#TRADE UNION: Trade union is an org of workers formed to promote, protect, and improve through collective action, the

social, economic an political interest of its members. Trade union means any combination of workman or employers formed primarily for the purpose4 of regulating the relation between workmen and employers or between workmen and workmen or between employers an employers or for imposing restrictive condition on the conduct of any trade or business and includes a federation of two or more trade unions.

#NATURE OF TRADE UNION: 1) Trade union are subdivided into different parts. their internal collision forbids them to unite and be stronger. 2) the trade union of Bangladesh are highly politicize. They are subordinated to different political parties. 3) trade union take part in different job related movements as well as political movements not related to their jobs. 4) the leader of trade union are very much concerned about their own selfish interests rather than the3 interest of their followers. 5) our trade union are financially and structurally verity weak to face the united strength of their employers. 6) the leaders of trade unions are autocratic in there behavior. Hardly they want to listen to the genuine grievances of workers. 7) their is a dearth of knowledgeable union leaders lack of proper knowledge about labor laws makes the leaders ineffective to safeguard the interest to workers vis--vis employers. 8) the general workers have little faith in the integrity of trade union leaders.

#OBJECTIVE OF TRADE UNION: 1) to ensure standard wage rate for workers, 2) to ensure proper working conditions like working hours, leave, social security, job security etc for members. 3) to reduce conflicts between workers and management of the org. 4) to ensure participation of workers in decision making with management and in the profit of the or. 5) to increase self confidence and class consciousness.

# PRINCIPLES OF TRADE UNION: 1) Union is strength, 2) equal pay for equal work foer the same job, 3) security of service.

#TRADE UNION STRUCTURE IN BD: 1)Basic Union: In the structure of trade union they are in the grass root level. They are directly related general workers. The leaders of such trade union are by the direct vote of the workers. There are more than four thousand registered basic trade union in Bangladesh. 2)Industrial federation: They are formed with the affiliation of different basic unions belonging to a particular industry. In Bangladesh garments, workers federation, sugar mills workers federation etc. are the example of industrial federation. 3) National Federation: This type of federation stand in the apex position of the trade union structure. National federations act as coordinators and controllers of affiliated basic union and industrial federations. In some countries there is only one national federation at the national level.

#BASIC UNION: 1)General trade union: the members of this type of union are not required to be specialized workers. Any worker or employee of the respective enterprise, regarding of the job can be a member of this type of trade union. 2) Industrial union: this kind of trade union is formed buy the workers of an enterpri8se belonging to a particular industry like jute industry, footwear industry, garment industry etc. 3) craft union: this kind of union is formed by the skilled workers of different jobs of different industries. 4) Blue color union: This is formed with those workers who are directly related to production, this type of union keeps a decisive role in labor movement. 5) White collar union: this sort of union is formed with the employees of an enterprise that arte not directly related to productions. 6) mixed union: this kind of union is formed with blue collar and white collar employers together. That meant the members of such union are both p[production workers and office employees of the same org. 7) CBA union: such union are bargaining agents of workers,. They are elected buy workers for a definite period .

#WEEKNESSES OF TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN BANGLADESH: 1) trade union are unable to enforce their right due to absence of appropriate democratize environment. Moreover, powerful trade union are controlled and utilized almost every government in several ways. 2) The uncompromising adequate of employers an the absence of a large working class are considered as big p[problems of our trade union movement. 3) due to political division among workers the employers are getting the opportunity to exploit them and avoid playing any attention to their demands. 4) socio-economic weaknesses and illiteracy of workers are also great barriers for commencing g effective trade union movement. 5) the organizational structure of trade union that it is difficult to them to realize the right of member. 6) the working class of bd is snowed under nepotism, regionalism and absenteeism which hamper. 7) the attitude of our managers is autocratic and bureaucratic and they act for the interests of the owners. 8) most of the trade union are affiliated with political parties .9) the union leaders must possess adequate knowledge of existing labor laws for proper maintence of tread movement. But in practice most of our trade union leaders do not have enough knowledge of labor laws.

#ESSENTIAL OF A SUCCESSFUL TRADE UNION: 1) It may able to guide and direct the trade union movement properly. An honest leadership is required to protect ad promote the interest of the workers without any produce, 2) it should establish a strong footing enough in understanding to attain success of it objective, 3) there should be clearly defined objective with consistent well planned policy for the succeed of the org, 4)it should demonstrate honesty and uprightness, 5) sense of responsibility is necessary, 6) it should carefully and with responsibility utilize financial matters and it should gave exact idea of the present realities to avail opportunities for improving the living condition of its members. 7) it should be strong internally for preserving the interest of the workers , 8) it should gave representative and popular characteristics.

#PRE CONDITION FOR SUCCESS OF INSIDER LEADERSHIP: 1)Workers should have sufficient knowledge about their right and claims, 2) Leaders must be trained up, 3) Existence of team sprit within union, 4) trade unions should be free from party polities, 5) workers and leaders of trade union should have commitment to org and to the country, 6) development of democratic values and tolerance.

# APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF STATE: 1) Pluralist approach: According to pluralists the state has to act in such a way that different parties related to industrial relation maintain a harmonious relationship in order to keep the wheels of production running. 2) Marxist approach: It believe and preach that the state is capitalist machine that always takes side with the employers in the name of protection of capital. Marxists believe in class struggle and sympathize with the working class. 3) New Marxist approach: This are of the opinion that the state provide a structure to protect the long cherished selfish desire of the p[powerful sections of the society.

#ORGAN OF STATE: A) THE LEGISLATURE: 1) the legislature formulates laws and basic policies of state to which the people living within are subservient. 2) the members of the legislature are elected buy direct votes of adult citizens. 3) laws an policies regarding industrial relation are also formulated and passed by the parliament. (B) THE EXECUTIVE: 1) Different division of the government comprise the executive organ of the state, 2) the primary responsibility of this organ is to implement the laws and policies passed by the legislative organ. 3)different ministries work under the ahead of the fgoce3rnment. 4) in our country we are now under the parliamentary system and the prime minister acts as the chief executive. (C) THE JUDICIARY: 1) It is entrusted with the responsibility to ensure justice in accordance with the rules framed buy the parliament. 2) this organ can act freely if it is kept in practice free from the interference of the executive organ, 3) in bd, this organ is composed of the supreme court, high court etc, 4) for the adjudication of labor law cases there are also labor court an labor appellate tribunal. 6) the parties to industrial relations, especially the workers may expe3ct to get justice against any oppression.

#THE FUNCTION/RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATE IN IR: 1) Enacting proper labor laws, policies etc: Labor laws an policies are enacted by the legislative organ of the state. In the absence of proper laws it can not be ensured to be led in proper direction, 2) Establishment of democratic right of workers: If worker are allowed to exercise their right to organize in trade unions and bargain collectively with employers, they become competent to establish their right effectively.3) ENSURING FAIR WAGES TO WORKERS: Workers are to be paid their due share in the industrial process. The state can enact laws to ensure payment of a minimum wage to labor, 4) PROVIDING SOCIAL SECURITY: It is a usual feature of western

societies to provide social security to their citizen. Whenever a worker is out of job would be province social security. 5) MAINTAINING A BALANCE OF POWER BETWEEN THE EMPLOYEES AND THE EMPLOYERS: The state acts as an umpire in most cases in between the employer and the employed. It also allows the parties to meet together on equal footing to solve disputes. 6) ADJUDICATING INDUSTRIAL CONFLICTS: In case a conflict can not be solved through bi-partite negotiation and conciliation, it may be referred for labor court. 7)ENSURING INDUSTRIAL GROWTH: The state can ensure industrial growth through the provision of various incentive measures like tax holiday, load etc. 8) SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM: The state has a sacred duty solve unemployment problem by creating employment opportunities through industrialization. 9) MAINTAINING LAW AND ORDER SITUATION.

#ROLE OF STATE IN INDUSTRIAL RELATION: 1) In the modern world state role in industrial relation is inevitable. In most cases such role takes the form of interference in various degrees. 2) the process of industrialization development of working force trade union all depend. 3) the state provides legal framework to regulate the activities of the two antagonistic parties to industrial relation. 4) a dynamic conflict situation is usual in industrial relation, 5) state in developed societies are well managed and are democratic by nature, 7) management in under developed societies is inefficient and intolerant towards the working class.

# INDUSTRIAL RELATION: Industrial relation means the nature of relationship between the employer and employee in an industrial organization. According to VL Allen, industrial relation occur within a dynamic conflict situation which is permanent and unalterable so long as the structure of the society remains unaltered. According to ILO, Industrial relations deal with either the relationship between the state and the employers and the workers organization or the relation between the occupational organizations themselves.

# NATURE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATION: 1) Existence of a conflicting relationship, 2) the relationship between employers and employees, 3) the relation between the various union, 4) the relation between employers or their org and trade unions at various level, 5) the relation between the state and union, 6) the re4lation between the employers and government.

# OBJECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL RTELATIONS: 1) To enhance the economic status of the workers, 2) to regulate production by minimizing industrial conflicts through state control, 3) to provide an opportunity to the workers to have a say in the management and decision making, 4) to socialize industries buy making the government as an employer, 5) to encourage and develop trade union in order to improve

the workers collective strength, 7) to improve workers strength with a view to solve their problem through mutual negotiation, 7) to avoid industrial conflicts, 8) to extend and maintain industrial democracy.

#IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: 1) proper industrial relation imply harmonious and peaceful relation, 2) establishing a sound industrial environment, 3) ensuring industrial democracy, 4) bringing social peace, 5) improve productivity, 6) benefits to workers,7) helps industrial development, 8) improves quality and reduces prices of products

# CAUSES OF POOR INDUSTRIAL RELATION: 1) tendency to exploit workers by the employers, 2) inefficient management, 3) uncompromising attitude of management towards the grievances of workers, 4) absence of responsible trade union, 5) absence of welfare activities and incentive measures, 6) unfavorable political and economic environment, 7) inter union rivalry, 8) disregard toward labor laws, 9) excessive work load and improper work environment.

# INDUSTRIAL RELATION IN BANGLADESH: 1) lack of democracy, 2) government interventions, 3) level of industrialization and employment, 3) abundant supply of labor, 4) lack of class consciousness of labor, 5) lack of physical fitness and skill, 6) lack of satisfactory minimum wage for workers, 7) multiplicity of trade union, 8) opportunistic nature of tread union leadership, 9) politicization of labor union buy outside politicians.

#APPROACH TO INDUSTRIAL RELATION :: (A)) UNITARY APPROACH: 1) This is based on the assumptions that organization is an integrated group of people with a single authority structure and a set of common values, interest and objectives buy all members of the org. 2) conflict is perceived as an irrational activity, 3) trade unions are regarded as i9ntruders into the organization from outside competing with management for the loyalty of employee, 4) Farnham and pimlott mentioned that there is no conflict of interests between those supplying capital to the enterprise and those contributing their labor power. ((B)) PLURALISTIC APPROACH: 1) The organization is composed of individual who are divided into a verity of distinct sectional groups, each with its own interest, objectives and leadership. 2) The org is in a permanent state of dynamic tension resulting from the inherent conflict of interest between the various sectional group, 3) conflict is both rational and inevitable, 4) the trade union have positive role to ensure the wellbeing of the workers. ((C)) MARXIOST APPROACH: 1) This approach concentrates on the nature of the society surrounding the org. in the capitalist society there is always class conflict. 2) all conflicts stem principally from the division within the society between those who own or manage the means of production. 3) Trade union not only enhance their collective industrial power by reducing competition among individual employees but also produce a focus for the expression. ((D)) SOCIAL ACTION

APPROACH: 1) People are human being, 2) people are members of informal small group, 3) people have own personality level. Individual behavior, desire and social works are affected by some social and psychological factors such as expectation. Goals. Experience etc. ((E)) SYSTEM APPROACH: 1) the industrial relation as a system that performs an institutional procedure to make rules to over behavior of the people at work. 2) certain actors, 3) environmental contexts, 4) An ideology which binds the industrial relations system together , 5) A body of rules created to over the actress at the work place. ((F)) HRD APPROACH: 1)Focus on developing the employees through HRD approach, 2) Employee relation should be based on trust, understanding and openness, 3) Intrinsic rewards spur people to superior performance, 4) nature of relations in unitary, 5) orientation is proactive and collaborative where relations matter most and not rules, 6) conflict could be functional stimulating and healthy if used properly.

#UNION LABOUR PRACTICES ON THE PART OF EMPLOYERS: 1) No employer or trade union of employers and no person action on their behalf shall, 2) impose any condition in a contract of employment seeking to restrain the right of a person who is a party to such contract to join a trade union or continue his membership, 3) refuse of employ or refuse to continue to employ any person on the ground that such person is or is not a member or officer of a trade union, 4) discriminate against any person in regard to any employment, p[promotion, condition of employment or working condition on the ground. 5) Dismiss, discharge from employment or threaten to dismiss, discharge or remove from employment a worker or threaten to inure his in respect of his employment. 6) Induce any person to refrain from becoming or to cease to be a member or officer of a trade union. 7) Compel or attempt to compel any officer of the collective bargaining agent to sing a memorandum of settlement. 8) interfere with or in any way influence the election provided for in section 202 9) deliberately fails to take measure recommended by the participation committee, 10) fails to give reply to any communications made buy the collective bargaining agent in respect of any6 industrial dispute.

#REGISTRATION OF TRADE UNION : 1) application for reg, 2) requirement for application, 3) requirement for registration :a) disqualification for being an officer, b) registered trade union to maintain register etc, 4) registration