COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING DRAWING Notes Material Prepared by Sri M V CHANDRASHEKAR, Asst Professor, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT BANGALORE

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

D A

Projections of a plane surface Plane surface A plane surface is a two dimensional object, having specific geometrical shape & size occupies area. and Geometrical properties Based on the geometrical properties of the surfaces, they can be classified plane as Triangles Quadrilaterals Polygons circle Triangles These are plane surfaces bound by s sides or threetraight edges. Depending on specific geometrical properties of the triangles we have, C
C

BC Square
D

BC Rectangle
A D

B
B

P ar all el og ram

BC Trapezium

BC

AB

Eq uil a te ra l t ri an gle
A

AB isosceles triangle

BC R ig h t an g le d t r ia n g le

BC sc ale ne t ria ng le

AB s c a l e ne t ri an gle

Polygons These are plane surfaces bound by more than four straight sides or edges Polygons are of two a) Regular types, polygons Irregular b) polygons Regular polygons All the sides are equal, and all the angles between adjacent sides are also equal. Irregular polygons Either all the sides are not equal, or all the angles between adjacent sides are not equal, or both. Regular polygons
A D
F C

Quadrilaterals These are plane surfaces bound by four straight sides or edges. Depending on specific geometrical of the properties quadrilateral, we have ,

BC

Pentagon
E

AB F
D

H n

exago E

AB

AB
H ep t a g o n

Oc t a gon

Circle:
D

X c'

a'(e')

b'(d') d

AB

e c
C

Position of the plane surface The location and orientation of the plane surfacerespect to the reference planes of with projectionspecified can be by Resting Surface position inclination Line inclinationSpatial position position Resting The resting position of the plane surface respect to HP or VP or with both. entire surface resting on HP or 1. The VPResting with an edge on HP or VP or 2. both 3. Resting with a corner on HP or VP or both 4. Resting with a point on the rim of curved on edgeHP or VP or both Surface inclination The inclination of the plane surface with respect to HP or VP or both. inclination Line The inclination of any specific line on the surface with respect to HP or VP or both. location Spatial The location of any specific point on the plane surface in space with respect to HP or or VP both. General procedure to draw the projections Considering resting position and surface inclination, place the surface in suitable initial position and draw the Implement the resting position and surface views angle with the specified reference plane and draw the view s Implement the line angle and spatial position the specified reference plane and with the projections complete Initial position To rest with the surface on HP

Ci rc le

a b
a' (e') ed b' (d') c'

b e' a' (d') c'b'

XY

d e c

a b

To rest with the surface on VP

b' a' c'

e' d' XY a(e) b(d) c

b'
a'

b' a' c'

b'

a'

c'
e' d'

c'

e' d'

e' XY a(e) b (d) c

d'

XY

a( e) b( d) c

a'

b'

To rest with a side on VP and surface inclined to HP

c' e' d' XY

a' (e') ed b' (d') c'

ed

eabc

(d)
a c a c

To rest with a side on HP and surface inclined to HP

To rest with a corner on HP and surface inclined to HP

a '( e ') b' ( d' ) c '

y d d

a' b' ( e' ) c'(d XY ') e e d d a c c b

a
a b a b

To rest with a side on HP and surface inclined to VP

b' b'

To rest with a corner on HP and surface inclined to VP

d' e' d'

a'

c'

a'

c' a' c' a' c'

e'

d'

e' d '

XY

b'

b'

a(e) b (d ) c

a e (b ) d c

To rest with a side on VP and surface inclined to VP

To rest with a corner on VP and surface inclined to VP

b' c' a' a'

b' c'

d' e' X aY b ( e) c(d ) e'

d'

a' c'(d') b' d d

To rest with a corner on VP and surface inclined to HP

To rest with a point on the rim on HP and surface inclined to VP

a' a b' '

a' e' (b') d' c'

b'

XY

b
XY d' d'

c
a

c ( d)

Initial position (for circle) To rest with the surface on HP

XY a' c'(d') d b'

To rest with a point on the rim on VP and surface inclined to c' VP c'
a' a'

b'

b'

XY

d' a c(d) b

d'

To rest with the surface on VP

To rest with a point on the rim on VP and surface to HP inclined

a'

b'
a' c ' (d' ) b'

XY

d' a c(d) b

XY

ab

To rest with a point on the rim on HP and surface to HP inclined

Methods of projection Change of position method Auxiliary planes method

Change of position method surface is placed in a suitable The initial position and then its position is successively with respect to reference changed planes a time till all requirements are one at satisfied The HP and VP along with the respective directions of vision are fixed Auxiliary planes The method surface is placed in a suitable initial position and then, auxiliary planes are introduced with suitable directions of vision successively with respect to the surface, one at aime, till all requirements are t satisfied The surface remains undisturbed and stationary The auxiliary planes used areAuxiliary vertical plane (AVP) in place of 1. VPAuxiliary inclined plane (AIP) in place of 2. HP Problem 1: A triangular lamina of 35mm sides rests with one of corners on HP such that the plane surface its makes an angle of 0 with HP. If the side opposite to 60 the corner on which the plane rests makes an angle 0 of with the VP, draw the 60 projections.

30 4 5

Problem 3: A 300 -600 set-square of 125mm longest side is so kept such that the longest side is in HP, making an of 300 with VP. the set-square itself angle is inclined at0 to HP. Draw its 45 projections.
c' X a b' (a ' ) c' b' (a ' ) a b' a' a Y

c c b

60

60

Problem 2: An equilateral triangular lamina of 35mm sides on one of its corners on HP such that rests median passing through the corner on which it the rests is inclined at 300 to HP and 0 to VP. Draw 45 the projections

c'(b') a' c'(b') b b

50

c' b'
45

Y b

a c

aa c

Problem 4: ABC is an equilateral triangular plate of 40mmIt is lying with its edge BC on HP which sides. is making an angle of 0 with VP. The two edges and 45 AC measure 30mm in the top view. AB Determine

the slope angle of the plate with HP. Draw the top and front views. 5: Problem A Square PQRS of 40mm side has its diagonal PR inclined at0 to HP and the diagonal QS 45300 to inclined at VP. Draw its projections.
X b '(a ') d'( c ') b' (a ') a d a
48

d' (c ') c ' d '

b a' d b

'
45

aY

r'

r'

q '( s')
45

q'

s'

c
60

bc c

p ' q '(s ') r ' p ' s

p' s p s

r qr

Problem 8: A rectangular plate 70 x 40mm has one of its shorter edges in VP inclined at 0 to HP. Draw 40 view if its front view is a square of sides the top 40mm
a'
70

Problem 6: A square plate of 40mm sides rest on HP such that of the diagonal is inclined at 0 to HP and 0 one 30 45 to VP. Draw its projections.

d' a '

d' a' c'

b' c' X a( b) d( c ) a (b)

b' c' ab

b'
40

r' q'( s' ) X p' q'( s ') s r' p'

30

r' q' p' s' Y

d( c ) d c

45

p s

r qr

Problem 7: The top view of rectangular lamina of sides 60mm X 40mm is a square of 40mm side. The shorter side lamina is inclined at 0 to VP. Draw the of the and 45 front views. Determine the inclination of top the surface of the lamina with HP.

Problem 9: The top view of a square lamina of side 60mm is a rectangle of sides 60mm x 20mm with the longer the rectangle being parallel to both HP side of and Draw the top and front views of the VP. Find the inclination of the lamina with HP and lamina. VP.
c '( d') c ' d'

19

b'( a ') c' (d' ) b' (a ')

b' a ' b a

da

cd

bc

bc
20

Problem 10: A mirror X 80mm is inclined to wall at 60mm such an angle that its front view is a square of side. The shorter side of the mirror is parallel 60mm to both HP and VP. Find the inclination of the r mirro with the wall.
60

c ' d'

f'

b' 30 X a ' b' (e ' ) c ' (f' )( d' ) a' 45

e'

a' d ' a" (d ") 11

1 1
e e

a' d '

a "( d ")

ff a b f c c c

b' c '

49

b" (c ") c

ad

Y'

Problem 11: A plate with side length of 30mm PentagonalHP is one of its edges. This edge resting on on is inclined to VP at 0 and the plate surface s 450 with make 30 HP. Draw its projections.

Problem 13: A regular pentagonal lamina of 30mm sides is resting on one of its edges in HP while the opposite this side of the lamina touches VP. If corner to the lamina makes an angle of 0 with HP and 0 wit 60 Draw the projections 30 the h VP, of lamina.

d'

e'

c'

60
X Y b' ( a' ) c' ( e' ) d' e e a a e ab a ' b' d c

d' c' b'( a') c '(e ') d ' 3 0 b' 45 e a a b d d d b c b c c e e a' a Y b b c e' d d

Problem 14: Draw the top and front views of a regular hexagonal 30mm side standing vertically on an lamina of with its plane inclined at 400 to VP and one of edge its corners is 30mm in front of VP.
f' e' f' e' a' a' d' d'

Problem 12: A lamina having edge 40mm is with a corner on Pentagonal resting HP such that the perpendicular through this corner is inclined bisector passing at 0 to HP and 0 to VP. Draw the top and 30 45 front views of the lamina.

XY

b ' c'

b ' c'

a f(b) e( c) d

Problem 15: A regular gonal plate of 30mm sides has hexa touching VP and a side touching HP. one corner plate The is inclined at 600 to HP. The side on HP is inclined at 600 to VP. Draw the projections of the plate neglecting its thickness.

c' 48 a' d d a

d'

Xa'

c '(d ')

b'

d' e'
a b a b c d

c' 60 f e a e b' Y a' 60 f

f'

6 0 c c 40

Xa

b' (a ' ) c '( f ') d '( e ') f a

e b

b c

b c

d c

Problem 16: Draw the ctions of a circular plate of proje 60mm diameter resting on HP on a point A on the circumference, with its plane inclined at to HP 450 the top view of the diameter AB making and with XY 300 line.

b'

c' d' a ' c '(d ') b' 4 5 a' d d d a Y

ab

ab

60 c c c

Problem 17: Draw the ections of the circular lamina with proj a point on its rim on HP such that its resting front appears as an ellipse of major axis 60mm view and axis 40mm with major axis parallel to minor XY line.