Section 3 PDF

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS
Page 1 of 42
SIMPLE TENSION INCLUDING TIGHTENING STRESSES

DESIGN PROBLEMS

221. A 5000-lb. gear box is provided with a steel (as rolled B1113) eyebolt for use
in moving it. What size bolt should be used: (a) if UNC threads are used? (b)
If UNF threads are used? (c) If the 8-thread series is used? Explain the basis
of your choice of design factor.

Solution:
B1113, as rolled
ksi s
y
45 = (Table AT-7)
lb F
e
5000 =
i5.6, ( )
2
1
6
s
y
d
A
s
s =
|
\
|
< in D
4
3

For in D
4
3
=
. . 35 . 0 in sq A
s

( )
2
1
35 . 0
6
y
d
s
s =
10
y
d
s
s =
use design factor = 10

10
000 , 45 psi
s
d
=
psi s
d
4500 =

. . 111 . 1
4500
5000
in sq
s
F
A
d
e
s
= = =

Table AT 14 and Table 5.1

(a) UNC Threads

Use in D
8
3
1 = , . . 155 . 1 in sq A
s
=

Page 2 of 42
(b) UNF Threads

Use in D
8
3
1 = , . . 155 . 1 in sq A
s
=

(c) 8-Thread Series

Use in D
8
3
1 = , . . 233 . 1 in sq A
s
=

222. A motor weighing 2 tons is lifted by a wrought-iron eye bolt which is screwed
into the frame. Decide upon a design factor and determine the size of the
eyebolt if (a) UNC threads are used, (b) UNF threads are used. Note: Fine
threads are not recommended for brittle materials.

Solution:
Table AT-7
Wrought iron, ksi s
y
25 =

Assume design factor = 10

10
y
d
s
s =
10
000 , 25 psi
s
d
=
psi s
d
2500 =

( )
. . 60 . 1
2500
2000 2
in sq
s
F
A
d
e
s
= = =

Table AT 17

(a) UNC Threads

Use in D
4
3
1 = , . . 90 . 1 in sq A
s
=

(b) UNF Threads

Use in D
2
1
1 = , . . 581 . 1 in sq A
s
=

Page 3 of 42
224. A wall bracket, Fig. 8-13, Text, is loaded so that the two top bolts that fasten it
to the wall are each subjected to a tensile load of 710 lb. The bolts are to be
cold forged from AISI C1020 steel with UNC threads, Neglecting the effect of
shearing stresses, determine the diameter of these bolts if they are well
tightened.

Figure 8-13

Solution:

cold forged, AISI C1020

ksi s
y
66 = (Table AT-7)
lb F
e
710 =
( )
2
3
6
s
y
e
A
s
F =
|
\
|
< in D
4
3

( )
2
3
6
000 , 66
710
s
A =
. . 161 . 0 in sq A
s
= , in D
4
3
<

Table AT 14 , UNC Threads

Use in D
16
9
= , . . 1820 . 0 in sq A
s
=

Page 4 of 42
225. A connection similar to Fig. 5.9, Text, is subjected to an external load
e
F of
1250 lb. The bolt is made from cold-finished AISI B1113 steel with UNC
threads. (a) Determine the diameter of the bolt if it is well tightened. (b)
Compute the initial tension and corresponding approximate tightening torque
if
y i
s s 85 . 0 = (i5.8).

Figure 5.9

Solution:
Cold-finished AISI B1113
Table A-7, ksi s
y
72 =
lb F
e
1250 =
(a) ( )
2
3
6
s
y
e
A
s
F =
( )
2
3
6
000 , 72
1250
s
A =
. . 2214 . 0 in sq A
s
= , in D
4
3
<

Use in D
8
5
= , . . 2260 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(b) ( ) psi s s
y i
200 , 61 000 , 72 85 . 0 85 . 0 = = =
Initial Tension
( )( ) lb A s F
s i i
831 , 13 2260 . 0 200 , 61 = = =
Tightening torque
i
CDF T =
Page 5 of 42
( ) lb in DF T
i
= |
\
|
= = 1729 831 , 13
8
5
2 . 0 2 . 0

226. The cylinder head of a 10 x 18 in. Freon compressor is attached by 10 stud
bolts made of SAE Grade 5. The cylinder pressure is 200 psi. (a) What size
bolts should be used? (b) What approximate tightening torque should be
needed to induce a tightening stress
i
s of 0.9 times the proof stress?

Solution:
Table 5.2
SAE Grade 5
Assume ksi s
y
88 =
(a)
( )
lb F
e
1571
10
10
4
200
2
=
|
\
|
=

( )
2
3
6
s
y
e
A
s
F = , in D
4
3
<
( )
2
3
6
000 , 88
1571
s
A =
. . 2255 . 0 in sq A
s
= , in D
4
3
<

Use in D
8
5
= , . . 2260 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(b)
i
CDF T =
2 . 0 = C
p i
s s 9 . 0 =
ksi s
p
85 = , (Table 5.2)
( ) psi s
i
500 , 76 000 , 85 9 . 0 = =
( )( ) lb A s F
s i i
289 , 17 2260 . 0 500 , 76 = = =
Tightening torque
( ) lb in DF T
i
= |
\
|
= = 2161 289 , 17
8
5
2 . 0 2 . 0

227. The American Steel Flange Standard specifies that 8 bolts are to be used on
flanges for 4-in. pipe where the steam or water pressure is 1500 psi. It is also
specified that, in calculating the bolt load, the outside diameter of the gasket,
which is 6 3/16 in., should be used. Determine (a) the diameter of the UNC bolts
if they are well-tightened and made of ASTM 354 BD (Table 5-2), (b) the
approximate torque to tighten the nuts if the initial stress is 90 % of the proof
Page 6 of 42
stress. The Standard specifies that 1 1/4 in. bolts with 8 th./in. be used (these
bolts are also subjected to bending). How does your answer compare?

Solution:

Table 5.2, ASTM 354 BD
ksi s
p
120 =
ksi s
y
125 =
lb F
e
5638
8
16
3
6
4
1500
2
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

(a) ( )
2
3
6
s
y
e
A
s
F = , in D
4
3
<
( )
2
3
6
000 , 125
5638
s
A =
. . 4184 . 0 in sq A
s
= , in D
4
3
<

Use in D
8
7
= , . . 4620 . 0 in sq A
s
=
in D
4
3
>
use
( ) ( ) psi s s
y d
750 , 18 000 , 125 15 . 0 85 . 0 1 = = =
. . 3007 . 0
750 , 18
5638
in sq
s
F
A
d
e
s
= = =
Use in D
8
3
= , . . 334 . 0 in sq A
s
=
(b)
i
DF T 2 . 0 =
p i
s s 9 . 0 =
( ) psi s
i
000 , 108 000 , 120 9 . 0 = =

( )( ) lb A s F
s i i
072 , 36 3340 . 0 000 , 108 = = =
Tightening torque
( ) lb in DF T
i
= |
\
|
= = 5411 072 , 36
4
3
2 . 0 2 . 0

Page 7 of 42
in D
4
1
1 < as specified by the standard.

CHECK PROBLEMS

228. A cap screw, in.-10-UNC-2, with a hexagonal head that is 9/16 in. thick,
carries a tensile load of 3000 lb. If the material is AISI 1015, cold drawn, find
the factor of safety based on ultimate strengths of (a) the threaded shank, (b)
the head against being sheared off, and (c) the bearing surface under the head.
(d) Is there any need to consider the strength of standard cap-screw heads in
design?

Solution:
For in. UNC, Table AT 14,
. . 334 . 0 in sq A
s
=
Head:

.
8
1
1 in A =

For AISI 1015, cold drawn
ksi s
u
77 = , ksi s
us
58 =

(a) psi
A
F
s
s
8982
334 . 0
3000
= = =
57 . 8
8982
000 , 77
= = =
d
u
s
s
N

(b)
Dt
F
s
s
=
in t
16
9
=
psi s
s
2264
16
9
4
3
3000
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

6 . 25
2264
000 , 58
= = =
s
us
s
s
N

Page 8 of 42
(c)
o
o
30
12
360
= =

( ) ( ) . . 096 . 1 30 tan
2
8
1
1
2
1
2 6 tan
2 2 2
1
2 6
2
in sq
A A
Area =
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= |
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
psi
A Area
F
s
b
b
4586
4
3
4
096 . 1
3000
2
=
|
\
|

8 . 16
4586
000 , 77
= = =
b
u
s
s
N

(d) No need to consider the strength of standard cap-screw heads since its factor of
safety is very much higher than for the threaded shank.

229. A bolt, 1 1/8 in.-7-UNC-2, is subjected to a tensile load of 10,000 lb. The head
has a thickness of in. and the nut a thickness of 1 in. If the material is SAE
grade 2 (Table 5.2), find the design factor as based on ultimate stresses (a) of
the threaded shank, (b) of the head against being sheared off, and (c) of the
bearing surface under the head. The bolt head is finished. (d) Is there any need
to consider the strength of standard bolt heads in design?

Solution:
For SAE grade 2 (Table 5.2), in D
8
1
1 =
ksi s
u
55 = ,
u us
s s 75 . 0 =
For 1 1/8 in.-7-UNC-2 (Table AT 14)
. . 763 . 0 in sq A
s
=

in A
16
11
1 =

. 000 , 10 lb F =

Page 9 of 42

(a) psi
A
F
s
s
106 , 13
763 . 0
000 , 10
= = =
2 . 4
106 , 13
000 , 55
= = =
d
u
s
s
N

(b)
Dt
F
s
s
=
in t
4
3
=
psi s
s
3773
4
3
8
1
1
000 , 10
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

( )
11
3773
000 , 55 75 . 0
= = =
s
us
s
s
N

(c)
o
o
30
12
360
= =

( ) ( ) . . 4661 . 2 30 tan
2
16
11
1
2
1
2 6 tan
2 2 2
1
2 6
2
in sq
A A
Area =
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
= |
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
psi
A Area
F
s
b
b
6793
8
1
1
4
4661 . 2
000 , 10
2
=
|
\
|

1 . 8
6793
000 , 55
= = =
b
u
s
s
N

(d) No need to consider the strength of standard bolt head in design since its factor of
safety is higher than for the threaded shank.

230. An axial force is applied to a regular nut which of course tends to shear the
threads on the screw. (a) What is the ratio of the force necessary to shear the
threads (all threads initially in intimate contact) to the force necessary to pull
the bolt in two? Use coarse threads, a 1 -in. bolt, and assume that
u us
s s 75 . 0 = . The head thickness is 1 in. and the nut thickness is 1 5/16 in. (b)
Is failure of the thread by shear likely in this bolt?
Page 10 of 42

Solution:
1 - in. UNC
. . 405 . 1 in sq A
s
=

(a)
s
F = shear force = Dt s
us

.
2
1
1 in D =
.
16
5
1 in t =
u us
s s 75 . 0 =
( )( )
u u s
s s F 6388 . 4
16
5
1
2
1
1 75 . 0 = |
\
|
|
\
|
=
u s u
s A s F 405 . 1 = =
Ratio = 3 . 3
405 . 1
6388 . 4
=
u
u
s
s

(b) Ratio > 1, failure by shear is not likely to occur.

231. For bolted structural joints, specifications suggest that -in. bolts (high-
strength material) be tightened to an initial tension of lb F
i
500 , 12 = . What
should be the approximate tightening torque? How does your answer compare
with lb ft T = 90 ., which is the value in the specification?

Solution:
( ) lb in DF T
i
= |
\
|
= = 1250 500 , 12
2
1
2 . 0 2 . 0

lb in lb in lb ft T < = = 1250 1080 90 o.k.

232. One method of estimating the initial tensile stress in a tightened bolt is to turn
the nut until it is snug, but with no significant stress in the bolt. Then the nut is
turned through a predetermined angle that induces a certain unit strain
corresponding to the desired stress. A - in. bolt of the type shown in Fig.
5.4, Text, is turned down until, for practical purposes, the diameter of the
entire shank is the minor diameter. The material is AISI 4140, OQT 1200
o
F.
The grip is 5 in. and the effective strain length is estimated to be 5.3 in. If the
initial tensile stress at the root diameter is to be about 75 % of the yield
strength, through what angle should the nut be turned after it is just snug? The
threads are UNC and the parts being bolted are assumed to be rigid.

Solution:

Page 11 of 42

For in., UNC
in D
r
6273 . 0 =
. . 334 . 0 in sq A
s
=
10 . = in Th
AISI 4140, OQT 1200
o
F
ksi s
y
115 =

( ) ksi s 25 . 86 115 75 . 0 = =

E
sL
=
in L 3 . 5 =
pitch, in in p 10 . 0
10
1
= =

( )
o
p
360
=
( )
o
pE
sL
360 =
( )( )
( )( )
( )
o o
55 360
10 30 10 . 0
3 . 5 250 , 86
6
=
=

233. When both ends of a bolt are accessible for micrometer measurements, the
total elongation caused by tightening can be determined by measuring
lengths before and after tightening. In order to reduce this total elongation to
unit elongation, thence to stress, the effective strain length for the bolt must be
known. For a 1 -in steel bolt, threaded for its full length, 8-thread series, the
effective strain length has been found by experiment to be
. 1 . 1 97 . 0 in G L
e
+ = , where G is the grip (by W.A. McDonald, North
Carolina State College). Let the bolt material be AISI 8742, OQT 1000
o
F. (a)
It is desired that the initial tensile stress be about
y
s 7 . 0 . What total elongation
should be obtained for a grip length of 4.8 in.? (b) Investigate the approximate
tightening torque for the specified condition. How could this torque be
obtained?

Solution:
1 in., 8-thread series
Table 5.1
Page 12 of 42
in D
r
0966 . 1 =
. . 000 . 1 in sq A
s
=
8 . = in Th
AISI 8742, OQT 1000
o
F
ksi s
y
147 =

(a)
y i
s s 70 . 0 =
( ) psi ksi s
i
900 , 102 9 . 102 147 70 . 0 = = =

E
L s
e i
=
. 1 . 1 97 . 0 in G L
e
+ =
in G 8 . 4 =
( ) in in L
e
756 . 5 . 1 . 1 8 . 4 97 . 0 = + =

( )( )
in
E
L s
e i
01975 . 0
10 30
756 . 5 900 , 102
6
=
= =

(b)
G D
TL
p
r
4
64
= =
psi G
6
10 5 . 11 =
in in p 125 . 0
8
1
= =
( )
( ) ( )
6 4
10 5 . 11 0966 . 1
756 . 5 64
125 . 0
01975 . 0
= =
T

lb in T = 408 , 22

ELASTIC CONSIDERATIONS

235. The member C shown is part of a swivel connection that is to be clamped by a
1-in. bolt D to the member B, which has large dimensions in the plane
perpendicular to the paper. Both B and C are aluminum alloy 2024-T4, HT
aged. The bolt is made of AISI C1113, cold-drawn steel; consider the
unthreaded shank to be 2 in. long; it is well tightened with a torque of 250 ft-
lb.; UNC threads, unlubricated. (a) Estimate the initial tension by equation
(5.2), assume elastic action, and compute the bolt elongation and the total
deformation of B and C. Let the effective strain length be 2 in. (b) After
tightening an external axial force
e
F of 5000 lb. is applied to member C.
Determine the total normal stresses in the bolt and in B and C. (c) Determine
the load required to open the connection. Draw a diagram similar to Fig.
5.6, Text, locating points A, B, D and M.
Page 13 of 42

Prob. 235, 236
Solution:
For aluminum alloy, 2024-T4 HT aged,
psi E
6
10 6 . 10 =
ksi s
y
47 =
For AISI C1113, cold-drawn steel,
psi E
6
10 30 =
ksi s
y
72 =

(a)
i
DF T 2 . 0 =
. 1in D =
lb in lb ft T = = 3000 250
lb F
i
000 , 15 =
Deformations: . 2 in L =
Table AT 14, 1-in. UNC Bolt,
. . 66 . 0 in sq A
s
=
( ) . . 785 . 0 1
4
2
in sq A
b
= =

Bolt:
( )( )
( )( )
in
E A
L F
i b
i
i
00127 . 0
10 30 785 . 0
2 000 , 15
6
=
= =
Member B and C
c c
i
c
E A
L F
=
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
e
D = (Nut or head width across flats) +
2
h

Table AT 14
in A
2
1
1 =
Page 14 of 42
.
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1 in D
e
= + =
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
( ) ( ) [ ] . . 1234 . 4 1 5 . 2
4
2
2
in sq A
c
= =

( )( )
( )( )
. 000686 . 0
10 6 . 10 1234 . 4
2 000 , 15
6
in
E A
L F
c c
i
c
=
= =
(b) lb F
e
5000 =
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
00127 . 0 000686 . 0
000686 . 0
5000
c b
b
e
c b
b
e b
F
k k
k
F F

lb F
b
1754 =
Bolt:
lb F F F
b i t
754 , 16 1754 000 , 15 = + = + =
psi
A
F
s
s
t
b
132 , 29
606 . 0
754 , 16
= = =
Member B and C
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
e i c
k k
k
F F F
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
e i c
F F F

lb F
c
754 , 11
000686 . 0 00127 . 0
00127 . 0
5000 000 , 15 = |
\
|
+
=
psi
A
F
s
c
c
c
2851
1234 . 4
754 , 11
= = =
(c)
o
F = opening load
lb F F
i
c i
i o
102 , 23
00127 . 0
000686 . 0 00127 . 0
000 , 15 = |
\
| +
=
|
|
\
| +
=

Fig. 5.6

Page 15 of 42

237. A 1-in. steel bolt is used to clamp two aluminum (2014-T6, HT aged) plates
together as shown by Fig. 5.9, Text. The aluminum plates have a total
thickness of 2 in. and an equivalent diameter of 2 in. The bolt is heated to a
temperature of 200
o
F, the inserted in the aluminum plates, which are at 80
o
F,
and tightened so as to have a tensile tightening stress of 30 ksi in the
unthreaded shank while steel at 200
o
F. What is the tensile stress in the bolt
after assembly has cooled to 80
o
F? The deformations are elastic.

Figure 5.9

Solution:
For aluminum 2014-T6
psi E
6
10 6 . 10 =

psi s
b
000 , 30 =
( ) ( ) lb A s F
b b i
562 , 23 1
4
000 , 30
2
= |
\
|
= =

Steel bolt. psi E
b
6
10 30 =
( )( )
. 002 . 0
10 30
2 000 , 30
6
in
E
L s
b
b
i
=
= =

.
c c
i
c
E A
L F
=
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
( ) ( ) [ ] . . 3562 . 2 1 2
4
2 2
in sq A
c
= =

Page 16 of 42
psi E
c
6
10 6 . 10 =
( )( )
( )( )
in
E A
L F
c c
i
c
001887 . 0
10 6 . 10 3562 . 2
2 562 , 23
6
=
= =
. 998113 . 1 001887 . 0 2 in L L
c
= = =
t L L =
( ) F in in = . . 000007 . 0 for steel
( )( )( ) . 001678 . 0 200 80 998113 . 1 000007 . 0 in L = =
. 000322 . 0 001678 . 0 002 . 0 in L
i i
= = + =
b
b
i
E
L s
=
( )
6
10 30
2
000322 . 0
=
b
s

psi s
b
4830 =

238. A 1 1/8-in. steel bolt A passes through a yellow brass (B36-8) tube B as
shown. The length of the tube is 30 in. (virtually the unthreaded bolt length),
the threads on the bolt are UNC, and the tubes cross-sectional area is 2 sq. in.
After the nut is snug it is tightened turn. (a) What normal stresses will be
produced in the bolt and in the tube? Assume that washers, nut, and head are
rigid. (b) What are the stresses if an axial load of 5 kips is now applied to the
bolts end? Compute the bolt load that just results in a zero stress in the tube.

Prob. 238

Solution:
For Yellow brass, B36-8,
psi E
6
10 15 =
Steel bolt
psi E
6
10 30 =
Table AT 14, 1 1/8 in., UNC
. 9497 . 0 in D
r
=
. . 763 . 0 in sq A
s
=
7 = in Th

Page 17 of 42
. 30 in L =
p
i
=
.
7
1
in p =
4
1
= turn
.
28
1
7
1
4
1
in
i
= |
\
|
|
\
|
=
b b
i
i
E A
L F
=
( )
( )
6
2
10 30
8
1
1
4
30
28
1
\
|
|
\
|
=
i
F

lb F
i
500 , 35 =

(a) Bolt: psi
A
F
s
s
i
b
527 , 46
763 . 0
500 , 35
= = =

Tube:
c
i
c
A
F
s =
. . 2 in sq A
c
=
psi
A
F
s
c
i
c
750 , 17
2
500 , 35
= = =

(b) lb F
e
5000 =
( )( )
in lb
L
E A
k
c c
c
000 , 000 , 1
30
10 15 2
6
=
= =
( )
in lb
L
E A
k
b b
b
000 , 994
30
10 30
8
1
1
4
6
2
=
\
|
|
\
|
= =

Bolts:
e
c b
b
i t
F
k k
k
F F
|
|
\
|
+
+ =
( ) lb F
t
000 , 38 5000
000 , 000 , 1 000 , 994
000 , 994
500 , 35 = |
\
|
+
+ =
psi
A
F
s
s
t
t
800 , 49
763 . 0
000 , 38
= = =
Page 18 of 42
Tube:
e
c b
c
i c
F
k k
k
F F
|
|
\
|
+
=
( ) lb F
c
000 , 33 5000
000 , 000 , 1 000 , 994
000 , 000 , 1
500 , 35 = |
\
|
+
=
psi
A
F
s
c
c
c
500 , 16
2
000 , 33
= = =
For zero stress in the tube
( ) lb F
k
k k
F
i
c
c b
o
787 , 70 500 , 35
000 , 000 , 1
000 , 000 , 1 000 , 994
= |
\
| +
=
|
|
\
| +
=

ENDURANCE STRENGTH

DESIGN PROBLEMS

239. As shown diagrammatically, a bearing is supported in a pillow block attached
to an overhead beam by two cap screws, each of which, it may be assumed,
carried half the total bearing load. This load acts vertically downward, varying
from 0 to 1500 lb. The screws are to be made of AISI C1118, as rolled, and
they are tightened to give an initial stress of about
y i
s s 5 . 0 = . The pillow
block is made of class-20 cast iron. Assume that the effective length of screw
is equal to the thickness t , as shown, and that the head and beam are rigid
(overly conservative?). The equivalent diameter of the compression area may
be taken as twice the bolt diameter. For a design factor of 1.75, determine the
size of the screw: (a) from the Soderberg line, (b) from the modified Goodman
line. (c) What size do you recommend using?

Problem 239

Solution:
For AISI C1118, as rolled
ksi s
y
46 =
ksi s
u
75 =

y i
s s 5 . 0 =
Page 19 of 42
( ) psi ksi s
i
000 , 23 23 46 5 . 0 = = =

lb A kip A A s F
s s s i i
000 , 23 23 = = =

e
c b
b
b
F
k k
k
F
|
|
\
|
+
=
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
psi E
b
6
10 30 = (steel)
t L
b
=

c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
For cast-iron class 20
psi E
c
6
10 6 . 9 =
t L
c
=
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
2
4
D A
b
=
D D
e
2 =
( )
b c
A D D D A 3
4
3
4
2
4
2 2 2
= = =

b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
( )
t
A
k
b
b
6
10 30
=
( )
t
A
k
b
c
6
10 6 . 9 3
=
( ) 588
300
10 6 . 9 3 10 30
10 30
6 6
6
=
+
=
+
c b
b
k k
k

0
1
=
b
F
lb F
k k
k
F
e
c b
b
b
383
2
1500
588
300
2
= |
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
( ) ( ) lb A A F F F F
s s b b i m
192 000 , 23 0 383
2
1
000 , 23
2
1
1 2
+ = + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
192 0 383
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =
Page 20 of 42
( ) psi psi s s
u n
500 , 37 000 , 75 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = =

For axial loading with size factor
( )( )( ) psi psi s
n
500 , 25 500 , 37 85 . 0 8 . 0 = =

75 . 1 = N

s s s
s
s
m
m
A A A
A
A
F
s
192
000 , 23
192 000 , 23
+ = + = =
s s
a
a
A A
F
s
192
= =

Table AT 12, 8 . 1 =
f
K

(a) Soderberg line

n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )
500 , 25
192
8 . 1
000 , 46
192
000 , 23
75 . 1
1
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
=
s s
A A

. . 2482 . 0 in sq A
s
=

Table AT 14, UNC
Use .
4
3
in D = , . . 334 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(b) Modifies Goodman line

n
a f
u
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )
500 , 25
192
8 . 1
000 , 75
192
000 , 23
75 . 1
1
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
+
=
s s
A A

. . 0609 . 0 in sq A
s
=
Table AT 14, UNC
Use .
8
3
in D = , . . 0775 . 0 in sq A
s
=

Page 21 of 42
(c) Recommended, UNC in D = .
4
3

240. A connection similar to Fig. 5.9, Text, is subjected to an external load that
varied from 0 to 1250 lb. The bolt is cold forged from AISI B1113 steel; UNC
threads.The aluminum parts C (3003 H14) have a total thickness of 1 in.
and an external diameter of D 2 . It is desired that the connection not open for
an external load of
e
F 5 . 1 . Determine (a) the initial tensile load on the bolt, (b)
the bolt diameter for 2 = N based on the Soderberg line.

Fig. 5.9

Solution:

(a) lb
k k
k
QF F
c b
c
e i
|
|
\
|
+
=
5 . 1 = Q
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
2
4
D A
b
=
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
.
2
1
1 in L
b
=
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
D D
e
2 =
( )
b c
A D D D A 3
4
3
4
2
4
2 2 2
= = =

psi E
c
6
10 10 = (3003-H14 aluminum)
Page 22 of 42
.
2
1
1 in L
c
=
( )
|
\
|

=
2
1
1
10 30
6
b
b
A
k
( )
|
\
|

=
2
1
1
10 10 3
6
b
c
A
k
( )
( )
5 . 0
10 10 3 10 30
10 10 3
6 6
6
=
+
=
+
c b
c
k k
k

lb F
e
1250 =
lb
k k
k
QF F
c b
c
e i
|
|
\
|
+
=
( )( )( ) lb F
i
5 . 937 5 . 0 1250 5 . 1 = =

(b) For AISI B1113 steel, cold forged

ksi s
u
83 =
ksi s
y
72 =

( ) psi ksi s s
u n
500 , 41 5 . 41 83 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = = =

( )( )( ) psi psi s
n
220 , 28 500 , 41 85 . 0 8 . 0 = =

e
c b
b
b
F
k k
k
F
|
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
=
b
F
( )
( ) lb F
k k
k
F
e
c b
b
b
625 1250
10 10 3 10 30
10 30
6 6
6
2
=
(
=
|
|
\
|
+
=

( ) ( ) lb F F F F
b b i m
1250 0 625
2
1
5 . 937
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
5 . 312 0 625
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =
s s
m
m
A A
F
s
1250
= =
Page 23 of 42
s s
a
a
A A
F
s
5 . 312
= =

Soderberg line, 8 . 1 =
f
K Table AT 12
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
s s
A A 220 , 28
5 . 312 8 . 1
000 , 72
1250
2
1
+ =
. . 07459 . 0 in sq A
s
=

Table AT 14, UNC
Use .
8
3
in D = , . . 0775 . 0 in sq A
s
=

243. This problem concerns the Freon compressor of 226: size, 10 x 18 in.; 10
studs, UNC; made of C1118, as rolled; 200 psi gas pressure. The initial
tension in the bolts, assumed to be equally loaded, is such that a cylinder
pressure of 300 psi is required for the joint to be on the opening. The bolted
parts are cast steel and for the first calculations, it will be satisfactorily to
assume the equivalent diameter of the compressed parts to be twice the bolt
size. (a) For 2 = N on the Soderberg criterion, what bolt size is required? (b)
Compute the torque required for the specified initial tension.

Solution:
( )
. 2356
10
10
4
300
2
lb F
o
=
|
\
|
=

|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
o i
k k
k
F F
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
2
4
D A
b
=
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
L L
b
=
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
D D
e
2 =
Page 24 of 42
( )
b c
A D D D A 3
4
3
4
2
4
2 2 2
= = =

Cast Steel, psi E
c
6
10 30 =
L L
c
=
( )
L
A
k
b
b
6
10 30
=
( )
b
b
c
k
L
A
k 3
10 30 3
6
=
=
( ) lb
k k
k
k k
k
F F
b b
b
c b
c
o i
1767
3
3
2356 =
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=

(a)
e
c b
b
b
F
k k
k
F
|
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
=
b
F
( ) ( )
lb
k k
k
F
k k
k
F
b b
b
e
c b
b
b
393
10
200 10
4 3
2
2
= |
\
|
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=

( ) ( ) lb F F F F
b b i m
1964 0 393
2
1
1767
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
196 0 393
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =
s s
m
m
A A
F
s
1964
= =
s s
a
a
A A
F
s
196
= =
For C1118, as rolled
ksi s
u
75 =
ksi s
y
46 =
( ) psi ksi s s
u n
500 , 37 5 . 37 75 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = = =

( )( )( ) psi psi s
n
500 , 25 500 , 37 85 . 0 8 . 0 = =
8 . 1 =
f
K Table AT 12
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
s s
A A 500 , 25
196 8 . 1
000 , 46
1964
2
1
+ =
. . 1131 . 0 in sq A
s
=
Page 25 of 42

Table AT 14, UNC
Use .
2
1
in D = , . . 1419 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(b)
i
DF T 2 . 0 =
( ) . 7 . 176 1767
2
1
2 . 0 lb in T = |
\
|
=

245. A cast-iron (class 35) Diesel-engine cylinder head is held on 8 stud bolts with
UNC threads. These bolts are made of AISI 3140 steel, OQT 1000
o
F (Fig.
AF2). Assume that the compressed material has an equivalent diameter twice
the bolt size. The maximum cylinder pressure is 750 psi and the bore of the
engine is 8 in. Let the initial bolt load be such that a cylinder pressure of 1500
psi brings the joint to the point of opening. For a design factor of 2, determine
the bolt diameter (a) using the Soderberg equation, (b) using the Goodman
equation. (c) What approximate torque will be required to induce the desired
initial stress? (d) Determine the ratio of the initial stress to the yield strength.
Considering the lessons of experience (i5.8), what initial stress would you
recommend? Using this value, what factor of safety is computed from the
Soderberg equation?

Solution:
( )
. 9425
8
8
4
1500
2
lb F
o
=
|
\
|
=

|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
o i
k k
k
F F
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
2
4
D A
b
=
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
L L
b
=
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
D D
e
2 =
( )
b c
A D D D A 3
4
3
4
2
4
2 2 2
= = =

Page 26 of 42
psi E
c
6
10 5 . 14 = , for cast-iron (class 35)
L L
c
=
( )
L
A
k
b
b
6
10 30
=
( )
L
A
k
b
c
6
10 5 . 14 3
=
( )
( )
( )
lb
k k
k
F F
c b
c
o i
5578
10 5 . 14 3 10 30
10 5 . 14 3
9425
6 6
6
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
\
|
+
=

e
c b
b
b
F
k k
k
F
|
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
=
b
F
( )
( ) ( )
lb F
k k
k
F
e
c b
b
b
1923
8
750 8
4 10 5 . 14 3 10 30
10 30
2
6 6
6
2
= |
\
|
(
=
|
|
\
|
+
=

( ) ( ) lb F F F F
b b i m
6540 0 1923
2
1
5578
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
962 0 1923
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =

s s
m
m
A A
F
s
6540
= =
s s
a
a
A A
F
s
962
= =
(a) For AISI 3140 steel, OQT 1000
o
F
ksi s
u
153 =
ksi s
y
134 =
( ) psi ksi s s
u n
500 , 76 5 . 76 153 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = = =

( )( )( ) psi psi s
n
000 , 52 500 , 76 85 . 0 8 . 0 = =
Table AT 12, 3 . 3 =
f
K (hardened)
Soderberg Equation
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
s s
A A 000 , 52
962 3 . 3
000 , 134
6540
2
1
+ =
. . 2197 . 0 in sq A
s
=
Page 27 of 42

Table AT 14, UNC
Use .
8
5
in D = , . . 226 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(b) Goodman Equation

n
a f
u
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
s s
A A 000 , 52
962 3 . 3
000 , 153
6540
2
1
+ =
. . 2076 . 0 in sq A
s
=

Table AT 14, UNC
Use .
8
5
in D = , . . 226 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(c)
i
DF T 2 . 0 =
( ) . 697 5578
8
5
2 . 0 lb in T = |
\
|
=

(d) psi
A
F
s
s
i
i
681 , 24
226 . 0
5578
= = =
Ratio = 184 . 0
000 , 134
681 , 24
= =
y
i
s
s

i5.8 ( ) psi s s
y i
900 , 113 000 , 134 85 . 0 85 . 0 = = =
Factor of safety
( )( ) lb A s F
s i i
742 , 25 226 . 0 900 , 113 = = =
( ) lb F
m
704 , 26 1923
2
1
742 , 25 = + =
( ) lb F
a
962 1923
2
1
= =
psi
A
F
s
s
m
m
159 , 118
226 . 0
704 , 26
= = =
psi
A
F
s
s
a
a
4257
226 . 0
962
= = =
Soderberg Equation
Page 28 of 42
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
000 , 52
4257 3 . 3
000 , 134
159 , 118 1
+ =
N

87 . 0 = N

246. A 30,000-lb. body is to be mounted on a shaker (vibrator). The shaker will
exert a harmonic force of . 2 sin 000 , 30 lb f t F = on the body where f cps is
the frequency and t sec. is the time. The frequency can be varied from 5 to
10,000 cps. The harmonic force will exert a tensile load on the bolts that
attach the body to the shaker when F is positive. Determine the minimum
number of -in.-UNF bolts that must be used for 2 = N based on Soderberg
line. The material of the bolts is to be AISI 8630, WQT 1100
o
F; the material
of the body that is to be vibrated is aluminum alloy, 2014-T6 and the joint is
not to open for an external force that is 1.25 times the maximum force exerted
by the shaker. It may be assumed that the equivalent diameter of the material
in compression is twice the bolt diameter.

Solution:
0
min
=
e
F
lb F
e
000 , 30
max
=
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
e i
k k
k
QF F
25 . 1 = Q
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
2
4
D A
b
=
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
L L
b
=
Page 29 of 42
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
D D
e
2 =
( )
b c
A D D D A 3
4
3
4
2
4
2 2 2
= = =

psi E
c
6
10 6 . 10 = , (Aluminum 2014-T6)
L L
c
=
( )
L
A
L
E A
k
b
b
b b
b
6
10 30
= =
( )
L
A
L
E A
k
b
c
c c
c
6
10 6 . 10 3
= =
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
e i
k k
k
QF F
( )( )
( )
( )
lb F
i
296 , 19
10 6 . 10 3 10 30
10 6 . 10 3
000 , 30 25 . 1
6 6
6
=
(
=

e
c b
b
b
F
k k
k
F
|
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
=
b
F
( )
( ) lb F
k k
k
F
e
c b
b
b
563 , 14 000 , 30
10 6 . 10 3 10 30
10 30
6 6
6
2
=
(
=
|
|
\
|
+
=

( ) ( ) lb F F F F
b b i m
578 , 26 0 563 , 14
2
1
296 , 19
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
7282 0 563 , 14
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =

s
m
m
nA
F
s =
s
a
a
nA
F
s =
For -in.-UNF (Table AT 14)
. . 1419 . 0 in sq A
s
=
n n nA
F
s
s
m
m
300 , 187
1419 . 0
578 , 26
= = =
Page 30 of 42
n n nA
F
s
s
a
a
318 , 51
1419 . 0
7282
= = =

For AISI 8630, WQT 1100
o
F
3 . 3 =
f
K
ksi s
u
137 =
ksi s
y
125 =
( ) psi ksi s s
u n
500 , 68 5 . 68 137 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = = =

( )( )( ) psi psi s
n
580 , 46 500 , 68 85 . 0 8 . 0 = =

Soderberg Equation, 2 = N
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
n n 580 , 46
318 , 51 3 . 3
000 , 125
300 , 187
2
1
+ =
3 . 10 = n

Minimum number of bolts = 10 bolts

248. The maximum external load on the cap bolts of an automotive connecting rod
end, imposed by inertia forces at top dead center, is taken to be 4000 lb.; the
minimum load is zero at bottom dead center. The material is AISI 4140, OQT
1100
o
F (qualifying for SAE grade 5); assume that
u n
s s 45 . 0 =
. The grip for

through bolts is 1.5 in. For design purposed, let each bolt take half the load,
and use an equivalent .
8
3
1 in D
e
= for the connected parts. The threads extend
a negligible amount into the grip. For the initial computation, use an opening
load
e o
F F 75 . 1 = . Considering the manner in which the bolt is loaded, we
decide that a design factor of 1.4 (Soderberg) should be quite adequate. (a)
Does a 5/16-24 UNF satisfy this situation? If not, what size do you
recommend? (b) Experience suggests that, in situations such as this, an initial
stress of the order suggested in i5.8, Text, is good insurance against fatigue
failure. Decide upon such an
i
s and recomputed N . How does it change?
Would you be concerned about the safety in this case? Consider the variation
of
i
s as a consequences of the use of torque wrench and also the stress
relaxation with time (due to seating and other factors), and discuss. Compute
the required tightening torque for each
i
s .

Page 31 of 42
Solution:
( ) lb F F
e o
7000 4000 75 . 1 75 . 1 = = =
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
e i
k k
k
F F
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
2
4
D A
b
=
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
. 5 . 1 in L
b
=
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
2 2
4 4
D D A
e c

=
b c
A D D A = =
|
\
|
= 485 . 1
4
485 . 1
4 8
3
1
4
2 2
2

psi E
c
6
10 6 . 10 = , (Aluminum 2014-T6)
. 5 . 1 in L
c
=
b s
A A
( )
5 . 1
10 30
6
= =
b
b
b b
b
A
L
E A
k
( )( )
5 . 1
10 30 485 . 1
6

= =
s
c
c c
c
A
L
E A
k
s
s
i
A
A
F 4714 7000
485 . 1
485 . 1
7000 =
(

=

e
c b
b
b
F
k k
k
F
|
|
\
|
+
=
0
1
=
b
F
( )
s
s
e
c b
b
b
A
A
F
k k
k
F 2694 000 , 4
485 . 1
2
= |
\
|
=
|
|
\
|
+
=

( ) ( )
s s s b b i m
A A A F F F F 3367 7000 0 2694
2
1
4714 7000
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( )
s s b b a
A A F F F 1347 0 2694
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =

Page 32 of 42
Table 5.2
ksi s
u
120 =
ksi s
y
88 =

( ) psi ksi s s
u n
000 , 54 54 120 45 . 0 45 . 0 = = = =

3367
7000
= =
s s
m
m
A A
F
s
1347 = =
s
a
a
A
F
s
3 . 3 =
f
K (hardened, Table AT 12)
Soderberg Equation, 4 . 1 = N
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
000 , 54
1347 3 . 3
000 , 88
3367
000 , 88
7000
4 . 1
1
+ =
s
A

. . 1187 . 0 in sq A
s
=
Table At14, we in D
16
7
= , . . 1187 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(a) 5/16-24 UNF will not satisfy the situation. Instead use in D
16
7
= ,
. . 1187 . 0 in sq A
s
=

(b) i5.8, Text
( ) psi ksi s s
y i
800 , 74 8 . 74 88 85 . 0 85 . 0 = = = =
( )( ) lb A s F
s i i
8879 1187 . 0 800 , 74 = = =
( ) ( )
s s b b i m
A A F F F F 1347 8879 0 2694
2
1
8879
2
1
1 2
+ = + + = + + =
( ) ( )
s s b b a
A A F F F 1347 0 2694
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =
1347
8879
+ = =
s s
m
m
A A
F
s
1347 = =
s
a
a
A
F
s
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

Page 33 of 42
( )( )
000 , 54
1347 3 . 3
000 , 88
1347
1187 . 0
8879
1
+
|
\
|
+
=
N

06 . 1 = N , it decreases
1 > N , therefore, safe.

Considering variation of
i
s ,
i
s tends to exceeds the limiting stress therefore reduces the
factor of safety. While stress relaxation tends to reduce the limiting stress approaching
the
i
s and causing lower design factor.

(c) ( ) lb A F
s i
6440 1187 . 0 4714 7000 4714 7000 = = =
( ) lb in DF T
i
= |
\
|
= = 564 6440
16
7
2 . 0 2 . 0

at lb F
i
8879 =
( ) lb in DF T
i
= |
\
|
= = 777 8879
16
7
2 . 0 2 . 0

CHECK PROBLEMS

249. A 1-in. steel bolt A (normalized AISI 1137, cold-rolled threads) passes
through a yellow brass tube B (B36-8, hard) as shown. The tube length is
30 in., its cross-sectional area is 2 sq. in. and the UNC bolt threads extend a
negligible amount below the nut. The steel washers are in. thick and are
assumed not to bend (clearances are exaggerated). The nut is turned turn.
(a) If an external tensile axial load, varying from 0 to 5 kips, is repeatedly
applied to the bolt, what is the factor of safety of the bolt by the Soderberg
criterion? (b) What is the external load on the bolt at the instant that the load
on the tube becomes zero.

Problem 249, 250

Solution:

For 1-in. UNC
. . 606 . 0 in sq A
s
=
Page 34 of 42
. 8466 . 0 in D
r
=
8 . = in Th

.
8
1 1
in
in Th
p = =
4
1
=
p

.
32
1
8
1
4
1
in = |
\
|
=
. 5 . 30
4
1
2 30 in L
b
= |
\
|
+ =
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
( )
( ) ( )
6 2
10 30 1
4
5 . 30
32
1
= =
i
F

lb F
i
141 , 24 =
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
b
e b
k k
k
F F
( ) ( )
525 , 772
5 . 30
10 30 1
4
6 2
=
= =
b
b b
b
L
E A
k
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
. . 2 in sq A
c
=
. 30 in L
c
=
psi E
c
6
10 15 = (Yellow Brass)
( )
000 , 000 , 1
30
10 15 2
6
=
=
c
k

(a) 0
1
=
b
F
( ) lb F
b
2179
000 , 000 , 1 525 , 772
525 , 772
5000
2
= |
\
|
+
=
( ) ( ) lb F F F F
b b i m
230 , 25 0 2179
2
1
141 , 24
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
1090 0 2179
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =
psi
A
F
s
s
m
m
227 , 38
606 . 0
230 , 25
= = =
Page 35 of 42
psi
A
F
s
s
a
a
1799
606 . 0
1090
= = =
For normalized AISI 1137, cold-rolled thread
ksi s
u
98 =
ksi s
y
58 =

( ) psi ksi s s
u n
000 , 49 49 98 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = = =
4 . 1 =
f
K (Table AT 12)

For axial loading, ( ) psi s
n
200 , 39 000 , 49 8 . 0 = =
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
200 , 39
1799 4 . 1
000 , 58
227 , 38 1
+ =
N

38 . 1 = N

(b)
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
o i
k k
k
F F
|
\
|
+
=
000 , 000 , 1 525 , 772
000 , 000 , 1
141 , 24
o
F
lb F
o
790 , 42 =

250. A -in. fine-thread bolt, made of AISI 1117, cold drawn, with rolled threads,
passes through a yellow brass tube and two steel washers, as shown. The tube
is 4 in. long, 7/8 in. internal diameter, 1 -in. external diameter. The washers
are each -in. thick. The unthreaded part of the bolt is 3 in. long. Assume that
there is no stretching of the bolt inside the nut in finding its k . The
unlubricated bolt is tightened by a torque of 1800 in-lb. The external load,
varying from 0 to 4 kips, is axially applied to the washers an indefinite
number of times. (a) Compute the factor of safety of the bolt by the Soderberg
criterion. Is there any danger of failure of the bolt? (b) What pull must be
exerted by the washers to remove all load from the brass tube?

Solution:
i
DF T 2 . 0 =
i
F |
\
|
=
4
3
2 . 0 1800
lb F
i
000 , 12 =
Page 36 of 42
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
b
e b
k k
k
F F
2 1
1 1 1
b b b
k k k
+ =
1
1
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
. 3
1
in L
b
=
. . 4418 . 0
4
3
4
2
in sq A
b
=
|
\
|
=

psi E
b
6
10 30 =

( )( )
000 , 418 , 4
3
10 30 4418 . 0
6
1
=
=
b
k
2
2
b
b s
b
L
E A
k =
For -in. UNF (Table AT 14)
. . 373 . 0 in sq A
s
=
. 5 . 1 3
2
1
2 4
2
in L
b
= |
\
|
+ =
( )( )
000 , 460 , 7
5 . 1
10 30 373 . 0
6
2
=
=
b
k
2 1
1 1 1
b b b
k k k
+ =
000 , 460 , 7
1
000 , 418 , 4
1 1
+ =
b
k

733 , 774 , 2 =
b
k
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
. . 6259 . 0
8
7
4
1
1
4
2 2
in sq A
c
=
(
(
\
|
|
\
|
=

psi E
c
6
10 15 =
. 4 in L
c
=
( )( )
125 , 347 , 2
4
10 15 6259 . 0
6
=
=
c
k
0
1
=
b
F
( ) lb F
b
2167
125 , 347 , 2 733 , 774 , 2
733 , 774 , 2
4000
2
= |
\
|
+
=
Page 37 of 42
( ) ( ) lb F F F F
b b i m
084 , 13 0 2167
2
1
000 , 12
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
1084 0 2167
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =
psi
A
F
s
s
m
m
078 , 35
373 . 0
084 , 13
= = =
psi
A
F
s
s
a
a
2906
373 . 0
1084
= = =
For AISI 111, cold drawn, rolled threads
ksi s
n
40 =
ksi s
y
68 =
4 . 1 =
f
K
( ) psi ksi s
n
000 , 32 32 40 8 . 0 = = = , axial loading

(a)
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
000 , 32
2906 4 . 1
000 , 68
078 , 35 1
+ =
N

56 . 1 = N

(b)
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
o i
k k
k
F F
|
\
|
+
=
125 , 347 , 2 733 , 774 , 2
125 , 347 , 2
000 , 12
o
F
lb F
o
186 , 26 =

251. A coupling bolt (i5.13, Text) is used to connect two parts made of cast-iron,
class 35. The diameter of the coarse-thread bolt is -in.; its grip is 2 in., which
is also nearly the unthreaded length. The bolt tightened to have an initial
tension of 4000 lb. The parts support an external load
e
F that tends to separate
them and it varies from zero to 5000 lb. What is the factor of safety,
(Soderberg)?

Solution:
lb F
i
4000 =
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
b
e b
k k
k
F F
Page 38 of 42
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
. . 19635 . 0
2
1
4
2
in sq A
b
=
|
\
|
=

(unthreaded length)
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
. 2 in L
b
=
( )( )
250 , 945 , 2
2
10 30 19635 . 0
6
=
=
b
k
Table AT 14, UNC
.
2
1
in D =
. . 1419 . 0 in sq A
s
=
.
4
3
in A =
2
h
A D
e
+ =
. 2 in h =
.
4
3
1
2
2
4
3
in D
e
= + =
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
. . 209 . 2
2
1
4
3
1
4 4 4
2 2
2 2
in sq D D A
e c
=
(
(
\
|
|
\
|
= =

psi E
c
6
10 5 . 14 = , (Cast iron, class 35)
. 2 in L
c
=
( )( )
250 , 015 , 16
2
10 5 . 14 209 . 2
6
=
=
c
k
0
1
=
b
F
( ) lb F
b
777
250 , 015 , 16 250 , 945 , 2
250 , 945 , 2
5000
2
= |
\
|
+
=
( ) ( ) lb F F F F
b b i m
4389 0 777
2
1
4000
2
1
1 2
= + + = + + =
( ) ( ) lb F F F
b b a
389 0 777
2
1
2
1
1 2
= = =
psi
A
F
s
s
m
m
930 , 30
1419 . 0
4389
= = =
psi
A
F
s
s
a
a
2741
1419 . 0
389
= = =
Page 39 of 42
For ASTM 354 BC (Table 5.2), .
2
1
in D =
ksi s
u
125 =
ksi s
y
109 =
u n
s s 5 . 0 =
For axial loading
( )( )( ) psi ksi s
n
000 , 50 50 125 5 . 0 8 . 0 = = =
8 . 1 =
f
K
Soderberg Line
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
000 , 50
2741 8 . 1
000 , 109
930 , 30 1
+ =
N

6 . 2 = N

252. The cap on the end of a connecting rod (automotive engine) is held on by two
5/16-in. bolts that are forged integrally with the main connecting rod. These
bolts have UNF threads with a 5/8-in. on an unthreaded length of virtually 5/8
in. The nuts are to be tightened with a torque of 20 ft-lb. and the maximum
external load on one bolt is expected to be 2330 lb. Let the equivalent
diameter of the connected parts be in. (a) Estimate the maximum force on
the bolt. (b) Compute the opening load. Is this satisfactory? (c) If the bolt
material is AISI 4140, OQT 1000 oF, what is the factor of safety based on the
Soderberg criterion?

Solution:
lb in lb ft T = = 240 20
i
DF T 2 . 0 =
i
F |
\
|
=
16
5
2 . 0 240
lb F
i
3840 =
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
b
e b
k k
k
F F
b
b b
b
L
E A
k =
. . 0767 . 0
16
5
4
2
in sq A
b
=
|
\
|
=

(unthreaded length)
psi E
b
6
10 30 =
.
8
5
in L
b
=
Page 40 of 42
( )( )
600 , 681 , 3
8
5
10 30 0767 . 0
6
=
|
\
|

=
b
k
c
c c
c
L
E A
k =
. . 3651 . 0
16
5
4
3
4 4 4
2 2
2 2
in sq D D A
e c
=
(
(
\
|
|
\
|
= =

psi E
c
6
10 30 = , (Cast iron, class 35)
.
8
5
in L
c
=
( )( )
800 , 524 , 17
8
5
10 30 3651 . 0
6
=
|
\
|

=
c
k
( ) lb F
b
405
800 , 524 , 17 600 , 681 , 3
600 , 681 , 3
2330 = |
\
|
+
=

(a) lb F F F
b i
4245 405 3840
max
= + = + =
(b)
|
|
\
|
+
=
c b
c
o i
k k
k
F F
|
\
|
+
=
80 , 524 , 17 600 , 681 , 3
800 , 524 , 17
3840
o
F
max
4647 F lb F
o
< =

(c) lb
F
F F
b
i m
4042
2
405
3840
2
= + =
+ =
lb
F
F
b
a
202
2
405
2
= =
=
For AISI 4140, OQT 1000
o
F
ksi s
u
170 =
ksi s
y
155 =
Table AT 12, 6 . 2 =
f
K
u n
s s 5 . 0 =
For axial loading
( )( )( ) psi ksi s
n
000 , 68 68 170 5 . 0 8 . 0 = = =

Soderberg Line
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

Page 41 of 42
For 5/16-in.-UNF, Table AT 14, . . 0580 . 0 in sq A
s
=
psi
A
F
s
s
m
m
690 , 69
0580 . 0
4042
= = =
psi
A
F
s
s
a
a
3843
0580 . 0
202
= = =
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
000 , 68
3483 6 . 2
000 , 155
690 , 69 1
+ =
N

72 . 1 = N

SET SCREWS

254. A 6-in. pulley is fastened to a 1 in. shaft by a set screw. If a net tangential
force of 75 lb, is applied to the surface of the pulley, what size screw should
be used when the load is steady?

Solution:
Tangential force = ( ) lb lb 365
25 . 1
6
75 = |
\
|

Assume tangential force = holding force
Table 5.3, use Screw size 8, Holding force = 385 lb.

255. An eccentric is to be connected to a 3-in. shaft by a setscrew. The center of the
eccentric is 1 in. from the center of the shaft when a tensile force of 1000
lb. is applied to the eccentric rod perpendicular to the line of centers. What
size set screw should be used for a deign factor of 6?

Solution:
Tangential force = ( ) lb lb 833
2 3
25 . 1
1000 =
|
|
\
|

Holding force = ( )( ) lb 5000 833 6 =
Table 5.3, use Screw size in.

256. A lever 16 in. long is to be fastened to a 2-in. shaft. A load of 40 lb. is to be
applied normal to the lever at its end. What size of set screw should be used
for a design factor of 5?

Solution:
Torque = ( )( ) lb in = 640 40 16
Tangential force =
( )
lb 640
2
640 2
=
Page 42 of 42
Holding force = ( )( ) lb 3200 640 5 =
Table 5.3, use Screw size 9/16 in.

257. A 12-in. gear is mounted on a 2-in. shaft and is held in place by a 7/16 in.
setscrew. For a design factor of 3, what would be the tangential load that
could be applied to the teeth and what horsepower could be transmitted by the
screw.

Solution:
Table 5.3, 7/16 in.
Holding force = 2500 lb
Tangential force = lb 833
3
2500
=
Tangential load on gear = lb 139
12
2
833 = |
\
|

Assume fpm v
m
4500 =
Hp transmitted =
( )( )
hp 19
000 , 33
4500 139
=

- end -

Section 3 PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Section 3 PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

. The grip for

Potrebbero piacerti anche