Profile Jagadish Subbaramaiah

23 years professional experience. Specialisation Protection and Control Key experience include Engineering and Project execution Substation projects Worked - ABB and VATECH/Siemens Authorised by National Grid Member IET and CIGR Cigr working group member (B5) India.

Head Power Networks Atkins Bangalore

Emerging trends in System Protection

Engineering Staff College of India
8 May 2012

Agenda
Relay technology Protection requirements Coordination Procedure Principles of Time/Current Grading Relay time Grading margins Few Examples Questions

Atkins at a glance
Largest multi-disciplinary technical consultancy

18,000 staff, 1.487bn turnover Over 300 Offices across globe > 20 Years of experience Team of 800 professionals with Electrical, Civil and structural

Power Networks Business

Supporting both clients and contractors, we deliver the complete service encompassing all aspects of feasibility, design and project delivery.

Our vision:
To be the worlds best infrastructure consultancy

Our Values:
+ PEOPLE Our competitive edge + CUSTOMERS The be the of everything we do To centre worlds best + PERFORMANCE being the best infrastructure consultancy + INNOVATION creating solutions that work + INTEGRATION our key to success

Our Mission - Plan, Design , Enable

ATKINS - Bangalore
15 years of market presence A headcount of 700+ 30% annual expected growth Deliver projects in the UK, USA, Australia, India, Middle East, Hong Kong and South Africa ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001 Certified

Bangalore Portfolio

Rail and Metro

Defence, Aerospace, and Communications

Water and Environment

Highways and Transportation

Development Infrastructure & Building Design

Energy

Relay technology
Engineering Staff College of India
8 May 2012

Relay evolution

Last 100 Years

Introduced in 1960s

Numerical technology

1980s

Static Relays
Input quantities adjusted to levels suitable for Electronics circuits Current signals converted to Voltage signals Decisions taken based on rectified DC quantities

Digital Relays
Filtered signals converted to Square Waves Evaluation is done based on Phase Angle
Comparison used

Either discrete logics or Microprocessors are

Numerical Relays

Signals are filtered using an Anti-aliasing Filter Anti Sampled signals are converted to Numerical
Values at each sampling point or several Microprocessors

Calculations are carried out in real time using one

Some definitions
Protection equipment a collection of Protection devices (Relays, fuses etc.). Excluded are devices such as CTs, CBs contactors etc. Protection System a complete arrangement of protection equipment and other devices required to achieve a specific function based on a Protection principal (IEC60255-20) Protection Scheme a collection of Protection equipment providing a defined function and including all equipment required to make the scheme work (i.e Relays, CTs CBs batteries etc.)

Numerical technique - Advantages

Analogue technique More complex hardware More Comparison Numerical technique Simple hardware Simple

Difficult to modify Difficult Simple to verify Simple

Slowly decreasing accuracy Slowly

Self supervision difficult Self

Inherent Inherent

Data storage difficult Data

Data manipulation difficult Data filtering

Self supervision simple Self

Error correction possible Error

Data storage simple Data

Data manipulation simple Data

Difficult to verify Difficult

Simple to modify Simple

Abruptly decreasing performance Abruptly

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less wiring
Conventional relay L 4 I U 6 DC 4
10

Z<

dz < dt

IN

>

I>

Numerical relay

I U DC

4 6 4

Z< dz < dt

IN I>

>

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less wiring
R 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 B LO C K ZO N E CR CR G BC TRZ1 BO 1.1

B AS Z

Protection functions

S TA RT_ A R CB _ RE AD Y CLO S E _ CB P 3P H

1.8

1.2

ARIF ICIB

Auto-recloser
TR IP _ 1 P H TR IP _ A R_ 3 PH TR IP _ AR _ 3 P H TR IP R

1.9

B.1

S P HTRL

Trip logic

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less wiring
BI 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Z_BLOCK Z_CR Z_CRG Z_BC Z_TRZ1 Z_TRZ2 Z_T2

BO 2.1

OR
START AR_CB_READY AR_CLOSE_CB

Z<
2.2

1.8

AR
1.9

AR_P3PH

TRIP_EXT_3PH TRIP_CB_A

1.1

TRIP

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less terminations
Conventional relay L 4 I U 6 DC 4
10

Z<

. . . .

. . ..

. . ..

dz < dt

IN

.. . .. .. .

. ...

>

I>

. ..

Numerical relay

I U DC

4 6 4

. . .

. . .

Z< dz < dt

IN I>

>

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less aging problems Conventional relay

Numerical technique - Advantages

Less aging problems Numerical relay

Z<

I>

# (01011)

Numerical technique - Advantages

Self supervision
Testing Conventional protection Fault Testing

MTTR: year

Repair

Repair Numerical protection with self supervision

MTTR: hours

Numerical technique - Advantages

Communication

Ready Start Trip 1993-Nov-02 14:49:25.425 TRZ1 TREFC ZM1

FREJA/XS92b
RTS Parametration Automatic testing Reporting Simulation PC Parametration Energizing of contacts Status check Directional check

C E

Local MMI Information Resetting of indications Change of parameters Back-up control

SCS Supervision Control Status monitoring Sequential Control Statistics

SMS Calculation Parametration Evaluation Expert analysis

CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Philosophy
Platform concept Flexible functionality selection Application well proven algorithms using new technology

CONTROL AND PROTECTION

1 - Distance protection

1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9

10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Two relay panels 600mm x 650mm x 2250mm

2 - Three phase power swing unit 3 - Directional earth fault protection 4 - AC supervision circuits 5 - DC supervision circuits 6 - STUB protection 7 - Auxiliary relays 8 - Fault locator 9 - (Printer for fault locator) 10 - Disturbance recorder 11 - Signaling unit 12 - Parts of event recorder 13 - Breaker failure protection - 1 CB 14 - Tripping relays 15 - Autoreclosing for one CB 16 - Synchro check for one CB 17 - Auxiliary transformers for disturbance recorder

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

The technological developments that led to the present availability of fast, powerful microprocessors and communication systems give us the possibility to build Substation Automation Systems (SAS). electroThe substation secondary equipment evolved from electro-mechanical devices to microprocessor based numerical devices with built in communication features. This in turn provided the possibility of implementing SAS using several intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to perform the required functions (protection, local and remote monitoring, control, etc.).

Managing the Power Grid

Customer Customer complaints Recovery information Real-time information Disturbance records Customer Service Type of disturbance Time to recover No. of customers affected Work order Work report Fault statistics Spares Sales Reports Asset Management Reports Repair and Maintenance Asset records Disturbance report Accounting Engineering Station Automation

Control Center

Customers affected Compensation

Disturbance information Disturbance report

Why Automation?
To manage Hazardous operation Repetitive operation Complex operation

To have Faster response Quicker decisions Faster restoration after breakdown

Why Automation?
Benefits Sequential control with interlocks Increased safety of personnel and of equipment Increased security, availability, reliability, and efficiency Reduced start up and shut down time Reduced configuration time Less or nil dependence on human beings Lower operational cost

Why Automation?
Reliability Availability Quality

To supply the power meeting the power quality standards: : maintain uninterrupted supply : meet the demand : limit, within the permitted range, Frequency deviations Voltage fluctuations Transients Harmonic distortions

The electrical utility should meet the above with optimum economy

Data Exchange in a Substation Automation System

Monitored Information: Single Bit indications (alarms, events) Double Bit indications (on/off status of devices) Step position indication (Transformer tap position) Analog measurements (voltages, currents, power, etc.,) Pulse counter data (kWH, kVARH, etc.,) Protection Events, Sequence of event records, Disturbance records, IED configuration data. Control Information: Close or trip commands Set point (analog output) commands Regulating step command Time synchronization Parameter setting commands

What Is A Protocol?
Protocol: Set of rules that determines the behavior of functional units in achieving and performing communication.

Open Protocol:

A communication protocol whose stack is either available. standardized or publicly available

Legacy Substation Automation System

IEC 60870 DNP 3.0 XXX

IEC60870-5-103 for third party integration

With a number of communication protocols

IEC61970 (CIM) IEC60870-6 (TASE2)

Control Center

Control Center

SCADA IEC60870-5-101 IEC60870-5-104 DNP 3.0 ELCOM 90 RP570/571 XXX

Metering & Billing IEC61107 IEC62056 IEC60870-5-102 YYY Windfarms IEC51400-25 = IEC 61850 IEC G703 IEEE C37.94 WWW

IEC 61850

Station Automation

Station Automation

SPA, LON, DNP 3.0, MODBUS, UCA 2, Profibus, IEC60 870-5-103, K-Bus, ZZZ

IEC 61850

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

The industrys experiences have demonstrated the need for developing standard communication protocols, which would support interoperability of IEDs from different manufacturers. Interoperability in this case is the ability to operate on the same network or communication path sharing information and commands. The objective of SA standardization is to develop a communication standard that will meet functional and performance requirements, while supporting future technological developments. The standard has to consider the operational requirements, but the purpose of the standard is neither to standardize (nor limit in any way) the functions involved in substation operation nor their allocation within the SAS.

UCA and IEC Two standards merge

is ready now!

One world One technology One standard

IEC 61850

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

the station level the bay level the process level

Today a substation automation system comprises three hierarchical levels,

The communication between station level and bay level is realized by means of different incompatible protocols such as IEC 60870, Profibus, DNP, LON, Modbus and many of other proprietary and nonproprietary ones. Parallel wiring is mostly used for the communication between the bay level and the process level.

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

What is needed for interoperability: Common standardized data model Common standardized service model Common standardized protocol Common standardized communication architecture Common standardized engineering data exchange Common standardized conformance tests

IEC 61850 standardizes these needs

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S The goal of the IEC 61850 standard
Interoperability The ability for IEDs from one or several manufacturer to exchange information and use the information for the their own functions.

Free Configuration The standard shall support different philosophies and allow a free allocation of functions e.g. it will work equally well for centralized (RTU like) or decentralized (SCS like) systems. Long Term Stability The standard shall be future proof, i.e. it must be able to follow the progress in communication technology as well as evolving system requirements.

Long lifetime guaranteed for IEC 61850

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

APP ACSI COM

Designed for the future...

SCL

Application and communication separated Abstract Communications Services Interface (ACSI), separates the application from the communication

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

APP

ACSI COM

Slowly changing applications must be separated and protected from fast advancing communication technology. This safeguards investments in the applications while at the same time allow to use up to date communication technology

Free function allocation

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

Free allocation of functions on all levels, no assumptions or constraints are imposed by the standard on the substation architecture
If the architecture is a centralized RTU based architectures with one computational element and parallel wiring from the primary equipment or a fully distributed architecture with intelligent sensors and actuators connected via a process bus does not matter. All possible architectures are equally and well supported by the standard.

Extension for the future

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

Extension rules governs how to extend the scope of the standard in order to support new applications
All applications defined today for substation automation are included and supported in the standard. This is however not enough. The standard also have an object model and set of rules that makes it possible to extend the scope of the standard and include new applications in the future, all this without need for additions or changes to the standard itself.

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

Substation Configuration Language SCL: Substation Configuration Language, is a formal description of the communication in a substation
SCL

All communication related configurations are supported by one neutral and formal description. The description can serve as support for engineering and automatic testing.

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

Global interoperability Global interoperability allows a global market competition

Global market access for the same interoperable solutions for vendors as well as customers will lead to cost efficient solutions.

System architecture station bus ring

HMI Control Center

IEC 61850 Communication Networks & Systems in S/S

Engineering

Router Ethernet Ring with Switches

Station Bus

Bay Controller

Relay A

Relay B

Bay Controller
Process Bus

Relay A

Relay B

Modern Switchgear

Modern CT / VT's

Modern Switchgear

Modern CT / VT's

Introducing The IED670 In Substation Automation

IED = Intelligent Electronic Device used for Protection & Control of the Power System IED670 = is the designation of a range of new IEDs for high end transmission & generation applications utilizing common modular hardware and software for protection and control REC670 = Single or multi bay REL670 = Lines & Cables RET670 = Transformers & Reactors RED670 = Multi terminal networks REB670 = Bus and breaker

IED670 is Designed for Substation Automation

Object protection & monitoring

Lines & cables Transformers & generators Busbar & breaker

Bay control & measurement

Integrated bay/object automation

Single bay Multi bay One-and-a-half breaker

Bay control & protection Object protection & control Customized combinations

Introducing the IED670 in Substation Automation

ONE common IEC 61850 standard ONE common IED, modularized and configurable for protection and control ONE common library of high performance algorithms mapped in IEC 61850 ONE common Tool (PCM600) ONE common HMI (MicroSCADA Pro) So what differentiates ABB from other vendors is that we are introducing ONE common protection and control concept designed for IEC61850 with a function library mapped in IEC61850 independent of hardware allowing a unique flexibility to implement optimized solutions and future upgrades and modifications.

Protection and Control Manager PCM600

PCM600 the ultimate IED manager for Engineering Commissioning Test Operation Function analysis Future upgrades

TYPICAL ARCHITETURE
IEC 60870-5-101 Laser Printer DR WS Redundant HMI GPS Receiver

DMP
Gateway

IEC 61850 Redundant Ring network

Ethernet Switch

Ethernet Switch

Ethernet Switch

Ethernet Switch

Ethernet Switch

REC 670

REL 670 Main I

REC 670

RET 670 Main I REC 670 REC 670

REL 670 7SA522 Main II RET 670 Main II REB 500 Main I

REL 670 BBP Bay Units Main I, Main II BBP Bay Units Main I, Main II BBP Bay Units Main I, Main II

REB 500 Main II

Line x 2

Autotransformer x 2

Bus Coupl. x 1

Auxiliaries

Busbar

The GOOSE demo

Basic Demo setup

Analog inputs

Test Equipment

Relay

Relay

Ethernet Network

Network Analyzer

Switchgear Sim

The GOOSE demo

GOOSE - concepts: the UCA approach

GOOSE: Generic Object Oriented Substation Event The message content in UCA - GOOSE is fixed and predefined
DNA fix User defined Interoperable only by exchanging private data with a private non standardized data format
Bit1/2 DBC1 Bit3/$ DBC2 Bit1/2 DBC1 Bit3/$ DBC2

Standardized and preconfigured no configuration data exchange for interoperability necessary

The GOOSE demo

Demo case 1 and 2: protection Content of GOOSE messages: scenario

The Omicron equipment simulates the power line One of the two relays simulates a protection relay, the other simulates the reclosing device The switchgear simulation simulates the circuit breaker
Protection Switchgear
XCBR0.Pos.stVal XCBR0.Mode.stVal XSWI1.Pos.stVal XSWI1.Mode.stVal XSWI8.Pos.stVal XSWI8.Mode.stVal PSCH.Oper.general PSCH.Mode.stVal

Autorecloser
RREC.Oper.general RREC.Mode.stVal

The GOOSE demo

Case 1: Trip and auto-reclosing

OMICRON Test Equipment

Analog inputs 1. Simulated fault 2. Trip generated 3. New position 4. Reclose command 5. New position

SIEMENS Relay

ABB Relay

Ethernet Network

ABB PASS Simulation

Goose Message: Goose Message:Goose Message: Trip Reclose Positions

The GOOSE demo

Summary of results

The GOOSE concept is suitable to transmit trip signals over a serial communication The use of the configuration language to configure the GOOSE message facilitates interoperability between devices from multiple vendors With the demonstration at the UCA user group meeting, an important milestone towards a global standard was reached

TYPICAL SLD

QUESTIONS ??

Thank You.