%

15
6
0.6%
14
0.4%
14
0.5%
1
0.3%
6
0.5%
1
0.5%
1
0.5%
2
2.5%
-

16
2
1.0%
-

0.2%

0.0%

Table 1-389i. Frequencies of alleles at DYS389i in twenty-five European populations.

Total
1042
100.0%
164
99.9%
3519
99.9%
2791
100.0%
325
100.0%
1206
100.1%
233
100.0%
129
100.0%
210
100.1%
115
100.1%
86
100.0%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.1%
17
100.0%
56
100.0%
16
100.0%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.0%
36
100.0%
97
100.0%
59
100.1%
95
100.1%
85
100.0%
99.9%

82

Histogram DYS389i.

83

DYS392

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Total

France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders
Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovakia

16

Hungary
Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

1
0.1%
2
0.1%
2
0.2%
3
1.3%
1
1.8%
-

11
1.0%
3
1.8%
36
1.0%
25
0.9%
2
0.6%
34
2.8%
1
0.8%
1
0.5%
6
5.2%
1
1.2%
3
4.5%
4
2.1%
1
5.9%
-

17

2
0.2%
1
0.0%
1
0.4%
-

7
0.7%
2
1.2%
11
0.3%
11
0.4%
5
1.5%
70
5.8%
1
0.4%
8
3.8%
-

12

1
0.0%
-

1
6.3%
-

954
91.6%
152
92.7%
2543
72.3%
2374
85.1%
273
84.0%
1002
83.1%
202
86.7%
118
91.5%
185
88.1%
102
88.7%
79
91.9%
56
84.9%
166
85.6%
72
90.0%
15
88.2%
48
85.7%
11
68.8%
15
75.0%
5
50.0%
12

61
5.9%
7
4.3%
895
25.4%
351
12.5%
32
9.8%
80
6.6%
21
9.0%
9
7.0%
14
6.7%
6
5.2%
6
7.0%
6
9.1%
22
11.3%
5
6.3%
1
5.9%
5
8.9%
3
18.8%
5
25.0%
5
50.0%
4

5
0.5%
30
0.9%
25
0.9%
13
4.0%
16
1.3%
5
2.1%
1
0.8%
2
1.0%
1
0.9%
1
1.5%
2
1.0%
1
6.3%
-

1
0.1%
2
0.1%
2
0.1%
2
0.2%
-

1042
100.1%
164
100.0%
3518
100.0%
2791
100.0%
325
99.9%
1206
100.0%
233
99.9%
129
100.1%
210
100.1%
115
100.0%
86
100.1%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.1%
17
100.0%
56
100.0%
16
100.2%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland

0.0%

0.0%

0.1%

1
2.8%
3
3.2%
1
1.2%
1.1%

1
1.0%
3
3.2%
1
1.2%
1.6%

75.0%
29
80.6%
92
94.8%
56
94.9%
82
86.3%
78
91.8%
84.3%

25.0%
5
13.9%
4
4.1%
3
5.1%
7
7.4%
5
5.9%
11.8%

1
2.8%
1.0%

0.0%

100.0%
36
100.1%
97
99.9%
59
100.0%
95
100.1%
85
100.1%
99.9%

Total

3
3.8%
2
3.6%
-

Table 1-392. Frequencies of alleles at DYS392 in twenty-five European populations.

84

Histogram DYS392.

85

DYS389ii
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basque

Spain

10

Portugal

11

Flanders

12

Switzerland

13

Italy

14

Czech

15

Slovenia

16

Hungary

17

Romania

18

Lithuania

19

Latvia

20

Ukraine

21

Russia

22

Denmark

23

Sweden

24

Norway

25

Finland
Total

25
6
0.6%
1
0.0%
1
0.0%
0.0%

26
3
0.3%
3
0.1%
2
0.3%
1
0.9%
0.1%

27
5
0.5%
1
0.6%
17
0.5%
8
0.3%
2
0.6%
4
0.5%
5
2.1%
1
0.5%
1
0.9%
1
1.2%
2
3.0%
2
1.0%
1
6.3%
1
2.8%
1
1.0%
1
1.1%
0.9%

28
113
10.8%
16
9.8%
251
7.1%
199
7.1%
18
5.5%
78
10.1%
40
17.2%
11
8.5%
16
7.6%
15
13.0%
14
16.3%
9
13.6%
18
9.3%
10
12.5%
2
11.8%
8
14.3%
2
12.3%
6
30.0%
4
25.0%
12
33.3%
6
6.2%
6
10.2%
8
8.4%
10
11.8%
12.5%

Table 1-389ii. Frequencies of alleles at DYS389ii.

29
658
63.1%
107
65.2%
2317
65.9%
1681
60.2%
213
65.5%
468
60.4%
107
45.9%
68
52.7%
123
58.6%
68
59.1%
49
57.0%
32
48.5%
130
67.0%
37
46.3%
11
64.7%
28
50.0%
12
75.0%
9
45.0%
10
100.0%
9
56.3%
13
36.1%
64
66.0%
41
69.5%
66
69.5%
59
69.4%
60.7%

30
205
19.7%
35
21.3%
780
22.2%
751
26.9%
86
26.5%
183
23.6%
72
30.9%
42
32.6%
50
23.8%
28
24.3%
21
24.4%
18
27.3%
41
21.1%
26
32.5%
4
23.5%
19
33.9%
1
6.3%
3
15.0%
3
18.8%
8
22.2%
21
21.6%
10
16.9%
20
21.1%
14
16.5%
22.1%

31
45
4.3%
4
2.4%
137
3.9%
141
5.1%
6
1.8%
34
4.4%
9
3.9%
8
6.2%
19
9.0%
2
1.7%
1
1.2%
4
6.1%
3
1.5%
7
8.8%
1
1.8%
2
10.0%
2
5.6%
5
5.2%
2
3.4%
2
2.4%
3.5%

32
7
0.7%
1
0.6%
7
0.2%
10
0.4%
6
0.8%
1
0,5%
1
1.5%
0.2%

33
1
0.0%
0.0%

Total
1042
100.0%
164
99.9%
3514
99.9%
2791
100.0%
325
99.9%
775
100.1%
233
100.0%
129
100.0%
210
100.0%
115
99.9%
86
100.1%
66
100.0%
194
100.0%
80
100.1%
17
100.0%
56
100.0%
16
99.9%
20
100.0%
10
100.0%
16
100.1%
36
100.0%
97
100.0%
59
100.0%
95
100.1%
85
100.1%
100.0%

86

Histogram DYS389ii.

Map DYS389ii second in frequency. The allele second in frequency is 28 in Eastern Europe
(Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, amd Romania) and 30 elsewhere. The most frequent allele is 29 in all
European populations.

87

(2) Panel 2: Markers 13-25

Introduction
Panel 2 (markers 13-25) has very little variation between the modals of the twenty-five populations.
The most frequent alleles or the modal values for European populations are as follows:
No>
DYS>
Modal

13
458
17

14
459a
9

15
459b
10

16
455
11

17
454
11

18
447
25

19
437
15

20
448
19

21
449
29

22
464a
15

23
464b
15

24
464c
17

25
464d
17

There are, however, three seeming exceptions:

Slovakia and Hungary have exceptionally 16, in stead of 17, as the most frequent allele for
DYS458. As seen in Table 2-458, allele 16 is, however, only slightly more frequent than 17 in these
two populations (averagewise 41 % vs. 31 %); cf. Table S,H.
In Finland, the most frequent allele of DYS449 is 28, while it is allele 29 in all the other European
populations. The differenc between the frequencies of 28 and 29 is, however, negligible (32,1% vs.
31.4%) in the Finnish population; cf. Table 2-449.
The East-European populations, Poland, Slovakia, and Russia, are exceptional in that the most
frequent allele for DYS464c is 16, not 17 as in all other populations; cf. Table DYS 464c and Map
DYS464c. Allele 16 has the frequency of about 43 47 % (average 45.0 %) while the frequency of
17 is about 34 - 40 % (average 37.6 %). However, the difference is so small that it can hardly be
relevant (although it is geographically regular).

88

Panel 2 (13-25)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

No>
DYS>
Modal
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germany
Poland
Basques
Spain
Portugal
Flanders-Fl
Switzerland
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuania
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Finland

13
458
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

14
459a
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

15
459b
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

16
455
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

17
454
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

18
447
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25

19
437
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

20
448
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

21
449
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
28

22
464a
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

23
464b
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

24
464c
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16
17
17
17
17
17
16
17
17
17
17

25
464d
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

Table Panel 2. Alleles of the markers of Panel 2 in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

Total
1042
135
2453
2532
294
993
208
81
153
115
58
59
143
46
13
51
9
19
10
16
32
71
53
74
78

89

(13) Marker 13: DYS458

DYS458
Slovakia
Hungary

16
6
46.2%
18
35.3%

17
4
30.8%
16
31.4%

18
1
7.7%
15
29.4%

19
2
15.4%
-

20
2
3.9%

n
13
100.1%
51
100.0%

Table. Alleles of DYS458 in Slovakia and Hungary. In the rest of Europe, the most common allele
of DYS449 is 17.
Marker 21: DYS449
DYS449
Finland

28
25
32.1%

29
24
30.8%

30
22
28.2%

31
6
7.7%

32
1
1.3%

n
78
100.1%

Table. Alleles of DYS458 in Finland. In the rest of Europe, the most common allele of DYS449 is
29.
Marker 24: DYS464c
DYS464c
Poland
Slovakia
Russia

14
3
1.5%
-

15
28
14.0%
2
15.4%
6
18.8%

16
84
42.0%
6
46.1%
15
46.9%

17
80
40.0%
5
38.5%
11
34.3%

18
5
2.5%
-

n
200
100.0%
13
100.0%
32
100.0%

Table. Alleles of DYS464c in Slovakia, Poland, and Russia. In the rest of Europe, the most
common allele of DYS464c is 17. Allele 17 is seen to be quite common also in these three areas.

Map DYS464c. The alleles of DYS464c.

The differences between Panel 2 markers of the twenty-five populations are so small
that they hardly can be relevant. In other words, there is hardly any use in comparing
the European populations on the basis of the alleles of Panel 2.

90

Panel 3: Markers 26-37

Introduction

Panel 3 (26-37)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

No>

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

DYS>

460

YGAT4

YCAIIa

YCAIIb

456

607

576

570

CDYa

CDYb

442

438

Total

Modal
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germ
Poland
Basques
Spain
Portugal
Fland-Fl
Switzerl
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuan
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denm
Sweden
Norway
Finland

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23

16
16
16
16
16
15
16
16
16
16
15
16
15
15
15
16
15,16
16
16
15
15
16
15,16
16
16
16

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

36
37
36
37
37
36
36
36
36
36
35,36
36
37
36
36,37
35
36,37
36
35
35
37
35,36,37
37
37
36
36

38
38
37,38
38
38
38
38
39
37
38
38
39
38
38
38
38
38
39
39
36,38
38
39
37
37
38
38,39

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

668
128
2231
2401
270
944
197
77
153
56
52
56
129
40
17
51
9
17
7
14
30
65
49
74
75

Table 3. Alleles of the markers of Panel 3 in the modal types of twenty-five European populations.
As seen in Table 3 (markers 26-37), there are particularly three markers in Panel 3 that show
variation between populations: DYS456, CDYa, and CDYb.

If only the modals of populations are considered, Europe is uniform in respect to all
the alleles of 37 marker panel. The four seeming exceptions in the Table (Slovakian
DYS492 = 13, Ukrainian DYS423a = 22, Ukrainian DYS534 = 16, and Romanian
DYS534 = 16) can be explained as results of too restricted material (in many cases
less than ten R1b-men).

91

DYS456
Fra

Ben

Ire

Sco

Wal

Ger

Pol

Bas

Spa

10

Por

11

Fla

12

Swi

13

Ita

14

Cze

15

Slo

16

Hun

17

Rom

18

Lit

19

Lat

20

Ukr

21

Rus

22

Den

23

Swe

24

Nor

25

Fin

11
1
1.3%
0.1%

12
1
0.0%
0.0%

13
1
0.1%
1
0.0%
1
0.1%
0.0%

14
14
0.2%
3
2.3%
26
0.9%
37
1.6%
19
7.0%
15
1.6%
8
4.1%
1
1.3%
2
1.4%
3
2.4%
1
2.5%
1
1.9%
1
11.1%
1
3.3%
1
1.5%
2
4.1%
1
1.3%
1.9%

15
270
40.4%
44
34.4%
950
34.4%
876
38.0%
101
37.4%
376
39.7%
66
33.5%
33
42.9%
59
41.5%
35
62.5%
22
42.3%
31
57.1%
61
47.2%
17
42.5%
3
17.6%
22
42.3%
4
44.4%
7
41.2%
6
66.7%
6
42.9%
12
40.0%
27
40.3%
14
28.6%
23
30.7%
29
38.7%
41.1%

16
300
44.9%
53
41.4%
1006
36.4%
866
37.6%
98
36.3%
402
42.4%
93
47.2%
36
46.8%
61
43.0%
15
26.8%
25
48.1%
18
32.1%
51
39.5%
16
40.0%
13
76.5%
22
42.3%
4
44.4%
8
47.1%
2
22.2%
5
35.7%
14
46.7%
27
40.3%
29
59.2%
38
50.7%
34
45.3%
43.0%

17
75
11.2%
24
18.8%
674
24.4%
454
19.7%
40
14.8%
129
13.6%
28
14.2%
6
7.8%
18
12.7%
4
7.1%
4
7.7%
7
12.5%
9
7.0%
5
12.5%
7
13.5%
2
11.8%
1
11.1%
4
28.6%
2
6.7%
11
16.4%
4
8.2%
9
12.0%
9
12.0%
12.2%

18
7
1.0%
4
3.1%
92
3.3%
66
2.9%
12
4.4%
23
2.4%
2
1.0%
1
1.3%
2
1.4%
2
3.6%
1
1.9%
3
2.4%
1
2.5%
1
5.9%
1
3.3%
1
1.5%
3
4.0%
3
4.0%
2.0%

19
10
0.3%
4
0.2%
2
0.2%
2
1.6%
0.1%

Table 3-456. Frequencies of alleles at DYS456 in twenty-five European populations.

DYS456 is typically a marker that has similar frequencies for alleles 15 and 16.

20
1
0.1%
1
0.0%
0.0%

Total
668
128
2761
2303
100.0%
270
948
197
77
142
56
52
56
129
40
17
52
9
17
9
14
30
67
49
75
75
100.4%

92

Average frequencies of alleles 15 and 16 in the three zones of Map DYS456.

DYS456
Ben
Ger
Pol
Fla
Slo
Lit
Rus
Swe
Nor
Fin
C-NW

15
34.4%
39.7%
33.5%
42.3%
17.6%
41.2%
40.0%
28.6%
30.7%
38.7%
34.7%

16
41.4%
42.4%
47.2%
48.1%
76.5%
47.1%
46.7%
59.2%
50.7%
45.3%
50.5%

DYS456
Fra
Ire
Sco
Wal
Bas
Spa
Cze
Hun
Rom
Den
Intermed

15
40.4%
34.4%
38.0%
37.4%
42.9%
41.5%
42.5%
42.3%
44.4%
40.3%
40.4%

16
44.9%
36.4%
37.6%
36.3%
46.8%
43.0%
40.0%
42.3%
44.4%
40.3%
41.2%

DYS456
Por
Swi
Ita
Lat
Ukr
South

15
62.5%
57.1%
47.2%
66.7%
42.9%
55.3%

16
26.8%
32.1%
39.5%
22.2%
35.7%
31.3%

Table DYS456: alleles 15 and 16.

93

Histogram DYS456.

94

(3-a) Marker DYS456 is typically bifurgative in that it has two alleles, 15 and 16, that are almost
equally common; cf. Table 3-456 and Histogram DYS456. The average frequencies of 16 and 15
are 48.0 % vs. 41.1 %. The geographic distribution of the populations based on the frequencies of
alleles 16 and 15 are seen also in the following Map. The populations with 16 as the most frequent
allele (red in the Map) and those with 15 as the most frequent (blue) are dispersed over entire
Europe without much geographic regularity. This means that marker DYS456 can hardly be used as
a relevant criterion when classifying populations.

Map DYS456-A.

Map DYS456-B.

95

DYS
ADYa

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

Total

Fra

Ben

Ire

Sco

Wal

1
0.0%
-

1
0.1%
1
0.0%
-

2
0.3%
1
0.8%
5
0.2%
10
0.4%
1

12
1.8%
2
1.6%
30
1.1%
15
0.6%
1

39
5.8%
7
5.5%
85
3.0%
102
4.3%
9

107
16.0%
15
11.7%
344
12.5%
344
14.4%
54

197
29.5%
47
36.7%
768
27.8%
681
28.5%
77

215
32.2%
37
28.9%
782
28.3%
714
29.9%
71

74
11.1%
16
12.5%
523
18.9%
364
15.2%
42

17
2.5%
1
0.9%
177
6.4%
120
5.0%
10

4
0.6%
2
1.6%
46
1.7%
33
1.4%
4

1
0.0%
3
0.1%
-

668
99.9%
128
100.2%
2763
99.9%
2387
99.8%
270

Ger

Pol

Bas

Spa
Por

11

Fla

12

Swi

13

Ita

14

Cze

15

Slo

16

Hun

17

Rom

18

Lit

19

Lat

20

Ukr

21

Rus

22

Den

23

Swe

24

Nor

25

Fin

0.4%
2
0.2%
0.0%

1
0.5%
0.0%

0.4%
2
0.2%
4
2.0%
1
1.3%
1
0.7%
1
1.9%
1
1.8%
1
11.1%
0.8%

0.4%
26
2.8%
5
2.6%
3
3.9%
2
1.4%
2
3.6%
3
2.4%
1
2.5%
3
5.8%
1.2%

3.3%
86
9.1%
11
5.6%
5
6.5%
18
12.7%
5
8.9%
1
1.9%
3
5.4%
7
5.5%
2
18.2%
1
1.9%
1
5.9%
1
14.3%
1
3.3%
8
11.9%
1
2.0%
1
1.4%
7
9.3%
5.8%

20.0%
188
20.0%
29
14.8%
20
26.0%
39
27.5%
14
25.0%
9
17.3%
7
12.5%
30
23.6%
11
27.5%
3
27.3%
8
15.4%
1
11.1%
5
29.4%
5
71.4%
2
14.3%
8
26.7%
14
20.9%
5
10.2%
8
10.7%
15
20.0%
21.0%

28.5%
260
27.7%
58
29.6%
23
29.9%
47
33.1%
14
25.0%
18
34.6%
16
28.6%
38
29.9%
13
32.5%
2
18.2%
16
30.8%
4
44.4%
2
11.8%
1
14.3%
3
21.4%
8
26.7%
17
25.4%
15
30.6%
32
43.2%
20
26.7%
28.6%

26.3%
229
24.4%
44
22.4%
18
23.4%
24
16.9%
13
23.2%
12
23.1%
23
41.1%
29
22.8%
13
32.5%
2
18.2%
16
30.8%
1
11.1%
4
23.5%
6
42.9%
8
26.7%
20
29.9%
22
45.0%
23
31.1%
19
25.3%
26.4%

15.6%
121
12.9%
38
19.4%
7
9.1%
10
7.0%
6
10.7%
10
19.2%
5
8.9%
16
12.6%
2
5.0%
2
18.2%
5
9.6%
2
22.2%
4
23.5%
2
14.3%
3
10.0%
5
7.5%
4
8.2%
8
10.8%
11
14.7%
12.7%

3.7%
20
2.1%
5
2.6%
-

10

1.5%
6
0.6%
1
0.5%
1
0.7%
1
1.9%
1
0.8%
1
1.9%
1
7.1%
1
1.3%
0.9%

0.0%

100.1%
940
100.0%
196
100.0%
77
100.1%
142
100.0%
56
100.0%
52
99.9%
56
100.2%
127
100.0%
40
100.0%
11
100.1%
52
100.0%
9
99.9%
17
100.0%
7
100.0%
14
100.0%
30
100.1%
67
100.1%
49
100.1%
74
99.9%
75
100.0%
99.7%

Tot

0.0%

2
3.6%
1
1.9%
3
2.4%
2
3.8%
1
5.9%
2
6.7%
1
1.5%
2
4.1%
2
2.7%
2
2.7%
2.3%

Table 3-ADYa. Frequencies of the alleles at DYSADYa in twenty-five European populations.

96

Histogram ADYa.

DYS
ADYb

31

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

Total

Fra

3
0.4%

11
1.6%

63
9.4%

143
21.4%

203
30.3%

146
21.8%

65
9.7%

32
4.8%

3
0.4%

669
99.8%

Ben

1
0.8%

1
0.8%

12
9.2%

32
24.4%

32
24.4%

27
20.6%

14
10.7%

10
7.6%

2
1.5%

131
100.0%

Ire

1
0.0%

1
0.0%

1
0.0%

32
1.2%

196
7.2%

486
17.9%

793
29.2%

697
25.7%

375
13.8%

111
4.1%

17
0.6%

4
0.1%

2
0.1%

2716
99.9%

Sco

6
0.3%

19
0.8%

175
7.4%

536
22.5%

762
32.0%

527
22.1%

244
10.3%

91
3.8%

13
0.5%

6
0.3%

1
0.0%

2380
100.0%

Wal

6
2.2%

27
10.0%

49
18.1%

93
34.4 %

52
19.3%

33
12.2%

8
3.0%

2
0.7%

270
99.9%

Ger

2
0.2%

15
1.6%

78
8.4%

204
21.9%

293
31.4%

217
23.3%

84
9.0%

31
3.3%

6
0.6%

3
0.3%

933
100.0%

Pol

1
0.5%

2
1.0%

2
1.0%

13
6.5%

49
24.6%

55
27.6%

57
28.6%

18
9.0%

2
1.0%

199
99.8%

Bas

1
1.3%

10
13.0%

25
32.5%

24
31.2%

13
16.9%

2
2.6%

1
1.3%

1
1.3%

77
100.1%

Spa

8
5.6%

22
15.5%

34
23.9%

46
32.4%

26
18.3%

4
2.8%

1
0.7%

1
0.7%

142
99.9%

10

Por

1
1.8%

2
3.8%

6
10.7%

13
23.2%

21
37.5%

5
8.9%

7
12.5%

1
1.8%

56
100.2%

11

Fla

1
1.9%

4
7.7%

10
19.2%

14
26.9%

16
30.8%

4
7.7%

3
5.8%

52
100.0%

12

Swi

2
3.4%

5
8.9%

10
17.9%

16
28.6%

12
21.4%

6
10.7%

3
5.4%

1
1.8%

1
1.8%

56
99.9%

13

Ita

1
0.8%

1
0.8%

14
11.1%

32
25.4%

41
32.5%

21
16.7%

13
10.3%

2
1.6%

46=1
0.8%

126
99.9%

14

Cze

1
2.5%

3
7.5%

9
22.5%

17
42.5%

7
17.5%

2
5.9%

1
2.5%

40
99.9%

15

Slo

1
9.1%

3
27.3%

5
45.5%

2
18.2%

11
100.1%

16

Hun

1
1.9%

2
3.8%

11
21.2%

17
32.7%

11
21.2%

8
15.4%

3
5.8%

52
100.0%

17

Rom

1
11.1%

2
22.2%

2
22.2%

3
33.3%

1
11.1%

9
99.9%

18

Lit

1
5.9%

5
29.4%

4
23.5%

6
35.3%

1
5.9%

17
100.0%

19

Lat

2
28.6%

1
14.3%

2
28.6%

1
14.3%

1
14.3%

7
100.1%

20

Ukr

1
7.1%

2
14.3%

9
64.3%

1
7.1%

1
7.1%

14
99.9%

21

Rus

12

30

3.3%

10.0%

20.0%

13.3%

40.0%

6.7%

3.3%

3.3%

99.9%

7
10.8%

20
30.8%

19
29.2%

9
13.8%

7
10.8%

1
1.5%

1
1.5%

65
99.9%

22

Den

1
1.5%

23

Swe

17

15

11

49

2.0%

34.7%

30.6%

22.4%

6.1%

2.0%

99.8%

24

Nor

1
1.4%

8
10.8%

20
27.0%

21
28.4%

13
17.6%

7
9.5%

4
5.4%

74
100.1%

25

Fin

11
14.7%

11
14.7%

19
25.3%

19
25.3%

10
13.3%

3
4.0%

2
2.7%

75
100.0%

0.0%

0.1%

0.4%

1.5%

9.2%

22.9%

31.4%

21.0%

9.1%

3.3%

0.6%

0.2%

0.0%

99.7%

Total

Table 3-ADYb. Frequencies of the alleles at DYSADYb in twenty-five European populations.

97

Histogram ADYb.

Markers ADYa and ADYb are typically tripartite with three markers more frequent
than others. The three markers are 35, 36, and 37 for ADYa and 37, 38, and 39 for
ADYb; cf. Tables 3-ADYa and 3-ADYb and Histograms ADYa and ADYb.

98

Panel 4a (38-47)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

No>
DYS>
Modal
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germ
Poland
Basques
Spain
Portugal
Fland-Fl
Switzerl
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuan
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denm
Sweden
Norway
Finland

38
531
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

39
578
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

40
395Sa
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

41
395Sb
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16

42
590
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

43
537
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

44
641
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

45
472
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

46
406S
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

47
511
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Total

345
89
1343
1267
169
539
16
44
75
31
30
33
62
20
7
6
6
11
4
9
21
43
37
50
58

Table Panel 4a. Alleles of the markers of Panel 4a in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

99

Panel 4b (48-60)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

No>
DYS>
Modal
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germ
Poland
Basques
Spain
Portugal
Fland-Fl
Switzerl
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuan
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denm
Sweden
Norway
Finland

48
425
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

49
413a
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
22,23
23
23
23
23
23

50
423b
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23

51
557
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16

52
594
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

53
436
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

54
490
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

55
534
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

56
450
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

57
444
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

58
481
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22

59
520
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

60
446
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

10
10
10

12
12
12

12
12
12

15
15
15

8
8
8

12
12
12

22
22
22

20
20
20

13
13
13

Total

345
89
1343
1267
169
539
16
44
75
31
30
33
62
20
7
6
6
11
4
9
21
43
43
37
50

Table Panel 4b. Alleles of the markers of Panel 4b in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
DYS413a
Ukraine

21
2
22.2%

22
3
33.3%

23
3
33.3%

24
1
11.1%

n
9
99.9%

Table 4b-413a. Alleles of DYS413 in the Ukraine. In the rest of Europe, the most common allele of
DYS413a is 23.

100

Panel 4c (61-67)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

No>
DYS>
Modal
France
Benelux
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Germ
Poland
Basques
Spain
Portugal
Fland-Fl
Switzerl
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuan
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denm
Sweden
Norway
Finland

61
617
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

62
568
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

63
487
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

64
572
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

65
640
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

66
492
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
12

11
11
11
11

13
13
13
13

11
11
11
11

11
11
11
11

12
12
12
12

67
565
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

Total

345
89
1343
1267
169
539
16
44
75
31
30
33
62
20
7
6
6
11
4
9
21
43
37
50
58

Table Panel 4c. Alleles of the markers of Panel 4c in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

101

Panel 5a (68-75)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

No>
DYS>
Mod
Fra
Ben
Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Pol

68
710
35
35
35
35
35
35
34,35
34

69
485
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

70
632
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

71
495
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16

72
540
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

73
714
25
25
25,27
25
26
25
26
26

74
716
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26

75
717
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Bas
Spa
Por
Fla-F
Switzerl
Italy
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuan
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denm
Sweden
Norway
Finland

34
34,35
35
34,35
35
35
35
36
36
34
34
32
34
34
35
34
34,36
35

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
15,16,17

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11,12
12

23,25,26
25
26
25-28
25,26
25,27
27
25
26
25
26
25
25,27
26
26
26
24,26
26

26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26

19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19,21
19

Total
50
15
271
278
32
54
16
3
6
4
4
7
5
2
1
1
3
3
1
2
4
7
6
2
3

Table Panel 5a. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5a in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

102

DYS710
Fr

Ben

Ir

Sc

Wa

Ge

Pol

Ba

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

Sp

2
33.3%

2
33.3%

1
16.7%

6
100.0%

10

Por

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

11

FF

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

12

Sz

1
14.3%

3
42.9%

1
14.3%

2
28.6%

7
100.1%

13

It

2
33.3%

3
50.0%

1
16.7%

6
100.0%

14

Che

1
20.0%

1
20.0%

1
20.0%

2
40.0%

5
100.0%

15

Sl

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

16

Hu

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

17

Rom

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

18

Li

1
33.3%

2
66.7%

3
100.0%

19

Lat

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

20

Uk

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

21

Ru

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

2
50.0%

4
100.0%

22

De

2
28.6%

4
57.1%

1
14.3%

7
100.0%

23

Sw

1
16.7%

2
33.3%

1
16.7%

1
16.7%

1
16.7%

6
100.1%

24

No

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

25

Fi

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

2.3%

2.1%

7.4%

11.5%

29.0%

21.7%

17.7%

5.9%

2.4%

0.1%

100.1%

Total

30
1
0.4%
-

31
32
1
2
2.7% 5.4%
3
9
1.2% 3.3%
4
9
1.4% 3.3%
1
1
2.8% 2.8%
3
18.8% -

33
5
13.5%
2
12.5%
27
10.4%
35
12.7%
3
9.4%
5
13.9%
4
25.0%

34
9
24.3%
5
31.3%
61
23.5%
75
27.2%
8
25.0%
10
27.8%
5
31.3%

35
11
29.7%
3
18.8%
96
36.9%
82
29.7%
9
28.1%
10
27.8%
1
6.3%

36
37
38
39
Total
6
2
1
37
16.2% 5.4% 2.7%
99.9%
1
16
5
- 100.2%
31.3% 6.3%
48
14
1
260
18.5% 5.4%
0.4% 100.0%
57
11
2
1
276
20.7% 4.0% 0.7% 0.4% 100.1%
5
4
3
32
15.6% 12.5% 9.4%
- 100.0%
6
1
1
1
36
16.7% 2.8% 2.8% 2.8% 100.2%
1
2
16
6.3% 12.5% - 100.2%

Table 5c-710. Frequencies of alleles 30-39 at DYS710 in tweny-five European populations.

103

Histogram DYS710.

104

DYS714

21

22

23

24

25

1
1.9%
-

1
0.4%
2
0.7%
-

1
2.0%
7
2.6%
4
1.4%
1
1.9%
-

2
4.0%
1
6.7%
75
27.7%
38
13.7%
1
3.1%
6
11.3%
3
18.8%

20
40.0%
5
33.3%
91
33.6%
83
29.9%
15
46.9%
15
28.3%
3
18.8%

26

27

6
17
12.0%
34.0%
3
5
20.0% 33.3%
65
27
24.0% 10.0%
36
107
38.5% 12.9%
3
13
9.4%
40.6%
12
16
30.2% 22.6%
5
3
31.2% 18.8%

28

29

30

Total

3
1
50
6.0% 2.0% - 100.0%
1
15
6.7%
- 100.0%
3
1
1
271
1.1% 0.4% 0.4% 100.2%
5
3
278
1.8% 1.1%
100.0%
32
- 100.0%
2
53
3.8%
- 100.0%
2
16
12.5%
- 100.1%

Fr

Ben

Ir

Sc

Wa

Ge

Po

Ba

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

3
99.9%

Sp

1
16.7%

3
50.0%

2
33.3%

6
100.0%

10

Por

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

11

FF

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

12

Swz

3
42.9%

3
42.9%

1
14.3%

7
100.1%

13

It

1
16.7%

2
33.3%

1
16.7%

2
33.3%

6
100.0%

14

Cze

1
20.0%

4
80.0%

5
100.0%

15

Sl

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

16

Hu

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

17

Ro

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

18

Li

1
33.3/

2
66.7%

3
100.0%

19

Lat

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

20

Uk

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

21

Rus

1
25.0%

2
50.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

22

Den

4
57.1%

3
42.9%

7
100.0%

23

Sw

1
16.7%

4
66.7%

1
16.7%

6
100.1%

24

No

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

25

Fi

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

0.1%

0.0%

3.1%

7.7%

32.3%

35.1%

18.6%

2.3%

0.1

0.0

100.1%

Table 5c-714. Frequencies of alleles 21-30 at DYS714 in 25 European populations.

105

Histogram DYS714.

106

Panel 5b (76-85)
No>
DYS>
Mod
Fra
Ben
Fla-F
Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Pol

76
505
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

77
536
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

78
549
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

79
589
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

80
522
10
10
10
10,11
11
11
11
10
10

81
494
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

82
533
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
10
12

83
636
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

94
575
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

85
638
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

Total

Bas
Spa
Por
Switzerl
Italy
Fla
Czech
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Lithuan
Latvia
Ukraine
Russia
Denm
Sweden
Norway
Finland

12
11,12
12
12
11
12
12
12
14
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
10,11
11
11
11
11
11

12,13,14
12
13
13
13
13
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
12
12,14
12,13,14
13
13

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

10
11
10
10
10
10,11
10,11
11
10
10
10
11
11
10
10
10
10,11
11

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
13
12,13
12
12
12
12
12

12
12
11,12
12
12
11,12
12
12
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

6
4
4
7
6
4
5
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
7
6
2
3

50
15
276
32
54
16

Table Panel 5b. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5b in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

107

DYS549
4

10
3
1.1%
-

11
1
6.7%
14
5.1%
11
4.0%
3
5.6%
1
6.3%

12
22
44.0%
4
26.7%
91
33.5%
89
32.1%
8
25.0%
15
27.8%
5
31.3%

13
24
48.0%
7
46.7%
127
46.7%
148
53.4
17
53.1%
29
53.7%
9
56.3%

14
4
8.0%
2
13.3%
36
13.2%
25
9.0%
6
18.8%
7
13.0%
-

15
1
6.7%
4
1.5%
1
0.4%
1
3.1%
1
6.3%

Total
50
100.0%
15
100.1%
272
100.0%
277
100.0%
32
100.0%
54
100.1%
16
100.2%

France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

10

Germany

17

Poland

Basques

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

3
99.9%

Spain

4
66.7%

2
33.3%

6
99.9%

Portugal

1
25.0%

3
75.0%

4
100.0%

11

Switzerl

1
14.3%

6
85.7%

7
100.0%

12

Italia

1
14.3%

6
85.7%

7
100.0%

Flanders

4
100.0%

4
100.0%

13

Czech

3
60.0%

2
40.0%

5
100.0%

14

Slovakia

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

15

Hungary

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

16

Romania

1
33.3%

2
66.7%

3
100.0%

18

Lithuan

1
25.0%

3
75.0%

3
100.0%

19

Latvia

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

20

Ukraine

2
100.0%

2
100.0%

21

Russia

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

22

Denm

3
42.9%

1
14.3%

3
42.9%

7
100.1%

23

Sweden

2
33.3%

2
33.3%

2
33.3%

6
100.0%

24

Norway

2
100.0%

2
100.0%

25

Finland

1
33.3%

2
66.7%

3
100.0%

0.0%

1.1%

31.1%

59.7%

7.4%

0.7%

100.0%

Total

Table 5c-549. Frequencies of alleles 10-15 at DYS549 in twentyfive European populations.

108

Histogram DYS549.

109

DYS522
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basques

2
67.7%

1
33.3%

Spain

2
40.0%

3
60.0%

10

Portugal

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

11

Switzerl

6
85.7%

1
14.3%

12

Italia

5
100.0%

13

Flanders

2
50.0%

2
50.0%

14

Czech

2
40.0%

2
40.0%

1
20.0%

15

Slovakia

1
100.0%

16

Hungary

1
100.0%

17

Romania

2
67.7%

1
33.3%

18

Lithuan

2
67.7%

1
33.3%

19

Latvia

1
100.0%

20

Ukraine

2
100.0%

21

Russia

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

22

Denm

6
85.7%

1
14.3%

23

Sweden

5
83.3%

1
16.7%

24

Norway

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

25

Finland

3
100.0%

0.1%

55.5%

41.2%

3.3%

100.1%

Total

9
1
2.0%
1
0.4%
-

10
40
80.0%
11
73.3%
69
25.4%
103
37.3%
11
34.4%
33
70.2%
13
81.3%

11
7
14.0%
3
20.0%
180
66.2%
151
54.7%
20
64.5%
14
29.8%
-

12
2
4.0%
1
6.7%
23
8.5%
21
7.6%
1
3.1
3
18.8%

Total
50
15
272
276
32
47
16

Table 5a-522. Frequencies of alleles 9-12 at DYS722 in twenty-five European populations.

110

Histogram DYS522.
DYS522 is typically 11 in Celtic Britain (Ireland, Scotland, and Wales), and 10 elsewhere (France,
Benelux, German language area and Poland).

Panel 5c (86-94)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

No>
DYS>
EM
Fr
Ben
Ire
Sc
Wa
Ger
Pol

86
462
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

87
452
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30

88
445
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

89
YGA
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

90
463
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24

91
441
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

92
YG
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

93
525
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

94
712
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
19

Total

Bas

11

30

12

12

24

13

10

10

19,20,21

Spa

11

30

12

12

24

13,14

10

10

22

3
6
4
4
7
6
5
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
5
6
2
3

10

Por

11

Fla

11
11

30
30

12,13
12

12
12,13

24
24

13,14
13

10
10

10
10

19
19

12

Swz

11

30

12

12,13

24

13

10

10

21

13

Ita

11

30

12

13

24

13

10

10

20,21,22

14

Cze

11

30

12

12,13

24

13

10

10

20

15

Slk

11

30

12

13

24

14

10

10

20

16

Hun

11

30

12

13

24

13

10

11

22

17

Rom

11

30

13

12

24

14

10

11

20

18

Lith

11,13

30

12

13

24

13

10

10

20,21,22

19

Lat

11

30

12

12

24

13

10

11

20

20

Ukr

11

30

12

12

24

13

10

10,11

20,22

21

Rus

12

30

12

13

24

13

10

11

18,19,20,22

22

Den

11

30

12

13

24

13

10

10

22

23

Swe

24

Nor

11
11

30
30

12
12

13
13

24
24

13
13

10
10

10
10

22
19,20

25

Fin

11

30

12

12

24

13

10

10

20

50
15
298
312
32
54
16

Table Panel 5c. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5c in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

111

YGA
Fr

Ben

Ir

Sc

Wa

Ge

Po

Ba

1
20.0%

4
80.0%

5
100.0%

Sp

3
42.9%

3
42.9%

1
14.3%

7
100.1%

10

Por

2
50.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

11

FF

2
50.0%

2
50.0%

4
100.0%

12

Swz

4
50.0%

4
50.0%

8
100.0%

13

It

2
25.0%

4
50.0%

2
25.0%

8
100.0%

14

Cze

1
20.0%

2
40.0%

2
40.0%

5
100.0%

15

Sl

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

16

Hu

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

17

Ro

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

18

Li

1
33.3%

2
66.7%

3
100.0%

19

Lat

2
100.0%

1
100.0%

20

Uk

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

21

Rus

1
33.3%

2
66.7%

32
100.0%

22

Den

4
40.0%

5
50.0%

1
10.0%

10
100.0%

23

Sw

1
16.7%

2
33.3%

3
50.0%

6
100.0%

24

No

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

2
100.0%

25

Fi

4
100.0%

4
100.0%

2.1%

36.1%

53.8%

7.1%

0.1%

0.1%

99.3%?

Total

11
2
13.3%
2
0.7%
7
2.2%
4
5.3%
2
11.8%

12
13
23.2%
4
26.7%
51
17.1%
52
16.7%
4
12.1%
15
20.0%
6
35.3%

13
40
71.4%
6
40.0%
217
72.8%
208
66.7%
28
84.8%
44
58.7%
8
47.1%

14
2
3.6%
3
20.0%
27
9.1%
43
13.8%
1
3.0%
11
14.7%
1
5.9%

15
1
1.8%
1
0.3%
2
0.6%
-

16
1
1.3%
-

Total
56
100.0%
15
100.0%
298
100.0%
312
100.0%
33
99.9%
75
100.0%
17
100.1%

Table 5c-YGA. Frequencies of alleles 11-16 at YGA in twenty-five European populations.

112

Histogram YGA.

Map YGA. One obvious conclusion: Allele 13 is the most frequent allele in all the seven
populations represented by a large enough material. Allele 12 may, however, be slightly more
frequent in the East.

113

DYS712
Fr

17
1
0.4%
1
0.4%
-

18
2
4.2%
4
1.5%
10
3.9%
2
3.6%
-

19
6
12.5%
1
13.3%
40
14.8%
57
22.3%
3
9.4%
11
20.0%
5
31.3%

20
18
37.5%
6
40.0%
75
27.7%
82
32.0%
6
18.8%
14
25.5%
4
25.0%

21
11
23.0%
5
40.0%
68
25.1%
58
22.7%
122
37.5%
15
27.3%
2
12.3%

22
8
16.7%
2
13.3%
55
20.3%
30
11.7%
6
18.8%
13
23.6%
4
25.0%

23
1
2.1%
1
13.3%
15
5.5%
12
4.7%
3
9.4%
-

24
2
4.2%
6
2.2%
4
1.6%
1
3.1%
1
6.3%

25
5
1.8%
2
0.8%
1
3.1%
-

26
2
0.7%
-

Total
48
100.2%
15
99.9%
271
100.0%
256
100.1%
32
100.1%
55
100.0%
16
99.9%

Ben

Ir

Sc

Wa

Ge

Po

Ba

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

Sp

1
16.7%

1
16.7%

1
16.7%

2
33.3%

1
16.7%

6
100.1%

10

Por

2
50.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

11

FF

2
50.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

12

Swz

1
14.3%

4
57.1%

1
14.3%

1
14.3%

7
100.0%

13

It

2
33.3%

2
33.3%

2
33.3%

6
99.9%

14

Cze

1
20.0%

1
20.0%

2
40.0%

1
20.0%

5
100.0%

15

Sl

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

16

Hu

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

17

Ro

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

18

Li

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

19

Lat

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

20

Uk

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

21

Rus

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

22

Den

1
14.3%

2
28.6%

3
42.9%

1
14.3%

7
100.1%

23

Sw

2
33.3%

1
16.7%

3
50.0%

6
100.0%

24

No

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

25

Fi

3
100.0%

3
100.0%

0.0%

2.3%

15.3%

37.1

17.3%

24.6

2.5%

0.7%

0.2%

0.7%

100.7%

Total

Table 5c-712. Frequencies of alleles 17-26 at DYS712 in twenty-five European populations.

114

Histogram DYS712.

Map DYS712. It is difficult to find any positive correleation between the most frequent four alleles
and their geographic areas.

Conclusions:
(1) If only modal types of populations are considered, European R1b-men can be
classified in two categories, those with highest percentages for DYS712= 20 and
those with DYS712= 21. This difference is not, however, essential, because the
values for 20 and 21 are so even.
(2) The most typical feature of DYS712 is the rather even distribution of frequencies
between three alleles 21, 22, and 23.

115

Panel 5d (95-102)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

No>
DYS>
EM
Fr
Ben
Ire
Sc
Wa
Ger
Pol

95
593
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

96
650
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
19

97
532
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

98
715
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24

99
504
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

100
513
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

101
561
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

102
552
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24

Bas

15

18

13

23

15,16,18

12

15

24

Spa

15

18

13

24

17

12

15

24

10

Por

11

Fla

15
15

18,19
19

14
14

24
24

17
16

12
12

15
15

24
24,25

12

Swz

15

19

13,14

24

17

12

15

24

13

Ita

15

19

13

25

17

12

15

24

14

Cze

15

19,20

13

24

17

12

15

24

15

Slk

15

19

13

24

17

12

15

24

16

Hun

15

19

13

24

17

13

15

24

17

Rom

15

18

13

23

16

12

14

24

18

Lith

15

19

13

23,24,25

17

12

15

24

19

Lat

15

20

13

24

16

12

15

24

20

Ukr

15

20

12,13

23,24

16

12

15

24,26

21

Rus

15

18

13

24,25

16

12

15

24

22

Den

15

19

13,14

24

17

12

15

24

23

Swe

24

Nor

15
15

18,19
18,19

13
12,14

24
24

17
17,18

12
12

15
=15,16

24
24

25

Fin

15

18

13

23

16,17,19

12

15

24

50
15
194
276
32
54
16
3
6
4
4
7
6
5
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
5
6
2
3

Table 5d. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5d in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.

116

DYS650
France

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basques

2
67.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

Spain

1
16.7%

4
66.7%

1
16.7%

6
100.1%

10

Portugal

2
50.0%

2
50.0%

4
100.0%

11

Flanders

1
25.0%

3
75.0%

4
100.0%

12

Schweitz

3
42.9

4
57.1%

7
100.0%

13

Italia

4
66.7%

1
16.7%

1
16.7%

6
100.1%

14

Cze

1
20.0%

2
40.0%

2
40.0%

5
100.0%

15

Slk

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

16

Hun

1
100.0%

5
100.0%

17

Romania

2
66.7%

1
33.3%

3
100.0%

18

Lith

1
33.3%

2
66.7%

3
100.0%

19

Lat

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

20

Ukr

2
100.0%

2
100.0%

21

Russia

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

22

Denm

2
28.6%

5
71.4%

7
100.0%

23

Sweden

3
50.0%

3
50.0%

6
100.0%

24

Nor

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

25

Finland

1
33.3%

2
66.7%

3
100.0%

0.0%

0.1%

4.1%

34.0%

47.4%

13.3%

1.2%

100.1%

Total

15
1
0.4%
-

16
6
2.6%
-

17
2
4.0%
17
6.1%
22
8.0%
2
6.3%
4
8.5%
3
18.8%

18
15
30.0%
5
33.3%
73
26.2%
94
34.2%
9
28.1%
20
42.6%
2
12.3%

19
28
56.0%
9
60.0%
136
48.7%
124
45.1%
17
53.1%
14
29.8%
9
56.3%

20
21
n
4
1
50
8.0% 2.0% 100.0%
1
15
6.7% - 100.0%
38
8
279
13.6% 2.9% 100.5%
27
8
275
9.8% 2.9% 100.0%
4
32
12.5% - 100.0%
9
47
19.1% - 100.0%
1
1
16
6.3% 6.3% 100.0%

Table 5d-650. Frequencies of alleles 14-21 at DYS712 in twenty-five European populations.

117

Histogram DYS650.

Map DYS650. Majority alleles of DYS650. Bigger circles = statistically more reliable, smaller
circles = statistically less reliable.

118

DYS504
France

13
1
0.4%
1
3.1%
-

14
4
8.0%
2
0.7%
3
1.2%
1
1.9%
-

15
3
6.0%
12
4.4%
19
7.4%
1
3.1%
4
14.3%

16
8
16.0%
1
6.7%
83
30.6%
71
27.7%
13
40.6%
15
28.3%
5
17.9%

17
22
44.0%
13
86.7%
155
57.2%
140
54.7%
17
53.1%
26
49.1%
14
50.0%

18
13
26.0%
1
6.7%
17
6.3%
20
7.8%
10
18.9%
5
17.9%

Benelux

Ireland

Scotland

Wales

Germany

Poland

Basques

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

3
99.9%

Spain

1
16.7%

5
83.3%

6
100.0%

10

Portugal

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

11

Flanders

3
75.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

12

Schweitz

1
14.3%

3
42,9%

2
28.6%

1
14.3%

7
100.1%

13

Italia

1
16.7%

1
16.7%

3
59.9%

1
16.7%

6
100.0%

14

Cze

2
40.0%

3
60.0%

5
100.0%

15

Slk

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

16

Hun

2
40.0%

3
60.0%

5
100.0%

17

Romania

2
67.7%

1
33.3%

3
99.9%

18

Lith

1
33.3%

2
67.7%

3
100.0%

19

Lat

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

20

Ukr

1
100.0%

1
100.0%

21

Russia

1
25.0%

2
50.0%

1
25.0%

4
100.0%

22

Denm

2
28.6%

4
57.1%

7
100.0%

23

Sweden

1
16.7%

5
83.3%

6
100.0%

24

Nor

1
50.0%

1
50.0%

2
100.0%

25

Finland

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

1
33.3%

3
99.9%

0.1%

1.0%

5.1%

32.6%

50.0%

8.8%

2.7%

0.0%

100.3%

Total

Table 5d-504. Frequencies of alleles

19 20
n
50
- 100.0%
15
- 100.1%
2
271
0.7% - 99.9%
1
1
256
0.4% 0.4% 100.0%
32
- 99.9%
1
53
1.9% - 100.1%
28
- 100.1%

119

Histogram DYS504.

Map DYS504. Majority alleles of DYS504. Bigger circles = statistically more reliable, smaller
circles = statistically less reliable.

120

Panel 5e (103-111)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

No>
DYS>
Modal
Fra
Ben
Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Pol

103
726
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

104
635
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23

105
587
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18

106
643
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

107
497
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

108
510
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

109
434
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

110
461
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

111
435
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

Bas

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

Spa

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

10

Por

11

Fla

12
12

23
24,25

18
18

10
9

14
14

17
17,18

9
9

12
12

11
11

12

Swz

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

13

Ita

12

23

18

10

14

18

12

11

14

Cze

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

15

Slk

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

16

Hun

12

23

18

10

14

16

12

11

17

Rom

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

18

Lit

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

19

Lat

12

23

18

10

14

18

12

11

20

Ukr

12

23

18

10

14

17,18

12

11

21

Rus

12

23

18

10

14

17,18

12

11

22

Den

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

23

Swe

24

Nor

12
12

23
23,25

18
18

10
10

14
14

17
17

9
9

12
11,12

11
11

25

Fin

12

23

18

10

14

17

12

11

n
50
15
294
276
32
54
16
3
6
4
4
3
6
5
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
5
6
2
3

Table 5e. Alleles of the markers of Panel 5e in the modal types of twenty-five European
populations.
Flanders:
DYS>
allele
%

24
2
50%

635
25
2
50%

9
3
75.0%

643
10
1
25.0%

17
2
50.0%

510
18
2
50.0%

121

Critical markers and their alleles

13
458
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

21
449
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29

24
464c
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
16

30
456
16
16
16
16
16
15
16
16

34

35

CDYa

CDYb

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

No>
DYS>
Mod
Fra
Ben
Ire
Sco
Wal
Ger
Pol

36
37
36
37
37
36
36
36

38
38
37,38
38
38
38
38
39

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Bas
Spa
Por
Fla
Swi
Ita
Cze

17
17
17
17
17
17
17

29
29
29
29
29
29
29

17
17
17
17
17
17
17

16
16
15
16
15
15
15

36
36
35,36
36
37
36
36,37

37
38
38
39
38
38
38

15

Slo

16

29

16

16

35

16

Hun

16

29

17

15,16

17
18
19
20

Rom
Lit
Lat
Ukr

17

29

17

17

29

17

17

29

17

21
22
23
24
25

Rus
Den
Swe
Nor
Fin

17
17
17
17
17

68
710
35
35
35
35
35
35
34,35
34

73
714
25
25
25,27
25
26
25
26
26

78
549
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

80
522
10
10
10
10,11
11
11
11
10

89
YGA
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

94
712
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
19

96
650
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
19

99
504
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

18

15,16,18

34

23,25,26

13

10

12

19,20,21

34,35

25

12,13,14

10

12

22

18

17

35

26

12

11

12

19

18,19

17

34,35

25-28

13

10

12,13

19

19

16

35

25,26

13

10

12,13

21

19

17

35

25,27

13

10

13

20,21,22

19

17

35

27

13

10,11

12,13

20

19,20

17

38

36

25

12

10,11

13

20

19

17

36,37

38

36

26

12

11

13

22

19

17

16

36

39

34

25

13

10

12

20

18

16

16

35

39

34

26

13

10

13

20,21,22

19

17

17

15

35

36,38

32

25

13

10

12

20

20

16

29

17

15

37

38

34

25,27

13

11

12

20,22

20

16

29
29
29
29
28

16
17
17
17
17

16
15,16
16
16
16

35,36,37
37
37
36
36

39
37
37
38
38,39

34

26

13

11

13

18,19,20,22

18

16

35

26

12

10

13

22

19

17

34

26

12,14

10

13

22

18,19

17

34,36

24,26

12,13,14

10

13

19,20

18,19

17,18

35

26

13

10,11

12

20

18

16,17,19

Table Critical markers. The alleles of the critical markers of twenty-five populations. By critical makers
is meant the ones showing variance in their alleles between populations. The markers that are identical or
almots identical in the populations are not included in this Table. Grey colour and smaller letters =
population is represented by a small number of participants in the FTDNA Project, and these figures are,
therefore, statistically less reliable than others. The cases in which there are two or more figures for one
allele designate cases of identical frequency.

122

Genetic distances between populations

M
0

Fra
1
0

Ben
0.5
1.5
0

Ire
1
0
1.5
0

Sco
1
0
1.5
0
0

Wa
1
2
1.5
2
2
0

Ger
0
1
0.5
1
1
1
0

Pol
2
3
0.75
3
3
3
2
0

Bas
1
1
0.5
2
2
2
1
2
0

Spa
0
1
0.5
1
1
1
0
2
1
0

Por
1.5
2
2
2
1.75
0.5
1.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0

Fla
1.5
2
0.75
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2.5
0

Swi
2
1
2.5
1
1
1
2
4
3
2
1.5
3
0

Ita
1
2
1.5
2
2
0
1
3
2
1
0.5
2
1
0

Cze
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
0.5
1.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
1
2.5
0.5
0.5
0

Hu
2
2
2.5
2
2
2
2
4
3.5
2
2.5
3.5
2
2
1.5
0

Rus
3
3
2.5
2.75
2.75
3.75
2.75
1.75
3.75
2.75
3.5
2
3.75
4
3.25
3.25
0

Den
2.5
1.5
2
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
4.5
1.5
2.5
3
4.5
1.5
2.5
2
2.5
3.75
0

Swe
2
1
1.5
1
1
3
2
4
1
2
3.5
3
2
3
2.5
2.5
3.75
0.5
0

Nor
0
1
0.5
1
1
1
0
2
1
0
1.5
1
2
1
1.5
2
3
2.5
2
0

Fin
1.5
1.5
2
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
1.5
3
1.5
3.5
2.5
3
3.5
3.5
2.75
3.25
1.5
0

Mo
Fra
Ben
Ire
Sco
Wa
Ger
Pol
Bas
Spa
Por
Fla
Swi
Ita
Cze
Hu
Rus
Den
Swe
Nor
Fin

Table Distances 1. Mutual distances in steps between European populations. Only those twenty populations
with at least about ten participants in Panel 4 of the FTDNA material are included. Green = short distances
0 1; yellow = medium distances 1.5 - 2; red = long distances 2.5 4. Mo = European modal.
Steps
Fra
Ben
Ire
Sco
Wa
Ger
Pol
Bas
Spa
Por
Fla
Swi
Ita
Cze
Hu
Rus
Den
Swe
Nor
Fin

28.0
28.0
29.75
29.5
33.25
25.25
46.5
36.75
25.25
33.75
38.25
37.25
33.5
33.75
47.2
59.5
45.5
37.2
25.5
47.0

Aver.
distance
1.40
1.40
1.49
1.48
1.60
1.26
2.33
1.84
1.26
1.69
1.91
1.86
1.68
1.69
2.36
2.98
2.28
1.86
1.28
2.35

Table Distances 2. The average distance of a population from the other nineteen European populations.

Steps
26.0
28.0
28.0
29.75
29.5
33.25
25.25
46.5
36.75
25.25
33.75
38.25
37.25
33.5
33.75
47.2
59.5
45.5
37.2
25.5
47.0

123

Map Distance zones. The mutual distances between populations. The figures give the average distance of a
popualation from the other 19 populations. Green = close, yellow = relatively close, red = far.

124

Map Modal 1. Genetic distances in steps from the European Modal.

125

Map Modal 2. Three zones of the distances from the European Modal. Green = close, yllow = far, and
red = very far from the Modal.