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Objective: Accelerate the development of new technology into the wind market to reduce the cost of energy delivered.
Mission: Provide (1) High Value, (2) High Quality and (3) Cost Competitive testing services to industry.
Establish long term partnerships with industry for work force development, research and education.
Objectives:
1. Provide (1) High Value, (2) High Quality and (3) Cost Competitive research, development, testing and certification services.
2. Develop the most flexible test facility possible in order to meet the ever growing electrical interface and grid integration testing requirements.
3. Establish long term partnerships with public and private partners to promote research, work force development and education in power systems engineering.
Leveraging:
Wind Turbine Drive Train Testing Facility (WT DTTF) requirement for Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) and High Voltage Ride Through (HVRT) The electrical infrastructure at the WT DTTF
The combination of being able to mechanically load a wind turbine and perform grid compatibility testing is rare
Build upon fault ride-through requirements by incorporating various other grid compatibility testing scenarios
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Experimental, prototype, and commercialized electrical equipment can be rigorously tested without exposing the power system to the risks involved with testing. Electrical Equipment Under Test
A power system is simulated and reproduced in real-time in order to ensure grid compatibility of the device.
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The terms grid simulation and simulated grid have many meanings. Facilities having similar testing capabilities does not take into account accuracy, noise or bandwidth, which are critical for acceptable data. The CU HIL Grid Simulator is targeted to be a certified test facility with Underwriters Laboratory. The 15 MW HIL Grid Simulator will also have the most comprehensive suit of fault ridethrough capabilities in the world for multi-megawatt devices.
Rated Power Converter Technology Dynamometer Hardware in the Loop Real Time Simulators
NREL NWTC CU HIL Grid Controllable Simulator Grid Interface 7.5 MVA 15 MVA Two parallel Eight Parallel 7L3L-NPC-VSC SCHB 2.5 MW and 5 7.5 MW and 15 MW MW TBD Yes TBD RTDS
Grid Fault Ride-Through Evaluations Low Voltage Ride-Through Limited Limited Reduced Power Reduced Power Yes (Possible Power Reduction) Limited by Series Impedance (Optional Reactive Divider) Yes
Reduced Power Reduced Power Reduced Power with with with Transformer Transformer Transformer Tapping Tapping Tapping
Built-In Overvoltage
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X X X X X
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Reliability
Designing a system that is robust and well protected during faults and failures
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Matches the real-time power system simulation platforms utilized at Clemsons main campus in order to facilitate more efficient research Existing RTDS with Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) Amplifiers
Currently the largest RTDS HIL setup is at the CAPS facility at Florida State University (5 MVA at 4160 V) The CAPS facility is focused on ship board power and sponsored by ONR
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Preliminary Specifications
Overall Electrical Nominal Voltage 24 kV (60 Hz) and 22 kV (50 Hz) Nominal Power 15 MVA Frequency Range 45 to 65 Hz Sequence Capabilities 3 and 4 wire operation Amplifier Preliminary Specifications Installed Power 20 MVA Rated Power 15 MVA Bank Power Split 2 x 7.5 MVA Rated Voltage 0 - 4160 V Over-voltage 133 % Rated (Built in) Multilevel 7 - L (9 - L OV) Frequency Range 0 - 65 Hz Fault Ride-Through Reactive Divider SC Duty 12-15 MVA (Open Circuit) Continuous Power 7 MVA Max Shunt Current 2500 ARMS Inductor Type Air Core Inductor Quality Factor > 10 Inductor Tapping 5 % at 15 MVA Resistor Banks 10 Ohms Resistor Tapping 1 Ohm Incremental Total X/R Ratio Range > 10 to less than 5 Snubbing Resistor Capacitor + Arrestor Thermal Duty Cycle 10 minutes or less Sim Grid Step-Up Transformers Voltage Ratio 4.16 / 24 kV Rated Power 7.5 MVA Max Cont. Voltage 130 % Nominal Frequency 50 or 60 Hz Windings Yy-d HV Taps -10 / +10 Special Considerations Flux, Voltage, Seq. Comp., K-factor Switch Gear and Cabling Switch Gear Type MetalClad Vacuum Breaker Rated Voltage 27 kV Rated Current 1200 A Protection SEL (Preferred vendor) 24 kV System Cable 35 kV Class (100% Insul.) 4.16 kV System Cable 5 kV Class (133% Insul.) Measurement Equipment Resistive Divider 0.15 (%) Rogowski Coil ? 0.15 (%)
Interface Controller Interface Controller Type FPGA Based w/ onboard DAQ Sampling Rate Up to 128 kHz/Ch Direct Input Channels 16 A/D ( >= 12 bit ) 17
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Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT) Unsymmetrical Fault Ride-Through High Voltage Ride-Through (HVRT)
Simulated dynamic behavior and interaction between grid and the device under test
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Harmonic Evaluations:
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Harmonic susceptibility
Background harmonic voltages, DUT susceptibility and trip limits
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Envisioned harmonic evaluation control schemes are similar to those used in active filtering
Example IEC Harmonic Voltage Compatibility Plot
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Voltage flicker testing to include both rectangular and sinusoidal modulation across a wide band of sub-harmonic frequencies
E.ON Netz Grid Code: The principle of voltage support in the event of grid faults
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The need has been recognized to coordinate inertial response testing with the WT-DTF dynamometers Hub and blade simulation could provide rotor inertia simulation for kinetic energy capture during times of emergency frequency response.
A Frequency of grid before event
B Frequency after initial stabilization C Frequency Nadir
Anti-Islanding (Software)
What is Anti-Islanding?
Unintentional islanding of distributed generation can cause equipment damage, power quality issues and safety hazards. IEEE 1547 Standards for Interconnecting Distributed Resources to Electric Power Systems. Established testing protocol for Upper/Lower Voltage and Frequency thresholds used to detect islanding.
Real RLC Load
Detection Schemes
Primarily voltage and/or frequency variations
Software Implementation
Advantages
Lower Power Requirements (no physical components) Flexibility of RLC components
Simulated RLC Load
Challenges
Control Methodology Test Method Validation
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Impedance divider is the most common technique and is outlined in the IEC Standard Every country and/or regulatory authority has their own LVRT/ZVRT withstanding curves
IEC 61400-21 Tolerance of voltage drop (50 Hz)
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Modified to reflect the present FERC standards from: Grid Code Requirements for Large Wind Farms: A Review of Technical Regulations and Available Wind Turbine Technologies M. Tsili, Ch. Patsiouras, S. Papathanassiou
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High voltage ride-through poses an inefficient use of resources without utilization of transformer voltage taps. Proposed solution includes +10 % high voltage taps on the step-up transformers to achieve 1.45 pu undistorted overvoltage.
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The power grid is a complex dynamic system that is difficult and costly to replicate for testing purposes
HIL places the device under test (DUT) onto a virtual grid where disturbances are simulated in real-time and creates a closed-loop dynamic system
The DUT actually influences the virtual system, which is critical for testing interactions with soft grids
HIL allows for simulation of the complex power system model with:
A high degree of reconfiguration (tie lines, transformers, outages, etc) Easily variable power levels and load flows Contingency analysis and cascading outages
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Due to the dynamics of the power system and the multitude of devices connected to it, the interaction of this voltage and current relationship can be complex. This is especially true during disturbances on the power system.
The closed-loop system allows the DUT behave as if it were actually connected to the power system being simulated
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Design capacity (15 MW) allows for testing of devices to scale, scaled devices of even higher power levels or smaller paralleled units
Extensive testing of hardware and software to meet safety and quality assurance requirements through full integrated system testing. Parallel model verification and validation
Development
Demonstration
Verification
Present the same test case to both a simulated machine and the actual WTG under test
HIL testing allows for the combination of several testing scenarios into a single event with real world dynamics
Testing of energy storage for grid compatibility would include both charging and discharging characteristics and the rate of change between charging and discharging based upon grid requirements. Possibilities for energy storage in supporting the power system and providing ancillary services
Real power support Frequency regulation Reactive power support Active voltage regulation
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Less filtering allows for better control of dynamic transitions and low order harmonic components
Possible for the multilevel architecture to accommodate higher switching frequencies for increased voltage accuracy Switching duties are split between many different devices with smaller voltage rises Reserve capacity voltage levels allow for more leeway in dynamic simulations and HVRT
THDv = 9.8 % Fs = 600 Hz 13 total levels
THDv = 36.9 % Fs = 600 Hz
Ideal Line Voltage Output: 3-Level NPC Converter (top) and Multilevel Converter (bottom): Fs per switching 37 device = 600 Hz
Power Module
C
Isolation Transformer
DC Bus
Individual power module with three phase input single phase output
Sampling fidelity can be further increased by using asymmetrical sampling of each individual carrier
Preliminary simulations show promising results with 2 kHz switching frequencies First noise mode is at 16 kHz (Fs x 2 x Carriers) Reference resolution also at 16 kHz using asymmetrical sampling 39
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FGH Test Systems GmbH Web Flyer Electrical 42 One-line (top) and Reactor container (bottom)
Designing for a limited SC Duty SSC-Base = 15 MVA Summation of XS and XF 1 pu Include overhead to allow for fault voltage and small short circuit duty adjustments
* Assuming IWTG = 0 A
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Converter Only
More flexible test method Exposes converter to DUT fault duty
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Step 1: Pre-Insertion
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Aluminum racking can be used to mitigate the effects of induction heating to adjacent ferrous building materials. Any racking needs to be designed to the expected forces created by the magnetic fields. 54
Snubber design must also account for parallel resonances and may require an overdamped solution
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An open corner delta tertiary winding could allow for zero sequence current isolation from the amplifier if closed
The zero sequence impedance could be adjusted with series impedance
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Thank You
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