AS Work, Energy and Power

1.

The graph below shows the variation with displacement d of the force F applied by a spring on
a cart.
5
4
3
F /

N
2
1
0

1
d /

3
0

The work done by the force in moving the cart through a distance of 2 cm is
2

A.

10 10 J.

C.

5 10 J.

B.

7 10 J.

D.

2.5 10 J.

(1)

2.

An electric motor is used to raise a weight of 2.0 N. When connected to a 4.0 V supply, the
current in the motor is 1.5 A. Assuming no energy losses, the best estimate for the maximum
steady speed at which the weight can be raised is
1

B.

3.0 m s .

D.

12.0 m s .

A.

0.3 m s .

C.

9.0 m s .

(1)

3.

The diagram below shows the variation with displacement x of the force F acting on an object in
the direction of the displacement.
F
R
Q

P
0 W
0

x1

x2

Which area represents the work done by the force when the displacement changes from x1 to x2?
A.

QRS

B.

WPRT

C.

WPQV

D.

VQRT
1

(1)

4.

An engine takes in an amount E of thermal energy and, as a result, does an amount W of useful
work. An amount H of thermal energy is ejected. The law of conservation of energy and the
efficiency of the engine are given by which of the following?
Efficiency

Law of conservation of energy

A.

E=W+H

B.

E=W+H

W
E

C.

E+H=W

W
H

D.

E+H=W

W
EH
(1)

5.

A machine lifts an object of weight 1.5 10 N to a height of 10 m. The machine has an overall
efficiency of 20%. The work done by the machine in raising the object is
3

B.

1.2 10 J.

D.

7.5 10 J.

A.

3.0 10 J.

C.

1.8 10 J.

4
4

(1)
6.

An electric train develops a power of 1.0 MW when travelling at a constant speed of 50 ms .

The net resistive force acting on the train is
A.

50 MN.

B.

200 kN.

C.

20 kN.

D.

200 N.
(1)

7.

The variation with time of the vertical speed of a ball falling in air is shown below.
S

e e d

0
T

t i m

During the time from 0 to T, the ball gains kinetic energy and loses gravitational
potential energy Ep. Which of the following statements is true?
A.

Ep is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.

B.

Ep is greater than the gain in kinetic energy.

C.

Ep is equal to the work done against air resistance.

D.

Ep is less than the work done against air resistance.

(1)

8.

The diagram below represents energy transfers in an engine.

i n

p
E

e n

e r g

e n

i n

s e f u
E

I N

a s t e d
EW

e n

e r g

l
U

t p

e n

The efficiency of the engine is given by the expression

EW

A.

E IN

EW

B.

E OUT

.
3

e r g

E OUT

C.

E IN

E OUT

EW

D.

.
(1)

9.

The point of action of a constant force F is displaced a distance d. The angle between the force
and the direction of the displacement is , as shown below.
F

d
Which one of the following is the correct expression for the work done by the force?
A.

Fd

C.

Fd cos

Fd sin

B.

Fd tan

D.

(1)

10.

Which one of the following is a true statement about energy?

A.

Energy is destroyed due to frictional forces.

B.

Energy is a measure of the ability to do work.

C.

More energy is available when there is a larger power.

D.

Energy and power both measure the same quantity.

(1)

11.

An amount Q of energy is supplied to a machine. The machine does useful work W and an
amount R of energy is wasted, as illustrated below.
e n

e r g

y Q s u

l i e d
m

u
a c h

i n

s e f u Wl

r k

a s t e dR

e n

e r g

Which one of the following is a correct expression for the efficiency of the machine?

A.

W
Q

C.

W +R
Q

B.

R
Q

D.

W R
Q
(1)

12.

m
A body of mass m and speed v has kinetic energy EK. A second body of mass 2 moves at
speed 2v. The kinetic energy of this second body is

EK
A.

2 .

B.

EK.

C.

2EK.

D.

4EK.
(1)

13.

A box of mass m is moved horizontally against a constant frictional force f through a distance s
at constant speed v. The work done on the box is
A.

0.

C.

1
2 mv2.

B.

D.

mgs.

fs.
(1)

14.

An electric motor, with an input power of 250 W, produces 200 W of mechanical power. The
efficiency of the motor is
A.

20%.

B.

25%.

C.

55%.

D.

80%.
(1)

15.

The graph below shows the variation with displacement d of the force F acting on a particle.
F

r
0

d
0

a x

The area that represents the work done by the force between d = 0 and d = dmax is
A.

s r.

C.

s.

B.

r.
D.

s + r.
(1)

16.

A spring is compressed by a force F.

For a compression e, the force F is given by F = ke. When the compression force is removed,
the spring returns to its original length in time t. The best estimate for the power developed by
the spring during its expansion is

A.

ke
.
2t

C.

ke 2
.
2t

B.

ke
.
t

D.

ke 3
.
t
(1)

17.

A force stretches a wire that is fixed at one end. The value of this force increases from zero to a
maximum value and then returns to zero. The graph below shows the variation with force F of
the extension x of the wire.
x

a r e a

a r e a

a r e a

Which area, or areas, represents the net work done on the wire by the force?
A.

Area P

B.

Area Q

C.

Area R

D.

Area Q and area R

(1)

18.

The output power of an electric motor is determined using the arrangement shown below.
m

t o

w
b

W
W

e e l

e l t

The belt has weights W1 and W2 attached to its ends. The wheel has circumference S. When the
wheel is rotating at R revolutions per second, the belt is stationary.
Which one of the following is a correct expression for the output power of the motor?
A.

W1 SR

B.

W2 SR

C.

(W2 W1) SR

D.

(W2 + W1) SR
(1)

19.

Forces of magnitude F1 and F2 act tangentially on the edge of a wheel of circumference S. The
wheel is made to complete one revolution about its centre, in the direction shown below.

Which one of the following is a correct expression for the work done on the wheel?
A.

F1 S

B.

F2 S

C.

(F2 F1) S

D.

(F2 + F1) S
(1)

20.

A body moving along a straight-line has mass 3.0 kg and kinetic energy 24 J. The motion is
then opposed by a net force of 4.0 N. The body will come to rest after travelling a distance of
A.

2.0 m.

B.

6.0 m.

C.

8.0 m.

D.

12 m.
(1)

21.

An object of weight 50 N is dragged up an inclined plane at constant speed, through a vertical

height of 12 m. The total work done is 1500 J.
The work done against friction is
A.

2100 J.

B.

1500 J.

C.

900 J.

D.

50 J.
(1)

22.

A machine lifts an object of weight W at constant speed through a vertical distance h. The
efficiency of the machine is 25%. The total input energy to the machine is
A.

0.25Wh.

B.

0.75Wh.

C.

2.5Wh.

D.

4.0Wh.
(1)

23.

The graph below shows the variation with displacement x of the force F acting on an object.
The force F always acts in the same direction as the displacement.
F
Q

xQ

At point Q, the displacement is xQ and the force is FQ.

Which of the following gives the work done by the force on the body as the displacement
increases from zero to xQ and then returns to zero?
A.

Zero

B.

C.

FQ xQ

D.

1
2

FQ xQ

2FQ xQ
(1)

24.

Water flows out from a tank down a pipe, as shown below.

t a n

a t e r
w

a t e r
p

i p

f l o

The pipe is always full of water.

Which of the following gives the change in the kinetic energy and in the gravitational potential
energy of the water as the water flows down the pipe?
kinetic energy

gravitational potential energy

A.

constant

decreases

B.

constant

increases

C.

increases

decreases

D.

increases

increases
(1)

25.

Engine X is stated to be more powerful than engine Y.

Which of the following is the correct comparison of the engines?
A.

Engine X produces a larger force than engine Y.

B.

Engine X produces more useful energy than engine Y.

C.

Engine X produces more useful energy per unit time than engine Y.

D.

Engine X produces more power for a longer time than engine Y.

(1)

26.

A petrol engine P is used to drive a generator G. The energy-flow diagram for this system is
shown below.
i n

u
E

e n

i n g p e u n t e t r o a e t lo e r c t r i c a l e n
ee rn g g y i n e e n e r g y
G
P
g e n e E rO a t e d
g e n e E Gr a t o r

e n

e r g

l o

s s e s

e n

e r g

l o

e r g

s s e s

What is the efficiency of this electrical energy generating system?

A.

EG
EP

C.

EO
EG

B.

EO
EP

( EO + EG )
EP

D.

(1)

27.

A force of magnitude F1 accelerates a body of mass m from rest to a speed v. A force of

magnitude F2 accelerates a body of mass 2m from rest to a speed 2v.

work done by F2
is
work
done
by
F
1
The ratio
A.

2.

B.

4.

C.

8.

D.

16.
(1)

28.

A box of weight W is moved at constant velocity v along a horizontal floor. There is a constant
frictional force F between the box and the floor.
What is the power required to move the box through a distance s?
A.

Fs

B.

Fv

C.

Ws

D.

Wv
(1)

29.

An electric motor has an input power of 160W. In raising a load, 120W of power is dissipated.
The best estimate for the efficiency of the motor is
A.

25%.

B.

33%.

C.

57%.

D.

75%.
(1)

30.

An object of mass m falls from rest in a vacuum. As the object falls it loses an amount E of
gravitational potential energy. The speed of the object is then

A.

C.

2E
m .
2E
m .

B.

D.

m
2E .
m
2E .
(1)

31.

An electric motor has an input power of 160W. In raising a load, 120W of power is dissipated.
The best estimate for the efficiency of the motor is
A.

25%.

B.

33%.

C.

57%.

D.

75%.
(1)

32.

The variation with time of the vertical speed of a ball falling in air is shown below.

During the time from 0 to T, the ball gains kinetic energy and loses gravitational potential
energy Ep. Which of the following statements is true?
A.

Ep is equal to the gain in kinetic energy.

B.

Ep is greater than the gain in kinetic energy.

C.

Ep is equal to the work done against air resistance.

D.

Ep is less than the work done against air resistance.

(1)

33.

This question is about solar energy.

(a)

By reference to energy transformations, distinguish between a solar panel and a solar cell.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

Some students carry out an investigation on a solar panel. They measure the output temperature
of the water for different solar input powers and for different rates of extraction of thermal
energy. The results are shown below.
11

t e m

e r a t u

0 0
2 0

r e

200

t p

er e
x tra
c tio
n 1
00
W

400

300

pow

5
i n

(b)

0
p

0
u

6
t

0
o

0
w

7
e r

0
/

Use the data from the graph to answer the following.

(i)

The solar panel is to provide water at 340 K whilst extracting energy at a rate of
300 W when the intensity of the sunlight incident normally on the panel is
2
800 W m . Calculate the effective surface area of the panel that is required.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Deduce the overall efficiency of the panel for an input power of 500 W at an output
temperature of 320 K.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

34.

Mechanical power
(a)

Define power.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

A car is travelling with constant speed v along a horizontal straight road. There is a total
resistive force F acting on the car.
Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is P = Fv.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.8 km long. The total height of the incline is 0.30
km.

The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s . During the climb, the average
2
friction force acting on the car is 5.0 10 N. The total weight of the car and the driver is
4
1.2 10 N.
(i)

Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Determine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

13

(iii)

Using your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate a value for the minimum power
output of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(d)

From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight line. At the point
where the road starts to go downwards, the driver of the car in (c), stops the car to look at
the view. In continuing his journey, the driver decides to save fuel. He switches off the
engine and allows the car to move freely down the hill. The car descends a height of 0.30
km in a distance of 6.4 km before levelling out.

The average resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 10 N.

Estimate
(i)

the acceleration of the car down the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(5)

(ii)

the speed of the car at the bottom of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the hill, the car travels at
constant speed. State the value of the frictional force acting on the car whilst it is moving
at constant speed.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)

35.

This question is about estimating the energy changes for an escalator (moving staircase).
The diagram below represents an escalator. People step on to it at point A and step off at
point B.
B

A
(a)

The escalator is 30 m long and makes an angle of 40 with the horizontal. At full
capacity, 48 people step on at point A and step off at point B every minute.
(i)

Calculate the potential energy gained by a person of weight 700 N in moving from
A to B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Estimate the energy supplied by the escalator motor to the people every minute
when the escalator is working at full capacity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) State one assumption that you have made to obtain your answer to (ii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

15

The escalator is driven by an electric motor that has an efficiency of 70%.

(b)

(i)
Using your answer to (a)(ii), calculate the minimum input power
required by the motor to drive the escalator.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Explain why it is not necessary to take into account the weight of the escalator
when calculating the input power.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Explain why in practice, the power of the motor will need to be greater than that
calculated in (b)(i).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

36.

Mechanical power
(a)

Define power.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

A car is travelling with constant speed v along a horizontal straight road. There is a total
resistive force F acting on the car.
Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is
P = Fv.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.80 km long. The total height of the incline is
0.30 km.

. 8

m
0

. 3

The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s . During the climb, the average
2
resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 10 N. The total weight of the car and the driver
4
is 1.2 10 N.
(i)

Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Determine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the
bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Using your answers to (i) and (ii), calculate a value for the minimum power output
of the car engine needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(iv)

State one reason why your answer to (iii) is only an estimate.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
17

37.

This question is about power.

(a)

Define power.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

A constant force of magnitude F moves an object at constant speed v in the direction of

the force. Deduce that the power P required to maintain constant speed is given by the
expression
P = Fv
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Sand falls vertically on to a horizontal conveyor belt at a rate of 60 kg s .

s a n d
6 0 - k1 g

. 0

- 1

The conveyor belt that is driven by an engine, moves with speed 2.0 m s .
When the sand hits the conveyor belt, its horizontal speed is zero.
(i)

Identify the force F that accelerates the sand to the speed of the conveyor belt.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Determine the magnitude of the force F.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the power P required to move the conveyor belt at constant speed.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Determine the rate of change of kinetic energy K of the sand.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(v)

Explain why P and K are not equal.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

The engine that drives the conveyor belt has an efficiency of 40%. Calculate the input
power to the engine.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

19

38.

This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground.

Large metal bars can be driven into the ground using a heavy falling object.
o b j e c t
m
a s s =3

. 0

b a r
m
a s s

In the situation shown, the object has a mass 2.0 10 kg and the metal bar has a mass of
400 kg.
1

The object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s . It comes to rest on the bar without bouncing.
As a result of the collision, the bar is driven into the ground to a depth of 0.75 m.
(a)

Determine the speed of the bar immediately after the object strikes it.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

Determine the average frictional force exerted by the ground on the bar.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

39.

This question is about work, energy and power.

(a)

Define the work done by a force.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

A body of mass m is in a gravitational field of strength g. The body is moved through a distance
h at constant speed v in the opposite direction to the field.
(b)

Derive an expression in terms of

(i)

m, g and h, for the work done on the body;

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

m, g and v, for the power required to move the body.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

A mass falls near the Earths surface at constant speed in still air. Discuss the energy
changes, if any, that occur in the gravitational potential energy and in the kinetic energy
of the mass.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

A sample of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston, as shown below.
I d

e a l

a s
C

i s t o

l i n

e r

21

(d)

(i)
of the gas.

Explain, in terms of molecules, what is meant by the internal energy

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The piston is suddenly moved inwards, decreasing the volume of the gas. By
considering the speeds of molecules, suggest why the temperature of the gas
changes.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(5)

(iii)

The gas now expands at constant pressure p so that the volume increases
by an amount V. Derive an expression for the work done by the gas.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

An engine operates by using an isolated mass of an ideal gas. The gas is compressed
adiabatically and then it is heated at constant volume. The gas gains 310 J of energy during the
heating process. The gas then expands adiabatically. Finally, the gas is cooled so that it returns
to its original state. During the cooling process, 100 J of energy is extracted. The cycle is shown
below.

C
p

r e s s u

r e

/
3

. 1

. 0

(e)

. 3

2 4

. 0

4 1

l u

0
m3

(i)
Mark, on the diagram, arrows to show the direction of operation of the
stages of the cycle.
(1)

(ii)

Using data for point A, calculate the number of moles of gas.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Determine the temperature of the gas at point B in the cycle.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

State what is represented by the area ABCD on the diagram and give the value of
this quantity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(v)

Calculate the efficiency of the engine.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 30 marks)
23

40.

Electric motor
(a)

In an experiment to measure the efficiency of a small dc electric motor, the motor is

clamped to the edge of a bench. The motor is used to raise a small weight that is attached
to a pulley wheel by cotton thread. The pulley wheel is rotated by the motor. The thread
wraps around the pulley wheel, so raising the weight.
a x
m

t o

e l
p

c o

w
S

i d

i e w

l l e y

e e l

t t o

t h

r e a d

e i g

t
E

- o

The time taken for the motor to raise the weight through a certain height is measured. It is
assumed that the weight accelerates uniformly whilst being raised. The weight of the
cotton thread is negligible.
(i)

Draw a labelled free-body force diagram of the forces acting on the accelerating
weight.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

The weight has a mass of 15 g and it takes 2.2 s to raise it from rest through a
height of 0.84 m. Calculate the tension in the thread as the weight is being raised.
2
(Acceleration of free fall g = 10 m s .)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)

- v

i e w

(b)

In a second experiment, the current is adjusted so that the weight of mass 15 g is raised at
constant speed. The motor is connected to a 6.0 V supply and it now takes the motor 3.4 s
to raise the weight through 0.84 m.
(i)

Suggest how it might be determined that the weight is being raised at constant
speed.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Determine the power delivered to the weight by the motor. (Acceleration of free
2
fall g = 10 m s .)
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

The current in the motor is 45 mA. Estimate the efficiency of the motor.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

41.

This question is about energy sources.

(a)

Fossil fuels are being produced continuously on Earth and yet they are classed as being
non-renewable. Outline why fossil fuels are classed as non-renewable.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

25

(b)

Some energy consultants suggest that the solution to the problem of carbon dioxide
pollution is to use nuclear energy for the generation of electrical energy. Identify two
disadvantages of the use of nuclear fission when compared to the burning of fossil fuels
for the generation of electrical energy.
1. ................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

42.

This question is about the kinematics of an elevator (lift).

(a)

Explain the difference between the gravitational mass and the inertial mass of an object.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

An elevator (lift) starts from rest on the ground floor and comes to rest at a higher floor. Its
motion is controlled by an electric motor. A simplified graph of the variation of the elevators
velocity with time is shown below.
v

e l o

c i t 1 y

. 1

. 0 0
0 . 0 1

. 0 2

. 8

. 7

. 6

. 5

. 4

. 3

. 2

0
0
. 0 3

. 0 4

. 0 5

. 0 6

. 0 7

. 0 8

. 0 9

. 01

. 10 1 1 . 0 2

t i m

(b)

. 0

The mass of the elevator is 250 kg. Use this information to calculate
(i)

the acceleration of the elevator during the first 0.50 s.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the total distance travelled by the elevator.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii) the minimum work required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

the minimum average power required to raise the elevator to the higher floor.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(v)

the efficiency of the electric motor that lifts the elevator, given that the input power
to the motor is 5.0 kW.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

On the graph axes below, sketch a realistic variation of velocity for the elevator. Explain
your reasoning. (The simplified version is shown as a dotted line)

e l o

c i t 1 y

. 1

. 0 0
0 . 0 1

. 0 2

. 8

. 7

. 6

. 5

. 4

. 3

. 2

0
0
. 0 3

. 0 4

. 0 5

. 0 6

. 0 7

. 0 8

. 0 9

. 01

. 10 1 1 . 0 2

t i m

. 0

/
(2)

27

The elevator is supported by a cable. The diagram below is a free-body force diagram for when
the elevator is moving upwards during the first 0.50 s.
t e n

w
(d)

s i o

e i g

In the space below, draw free-body force diagrams for the elevator during the following
time intervals.
(i)

0.5 to 11.50 s

(ii)

11.50 to 12.00 s

(3)

A person is standing on weighing scales in the elevator. Before the elevator rises, the reading on
the scales is W.
(e)

On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the reading on the scales varies during
the whole 12.00 s upward journey of the elevator. (Note that this is a sketch graph you
do not need to add any values.)

r e a d

i n

s c a l e s

. 0 0
0 . 0 1

. 0 2

. 0 3

. 0 4

. 0 5

. 0 6

. 0 7

. 0 8

. 0 9

. 01

. 10 1 1 . 0 2

. 0

t i m

/
(3)

(f)

The elevator now returns to the ground floor where it comes to rest. Describe and explain
the energy changes that take place during the whole up and down journey.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 25 marks)

43.

This question is about power output of an outboard motor.

A small boat is powered by an outboard motor of variable power P. The graph below shows the
variation with speed v of P when the boat is carrying different loads.

29

. 0

. 5

. 0

. 5

. 0

k / W 2

. 5

. 0

. 5

. 0

. 5

. 0
0 . 00

. 5 1

. 01

. 5 2 . 0 2 . 5 3
v m / s1

. 03

. 5 4

. 0

The masses shown are the total mass of the boat plus passengers,
(a)

For the boat having a steady speed of 2.0 m s and with a total mass of 350 kg
(i)

use the graph to determine the power of the engine.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

calculate the frictional (resistive) force acting on the boat.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
1

Consider the case of the boat moving with a speed of 2.5 ms .

(b)

(i)
Use the axes below to construct a graph to show the variation of
power P with the total mass W.

4
W /

5
k

0
g
(6)

(ii)

Use data from the graph that you have drawn to determine the power of the motor
for a total mass of 330 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

The relationship between power P and speed v is of the form

P = kv

where n is an integer and k is a constant.

The graph below shows the variation of lg v (log10 v) with lg P (log10 P) for the situation when
1

the total mass is 350 kg. P is measured in kW and v is measured in m s .

31

(c)

. 4 0

. 3 0

. 2 0

1 gP
. 7

. 6

. 5

. 4

. 3

. 2

. 1

. 0
. 01 . 0 0
0 . 1

. 2

. 3

. 4

. 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

. 0

. 10

. 2 0

. 3 0

. 4 0

. 5 0

1 gv
. 6

Use the graph to deduce the value of n and explain how you obtained your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

44.

This question is about estimating energy changes for an escalator (moving staircase).
The diagram below represents an escalator. People step on to it at point A and step off at point
B.

A
(a)

The escalator is 30 m long and makes an angle of 40 with the horizontal. At full
capacity, 48 people step on at point A and step off at point B every minute.
(i)

Calculate the potential energy gained by a person of weight 7.0 10 N in moving

from A to B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Estimate the energy supplied by the escalator motor to the people every minute
when the escalator is working at full capacity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

State one assumption that you have made to obtain your answer to (ii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

The escalator is driven by an electric motor that has an efficiency of 70%.

(b)

Using your answer to (a) (ii), calculate the minimum input power required by the motor
to drive the escalator.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

33

45.

This question is about projectile motion and the use of an energy argument to find the speed
with which a thrown stone lands in the sea.
Christina stands close to the edge of a vertical cliff and throws a stone. The diagram below (not
drawn to scale) shows part of the trajectory of the stone. Air resistance is negligible.
P

m1

s e a
Point P on the diagram is the highest point reached by the stone and point Q is at the same
height above sea level as point O.
(a)

At point P on the diagram above draw arrows to represent

(i)

the acceleration of the stone (label this A).

(1)

(ii)

the velocity of the stone (label this V).

(1)
1

The stone leaves Christinas hand (point O) at a speed of 15 m s in the direction shown. Her
hand is at a height of 25 m above sea level. The mass of the stone is 160 g. The acceleration due
2
to gravity g = 10 m s .
(b)

(i)
Calculate the kinetic energy of the stone immediately after it leaves
Christinas hand.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State the value of the kinetic energy at point Q.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the loss in potential energy of the stone in falling from point Q to hitting
the sea.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Determine the speed with which the stone hits the sea.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

35