Dragan Glavasic

The Cosmic Tree

A profound intellectual exploration of reality and the book

that will attempt to answer such rudimentary questions as:
- What is philosophy?
- What is life?
- What is death?
- Is there life after death?
- Why do we exist?
- Is there a god?
- Who invented computers?
- What is science?
- How do we know if something is true?
- Were we dead before we were born?
- Do time and space exist?
- What is the ultimate reality?

TAJD - Infinity Books

Belgrade 2003
 Dragan Glavasic
The Cosmic Tree
1st Edition

First published in 2003

by TAJD
Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 34
11000 Beograd
Yugoslavia

ISBN 86-904797-1-6

 Dragan Glavasic, 2003

All rights reserved.

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for Stefan

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 CONTENTS

Preface

1. The Quest
2. Science
3. The Compendium of Wisdom
4. Ontology and the Burden of Proof
5. The Fundamentals
6. Intellect
7. Definitions
8. Problems in Science
9. Ethics
10.The Ancient Fables

Biography

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 PREFACE
Our relentless desire to find out the intrinsic form of
reality is one of the rudimentary forces. Just like hunger
or thirst, boredom and longing for knowledge are essential
instincts that were innately built in us; so quest for the
truth is not wasting of time or money but compliance to our
prime objective and the intrinsic reason for our being
here. But while food can fulfill our hunger, water can
quench our thirst, entertainment could alleviate boredom:
only science (especially philosophy) can provide us with
adequate answers as to fulfill our quest for knowledge,
thus enable us to elevate our existence to a much higher
degree of excellence.
Philosophy is perhaps the oldest of all sciences and
the first known philosophers came from ancient Greece.
However, my intentions are not to speak about the history
of philosophy but rather to discuss what philosophy is, in
the first part of this book, as well as what its true
significance is. Finally, my intentions are also to speak
on a rather important subject (in the fourth chapter),
which should drastically change the way we do philosophy.
Thus in effect, I’m laying the foundations for the
philosophy of the future.
Essentially, this book is an introduction to some of
my main concerns and preoccupations--on which I have talked
about and/or written extensively, ever since 1984--a
carefully selected preface to my philosophy. It is an
introduction to the ideas that are yet to come and/or will
be elaborated in a much more profound way. This
publication contains samples of my metaphysics, ontology,
epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, etc and even
though I did not bother to prove or elaborate, these ideas,
as far as I could have: there are some significant answers
to be gathered, within the confines of this work, but most
of all The Cosmic Tree is providing an inkling of what is
yet to come.

Even though this book is written as one structurally

ordered entity: still the chapters do not need to be read
in any specific order… Most of these topics will be
covered, to a far greater detail, in books that are yet to

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follow. Also, it should be noted that I have already made
public some of these ideas: through Internet, various
writings, publications, interviews, and media or through
often-lengthy discussion with various individual in USA and
Europe.

D.G.

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 1
The Quest
Long time ago and far away; K.E. Tsiolkovsky, a great
Russian visionary decided to attempt the impossible: a
journey into the outer space... The time was 19th century
and before we could conquer the space we had to learn to
fly...
In 1903, two brothers, from North Carolina, invented
airplane. Shortly thereafter (within few decades), a German
scientist developed a completely new way to fly: the
propulsion method... By the end of 1950s Russians made the
first ever spaceship to venture beneath the sky, and on
April 12th, 1961 Yuri Gagarin climbed into Vostok 1 and
entered history as his spacecraft reached for the stars:
man strolled at the ledges of eternity, looking to the
other side, announcing to the universe that we are on our
way; proclaiming that space age has officially begun!

During the Victorian age in England (1840s), a

mathematician had a dream of creating a machine that could
perform tedious arithmetical calculations with ease and
without mistakes. His name was Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
and in his lifetime he initiated first steps toward the
birth of computers. But he was years ahead of his time,
and his invention (“analytical engine”) was a crude and
intricate mechanical (analog) device, which could be
programmed to perform rigorous mathematical operations.
Meanwhile, seemingly unconcerned by most of
mathematicians, in field of physics revolutionary
discoveries were made. Through works of great Frenchman,
Charles Coulomb (1736-1806), as well as British scientists
James Maxwell (1831-79) and Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
gradually the knowledge about electricity and magnetism was
unraveled. Finally, later in that century, Nikola Tesla
(1856-1943) made some discoveries involving
electromagnetism and radio, but his most significant

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contribution was the work on alternating current and high-
tension electricity, which in a way have made the
commercial application of electricity feasible.
Henceforth, the world was ready to rediscover the forgotten
dream of Babbage.
His name was Zussa, a German scientist, who used
binary numbers and electricity in an attempt to create the
first digital computer. It was the infancy of modern age
and he had to improvise, thus he relied on telephone
circuit breakers to develop computer. Eventually, radio
technology provided a more refined alternatives: vacuum
tubes. But such technology was still excessively crude and
rather limited; then World War Two finished this attempt to
revive the age-old dream.
At University of Pennsylvania (in 1947), two
scientists finally succeeded in creating the machine that
will change the world. They used vacuum tubes, binary
numbers, and mathematical principles to create ENIAC: the
first ever computer. The essential idea was simple: WHAT
COMES NEXT, and it became the founding notion behind the
machine.
This first computer was extremely large. It
completely filled one entire room, had 18,000 vacuum tubes
connected with miles of wiring; and its power was less than
of a modern hand calculator. All this new contraption
could accomplish were some elementary mathematical
operations. Further on, the machine would overheat
frequently and constantly break down. But this was a
machine like no other. All inventions, up till then, had a
specific purpose in mind; but computers had unlimited realm
of possibilities.
Versatility of computers is the result of its
remarkable structure: a large field of intricate
connections (HARDWARE), which will be organized in a
specific way (SOFTWARE) to perform given tasks. This, in a
sense, makes one and the same hardware: a field of
possibilities capable of performing various tasks. Hence,
we had infinitely many different machines built in one.
Initially, computer had been seen only as a device to
perform some tedious arithmetical procedures; but in time,
Alan Turin, a British mathematician has realized that its
uses are limitless.
Body of a computer is its hardware [the intricate
array of connections] while its soul is software (special
programs designed to run the computer). First, we have
binary numbers consisting of “0” and “1” which is
equivalent to circuit breakers being set either in “OFF” or

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“ON” position. Hence, computer programmers (individuals (or
machines)) will use existing computer languages (like
Cobol, Pascal, Basic, C, C+, Visual Basic, HTML, Fortran,
Java,…) to write a set of instructions for a computer to
follow. Those instructions will be translated into binary
language, thus will set specific hardware (its circuits
breakers) to either ON or OFF position, depending on the
programmer’s instructions. By doing so the computer will
be programmed to perform specific tasks: hence, it can be
used to add/multiply numbers, play music, create paintings,
write a letter, run a nuclear power plant, fly an airplane
or spaceship; or do in general whatever the programmer has
intended (and often as a direct response to specific inputs
(interaction with the user or environment)).
Human brain is elaborate compilation of neurons and
brain cells connected in great many ways through an
intricate network of nerves that are constantly connecting
and rewiring themselves. Electrical flaw and chemical
processes will result in a functional brain, whose task
will be to perceive reality, analyze the input and attempt
to make some sense of it. Additional purpose for each
brain will be to devise responses to various situations or
stimuli as to assure its survival and prosperity. [For that
reason, it is essential that the brain, in question,
defines what the self is and, overall, what are its prime
objectives. Hence, most of the “primitive” minds will
understand self to be only the brain (body) itself and the
prime objective as egoistic tendency to benefit the self.
But some enlightened individuals might perceive self, more
accurately, as the Realm [the person and all the extensions
he is a part of or which are a part of him], and the prime
objectives as the innate needs to protect and benefit the
realm; and to some limited extent, also, to achieve
personal pleasure and happiness (in so far as that is
beneficial to the person and his realm)…] [Failure of a
live human brain to fulfill that intrinsic purpose will be
generally regarded as a condition known as mental disorder,
which is a way to say that the mind is inadequate or in
same way malfunctioning, thus unable to accomplish the
prime objective.]
Computer, on the other hand, is a complex array of
electric circuits and various breakers (vacuum tubes or
transistors,…) all currently placed on a semi-conductor
(silicon chip) then connected to TV monitor and keyboard
that will help us communicate with the machine as well as
enable us to see and understand its working or output.

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 In a sense, human thoughts or feelings are--or could
be seen as--a result of the functional brain. They are an
outcome of electric and chemical processes within our
cortex. From materialistic standpoint: all our feelings,
thoughts, brain activity, all our mental concepts and
images are a product of various neuron connections, are the
result of matter’s intricate movements and subtle changes
inside a functional brain. Even the feelings or notions of
self, soul or existence are the products of alive brain. In
comparison, all that a computer achieves to produce, from
simples arithmetic addition to a complex process of
independent reasoning: is a consequence of specific
software within a given hardware1 that will induce
particular electric pulses that might be communicated to
us, through some mean (a sound or as a picture on a screen
or some other way), such that our brains could make a sense
of it, receive the message, achieve the communication link
with the “machine”. Hence, currently (at our stage of
technology) we talk to a computer--most frequently--by
typing our words through keyboard; while it communicates to
us through video and/or audio displays. This way we have
discovered a communication channel--two way link--that
allows our brains to be augmented through auxiliary powers
of computers.
The beginnings of the device were very humble, but in
less than 45 years computers have evolved from infancy and
entered the early childhood stage. Both hardware and
software have been substantially improved. Silicon chips
have been discovered and the size of computer hardware has
shrunk to a compact size but with much greater power and
potential. Complex programs also developed rather fast
thus making certain that computers have come of age. First
robots and artificial intelligence machines were under way
and the dream of Babbage became a machine that could dream,
by itself.
For an extended period of time, the universe evolved
into the state where, on some star systems, life was
possible.2 There by a pure chance--or intricate design--DNA
molecules were formed. They had amazing ability to

1
This is a rather interesting situation that could be used by the vitalists (or maybe the idealists) to imply as
a possible proof for the existence of soul; because just as in the computer, there is hardware (body) and
software (soul) so the same principle might be applied for humans. That is if we accept the notion that
software is a kin to soul. Which I must admit is not so hard to achieve.
2
According to the theory of Big Bang. Which is, currently, most readily accepted view on the formation of
the universe, by the majority of astronomers; even though the proofs for it are not overwhelming...
However, this particular claim might also be compatible with other cosmological theories, as well, for
instance the Stoics’ vision of Cosmos.

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replicate, make crude copies of themselves. Natural
selections assured that those capable to replicate with
greater accuracy survive and continue to reproduce.
Periodic mutations--caused, mostly, through natural
radiation or chemical interactions--eventually produced
more sophisticated DNA strains, some of which would evolve
into first recognizable semi-life forms: such as VIRUSES
and bacteria… From those one cell primordial organism
developed, by building on the basic DNA design and
improvising or adding more and more information. In
billions of years, those first microorganisms transformed
Earth, itself. Initially, the planet atmosphere was quite
different set of compounds [from the current: 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen, 1% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and a miniscule
traces of other gasses and substances]. But those first
life forms have transformed the initial atmosphere--that
would be poisonous to the contemporary life forms--into the
present mixture. By doing so they might have sacrificed
themselves for us, hence, most of those early life designs
have been extinct3. But gradually, mutations among them
have produced completely new forms of living beings, those
that could live and prosper in oxygen abundant environment.
Suddenly, life forms started to flourish, in the
domain of Primordial Ocean. Some of those one-cell
organisms differentiated to became plants and others went
on to become animals. Both plant and animal kingdoms
continued to evolve and develop into more and more
sophisticated strains.
For millions of years all life was within the initial
environment of the ocean. But eventually, first plants
ventured to the virgin land. The soil was rich with
minerals and atmosphere contained carbon dioxide with great
deal of sunlight. The plants adapted to these new
conditions then expended all over the land, thus preparing
the ground for animals to follow. [Even though most of
genetic mutations are worthless, thus are readily
destroyed, on rare occasions some of the mutations are
beneficial and they are favored, by nature, as a mean for
progress.] Insects and some lower life forms followed the
plants. Eventually, amphibians ventured onto the dry land
and their descendants evolved into reptiles. Birds and
mammals appeared, came forth, on the scene. Primates
emerged from the anachronistic dwellings and all along
brains became more powerful, until, the mankind stud up:

3
The tetanus bacterium is one of those early life forms that is still present. However, since it cannot
survive in oxygen, it is often to be found in rust rich environment.

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having in its cranium the most prodigious computer ever to
be built: THE HUMAN MIND. Various races of men emerged, at
different times and locations, all with diverse
intellectual abilities. Some of those strains were
extinct, perhaps in natural competition with other groups:
as to assure the will of the universe is being faithfully
fulfilled and that only the best fit (the most
intellectual) are left to carry on. Over the time span of
some 32,000 years Glorians used their brainpower to
gradually learn about this universe: reading it like an
open book. In a sense, it was the universe learning about
itself: for all of us are made of atoms created long time
ago possibly--and according to some believes--in the Big
Bang and/or during supernova blasts.
Soon, our precursors (the men of Vinca, followed by
the ancient Greeks) discovered philosophy, mathematics and
logic. Sciences evolved, revealing great deal of potent
knowledge and giving us a power to create. Electricity and
computers came about…
For an extended period of time, this glorious cosmic
domain collected and transmuted the acquired knowledge in
molecules known as DNA. Then the universe discovered a way
to transmogrify some of its parts into a form of live
organism with brain, as an organ that could perceive and
analyze, at least some fragments of over all structure.
Some of those brains had sufficient power to incorporate
memory. [Natural selection assured that weaker minds made
room for more potent ones, since truth is the power and
those with greater intellect were designed, by nature, to
replace or eliminate those of lesser abilities.] In time,
the minds became more and more prodigious and with men they
reached its current pivotal stage. Now those men created
books, CDs and records of various kind, libraries and
storage places to additionally collect information. Men
also found various ways of storing data, developing and
building diverse instruments to help us see further and
deeper than ever before. For the first time, the universe-
-through us--could see distant galaxies, quasi-stellar
radio sources, molecular designs. We constructed
microscopes and telescopes. We could journey “back in
time”, to the very beginning: when--according to some
possibly questionable believes--“space and time” were
supposedly initiated.
Long ago, enlightened Greek philosopher, Democritus
[c.460-c.370 B.C.] conceived the idea that this entire
universe was made of particles that he called ATOMS. Now
for the first time in history, of this universe, we (the

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universe), have build powerful electron microscopes that
have enabled us to see those atoms! Thus the universe,
through us, has evolved to a condition of consciousness
were it could behold and understand more profoundly than
ever before.
Presently, it is our noble task to carry on this
tradition of our inherited path. Our ulterior destination
is toward the stars and we must comply with our prodigious
mission. We are the keeper of the flame, seekers of truth
and our purpose is to be the mind and the eyes of the grand
cosmic structure… But the great unknown is concerning the
ultimate fate of the computers. Are they destined to be
our tools or perhaps our servants, with the purpose to make
our job easier; or are they created to replace us [possibly
in Nietzsche’s vision of Overman]. In other words, just as
the initial bacteria, that lived in a sulfur rich
environment, have created atmosphere rich with oxygen, a
gas that was poisonous to them, thus they were extinct and
replaced with life forms that thrive under current
conditions: just the same, the question is, will our future
be similar--will we be destined to create computers then
leave, as to make a room for them (our cognitive children,
our intellectual progenies) so they could carry on, in our
combined service to the grand universe. All I can say, at
this very moment, is: that such is unknown. Many “experts”
strongly believe that is unlikely that we could ever design
a computer intellectually superior to a human brain; but I
tend to think that everything is possible [only some things
are improbable].
Perhaps, it is conceivable that our actual purpose was
to create a new life form, intellect based on silicon.
Perhaps, silicon forms of life have destiny to replace
carbon forms. Perhaps, such is in the grand cosmic design
and our loyal purpose will be to contribute to such
faithfully, just as other life forms did the same for us,
in paving the road for our arrival. [Just as Nietzsche has
envisioned it!] After all, it is very likely that we are
only a stage in overall cosmic development, as the current
universe might be only a specific state of existence in a
larger scope of things. I recognize a possibility for all
of that: but I also realize my eternal desire to survive
and carry on, hence, I say to fellow men: OUR DESTINY IS TO
EXPEND ALL OVER THIS UNIVERSE, TO CONQUER EVERY GALAXY IN
SIGHT! All within our field of vision, within our grasp,
is a fair gain for us to take over; and our knowledge,
including our most powerful, most versatile tools--the
computers--are here to aid our ascent! And if we are a

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disease on the surface of the earth [which we most likely
are]: then let’s evolve to higher forms, as to enable
ourselves and/or our progenies to become the absolute
conquerors and ultimate rulers of the universe and beyond!

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 2
Science
In order to understand what philosophy is, we need first to
know what science is. This way, we will be able to realize
the essence of all sciences, including philosophy and their
intricate relationship. In other words, science could be
divided into three main and distinct categories:
mathematics, physics and philosophy.
Mathematics is exploring the abstract domain. That
means that this particular science is dealing with
imaginary world: things which are products of our minds.
Further on, it studies their relationships and/or possible
interactions. Some of its branches are: arithmetic,
algebra, calculus, topology, geometry (Euclidian, elliptic,
hyperbolic, projective, absolute, etc); probability; set
theory,… Also we should note that mathematics is the most
rigid or precise of all sciences.
It might be also possible to include logic as one of
the branches of mathematics but we could also see logic as
a distinct field of philosophy or as some intermediate
branch of science that is somewhere between philosophy and
mathematics or perhaps as distinct rules of reason that
exists independently but which affect all of science and
that are incorporated in the workings of science… If we,
for a moment return to the previous points of our interest,
it would be possible to propose a notion that geometry
studies the abstract concept of space. In that case, since
I define numbers as the distances [rather then as sets, as
many mathematicians would tend to see them] then arithmetic
is just a branch of geometry.4
Physics is the science that deals with mater and the
changes which occur in it. This means that within physics

4
Actually, I divide mathematics into three major fields: geometry (in which is included arithmetic, algebra,
calculus, number theory, etc; as well as Euclidian geometry, and all other kinds of geometry), probability
(in which we can include statistics), and set theory [or perhaps, it would be more correct to say
“ultrafilters” together with the set theory].

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there are many branches: mechanics, optics, electricity and
magnetism, acoustics, thermodynamics, nuclear, atomic,
elementary particles; astronomy, cosmology, geology,
chemistry, biology, anthropology, archeology, psychology,
sociology, history, geography, medicine5, etc.
Finally, philosophy is the first, ever, invented
branch of science and it has the highest degree of freedom
in its approach. That’s why it is frequently, the initial
step in acquiring some knowledge; or why some of the
branches of physics have first started as interests in
philosophy. It can be defined as the science of reality.
[Some of the branches of philosophy are: metaphysics (as
the exploration of the ultimate reality), ontology (as the
study of what exists and the way it exists), epistemology
(as the field of philosophy which is concerned with what we
know and how we know it), ethics (as the study of morality
or what is right/wrong and how we are to behave),
aesthetics, philosophy of mind, political philosophy, etc.]
In other words, physics studies matter, mathematics studies
the abstract domain, while philosophy studies reality.
[Such could be interpreted that philosophy examines
everything, but from a brother perspective.] Together they
are science. Hence, science explores mater, reality, and
abstract world. Or we can reiterate that science explores
reality from three different angles; through philosophy,
mathematics and physics.]
Further on, science is more closely defined through
scientific principle: all information should be evaluated
and only that which survives the critical scrutiny could
remain, but only as long as there is, at least, some
evidence or some facts, or some proofs or some logic to
support it. If and when there is evidence, facts, proofs
or logic against a claim then the claim must be rejected,
corrected (as to be in compliance with the new data) or
replaced with a more appropriate claim.
This is a diametrically opposite approach to
religions, where supposed “facts” are given first and
“written in stone” then the picture of the world is created
afterwards. Or to any other non-scientific approach (where
anything can be said thus accepted or denied, purely on
some individual or social believes. Examples of this could
be all religions (including those from the east: Hinduism,
Shinto, Confucius, Tao, etc), mysticism, as well as all
occult, superstitions, and so on.

5
Medicine, computer science and engineering are some of the applied branches of physics; though some of
them are highly dependant on or associated with mathematics, as well.

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 However the intrinsic superiority of science could be
seen in the development and amazing success of Europe as
well as our entire civilization. Even though, white race
is the youngest race [appeared some 30-35,000 years ago in
Europe (probably from the local specie of homo sapiens
neanderthalensis, which was indigenous exclusively in
Europe); while other races are much older (mongoloids
70,000 years and negroes some 120,000 years)] still thanks
to the increased intellectual abilities thus to the
invention of science we were able to discover great many
things--for instance: electricity, cars, airplanes, radar,
penicillin and antibiotics, submarines, nuclear power, the
radio and TV--thus reach computer age and space age while
other races were, still, far behind on technological and
cultural scale of development. As a matter of fact, some
of them were effectively, in Stone Age, while we traveled
to the Moon! [Actually, all the (anthropological) evidence
suggests that the indigenous inhabitants of Europe were the
most intelligent and most advanced humans on this planet
(especially, for the period from 40,000 years before the
present up till now).]6
So the intrinsic significance of science--compared to
all other means of gathering the information from our
reality--is of the highest possible importance. Its
invention and application for exploration of the world
around us is also a sign of our intellectual superiority.

Perhaps, in uncharted regions of the future, our progenies

might find even better ways to harvest the knowledge, thus
to realize our universe and our place in it: but for now,
there is nothing better, more profound, powerful or
productive than science.
So there is pertinent need to heed the warning to one
and all: we must stay on guard, because current society is
rather belligerent toward science thus detrimental toward
our genuine prosperity and progress. We live in a world
where athletes are more valued and better paid than
intellectuals and where various entertainers have far
greater access to the masses than all philosophers
combined. No need for me to mention the fact that
superstitions and occult are constantly forced on gullible
and intensely manipulated public through corrupt media and
deviant entertainment industry; or that our education is
systematically degraded thus that genuine knowledge
(mathematics, chemistry, biology, etc) is insidiously

6
Richard B. Lee and Irven DeVore (Editors), Man the Hunter; (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1966)

17
replaces with blatant lies and rather bizarre
indoctrination (“social studies”, cultural relativism,
tolerance, homosexual and feminist propaganda, etc).

18
 3
The
Compendium
of Wisdom
From within dark confines of erratic madness,
Screams of inner sanctity reverberated conscious terrain
Signifying the arrival of a new dawn:
The long awaited birth, a cosmic tide toward Overman!

PART ONE: The Philosophers

This is a rather short overview of some of the main

philosophers, their concise biographies and only some of
their immense intellectual achievements.

1. Hume was a Scottish philosopher. He was born in 1711

and attended Edinburgh University. Eventually he has
settled down to write--dedicating his life to writing--and
in due time he became one of the pivotal figures in the
epoch of enlightenment.
He wrote on the subjects of: ethics, mathematics,
philosophy of religion, politics, metaphysics,
epistemology, philosophy of mind, etc.
Hume was a big promoter and supporter of science and
all-important adversary to all irrational. He was also a
big skeptic, especially toward the notion of reason. His
criticism of religions was outstanding and second to none.
For instance, he claimed that it is illogical any religious
claim that God is, at the same time, omnipotent, all-

19
knowing and all-loving; if we take under consideration the
amount of pain and suffering, which has inundated the
world, thus no one that is responsible for creating it
could be all those things. He also claimed that human mind
can only process the information, which receives through
senses, and cannot think of anything truly original.
Finally, that human abilities are limited and that we can
only come up with a specific number of unique ideas.
David Hume died in 1776, at the age of 65.

2. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) is alongside Plato the most

influential philosopher. He was born at Stagira in
Macedonia. His father, Nikomakus, was a royal physician
and he belonged to a physician group, the sons of Askulapi.
When Aristotle reached the age of seventeen, his father
sent him to study at Plato’s Academy in Athens. Later in
life, he was a tutor of Alexander the Great.
He was interested in great many subjects and he
extensively thought on: the nature of soul, the concept of
becoming and unbecoming, ontological essence of existence,
as well as metaphysics, ethics, political philosophy, etc.
Most importantly he has conceived logic and the beginning
of physics.

3. Descartes (1596-1650) is a French mathematician and the

founding father of modern philosophy. His philosophical
approach was that nothing could be taken for granted or as
true until it was proven to be so. In 1618 he enlisted in
the Dutch army, in order to have the leisure of thinking.
Some of his main contributions are: (1) The invention
of coordinate system, that is widely used in many branches
of mathematics. (2) The claim that there is one and only
one thing a person can be absolutely certain of, which is
best stated as: “I think, therefore I am.” (3) Cartesian
dualism or separation of mind and matter, in two distinct
and different but otherwise interacting substances.

4. Plato is one of the most remarkable and influential

philosopher, of all time, as well as one of the most
original thinkers, ever. His ideas were simply astounding,
such as the notion that things exist in themselves and for
themselves. Actually, his thoughts have been so popular
among various philosophers that, as a consequence, they
have resulted in the formation of Platonism, as the school
of thought, which to a great extent was based on the
teachings of Plato.

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 He was born in c.428 B.C. and died in c.348 B.C..
According to a legend, his family was of a rather
distinguished origin, for his father, Ariston, was
supposedly a descendent of Poseidon [the Greek sea god; and
a brother of mighty Zeus, who was the most powerful of all
gods from Olympus and the supreme deity of the Greeks].
In c.387 B.C., Plato has initiated the first ever
Academy for learning in Athens (and the world). That was,
in fact, the first university for the study of philosophy,
mathematics, sciences, and ethics.
During his lifetime, Plato has written extensively and
has left us over 24 dialogues (or books).
Plato was a student of Socrates while one of Plato’s
best-known students was, none other than, Aristotle. The
three of them were all-important figures that have single-
handedly laid the foundations for our entire culture and
civilization.

5. Kant was born in Konigsberg, Germany. He had many

interests and consequently wrote a number of books on
various subjects: mathematics, ethics, physics, logic,
metaphysics, etc.
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is one of the best known
most productive philosophers.

6. Nietzsche (1844-1900) is perhaps the most remarkable of

all philosophers since his ideas are so significant or
original and, most of all, such outstanding contributions
to our never-ending search for truth. But the most
fascinating aspect concerning this man of thought was the
fact that he had several concepts7 such that each one of
them could be considered a genuine masterpiece.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born in Saxony,
Germany and was educated at the University of Bonn, where
he studied theology and classical philosophy. Earlier, in
his life, he was influenced by Wagner, Schopenhauer, Kant,
and Lange.
Some of his most important ideas are: (1) Humans are a
Disease or mankind is imperfect, in so many ways, and
tremendously inundated with innate flaws thus it needs to
be replaced with something better or by a higher form of
life. (2) Overman is a new kind of man, the one that will
eventually evolve from us [actually from the higher man,
after this intermediate stage evolves from us] and he will

7
Current education system is frequently misinterpreting Nietzsche, his ideas and believes; thus he is often
depicted to have said totally opposite of what his actual stand was.

21
be in all respects (morally, intellectually, etc) superior
to us. Overman is the goal of evolution which has not
finished with the emergence of intelligence, hence will
further work on refining intellect until the creation of
more potent forms of cognitive entities and this innate
process will culminate with the arrival of Overman. We,
too, should contribute to this exalted process by striving
to become the higher men that would actively work on the
formation of the most superior intellectual form! Men that
will exceed, in excellence, everything else; that will be
perfect in every conceivable way; a being that will be the
final stage in evolution and a supreme being: Overman. (3)
Master Morality are moral believes that are designed to
relentlessly benefit and protect the master race thus that
would enable it to ascend and achieve the state of Overman.
Also, or more correctly stated, it is the morality that is
practiced by Overman. (4) Slave Morality is a set of
defeatist, or self-destructive, practices that are
detrimental for those that are practicing them. For
instance, if we concern ourselves with the welfare or to
protect and benefit other races, or groups which are, by
their nature, competing (for survival and/or prosperity)
with us and against us. Actually, slave morality are all
moral believes or practices that are detrimental to us and
that could result or are contributing to our self-
destruction. (5) Eternal Recurrence is a belief that each
one of us will live infinitely many totally identical
lives. [This ideas was first envisioned by the ancient
Greek philosopher Pythagoras (c.582-c.500 B.C.): we shall
live infinitely many identical lives and all of the
universe will be totally same all those times; thus a
person who reads this book, now, will do it in all of his
other lives and everything else, in this universe, will
also be, in every respect, identical.] (6) End of
Religions or as Nietzsche said it: “God is dead!” Which
actually meant that religions are obsolete and archaic
structures for which Overman would have no need. After
all, Overman is instead of, and much better than, god. (7)
Will to Power is a philosophical view that all human
actions are ultimately motivated by the innate desire to
gain power and/or need to achieve superiority and control
over others. All means and moral values, for the
achievement of this goal, are permitted, as long as they
comply to individual wishes or Overman’s standards. Also
this implies that--combined with the idea of master
morality--we have to be relentless in dealing with our
enemies, opponents, or in getting rid of dead weight [all

22
useless or degenerate entities that can slow us down on our
glorious march toward Overman].

7. Hegel is another German philosopher. He was born in

1770 and died in 1831. During his life, he worked at
several European universities. His interests were in the
field of religion, mind, ethics, aesthetics, logic,
history, etc. Several of his books were actually compiled,
by editors, who worked with the notes that his students
provided.
Some of Hegel’s ideas were: (1) The basic principles
of morality are interconnected with the workings of the
universal mind (or the universal will). (2) The actual or
the real is rational and conversely, what is rational is
also real, and nothing else could be real. (3) Values are
the result of organization. (4) Freedom cannot or should
not be separated from order.

PART TWO: Wisdom

These are only some philosophical ideas and/or various

schools of philosophy:

1. instrumentalism The philosophic position that ideas

(such as: theories, hypothesis, laws, believes) are tools
used to find answers concerning reality. Whether those
ideas are true or false is not of any concern--what is
important is that they are used to some end, as to create
possibilities.

2. voluntarism is the belief that the will is the most

fundamental and dominant factor in this universe. Also
that the people have free will and that we can make
independent moral decisions and/or judgments. The will is
the rudimentary force that causes all changes. However, in
most cases, this will is a spontaneous “blind” impulse,
which has no direction or purpose.
To me, however, voluntarism would make much more sense
if they presented the will as some kind of innate impulse,
which could very well have some ultimate purpose or
ulterior direction, although this doesn’t have to be, in
any way, connected with anything divine or supernatural.

23
3. conventionalism Physical laws (theories, hypothesis) are
conventions or short statements for organizing and
explaining experiences. They cannot reveal reality as it
really is but can revel how consciousness puts things in
relationship, in regard to our knowledge and technological
framework.

4. personalism A school of thought--very similar to

idealism--which professes that person and personality are
the highest forms attained in the universe. Reality is a
system of persons (selves, personalities, consciousnesses,
egos). Persons are keys to existence and cannot be
explained in any other way.

5. objectivism World exists as it does, totally independent

of our perception of it. The true facts about reality
could be obtained only through our senses.

6. reductionism The claim that all fields of knowledge

could be reduced to one type of methodology or to one
science. For instance, chemistry, biology, psychology, etc
could be seen as branches of Physics. [Reductionism is
based on Aristotle’s teachings and was wide spread
approach, commonly accepted and practiced by many
scientists.]

7. scientism Science is (currently, at least) the only

(reliable, appropriate and acceptable) method for finding
the truth.

8. rationalism Reason is the prime source of knowledge. In

this approach, reason is above and independent of sense
data or senses. In other words, intellect (all by itself)
is sufficient for finding the truth about reality. The
universe (reality) follows the laws of rationality. The
universe is a rationally designed system that complies with
logic.

9. indeterminism Some events do not have a cause. People

can make at least some moral or other decisions totally
independent from outside influences, solely depending on
the working of mind.

10. naturalism The universe (or nature) is the one and only
reality. It is eternal and self-sufficient. There is no
such thing as god or supernatural realm; nor there are

24
souls, spirits, angels, poltergeist, demons, immaterial
forces.

11. phenomenalism is a philosophical view which claims that

only sense data could be known. We cannot know the
ultimate nature of reality because our knowledge of it is
limited by the data which we perceive through our senses.

12. The Stoics A school of intellectual exploration that

emerged in Athens (305 B.C.) as propagated through the
teachings by Zeno of Citium; as well as Socrates and
Heraclitus.
They proclaimed reality to be a rational entity,
pervaded with consciousness. Through understanding of the
workings of the universe as a whole--we learn of our place
in the grand scheme of things; what is our ulterior purpose
for being, including our modes for (moral) behavior.
Everyone must obey the laws of the universe; and strangely
enough they also believed that this implied that citizens
ought to obey the laws of the country. I tend to agree
with the notion in general--but I also recognize an
exception in some instances, for instance if a state or a
system is forcing men to violate the fundamental laws of
nature then the moral duty of such men is to overthrow that
government and replace it with one that will help them
follow and comply with the will of the grand cosmic design.
In other words, if a society relies on its enormous
resources--some of which was taken from us (usually as
taxes)--to brainwash and force some people to collaborate
in their own genocide and the destruction of their culture
then such country is inducing that group of citizens to
violate the most basic laws of nature, in particular the
one known as Self-Preservation Principle, thus is
inadvertently compelling them to sin (against nature)!
Also, they believed that each and every person must
accept, with equanimity, his rightful place in the grand
scheme of things; especially, since they claimed: we were
predestined!
Knowledge (and rational quest for it) was seen as the
ultimate ingredient of good. Reason, courage, justice, and
self-discipline were considered cardinal virtues, ends in
themselves. [In fact, to clarify the above statement, I go
so far as to assert that if a female lacks courage that is
normal but if a man lacks courage then such is rather
deplorable! Also, it goes without saying that any
civilization which denigrates intellect--by promoting or
favoring physical abilities (athletics), superstitions--is

25
destined to perish, will be reduced to rubble, by the
cosmic tides of progress.]
Ideals of human existence are manifested though
complete indifference or insensitivity to feelings or
emotions (i.e. pleasure or pain)--a complete psychic
detachment from mental and physical disruptions or
disturbances--a state of inner tranquility. In addition to
obtaining a self-sufficient form of existence, in so far as
rationally fulfilling one's own duty or purpose for being:
this was a road to virtuous and most rewarding life. At
this point, I must intervene and insist that ideas of
complying to the will of the universe and notions of
asceticism might be incomparable; since, I tend to reason
that we are genetically programmed to seek pleasure and
avoid pain--it is nature's way to guide and instruct us in
which directions to go. Hence, if we deny our capacity to
experience emotions, we are cutting one of our main links,
communication channels, with the Entity.
Finally, they saw intellect as the essence of reality;
with people as the connected islands on the everlasting
continent of reason. I personally prefer to see us as
brain-cells within the Absolute Mind--still this does not
imply, in any way, that we ought to tolerate our enemies or
that, for instance, the lions will tolerate other predators
[which, in fact, they don’t!].

13. existentialism A philosophical movement that is

characterized with the following set of believes: existence
precedes essence, truth is subjective, individual has no
identity, universe is meaningless and absurd and has no
moral rules built in it, individual has free will and their
actions are unpredictable, philosophy should concern itself
with human predicament. [This movement has emerged in the
second part of the twentieth century, at the time when
there was a concerted effort to denigrate and ultimately
destroy philosophy and our entire tradition. Thus I see
this destructive line of thought to be nothing more but a
byproduct of a deviant society or various insidious groups
with power that secretly pulled strings and encouraged or
promoted such thinking and believes.]

14. The Sophists A group of ancient Greek teachers of

philosophers (4th and 5th centuries BC) that were educating
anyone who would pay for their services. Other
philosophers have considered the Sophists something of a
nuisance, immoral opportunists that would say to their
students what they want to hear, or as those that would go

26
to any length just to argue for the sake of argument or
just to oppose and to obtain a monetary gain in the
process.
Some of their main ideas were: Everything is relative.
There is no absolute truth. The individual is the measure
of all things. The things are only that what someone says
them to be or as he sees them. There is no ultimate
reality beyond our senses; the world can only be known
through our sensory perception and in respect to our
consciousness. All our knowledge is based on our
experience [empiricism]. Laws, in society, are made by
those in power, in order to keep the oppressed under their
rule; or laws could be made by the weak to protect
themselves from the powerful. Society is a progressive
development where humans elevate themselves from the sate
of primitive nature, in which there was a perpetual war of
each person against everyone else. Morality is manmade.
Whenever a group of humans gathers to live together,
morality is created as a way to define their interactions.
Humans are egoistic and evil by nature. Egoism and self-
interest are the basic motivating forces. Through
intellect and social conditioning, humans could become
virtuous. The worth of an individual should be determined
by what perfections he has achieved.

15. individualism A political theory that society exists

for the sake of its individual members (the people).
Political and social institutions must serve the general
public, preserve and protect the rights and privileges of
the citizens.

16. nihilism Knowledge cannot be obtained. Nothing is

knowable! Everything is futile and pointless. Universe
and life are meaningless.

17. materialism Philosophy which claims that only matter in

motion exists! That is the ultimate reality. Matter and
the universe do not have purpose, awareness, meaning,
intelligence, goals, will, etc. There is no such thing as
non-material existence. There are no such entities as god,
supernatural domain, ghosts, souls, poltergeist, telepathy,
spirits, demons, angels, etc. Matter is the essence or
reality and all is manifestation of matter. Every change
has a material cause and is happening in matter and/or as a
result of matter. Matter and its activity are eternal.
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, even though it

27
exists in great variety of forms that can intermingle
and/or interchange.

18. cyrenaics is a Greek hedonistic philosophy. It was

developed by Aristippus of Cyrene. The Cyrenaics believed
that the meaning of life and the ultimate purpose for our
existence is for us to obtain pleasure. In other words, we
should seek pleasure, at all cost and regardless if this
might, latter on, result in pain or suffering. Our prime
objective, according to them, is to seek and obtain
pleasure. “Live for the moment,” could be there motto, and
in such a way as to get the most pleasure immediately.
I tend to see their claims as inadequate and shallow
assessments of our true nature and reality, in general. In
other words, our feelings of pleasure and pain are nature’s
ways to guide us as in which direction it wants us to go.
But it does not mean that we should go there. We do posses
the faculty of reason and it must be used before we make
any decision, including those, whether we ought to indulge
in a specific pleasure or sustain from it. Just because
something feels good to us, does not mean that it is really
good for us; hence, intellect must take over the decisive
role in deciding whether or not we should do something.

19. social Darwinism A scientific theory that society is a

state of struggle where only those best fit will win or
survive. [This school of thought was developed while based
on the theory of natural selection and evolution by the
English naturalist, Charles Darwin (1809-1882).] According
to them, for a person to be fit, he needs the following
qualities: egoism, intelligence, ruthlessness, ambition,
aggressiveness, cunning, energy, wealth and power. They
also claim that there is such a thing as social selection
that operates in society, in the same way natural selection
operates in nature: where unfit are relentlessly
eliminated! Socially unfit are those with the following
set of characteristics: stupidity, non-competitiveness,
laziness, idleness, altruism, weakness, poverty.

20. fatalism All events are predetermined and cannot be

stopped, changed or prevented from happening. There is no
free will.

21. idealism The universe is a product of mind. Nothing

can exist if mind does not conceive it, first. Only mind
and its contents (ideas, images, feelings, perceptions)
actually exist. Reality entirely depends on mind. The

28
external world is not physical: matter and physical world
do not really exist. All that exists is mind and it
creates or rather gives impression of everything.

22. egocentric predicament Human beings are destined to

observe reality from their own perspectives, in such a way
that all knowledge is subject to individual consciousness
and no knowledge is possible of anything outside our own
consciousness. In other words, each person can only
possess knowledge of his own experiences and could never
really know what outside world really is like or what other
individuals might experience.

23. The Cynics Founded in the 4th century B.C. by

Antisthenes of Athens and Diogenes of Sinope (who according
to legend, roamed the ancient streets with a lantern during
a futile search for an honest man). Their essential creed
culminated in affirmation of virtues. Its essence being
the ultimate goal of self-control and independence.
Happiness is achieved through virtuous living, which also
implied using one's innate intellect for survival. Further
on, they distinguished between the natural propensity
(compliance with the rhythms or tendency of nature) and the
artificial values (those imposed on men by other men or the
system). Unhappiness is the result of ignoring the natural
tendencies and accepting the ways of a corrupt society.
Though I consider these claims to be appropriate, even
enlightened to some extent, they went further on to
conclude--what I consider to be traces of incongruous
fallacy: individuals should live in a state of nature,
ignoring or minimizing carnal desires or needs. In a way,
they reasoned that those who want nothing or need nothing
are manifestations of divinity that is totally self-
sufficient and self-contained. In nutshell, the Cynics
were ascetics, opposed to establishment,...

24. monism An idea that reality is one entity while

everything else is the illusion.

25. empiricism Philosophical view that experience (or sense

data) is the only source of information. All that we know
is the result of our senses. We can gain information
directly through our senses or we can use reason,
afterwards, to indirectly gain knowledge from our senses.
[This could also mean that there is no such a thing as ESP
(extra sensory perception), which includes telepathy,
clairvoyance, telekinesis, etc.]

29
26. pessimism Idea that our world is the worst of all
possible worlds. Schopenhauer (1788-1860) went even
further and claimed that we should not be glad for being
alive but should morn such unfortunate fact or that non-
existence is preferable and much better than existence.
Life is a hopeless state: because it is mostly made of
pain, frustration, struggle, despair and suffering. Only
philosophy and noetic endower could set us free.

27. analytic philosophy is a recent cognitive development,

prevalent throughout England and the United States that
emphasizes elaborate study of language, as the medium of
philosophical utterance and one of the main sources of
fallacies. In other words, though I recognize the fact
that each person is a (highly volatile) set of experiences,
opinions, mental processes, feelings and beliefs--thus any
two men presented with identical problem are liable to
reason in their idiosyncratic ways and possibly arrive to
adverse conclusions--still, this example of intellectual
conflict, is further aggravated though imperfections of
language, as our main method of communication. For that
reason, analytic philosophers--of the 20th century--tried to
minimize the damage, resulting from phonetically and/or
grammatically ambiguous transmission of thoughts.
In particular, Bertrand Russell sought the aim of
analytic philosophy as the mean to translate grammatically
misleading forms into logically correct structures. On the
other hand, G.E. Moore understood task for this branch of
philosophy, not to discover the facts but rather to define
and clarify concepts--which for some reason I tend see as
the same thing: to clarify or define is to great extent, an
essence of, (rational) discovery!
In a way, analytic philosophy movement tried to assign
blame for all philosophical inaptness to imperfections of
language. Though, I personally, agree with the premise
that language is a dreadful source of ambiguities--still, I
recognize the fact that other corporates are to be found;
such as, environment (external conditions or influences),
people with diverse intellectual abilities and/or different
sets of data: would be some additional and frequent
contributory to intellectual disagreement. Also, our
egotistic tendencies will compel some (or all) individuals
to--consciously or subconsciously--customize their
conclusions as to benefit their understanding of the self.
[This is not necessarily bad--rather, it is yet another
piece of the puzzle, revealing that mental conflicts or

30
disagreements might be one inevitable form of universal
interaction.]

28. phenomenalism Philosophy which claims that only sense

data could be known to us. The ultimate reality could
never be known. External physical objects exist only if
someone perceives them. All our knowledge is result of our
perceptions and our abilities to mentally analyze those
perceptions about the outside world. For that reason,
intellect and consciousness are significant factors in our
quest to make sense of reality; while reality is the
totality of all conscious experiences.

29. experientialism The idea that actual experience is the

only source of knowledge and the only way to evaluate all
claims (theories, hypothesis).

30. Platonism is a school of thought devised by Plato

(c.428-c.348 BC), which was further developed by his
numerous followers. This is one rather colossal and very
original approach to understanding reality, which has
mesmerized and influenced so many individuals through the
centuries. Its main statements were: (1) There are two
domains: (a) the world of ideal, unchanging, eternal forms
(or ideas) which we can realize only through intellect; (b)
less real or unreal world of material and individual
objects which constantly changes and which we can perceive
through our senses but which is actually only inaccurate
copy of the real and ideal world. The ideal or real world
is eternal and is not placed in space while the second
world is its contradiction, hence is placed in space and
has limited duration. (2) Abstract concepts (like soul, the
whole, forms, essence, etc) exist in the real world,
regardless of how we perceive them and are much more real
than anything in our apparent world. (3) Human beings could
use reason to control their fundamental instincts and
intrinsic irrationality, thus that way they should be able
to elevate themselves mentally and spiritually. (4)
Philosophical knowledge--that is obtained through rigorous
application of reason within dialectic process--is a
significant factor for adequate development of a person and
for his acquisition of appropriate morality. (5) People
have souls, which are immortal. (6) The universe is
permeated with rationality and spirituality.
All I can say is that Plato is amazing and that our
media and/or schools should talk much more of what Plato
and other philosopher had to say, on the significant

31
issues, rather than what some celebrities are saying
concerning their latest project, or what is their favorite
food, or what model of car they bought last month, for
instance.

31. realism A noetic attempt to see reality as it really

is, without any idealization or speculation.

32. absolutism The philosophical view that there is the

absolute truth, and it is eternal and unchanging. This
also implies that there is one and only one final and
correct description of the ultimate reality.

33. skepticism A great variety of philosophical approaches

all stating to some extent that our abilities to realize
the absolute reality are hampered by our innate reliance on
our senses. In other words, senses are not perfect and we
cannot be sure just how accurate is the data perceived
through senses. The skeptics simply doubt that we can ever
know anything, with any degree of certainty, concerning the
outside world or reality. Extreme case of skepticism
professes the total disbelief in everything. In other
words, the skeptics doubt that we can ever know what is
true or what is false since all we have, in our
consciousness, are images that we receive through our
senses but there is no way for us to verify them or to know
just how accurate those images are. A milder version of
skepticism claims that all a person can be certain is that
he exists and that he has some ideas but nothing else…
Various skeptics, from ancient time to the present,
have made diverse claims, such as:
(1) CARNEADES: Truth does not exist, only degrees of
probability exist. (2) CRATYLUS: No knowledge is possible
concerning reality; no one can say anything about anything.
(3) also CRATYLUS: Objects change with time and so does
language (the meaning of words and ideas change) so any
kind of communication is impractical and that makes
impossible the transition of knowledge. In other words, we
cannot say anything about anything and furthermore, we
should not even try to do so. (4) GORGIAS: Nothing exists!
(5) HUME: No empirical or rational justification can, ever,
be given for believing that external world, substance, god
and self really exist. (6) LOCKE: The external world exists
and can be known, by us, but only to a limited extent;
however, the essence of substance cannot be known. (7)
SEXTUS EMPIRICUS: Nothing can, ever, be proven or
disproved. (8) PLATO: Nothing can be discovered through

32
senses; only intellect and reason could tell us what
reality is. (9) SOCRATES: “All I know is that I know
nothing!” or “I consider myself to be the wisest man
because I am aware of just how little I actually know.”
This is one rather powerful school of thought--
practiced by many, from the ancient Greece to the present--
if for no other reason then because they are totally
correct in realizing our epistemological predicament.
However, it is also very destructive or self-defeatist
approach and from pragmatic point of view it is a waste of
“time” or rather worthless. My stand is that we, as
intelligent beings, have a purpose in life and that is to
seek the answers and acquire the knowledge. The skeptics
have pointed out the biggest obstacle and the ultimate
problem that will hamper our eternal search for wisdom; but
if we are to fulfill our prime objective and the purpose
for our very existence then we have to overcome the
intrinsic limitations that were inherently built in the
structure of reality and find ways out of this major
setback. My personal motto could be stated as: “When there
is a will there is a way!” and the way, I did it is by
devising the Fundamental Assumption, which in effect made
science (philosophy, physics and mathematics) possible.

34. solipsism The theory, in metaphysics, that only one’s

self exists and that it constitutes all of reality, for
nothing else exists. In other words: “Only I exist.” The
self (consciousness) constitutes the totality of existence
and it creates all other apparent objects or perceptions.
Those objects are just fictions of my mind, figments of my
imagination, and do not exist in reality or are in any way
independent or possible without my conscious though or my
consciousness.
From epistemological standpoint, solipsism claims that
one’s consciousness can only know its content. In other
words, all we can know is what is in our heads.

35. agnosticism The approach that we cannot have any

knowledge of god or anything of that nature (soul, spirit,
ghost, afterlife, immortality, etc). Also a belief that we
cannot, in any way, prove or disprove the existence of god.

36. pluralism There is more than one kind of realities.

The universe contains many distinct things. The universe
is undetermined and has no basic harmony, continuity or
order.

33
37. atomism School of thought developed by Leucippus,
Democritus, Epicures and Lucretius. They claimed that
universe is made of atoms, which are the smallest units of
matter that do not have parts and cannot be cut or divided
in any way. By their nature, atoms are eternal,
indestructible, unchangeable, impenetrable, and invisible
(to the naked eye). Atoms have the following properties:
shape, size, position, arrangement, movement; but they do
not possess characteristics, such as: color, taste, smell,
sound, temperature, etc since these features are actually
the result of atomic interaction with the sense organs.
Reality is made of empty space (or void) in which
atoms eternally move and interact or combine with each
other thus creating or dissolving all other entities. All
that exists is made of atoms; which means that atomism is,
to some extent, aligned with materialism.
All I can do is to pay profound respect to their
brilliance, and their foresight, even though my concept of
reality is rather different.

38. pyrrhonism Teachings of an ancient Greek philosopher

Pyrrho and his followers: all we can know about reality is
based on our subjective sensations; a person should strive
to obtain the inner calmness by accepting that what
happens; the highest virtues in life are calmness,
independence, self-sufficiency,…

39. vitalism Activities of live organisms are due to one

very special force (élan vital), which is actually the
force of life and it is present in all that is alive. This
remarkable force is generally considered invisible and non-
physical.
Living things cannot be reduced to a complex of
inorganic substances. Elan vital gives live organisms
something unique that distinguishes them and separates them
from inanimate objects. Most vitalists believe that this
force [like soul] can exist by itself and apart from the
body. To me, however, intelligence is a far more
significant and intriguing phenomenon than life: hence, it
would make more sense, to me, for some extraordinary (soul
like) feature to be associated with intellect rather than
with life.

40. substantialism is a belief that unchanging realities

are beneath all apparently changing phenomena.

34
 4
Ontology and
the Burden
of Proof
When it comes to proving or disproving the genuine
existence of something or anything, there are three
distinct logical and relevant possibilities; or rather we
can, in our approach, uphold the following general
principles:

1. Something exists until it is proven the opposite.

2. A supposed thing (or something) does not exist
until it is proven that it does.
3. A supposed thing (or something) exists or does not
exist only if it is proven one way or another.

All of them are liable options but to choose the best

option we need to examine their advantages and
disadvantages. If we accept the first approach, then it
could be an open invitation to all sorts of strange, even
bizarre, claims or for some questionable characters to say
whatever they want. As a matter of fact, this method is
widely used, usually by various religious devotees, to
“prove” the existence of god; because this principle has
enabled some non-scientists to claim whatever they like and
thus has forced scientists to try to prove them wrong,
which in fact could be a futile endower. If something does
not really exist, then it is not possible to prove that it
exists or that it does not! For instance, let’s imagine
one incredible monster, which does not exist (anywhere in

35
reality). There is simply no way for anyone to prove that
it exists or that it does not exist. Hence, what is to
prevent someone to say that on a faraway planet in a
distant galaxy there is just such a monster. So from the
pragmatic viewpoint, this is rather unacceptable. Thus we
need to look at other two options for the answer.
Perhaps, from scientific perspective, the third
principle would be the best one but under closer analysis
this might not be so. In other words, it is a scientific
way of thinking, and commonly practiced, that all claims
must be proven or based on some facts before we can take
them seriously. [As a matter of fact, Descartes was the
first to postulate such idea: which laid the foundations
for modern philosophy.] But in doing so greater damage than
good was enacted. Because, if there are actually only two
acceptable possibilities: something either exists or it
doesn’t then if we assume that it does not exist until it
is proven the opposite, we can drastically improve our
ability to explore reality, since we don’t have to waste
time in proving that something does not exist, which in
many cases is a futile attempt, anyway. In other words,
the second approach is most pragmatic and therefore the
best.
However, it should be noted that both the second and
the third approach have some advantages and disadvantages.
If something really exists we can prove that it does--
assuming that, for instance, our empiric data is reliable
source of facts--and in cases that the entity is easily
accessible to us. Which means that there is just one
possibility for a thing to exist but we still would not be
able to prove its existence if it is not accessible to us
thus we don’t have any empiric evidence for its existence.
This would present problem for both second and third
approach but while in the second approach the situation
would be still defined in the way that the object is
considered non-existent, until some evidence appears; in
the third approach the situation would be undefined for the
object, in question, could be either existent or non-
existent. Which in case that the object really exists is
better (or more correct) stand but in case that object is
really none existent then the second approach would be more
correct. In other words, if something does not exist, for
instance that mysterious monster on that imaginary planet
in one unknown galaxy: then we could not prove that it
exists or that it doesn’t but the second approach would
automatically treat it as non-existent while the third

36
approach would be once again stuck in some form of
uncertainty.
Hence, even though both approaches have their inherit
limitations both are scientifically acceptable. Still
number two approach is better from a pragmatic point of
view, since it is eliminating uncertainty and unnecessary
work. That essentially leaves us with the option number
two, but only if we are cautious and aware of the fact that
if something is not accessible it will also appear to us as
non-existent. [That is if we really only on our empiric
data; but we can still use logic to conclude that even
though we don’t see a planet when it rotates at the
opposite side of the sun, thus is inaccessible to us: yet
it is reasonable, for us, to conclude that it still
exists!] Thus we can with greater certainty prove that
something exist but only with a conditional certainty that
something does not exist. Or stated differently, we should
concentrate on proving that something exist if it really
exists and is accessible to us; thus not bother to prove
that something does not exist whether it exists or does not
exist in reality: for it will be automatically assumed that
it does not exist! And such claim will hold until someone
proves that it does exist. This way we can bring some
order in philosophy and prevent weird claims from clogging
our intellectual explorations of reality.
The second option is the best one for a number of
reasons: most notably since it makes job much easier to
scientists and conversely renders non-scientific minds
defenseless. Especially since those that like to claim
anything frequently relied on inability of scientists to
prove their off-colored claims to be false as their proofs
that they are correct. The third option is also
scientifically acceptable approach but since there are only
two logical possibilities: something either exists or it
doesn’t, then it is much better to concentrate on proving
that something exists. Especially since all limitations
that are encountered through the second approach are also
encountered in the third, while some problems associated
with the third approach are not problem in the second case.
Thus inability to prove some existence should be taken as a
sufficient proof that it doesn’t exist, until some evidence
or proof is found for the opposite.
Our approach, therefore, ought to be that if something
is to be considered existent, it must be first proven to
exist. Furthermore, to be able to prove that something
exists it is necessary for it to really exist and perhaps
to be accessible to us (or for us to have or to be able to

37
obtain some evidence). [We can still try to prove that
something exists even if it is not directly accessible to
us, providing that we can utilize logic, instead of empiric
evidence, to generate the proof.]
In essence, that means that god, demons, ghosts,
poltergeist, ESP (telepathy, clairvoyance, telekinesis),
space, time, among other things, are NON-EXISTENT, since
there is no credible evidence of any kind or a genuine
proof that they are existent! Further on, that same could
be stated about aliens, unicorns, dragons, etc; but while
aliens might one day become real as the evidence for their
existence suddenly appears--the chances are not so good,
and in fact are next to none, that such evidence will
suddenly appear for god, space, time, demons; because, we
have known those concepts for great many centuries but in
all that period there was not one single proof that any of
them really exists! Thus it would be far fetched to expect
that such evidence would suddenly appear; since our
inability to find any so far implies that, most likely,
there isn’t any since those entities are fictitious by
their true nature.
After all, the facts concerning the life in outer
space is not easily accessible while there is no evidence
to point the existence of dragons, even thought they should
supposedly live on Earth, if they indeed exist. And
equally, so there is no evidence of the existence of god,
plus the fact that the entire concept is not clearly
defined, since different religions have different beliefs
of what he is, what are some of his characteristics and/or
where he resides: but, as of now, there is not a single
reliable evidence that such being really exist and even
thought in most religions it is not clearly specified where
such entity resides it would be rather unreasonable any
claim that such being would not be accessible by us. Thus
the second approach is the best, in this case as well, for
it states that god does not exist until someone provides
some reliable proofs. Further on, there is no way that
anyone could possibly claim that space and time are not
accessible by us, since we are generally understood to
reside within both space and time. Therefore our inability
to find any proofs for their existence implies that it is
because they are none existent and not because they are not
easily accessible.8

8
Also the innate complexity of the object is not of any concern since, we can prove existence of the
simplest or the most complex entities, with apparent or equal ease if they really exist. In fact, we can state
that complexity of the subject could only possibly affect our ability to correctly define it. But the
complexity is not a factor for our ability to prove or disprove the existence.

38
In a related subject, we should consider the possible forms
of existence. So far and as far as I could perceive
reality, there are two kinds or conditions of being:
existence (or real existence) and abstract existence. Real
existence is all that or those entities, which are actually
part of reality. As far as we can perceive the intrinsic
aspects of our Cosmos and overall reality: that seems to be
the same as material existence since mater is most likely
all that exists, at the moment and as far as we can
perceive through our senses and in so far as we can rely on
them. However, I’ll grant a possibility that there is
something more profound, something much deeper and more
significant thus will permit a possibility that real
existence is something else, something deeper and/or more
significant than material existence. In which case
material existence might be only one aspect of real
existence. [Also if we ignore the fundamental assumption
then it might be possible to postulate that material
existence is only an abstract form of existence, thus that
matter does not really exist. Which would be a claim of
idealism.]
On the other hand, abstract existence is imaginary
existence: they are concepts created through thoughts,
images, ideas, feelings, mental processes which exist in
our minds. Thus if we perceive or imagine a house then it
has abstract existence and in case that it is perception of
a real house than the house also has real existence since
we have perceived it through our senses and thus created
image of it in our minds. [Hence while the house is real
and our perception of it or the image of it (in our heads)
is real, the house in our heads is of abstract nature (is
not real).] On the other hand if we have imagined a house,
which does not actually exist, in reality, then it has only
an abstract form of existence.
The question to be considered is if some object could
have only real form of existence. The answer is not easy
to give since everything is part of reality. Reality
exists as a whole or as the sum of its parts. If it is the
whole then its parts are insignificant and their
distinction is arbitrary. However, no matter how hard or
improbable or probable it might appear: we see ourselves as
distinct entities thus never consider a rock on the road as
our extension, which implies that the second option is
better one or more justifiable. So reality is, more
correctly perceived as the, sum of the parts; in which case

39
it is possible for objects to have real existence even
though there is no one to perceive them.

Finally, it should be stated that, in our eternal quest for

the truth, the following methods should be acceptable: (1)
empirical evidence (2) logic (and reason) (3) scientific
method (which in fact are the first two, augmented through
the scientific principle) (4) compactness9.
Scientific method is, by far, the most reliable and
the best way of exploring reality. Empirical evidence is
made possible through the fundamental assumption and it is
the second best method and for us the most trusted method.
In other words, due to evolution, our ancestors--from the
earliest life forms (in particular, those with developed
nervous system)--have learned to rely on their senses as a
mean to survive and prosper. Thus it is not surprising
that we too pay the biggest attention to our sensory
apparatus, especially eyesight. However, it might be
conceivable that in the future, evolution among intelligent
beings would result that logic become more readily
acceptable source of information. Until that time,
however, logic will remain less significant compared to our
senses. Finally, it goes without saying that the
compactness is, by far, the least trusted and also the
least reliable way to seek the facts and truth.

9
Compactness is the least reliable method and should be used only as a possible guide to what might be
true or to some extent correct. It is based on the idea that reality is a compact entity thus that some of its
parts might or should also be or appear compact.

40
 5
The
Fundamentals
The father of modern philosophy, Rene Descartes, thought of
the following: “I think therefore I exist.” His idea was
that the only certain fact, which a person possesses, is
that he exists thus that all other information has to be
proven [which is completely in compliance with the second
principle, from the previous chapter].
However, I will expend it to somewhat different
statement, which will be the most certain fact, which we
could possibly have. Actually, I call it the rudimentary
fact:

Something exists!

In other words, I am aware of some feelings, emotions,

thoughts, perceptions: thus my conclusion is that something
must exist! Further on, I can come back to Descartes’
notion, by stating that whatever is that which exists, I
call it myself. That is, unfortunately, all I can know for
certain. Everything else is uncertain and/or should be
assumed to exist.
However, it also represents the end of all philosophy
or science. In order to make reasoning possible, there is
an urgent need for the fundamental assumption:

Our ability to perceive reality, through our senses,

is sufficient enough to enable us to make, at least,
some correct conclusions.

This way, we have made philosophy and science not only

possible but have, in effect, justified their noble

41
endeavor. As the secondary outcome, we have validated our
senses as the acceptable source of information. However,
we can still go a step further and make the fundamental
theory or conclusion; which was made possible by analyzing
the evidence gathered through our senses thus realizing
that there are two rudimentary tendencies in nature:

There are two main groups of forces in reality: those

that try to keep something (or everything) as it is
(or the same) and those which try to change something
(or everything)!

The first group is mostly manifested through inertia,

reaction, resistance, self-preservation, forces of adhesion
and cohesion, etc; while the second group mostly contains
innate forces such as action, decay, erosion, corrosion,
change, rot, evolution, etc. The end result is reality as
the mixture of the two groups in mutual interaction. Thus
we can restate the previous claim that there are two
fundamental concepts, which define reality: existence and
change. Furthermore, we can add one more essential
concept: eternity. In other words, reality could be seen
as eternal existence and change.
To be more prices, reality on the global scale could
be understood as infinite, eternal and unchanging entity;
while locally--or from our perspective--it might appear
something else: matter in change (or motion). Hence,
possibly [or I would say very likely] the third fundamental
factor in describing reality should be, none other then,
eternity.
In a more profound analysis, we could most likely
equate matter with existence (especially material form of
existence). The idea is that even though, to us, there
seem to be changes, from a far enough perspective, reality
would be fixed and unchanging. For instance, if inside a
theater is continually shown one and the same film and this
goes forever: this could appear to us as an example of
change--especially if from our mortal or limited
perspective, we come in at the beginning of one (extra
long) film and die before it ends--but to an immortal
observer that would be a case in point that all is the
same: that infinitely many presentations of one and the
same movie implies that ultimately there is no change, on
the global scale.
At this point, I should introduce one more rather
important idea that might drastically improve or perhaps

42
justify our exploration of reality. I call it the Theory
of Repeating Patterns:

Reality is made of patterns, which are frequently

repeated in great variety of forms.

This really implies that there are several patterns [or

possibly just one single pattern], which constitute all of
reality. In a more brother sense this might be taken to
mean that there are some patterns in reality, which are
occasionally repeated. This latter approach is easier to
be observed and perhaps could more easily be accepted, as
there is ample evidence for it. But my hunch is that the
more strict approach [the interpretation of one single
pattern] is even more warranted or will eventually turn to
be more correct.
In any case, this theory is actually, readily used by
scientist, even though no one has clearly stated its
definition. Any time we say, just as A is the case so must
C be the case, we actually rely on this theory for
justification of our argument or proof. [Eg. Just as
planets circle the stun, so do electrons around the nucleus
of an atom. Or just as stars are spherical so are atoms;
and just as planets are spherical so are electrons. Or
just as the birds of pray must follow their instinct to
hunt in order to survive, so the carnivorous mammals must
obey their inner longings for kill. Or just as computers
have hardware and software, so people might (or should or
must) have body and soul. Or just as tree has branches so
our blood vessels tend to branch, in a similar fashion. Or
just as countless other people have died before us; we too
must die, eventually… All these statements are actually
relying on the theory for their justification.]
By continuing the previous reasoning, I could make one
more conclusion that could further shed light on our
existence, in reality. Various temporary entities, such as
human beings, seem to lead short lives: which commence with
birth and end with death. At the same time we are
programmed to want to live thus to avoid death. However,
as intelligent beings, we are aware of eventual demise and
this upsetting knowledge can, and often does, create great
deal of anxiety. So far, only religions have attempted to
ease up our innate fear of dying: but religions are
irrational and people who thought them out were anything
but the wisest among us--and in many instances, were simple
folk from primitive societies--thus it might not be easy
for any intelligent or educated person to accept inferior

43
or irrational believes which were thought by some
uneducated groups of people from who knows where.
Especially, since their explanations have nothing to do
with (empirical) facts, logic or sanity, and since there is
not a single proof of what they claim to be true.
By saying all of that it is apparent that only science
(especially philosophy) should solve the problem. And, as
a matter of fact, it could be done perhaps this way.
Ever since Pythagoras various thinkers have considered
possibility of eternal recurrence. Most notably Nietzsche
has concluded that we shall lead infinitely many identical
lives. However, I don’t see any reason why we should not
go a step further and conclude that we could have
infinitely many same, similar and totally different lives
and all of those infinitely many different lives lead
infinitely many times. This way, a person is immortal
because if someone has infinitely many short lives he is an
immortal being even though he might not be aware of it,
even though he is born and he dies countless number of
times. Although, we don’t necessarily have any evidence to
support such claim, still logic allows it, as a viable
option, and that is the proof, enough. Especially, since
our innate fear of dying makes it reasonable and desirable
to welcome and accept such claim even if there is much less
reasons or proofs for it. [After all, that was the main
cause or the initial need for the creation and maintenance
of religions.]

44
 6
Intellect
It is not hard, for us, to see and realize that
intelligence is one rather special faculty or extraordinary
characteristic. It is really a remarkable ability to
perceive reality as to what is happening currently, thus to
envision what has already happened and to predict what
might yet happen. This ability is a definite survival
advantage, thus intelligence improves our abilities to
survive, reproduce and prosper. Therefore, it is also the
way of the universe (or the innate tendency built in
reality).
As a matter of fact, it is possible to postulate the
intrinsic significance of intellect is of the highest
degree. Or we can say it this way:

Intellect is one of the most crucial states of being.10

That implies that intelligent beings are also extremely

important entities, in such a way that the more intelligent
entity is the greater its significance should be. In other
words, the universe has evolved for billions of years,
creating conditions for the emergence of life, then it has
refined life till intelligence was started; thus fine
tuning intellect so that it (the universe) could, perhaps,
through us become conscious. Cosmos is an intelligent
entity since we are rational beings and we an integral part
of it. Our ultimate purpose is, or could be, to become
eyes and mind--the nervous system--of the universe or
Cosmos. Or to become conscious entities--brain cells--
within the absolute mind.
Our present day society, however, is one extremely
deviant structure, which openly goes against this universe,

10
A more strict approach would be that Intellect is the most fundamental or significant entity or feature, in
this Cosmos or reality.

45
its innate propensity, the apparent Cosmic evolution and
reality, itself. As a matter of fact, this current society
is favoring great many entities and/or tendencies and/or
practices which are utterly sick or perverted while, at the
same time, rather antagonistic toward intelligence or
innate or normal things and/or behavior.
For instance, it should be enough to point out that
superstitions are promoted and financed with great deal of
money or that thousands of movies are made each year to
make us believe in some form of superstition and/or to
demote science. In our schools, they already teach of
alternative medicine or homosexual lifestyles… Finally, we
must not ignore the shocking fact, that in current society,
entertainers and athletes are much more favored, valued,
respected, paid and they have far greater access to general
public (especially credulous children) than any
intellectual. Which is alarming fact, since most of the
athletes and great many of the entertainers are rather
insufficient, as far as their intellectual capacities go.

46
 7
Definitions
This chapter will attempt to define and/or describe various
concepts that I consider essential and necessary or
rudimentary for better understanding of reality, and my
philosophy, as well; or for my attempt to make sense of
reality. They are presented in three distinct groups:
general, time, space; plus there will be some relevant
thoughts at the very end. In any case, this chapter is
intended to present some of my ideas; and in case of time
and space they will be compared to other philosophers and
their approaches… Also, time and space are presented
separately because of their importance and especially since
they, actually, in my opinion represent the biggest problem
or mistakes that prevent more correct understanding of
reality; because, those expressions are key concepts of
reality and they are frequently used even though not many
individuals know what they actually mean. Or in the words
of St. Augustine: “Quid est ergo tempus? Si nemo ex me
quaerat, scio: si quaerenti explicare velim, nescio.”
(“What is time? If nobody asks me, I know, but if I want
to explain it to someone, then I don’t know.”)11
The inherent problems with space and time are
compounded by the fact that they are mistaken concepts,
either used to represent something that actually already
exists: existence, change, eternity; or they are used to
represent some mysterious entities: in which case they are
resulting in even greater fallacy since they are implying
that space and time exist as distinct entities, that they
exist in themselves and for themselves; which is totally
wrong, since there is no such a thing as time and/or space.
In fact, there is not a single evidence or proof, of any
kind, that they exist and are part of this reality and such
fact implies that it would be wise for us to consider them

11
J.R. Lucas, A Treasure on Time and Space; (London: Metheu & Co. Ltd., 1974); p. 3

47
non-existent and to keep thinking that way until someone
provides some proof for their ontological existence.
Furthermore, we can use one more argument to prove
that space and time do not exist. It is based on the fact
that there are so many diverse definitions of what space or
time are. Since there is no way for us to determine which
of those definitions are correct or whether any of them is
correct or if they are all wrong: that could imply that
those concepts do not exist. In other words, any time when
something does not exist in reality--let’s say some
mysterious compound, we can call it Alpha--then we will not
be able to define it in a reasonable way, since if I say
that it is a yellow thing that weights 99kg; anyone could
say that it is wrong or that it is a blue thing that
weights less than 5kg and there will be no way, for us, to
prove one or the other claim as correct.
Only if a thing is existent and easily accessible we
can judge which claim is correct concerning its true nature
or appearance. Thus if I take an object and place it in a
box then ask a group of people to describe what is inside
without first seeing the object: they could come with
diverse explanations but at the end we will be able to
determine which of those definitions is correct or closer
in describing the object.
Our inability to decide which of those definitions of
time and space are correct, or if any of them is correct or
if all are correct or wrong implies that we are dealing
with either inaccessible or nonexistent objects. Since not
many of us would dare to imply that space and time are
inaccessible then it goes without saying that they are non-
existent.12
Since I have proven, in this short text, that space
and time do not exist and since there are no proofs, of any
kind, that they actually exist then it would be smart for
us to realize that space and time have been mistaken
perceptions of reality, intellectual mistakes that have
been made long time ago and that we need to correct if we
want to grasp reality for what it really is. In other
words, my suggestion is that we need to reject the notions
12
Complexity of the entity is not of any concern since the complexity might make it more difficult for us to
correctly define the object but it should not be a significant factor in our ability to judge which of the
definitions is correct or more correct or whether any of them is correct or if they are all correct and/or
wrong. For we can place a single glass marble in the box or a computer and even though the later is much
more complex we can still easily decide which definition is more correct in describing the object. Hence if
one person describes the object as a large body of water and the other definition describes it as the machine
made of hardware and software then we can easily decide that the second definition is more appropriate
one. [Also this example might imply that we could as easily define complex objects as we can simple
ones.]

48
of space and time for they are cognitive mistakes; and in
their place, as the fundamental concepts for better
understanding of reality, we need to use the most
rudimentary or most fundamental concepts: existence,
change, eternity. In other words, reality could be seen as
being comprised of existence, change and eternity. We can
state this rudimentary fact as even more basic description
of reality: eternal existence and eternal change. Thus the
ultimate reality could be seen as eternal existence and
change.

PART ONE: Some Significant Concepts

the absolute mind is the overall intellect in the universe,

Cosmos or reality, seen as an entity in itself and for
itself. It can be understood as the ultimate mind made up
from all intellects. Just as our brains are made of many
interconnected brain cells so is the absolute mind
comprised of intelligent beings13 that are connected (by
language) and able to communicate.

reality (1) Endless duration of existence and/or change.

Eternal existence that undergoes (possibly constant)
changes. (2) All that was, is, or will be and/or occur.
(3) The absolute truth. (4) Eternity which contains all
that has ever existed or occurred, is existing or
occurring, will exist or occur.

society The innate development among various animals, that

posses adequately advanced brain mass, which allows them to
structure their lives and interactions as an organized
group of individuals. Human society is characterized with
the highest degree of order that manifests itself through
laws and/or morals.

Realm The most sacred entity, in existence, comprised of

all that is part of us and what we are part of: white race,
our culture and civilization, males, intellect, life (in
general), universe, reality.

system (1) A group of interrelated elements forming a

structural entity. (2) Society or the way it is organized
to function. (3) A complex process.

13
This is one of great many arguments that is actually based on the theory of repeating patterns.

49
culture (1) High culture and low culture. (2) High
culture. (3) Low culture.

high culture (1) A noetic quest for higher meaning such as

those achieved through the studies of genuine science (and
true art). A prodigious search for the absolute truth.
(2) Art and science.

low culture The way some people, in a given civilization,

live.

civilization A human society with an advanced cultural

development.

Western Civilization The most dominant and advanced

civilization of the world that originated in Europe and was
based on science and art. It was built on the foundations
of preceding ancient civilizations: Greece and Rome, which
in turn could have been (and most likely have been) built
on the remnants of Vinca Civilization.

Vinca Civilization Probably the birthplace of European

miracle. Emerged some 10,000 year ago around the Danube
[Lepenski Vir], near the contemporary city of Belgrade.
Most likely, the beginnings of mathematics, ethics,
religion, and writings. This was the very first and by far
the most advanced society of the period. The first
monumental sculptures. They had a complex social structure
and practiced metallurgy and farming 7,000 years ago.
Europe inherited its culture and heritage from Vinca.
[Also referred to as Lepenski Vir]

European Civilization The civilization which commenced at

Lepenski Vir [Vinca Civilization] and has evolved into
Western Civilization, such that all those civilization are
seen as one or the continuation of Vinca Civilization.

art Craft which is used to create something aesthetically

appealing, interesting and/or original. Greater art will
concern itself with presenting some essential truth to the
observer, as well; and/or on preserving our genuine
tradition. Thus the greater truth or the more important
the tradition and the more esthetically pleasing the
creator is the greater the piece of art will be. Artists
could also be seen as the significant protectors of our
tradition and/or promoters of an appropriate vision. Art
can be divided into: music, paintings, sculpture, writings.

50
noetic (1) Something intellectual or which is based on
intellect. (2) A mental process with the highest degree of
excellence.

insidious Something extremely evil or dangerous that

pretends to be or is promoted as friendly or benign, thus
uses deceit and deception to secretly cause harm. [For
instance: when a politician claims to work for the people
but in reality and secretly conspires against the people.
In such case, it can be stated that he is an insidious
crook and his actions are equally insidious.]

number A mathematical concept that represent the distance

(usually from the coordinate center on number line) or some
precisely defined length. Numbers could be infinite,
finite or infinitesimal. There are other kinds of numbers,
as well (real, integers, whole, rational, irrational,
complex, etc).

Glorians White race and/or culture.

empirical knowledge Facts or information that is gathered

through experience, observation, and actual events. All
information that is obtained through the senses.

intelligence A phenomenon or a capacity for acquiring the

truth or for obtaining deeper and more profound
understanding of reality.

Cosmos [with capital “c”] The biggest possible material

object and/or structure or all the substance (matter) that
exists in reality. (2) The compilation of all universes.
[Actually, it is very likely that Cosmos is identical to
the universe, if our universe is the only one and if there
is nothing else outside of it.] (3) All that exists at the
moment. [This is also the definition of the present. In
which case, Cosmos could be equated to the present.] (4)
All that has ever existed, that exists now or that will
exist. [This is also the definition of reality. In which
case Cosmos is same as reality.]

cosmos [with small “c”] The universe.

matter (1) The substance of which is made all that is in

existence, actually that we are capable to detect through
our senses. Substance of which is made the universe, as

51
much as we can perceive it. (2) Loosely stated, it is the
substance, which is made of atoms and/or that atoms are
made of.

existence The fundamental characteristic of reality that

could be divided into abstract or real. Abstract existence
is fake form of existence that does not really exist in
reality but is the creation of a mind. It is a figment or
our imagination [Everything that we perceive or conceive
through our mental capacities has abstract existence].
Real existence is the actual existence or everything that
exists in reality, for itself and of itself [For now, real
existence might be the same as material existence, since
mater is all that we are capable to detect].

change Process by which a given entity loses one or more

of its characteristics and/or is gaining one or more new
ones. Change is, also, one of the essential features of
reality.

substance The rudimentary form of existing or the unite of

existence; which is or could be equated to matter, as the
only form of substance that we can detect, for now at
least, and actually have a posteriori knowledge, of its
existence.

universe is the material entity or the overall structure

that contains all galaxies, stars, and other astronomical
objects and/or stuff that we could detect or know about or
could deduce to exist by perceiving reality.

consciousness The all important realization--closely

associated with intelligence--about the existence of the
self (within reality).

theoretical (1) Something that is probable or logically

possible or has some chances to be possible but for which
there are no material proofs that it is real [that it
actually exists (or is happening) in reality]. (2) Non-
existent. (3) Something that is not real.

abstract Something that exists (only) as a mental concept.

eternity is the third fundamental characteristic or reality

and could be described as the endless duration. [Or
possibly, the never ending existence.]

52
the Entity Reality (or Cosmos) seen as one thing or as the
whole. [This particular expression has some deeper
philosophical or even spiritual connotations.]

void The abstract or theoretical concept of totally empty

space.

a posteriori Knowledge that has resulted from empirical

data or that was achieved through senses.

a priori The fundamental knowledge that is prior to or

independent of the senses.

PART TWO: Time

The following are some of the ideas and/or definitions

about time that were promoted, through centuries, by
various scientists.

STOICS: Time is an independent concrete entity that is

superadded to things.14

PLATO: Time is the moving image of perfect eternity. [By

this Plato might mean to say that time is an imperfect
imitation of the timeless unchanging realm of perfect ideal
forms.]

ARISTOTLE: Time is a kind of affliction of motion.

Althouth time cannot be simply equated with motion or with
change, it also does not exist withoug change.15 Time is
number of motion in respect to 'before' and 'after'.16

STOICS (Apollodoros of Seleuca): Time is the interval of

movement of the cosmos... and the whole time is passing
just as we say the year passes, on a larger circuit (the
Great Year: which is one complete cycle of the universe
from its begining to its end).17

LUCRETIUS: Time exists not by itself, but from actual

things comes a feeling, what was brought to a close in time

14
Milic Capek (editor), The Concepts of Space and Time (Dordrecht,
Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1976), p. 145
15
Aristotle Physics; BK IV, ch 11, p.218b
16
Capek, p. 159
17
Capek, p. 164

53
past, then what is present now, and further what is going
to be hereafter.18

POSSIDONIUS: Time should not be concieved as a point-like

present in the strict mathematical sense, but more broadly,
as the perceptible minimum of time in which the future and
the past are being joined.19

NEWTON: Absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself,

and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to
anything external, and by another name is called duration;
relative, apparent, and common time, is some sensible and
external measure of duration by the means of motion--which
is commonly used instead of true time--such as an hour, a
day, a month, a year.20

BARROW: Time is the continuance of any Thing in its own

Being.21

MAXWELL: The idea of Time in its most primitive form is

probably the recognition of an order of sequence in our
states of consciousness.22

HUME: It is impossible to concive... a time when there was

no succession or change in any real existence.23

LEIBNIZ: Time is the order of noncontemporaneous events.

Time is something, an ideal entity.24

KANT: Time is a necessary representation that underlines

all intutions.25 Time is the intuited infinte continuum (of
all present and possible experiences) and also the
immediately given innate a priori form by which the given
is experienced as a flow.

18
Lucretius, On The Nature of Things; (De Rerum Natura, trans. H.A.J.
Munro) 4th ed. (London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd, c.1886); p. 15
19
Capek, p. 197
20
Capek, pp. 160, 209
21
Capek, p. 203
22
Capek, p. 231
23
Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature; (Oxford: University Press, 1888); p.
40
24
Bas C. van Fraassen, An Introduction to The Philosophy of Space and
Time; (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985); p. 97
25
Fraassen, p. 101

54
McTAGGART: There could be no time if nothing changes.26

RUSSELL: Time is the series of instants.27

FRAASSEN (the causal theory of time): Whatever actual

physical connections there are must be reflected in the
logical space; a certain mathematical structure is such
that whatever actual physical connections there are can be
reflected in it in this manner; and we choose this
mathematical structure as the logical space time.28

GLAVASIC: Time does not exist! (There is no time.)

PART THREE: Space

The following are some of the ideas and/or definitions

about space that were promoted, through centuries, by
various scientists.

EPICURES: Space is that in which things exist and where

they move.29

ATOMISTS: Space is a void (pure empty space) that exists

between atoms and in which atoms move.

PLATO: Space and time differ from everything else.30 Space

is a receptacle that contains or receives the activity of
matter, and restrains that activity by providing the
structures and limits in which that activity can take
place.

ARISTOTLE: The basic meaning of space ought to be found

within the concept of place.

LUCRETIUS: Space is the void which contains objects but in

the way that those objects are not space. Matter and void
exist and everything that exists is either matter (that

26
McTaggart, The Nature of Existence; (Cambridge: University Press,
1927); II, p. 11
27
Fraassen, p. 105
28
Fraassen, p. 198
29
Capek, p. 34
30
Capek, p. 199

55
which can be touched) or void (that which cannot be
touched); there is nothing else.31

PHILO: Place is understood to pertain to the things which

are at rest while time to the things which are moving.32

DESCARTES: Space and matter are one and the same thing.

NEWTON: Space is the entity in which things could be,

sometimes they are, and often they are not.

REDUCTIONISTS: Space is completely filled with matter.

[Glavasic’s interpretation of the reductionists’ claim:
Space is matter.]

LEIBNIZ: Spaces is something relative, as is the time; the

order of combined existence, as is the time actually
structured order. Space signifies, in the context of
possibilities, the order of things, which exist together,
at the same time.33

GLAVASIC: Space does not exist! (There is no space.)

PART FOUR: Some Relevant Thoughts

These are some of my believes and/or ideas that will be

elaborated to a far greater extent when the “time”34, for it
comes.

31
Lucretius, pp. 13-14
32
Capek, p. 199
33
Capek, p. 273
34
Even though I do not consider that time or space really exists, still those words have become an integral
part of language and everyday conversation. Hence although the concepts of space and time do not exist,
in themselves and for themselves, still we can use them (as abstract notions) to communicate just as we
often use the ideas of sound, color, taste or smell: which too are just fictional creations of our minds and
which are not real.
In other words, color is nothing more than perceived radiation with a specific wavelength, which
was emitted from an atom that our brain perceived though eyesight and interprets as color. So even though
color doesn’t exist as such, still it is a significant source of information on the nature or the kind of atoms,
which are releasing it. [Different colors really represent different atoms.] Thus we could continue to use
the abstract notion of colors as long as we realize that it actually tells us something about the atoms.
In the same way, we can continue to use the words “time” and “space” but only if we are aware
that they represent some abstract ideas that do not exist in reality... Considering the widespread use of those
words, it might be the only sensible thing to do, at this moment; however, as our awareness of the genuine
reality increases then we might be able to eliminate their use all together and place them in the archive of
old and forgotten concepts such as “ether” or “void” or “ghosts”…

56
1. Homosexuality is an unnatural sexual practice where
members of the same gender engage in sexual act. [Since the
main purpose for sex is the reproduction and because the
only natural way humans could reproduce is by heterosexual
interaction.] It is a deviant practice and it could be
considered as a severe illness or the most reprehensible
crime against nature! Yet those currently in charge of our
planet have declared homosexuality to be a legitimate
lifestyle and are actually encouraging people to behave in
such a way.35
Among homosexuals (both gays and lesbians) perhaps a
small percentage is a result of genetic defect while the
rest are, probably, the result of social influences. USA
and some other countries seem to be designed or structured
as to mass-produce homosexuality among their citizens!
[Which, if it turns out to be the case, is not only
extremely bizarre but also totally deviant, and above all
the unprecedented crime, atrocity of unseen proportions!]
For instance, they constantly degrade males and
empower females. They break families and belittle male or
father figure. They make great many films and use media to
promote and glorify homosexuality and those that practice
it. They give them legal protection, support and
encouragement… And there are countless other reasons why
USA might be secretly conspiring on turning a significant
portion of its population into gays and lesbians. It goes
to reason that some evil coalition could be behind this
form of most extreme and utterly dangerous perversion!

2. Natural Selection is an innate force, which leads toward

the creation of intellect and further refines and enhances
the capacities of reason. On the other hand, Negative
Selection is the opposite and one rather detrimental force
that goes against the universal tendency and works to
prevent or hamper the development of cognitive structures.

3. Patriarchy is a system where men rule the society.

Since the dawn of time it was the most normal social
structure. However, ever since the second part of the 20th
century it was, gradually and systematically, declared
immoral or illegal. Which really means that some deviant
characters have gained the control of our planet.
There isn’t any epoch in human history that females
had any power over males. Matriarchy was a form of human

35
All the way, up to mid 1970s, American Association of Psychology has listed--in their official
publications--homosexuality as a mental illness.

57
society where males used to leave their initial tribe in
search of another one to join. [Which prevented inbreeding,
thus was a beneficial practice, from the evolutionary
standpoint.] But in all those tribes males were the natural
leaders and they ruled women and children, as indeed should
always be the case. As a matter of fact, the lions (and
the deer) live in a form of matriarchy since all lionesses
(and all female deer) stay together in distinct groups
while male lions (deer) roam around in search of a pride
(herd) to take over and/or claim.

4. Pacifism, as a belief that is totally opposed to any

violence, is really a weapon that could be effectively used
against a group which is fooled to accept it! In other
words, struggle and competition is an innate factor in this
universe and pacifism is an unnatural practice.
It makes sense for us to behave among ourselves in a
way as to cooperate and help one another, thus try to avoid
any form of conflict; but it would be unnatural and
impossible to apply this rule for moral conduct to
everything else in this universe. That is unnatural and
the universe would retaliate by eradicating us!

5. Intellectual Revolution is a philosophical idea that the

wisest among men should have the greatest power and
influence. Just as the body is ruled and controlled by the
brain so should society be under the dominion of the
intellectual elite [a small percentage of the men (let’s
say, well under 5% of the population), in that society, who
are the brightest].
Furthermore, to achieve this noble state,
intelligentsia36 is allowed or obligated to do whatever it
deems necessary. And such would most likely call for, and
result in, Intellectual Revolution.

6. There is nothing more normal than a man with a young

girl or for powerful men to rule and dominate innately
submissive females! On the other hand there is nothing
more perverted or abnormal than homosexuality or
interracial marriages or females that look and/or behave
like men. Yet, in this horribly deviant world, all those
abhorrent activities are allowed, even encouraged while at
the same time white men are discriminated against and
punished for any reason or no reason at all.
36
Intelligentsia are those people, within society, that are of the highest intellect, morals, and that concern
themselves with matters of culture and philosophy (or science), as well as of unconditionally protecting and
serving the Realm. It can also be seen as the class of intellectuals.

58
7. Needs, desires, instincts are nature’s way to guide us
as to inform us not only which way to go but also what is
right and what is not. However, we require genuine wisdom
in order to correctly interpret nature’s intentions and our
genuine interests. Thus, if something feels good it does
not imply that we ought to do it or that it is really good
for us.

8. Democracy is a big farce37; free speech is an illusion.

There has never been and never will be any genuine
democracy or free speech. USA is a proof that there are
different ways of preventing free speech and controlling or
manipulating the populace. Hence, a state does not need to
imprison its citizens or to (publicly) burn books in order
to limit or control what the masses could be exposed to or
what they ought to think or believe in; or, for that
matter, whom should they vote for.

9. Polygamy [as a social practice where a man had, at the

same time, several wives and/or mistresses] was common and
widespread throughout Europe, before the arrival of
Christianity. It is also very natural form of interaction
and one that fosters greater procreation, which could be
rather important for us, since our race is the only one
with negative demographic figures.

10. Political philosophy, in regard to our current overall

status, could be reiterated with one sentence: in our
decadent countries, the majority is insidiously oppressed,
ruled, terrorized, and exploited by a minority! The horror
is so complete, we can be even prosecuted just for
mentioning our dreadful predicament. We are, actually,
forced to keep quiet and look the other way… Hence, the
question is how we can avoid genocide and liberate
ourselves if the minority has total and absolute control of
media, entertainment, “education”, politics, economy and
big business; thus is abusing its immense power to make us
willingly self-destruct.
The answer is that, first of all, everyone should
become aware as to what is really happening! Our goal
ought to be that everyone should talk to anyone as to what
has happened to us; or the people need to talk to each
other as to what bizarre predicament is bestowed on us.
37
This idea was, most likely, first introduced by the Russian writer, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn; who also
claimed that there is no culture in the West or as he said it: “What they call culture is just a bottled
excrement sold at high price through elaborate marketing!”

59
That way, each and every person should become acquainted
with our sad predicament and openly discuss it.
Ultimately, that will be our way out or, at least, the
first step toward our emancipation and liberation. Because
there is nothing more perfidious and nothing worse than
when we are systematically induced to willingly self-
destruct and to accept it as something desirable, proper,
morally right, just or good.

11. Philosophy is the eminent intellectual endower and the

ultimate goal for human existence.

12. Masochism is an innate trait for all normal females;

just as sadism is a rudimentary quality for all normal
adult males.

13. Patriotism as a love of one’s country could be and

often is somewhat destructive concept; for it might, and
often does, result in harming the Realm. Proper and
desirable form of patriotism would be the one, which
implies unconditional love and protection of our Realm.
Hence a genuine patriot is someone who serves,
champions and protects his Realm. Such is the noblest and
most moral act or mode of behavior. All of us should
choose this to be our ultimate goal, our guiding principle;
therefore, we must never allow anyone or anything [bizarre
media, entertainment, “education”, corrupt politicians,
etc] to persuade us in abandoning our Realm.

14. Over all, females tend to mature much sooner, or at

much earlier age, than males. For instance, currently, it
is rather common that a girl reaches maturity before she
turns a teenager while males could become mature well after
the age of thirty.

15. Propaganda is a lie, which is frequently repeated so

that exposed masses start believing it to be true. This
particular method of brainwashing will be effective only if
the promoters of propaganda also have the absolute monopoly
on media, entertainment and “education”.
Their task is made easier by the fact that population
generally posses herd mentality [i.e. People are “sheep”.]
However, this does not mean that the oppressors could keep
on oppressing the oppressed, indefinitely, especially if
the oppressed are actually of higher intellectual
abilities. After all, if they do something good or natural
to us, it still could go wrong: but they are performing the

60
most decadent or detrimental act against us and the
universe as well; hence the chances are even greater that
something unexpected would come up and prevent them in
their ghastly agenda.

16. Media is one extremely powerful tool and unprecedented

weapon for controlling and manipulating the population. It
can be effectively used for creating, altering or
controlling public opinion, by those that have absolute
monopoly of media. Since, at present, questionable
characters rule all of media then we need to devise ways as
to limit the damage which they systematically induce with
their deviant and perverted programs.
However, since boredom is a powerful motivating factor
that compels all of us to turn on TV sets and/or the radio,
to buy newspapers, magazines, etc in spite of all the
horror, which they constantly give us; it would be
essential for us to realize what they are really doing.
Hence, the best we can do, at this very moment, is to: (1)
select to watch only programs that do not contain
propaganda or with as little propaganda as possible; (2)
teach our children that some evil people control media and
are using it to brainwash us as to willingly self-destruct
(3) have a list of movies, music, programs, etc that are
decent enough for our children to be exposed to (4) avoid
any collaboration with the media, thus refuse to
participate in their programs, or to give them any
interviews, comments, etc (unless reasonably certain that
the media personnel has some honorable intentions).

17. Intellect is, by far, our most important trait, our

fundamental characteristic. While other animals rely on
their strength, size, speed, shape, or their innate ability
to camouflage, mutate, mass reproduce for their survival
and the survival of their specie; we rely on intelligence.
It is our main survival advantage!
Therefore, it is utterly wrong to have our society
structured in such a way as to reward and value physical
abilities and/or appearance. In other words, it is
perverted and bizarre for our society to favor athletes
over intellectuals.

18. Males and females are not the same. They differ in so
many respects--both physically and mentally--thus they
ought not be treated identically or be induced to behave
the same way or be forced, by society, to think or act as

61
if they are the same. What is appropriate for males might
not, and often is not, proper for females, and vice versa.
Some innate male traits are: aggressiveness, power,
dominance, courage, relentlessness, persistence, egocentric
tendency, intelligence, decisiveness, perseverance,
ruthlessness, egoism, ambition, ingenuity, strength,
toughness, sadism, brutality, determination, etc. Also,
some men are born leaders… Additionally, most men posses
strong character and are naturally inquisitive but the
brightest among men have also a propensity or a moral
obligation to quest for the truth.
On the other hand, some innate female traits are:
obedience, tolerance, docility, patience, meekness,
subservience, kindness, mothering, gentleness, masochism,
coward ness, altruism, gullibility, passivity,
powerlessness, indecisiveness, weakness, lack of ambition,
etc. Over all, females tend to be easily willed,
controlled and/or influenced; because they posses weak
character.
Finally, both men and females have rudimentary need to
procreate (have many children). That really means that men
have a proclivity to conquer as many females as possible,
as well as to commence and protect their families; while
females have a longing to have children, often with the
most powerful or desirable man.

19. Overall survival strategy, as far as biology is

concerned, could be divided in three main categories or
types: (1) REPRODUCTION or massive reproduction [which is
generally practiced by various primitive organisms and
lover life forms (some amphibians, insects, bacteria,
plants, some fish, etc.] is most crude survival method and
is characterized by an increased or extreme offspring
output, on the part of the specie. That way, the large
number of new units assures their survival. This is rather
crude method and in those cases, their lifestyles and their
physiognomy are customized to assure high reproduction
output. Among insects, for instance, the main concern is
to enable “female” to produce as many eggs and/or larva as
possible. [For instants, only female mosquitoes suck blood,
as to enable her to produce great many eggs.] Actually
among such primitive life forms there are no genuine males
or females, as we know them, but rather diverse units
and/or stages of metamorphosis set on the principle of
massive reproduction. Another advantage of this type is
that extensive reproduction and short life-span give
opportunity of rapid mutations thus enables the specie to

62
adjust itself to new environmental conditions, through the
genetic alterations, as well. (2) SPECIAL TRAIT or
appropriate physical abilities [such as speed, size or
strength; or capability to fly, hide, see at night, etc.]
is somewhat refined and more advanced survival tactic that
is common among the higher life forms and which actually
enables the specie to successfully compete with the other
species and organisms. That usually results in males
taking the leading role as the pivotal figures in
protecting and assuring the survival of their specie. (3)
INTELLECT or rather increased intellect, which is a very
sophisticated survival tactic, exclusively present among
the most advanced life forms and which inadvertently
enables that very specie to survive and prosper solely on
the advantages and powers of mental capacities. Once
again, it incorporates the role of males as the leading and
dominant gender, which enabled their kind to successfully
compete with other species and/or races for the purpose of
survival and prosperity.

20. White race is the only racial group that currently has
negative demographic figures: our numbers are stagnating or
are going down while other races have demographic
explosion! The reason for this reprehensible situation
[i.e. white plague] could be found in the way our morbid
society is structures and in some utterly unnatural beliefs
and/or practices that were insidiously forced on us.

21. Sex is a violent act; a productive form of aggression

exerted by innately dominant men over innately submissive
females. The end result is the propagation of the specie.
However, if a society is structured to empower females--as
is the case in the current society--then we have a bizarre
situation that is designed to effectively castrate the
stronger sex and force females to assume the role of males.
To be more precise, this does not mean that any male
should be allowed to rape any female; just as we are not
permitted to steal or forcefully take a TV set that belongs
to someone else: but it is equally wrong for a society to
force a married couple to behave unnaturally [E.g. By
making laws that favor females and punish males for
behaving as nature has intended!]; thus a proper society
must take under consideration innate tendencies of males
and under no circumstances should try to castrate us.
Not so log ago--before the twentieth century, to be
more precise--it was legally impossible to take a man to
court for forcing his wife to sex. And if I recall

63
correctly that was, also, the time when white plague did
not exist. But that was, also, much more normal time; as
many other deviant practices, that are currently enacted,
have not been possible.

22. Feminism is one utterly sick and totally deviant

movement of morbid men-haters: “females” that desire to
take the role of men thus use unnatural society to legally
force men to assume the role of the weaker sex. Such is so
perverted that the only question is just how abnormal a
society has to be in order to allow such destructive groups
of extreme perverts to exist or to actually encourage such
ghastly decadence.

23. From economic perspective, the most significant factor

is the way a given society (or country) is organized to
function. The most important difference between a
successful and less successful or unsuccessful country is
the way they are structured. Hence, the better organized a
society is the more successful it will be.

64
 8
Problems in
Science
Science is an elaborate search for truth or if stated more
accurately, the profound quest to discover reality.
Currently, at least, it is the most potent weapon, at our
disposal, for finding what is out there thus for fulfilling
our prime objective. Unfortunately, from a historic
perspective there were frequent obstructions in such a
process. For instance, in the Middle Ages, the church has
done great deal to oppress and stifle the truth. In order
to maintain their religious dogma, they have, ruthlessly,
burned Giordano Bruno (c.1548-1600), at the stake, just
because he claimed there were other worlds in this infinite
universe; while a Polish astronomer, Copernicus (1473-1543)
dared to publish his ideas only at deathbed; and as Galileo
(1564-1642) was forced to publicly denounce some of his
claims!
We can go even further in the past and recall that
Socrates (c.470-399 BC) was sentenced to death and that
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c.500-c.428 BC) was taken to the
Athenian court, as well.
All those were, just a short list of, obstructions
that society has placed, in the past, on our cognitive
quest to seek the truth. It would be rather naïve and
feebleminded for us to assume that present day society is
any better, in this respect. As a matter of fact, our
society is anything but better: if for no other reason then
because, of its blatant control of media, education,
politics and their systematic promotion of specific ideas,
people (scientists), concepts [for instance: the big bang,
the theory of relativity, cultural relativism, Einstein,
Hawking, the quantum theory, Lynde, etc]; while keeping

65
other intellectuals and “politically incorrect” ideas in
complete anonymity. And in some extreme instances,
“undesirable” intellectuals are--like in the shocking case
of the historian David Irving--bankrupted, taken to court
and sentenced, while at the same time being viciously
harassed, attacked, slandered and belittled through corrupt
media and equally warped legal system. This way, they can
try to bury the truth and to substitute it with utter lies.
This means, that in order to return credibility to
science, it is necessary to systematically re-evaluate all
of science, especially that which has appeared since the
beginning of the 20th century! But, to be honest with
ourselves, that will not happen, as long as the same groups
that rules this world, continue to do so, from their stale
hideouts. However, our realization that they are the
epicenter of all fundamental problems associated with the
current society could also be our first step toward finding
the urgently needed solutions!
The crux of the problem is this: we don’t really know
who those morbid individuals and/or groups are; we have
never elected them or given them a permission to rule us--
but they seem to have all the power and they pull all the
strings and, most of all, they do not want to do things
which are good or beneficial for us. And just one aspect
of great many evil deeds that they consistently perpetrate
is the promotion of superstitions, manipulation of public
and degradation of science and genuine scientists.

66
 9
Ethics
PART ONE: Morality

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with human

actions and/or believes in the sense of what is appropriate
conduct. In other words, it examines the nature of
morality. Ethics, therefore, is a significant inquiry in
the essence of what it means to be human within the
framework of reality; since reality is rather all important
subject that affects what we are, where we are and what we
should do.
In order to present my approach to ethics, it would be
necessary to introduce some significant concepts. The most
important of them is the idea of Realm [or the Realm].
Actually, it should be pointed out that I base ethics on
the all-important idea of Realm.

Realm is the most significant structure in existence.

It is made of intellect, white race, men, life (in
general), the universe, Cosmos, reality.

Essentially, Realm is all that we are part of or that is

intrinsically part of us, as observed from our particular
perspective. Extended forms of the Realm would also
include our immediate family and relatives, as well as our
culture and civilization38. And there is nothing more
normal or proper than to protect and benefit that which

38
We could go even further and include our country to be a part of our Realm but such would be a creation
of unnecessary division that could ultimately endanger or harm Realm. For what is to prevent us from
going even further and claiming that our town, street, school, football club, etc would also constitute the
fundamental elements of our Realm. And that would be rather detrimental. Hence, the purpose of
intelligence--as our leading and most important faculty--is to conceive and realize the concept of realm, to
understand its true boundaries (or as accurately as possible) so that more intelligent its members are the
greater chances for that particular realm (and its members) will be to survive and prosper. Because that
well-known saying could be applied in this instance, as well: divided we fall, united we stand!

67
constitutes the extensions of us. To emphasize that point
I’ll introduce several more crucial concepts.

Self-preservation principle is the most important law

or rule in this entire universe and all of reality.

It actually states that the entity would not

(intentionally) harm itself (or intelligent entities would
also not do anything against their realm) and furthermore
would do all it (or they) can to personally benefit and/or
prosper (alongside their Realm). Furthermore, this
rudimentary concept is of extreme importance for more
profound understanding of morality, especially the part
professing that intelligent entities, which are capable to
correctly discern what realm is and what its boundaries
are, have additional need to protect and benefit this
innate and intrinsic extension of themselves.
Self-interest is yet another important concept, for
the understanding of ethics. In particular, this concept
is a part of self-preservation principle, since by
promoting our self-interests we are asserting our well
being, in general, thus are enabling our preservation.
Self-interest implies that a person would think, behave or
work on achieving the conditions of benefiting itself.
Within this concept we can also include greed, which
to some extent might benefit the individual but is overall
considered a bad trait since it does not take into the
consideration other member of his realm, thus could be, and
often is, a destructive factor therefore should be
considered immoral.
Greed could also be very dangerous, since when some
other groups or entities want to harm our Realm, in any way
or for any reason, they can use this innate tendency, of
our members, to achieve that goal. In other words,
personal greed could induced an intelligent person to
forfeit that which is moral for the sake of benefiting
himself, personally. But if his action results in harming
of our Realm than he has acted immorally. However, it is
those that have used this innate instinct that have
actually forced the person to violate the self-preservation
principle and in particular induced him to harm his
extended self. They have forced him to choose between
himself and the extended self. By doing so, they have
perpetrated one of the gravest crimes, since they have
caused a person to harm our Realm.

68
 Moral are all those actions that benefit (our) Realm.
Immoral are all those actions that tend to harm (our)
Realm. Amoral are all those actions that do not
affect (our) Realm in any significant or noticeable
way.

It is the purpose and obligation of society to help us and

assist us as to be moral and if necessary, in some
instances, to force us or restrict our behavior as to be
moral thus to prevent various (usually secretive) groups or
individuals from skimming on harming our Realm, or from
using our innate greed as a backdoor for destroying our
Realm. That also means that our society must protect our
Realm at all costs and prevent anything, which is trying to
harm it, in any way, shape or form.
If we more closely examine the idea of society, it
could become apparent that it is based on the notion of
social contract [concept that individuals, by nature, live
in a state of all out war, where each individual is pitted
against all other people, in their individual struggle to
survive and personally benefit] thus by giving up on some
of our rights and freedoms, we assure that we all benefit
through the creation of society--thus through mutual
cooperation--which will be based on law and order to which
we all subscribe.
As such, society is a natural stage in the development
of intelligence and a process by which humans enable
themselves to survive and prosper, by uniting and combining
their abilities and resources. Also to successfully
compete against other such groups or societies; since
according to natural selection, the competition among
diverse societies and races will determine which is better
fit [and that should mean more intelligent] thus ought to
be allowed to carry on.
At this point, I should introduce yet another rather
important concept for better or more correct understanding
of ethics. It is the idea of Egocentric Predicament or
maybe I should call it, the Fundamental Law in Ethics:

Our Realm must always be the most important to us!

The above statement could, as well, be interpreted: We have

to perceive reality from our particular reference point
(and also sometimes to adjust our understandings as to fit
our innate needs). Even if the truth and the quest for
truth are one of the guiding principles--which they are--
still we need to keep in mind our rudimentary interests and

69
never endanger them. Because, no matter what: WE MUST, in
importance, COME FIRST! Or to put it more appropriately:
OUR REALM MUST, always, BE FIRST! [This is actually, very
similar to Nietzsche’s concept of master morality; or
perhaps it is apparent that master morality could be
deduced from this law!]
Most of all, we need to realize that this is something
very much normal hence that we should not feel bad because
of it. Therefore, we need to curtail our approach to
reality as to always benefit our particular interests!
Which is the most normal thing that there is (as long as it
benefits the realm)! To disobey this fundamental principle
would, most likely, result in our termination. Because, in
the grand scheme of natural selection, if among several
competing groups only one of them forfeits this law of
nature, then it will be extinct in the relentless struggle,
for survival, with the other groups.

PART TWO: Political Philosophy

Society is an innate development among various animals that

posses adequately advanced brains--with the possible
exception of some insects39, such as the bees and the ants--
which allows them to structure their lives and interactions
as an organized group of individuals. Society is both
necessary and desirable state for it will prevent possible
anarchy where each individual could be in a perpetual war
or struggle against all others. Instead, by creating
society--accepting social contract by which they relent
some authority to the state, and some selective loss of
personal freedoms--they are making much more desirable
overall conditions for living and interaction. [Unless the
given country is acting detrimental toward Realm!] In
addition by fostering cooperation they are making their
society better prepared to overcome other, less successful,
societies or to prevent being itself taken over and/or
destroyed by other organized groups.

39
Perhaps it would be much more appropriate to view the colony of bees or ants as a live organism rather
than a society! Thus a beehive could be perceived as a living creature such that some bees are specialized
to do all the work (like our muscles), some are protecting it against intruders (like our leukocytes), some
are scouting the surroundings (like our eyes or sensory apparatus) and there are sex organs (the queen bee
and the drones). Because, just as our body cells have no will of their own but are acting collectively as
integral parts of the organism: so do bees, ants, termites act exactly that way. Members of a society (e.g.
people) have much greater degree of autonomy and independence. Hence, it would be wrong to consider
beehive as a society; on the other hand, most likely, it should not be a mistake to see a herd of deer, a pack
of wolves, a pride of lions, or especially a group of monkeys as having some forms of rather primitive
“society”.

70
 For any society to be proper, it must be structure in
a way that the most intelligent men would be the absolute
leaders. That means that a small percentage of the wisest
adult males should be granted total power, such as in
making all major decisions in that society. This would
assure that the society would have best possible chances
for success and prosperity thus could succeed in the innate
struggle with other societies. Consequently, in accordance
to nature’s plan, it is this innate struggle that will
ultimately determine which organized group will be favored
to survive and that most likely will be the one with the
most intelligent members: for they are most likely to
organize in the best way as to most effectively cooperate
and to adequately utilize available resources.
Democracy, in a way that is currently practiced [such
that all citizens above certain age (E.g. 18 years old)
could vote thus “decide”] is not appropriate form for human
society since in any such group of people there will be
individuals of diverse intellectual abilities (those very
smart and even more of those that are not so smart, or well
bellow the average) thus the overall decision could not be
the best possible outcome but the average of all
intelligences involved. Beside, democracy is a big farce,
since those that control media also control and effectively
create public opinion; hence it is they who, in most
instances, decide what the majority will choose; only that
is not what democracy was supposed to be. Which means that
democracy is just a big lie used by various groups as a
mean to fool, manipulate, oppress, exploit and rule the
duped majority.
A proper society should be structured to assure
several major points: 1. protection of Realm (2) service,
protection and benefit to its citizens (3) protection of
the society.
Realm must be placed in the most important position
since it is all that we are part of and one of the main
laws that govern all interaction in this entire universe
is--already mentioned--the rule of self-preservation which
implies (let me say it once again) that an entity must not
intentionally harm itself or do anything that might
endanger its survival. The only possible exception to this
law is, in cases, when someone identifies himself with
something else hence is ready to sacrifice himself for the
benefit of the extended self. For instance, if a person
gives his life to save his own child (or family) or to
defend his country. But, at the same time, it would be
considered extremely bizarre or morbid for a person to give

71
his life for an animal, or a virus, or that which is not
part of him [or a part of his Realm], for instance.
Intellect is also very important aspect since the
entire evolution seems to be lead to the creation of higher
forms of life and consequent refinement of intellect. Thus
to allow denigration of intellect, in any shape or form, is
unnatural practice that is going against the grain of
reality or (the tendency of) nature. Since white race, and
in particular white men, have discovered almost all
(significant or semi-important) facts and knowledge: it
would also imply that genocide or any form of
discrimination toward white men in favor of children,
females, mentally retarded, animals or other races could
constitute the gravest sin against this universe and its
innate proclivity.
In any case, society must never force us to disobey
nature or induce us to deviate from universal rules or from
our innate character. That also implies that society ought
to be created and structures in such a way as to enable us
to be moral and to assure our personal well being as a way
to benefit our Realm. It also means that citizens of a
society have moral obligation to make such a society [to
create desirable and appropriate commonwealth] or to alter,
replace or terminate a deviant society.
Perverted society could be considered any union where
its citizens are forced to disobey their rudimentary
instincts or innate nature and harm their Realm or any
society that is punishing its members for being what they
really are, for obeying the laws of this universe.
However, it would be equally wrong or immoral for us
to concern ourselves with anything else other than our own
Realm. Thus the most normal and moral thing would be for
us to preoccupy ourselves as to exclusively champion and
benefit ourselves and especially our Realm. That is the
essence of morality and what it means to be moral. All
man-made laws must take these simple and all-important
facts under consideration if they are to be just or proper.
Thus one of our main concerns should also be to have
proper set of laws enacted (by legislators) that would
govern our behavior, in a normal and legal sense, hence to
enable us to be moral as nature has intended and as
reality, ultimately, demands from us. Or I can present
this, just elaborated, claim as the Fundamental Law in
Politics:

Society and man-made laws must serve individuals and

be moral (protect our Realm).

72
This could imply that politics is just a part of ethics; or
at least it should be that way. Because, it would be evil,
in essence, for society to be structured (or to create man-
made laws) as to be immoral or amoral, in any way.

73
 10
The Ancient
Fables
European mythology is a precursor to our philosophy and our
art, as well. In addition, it is still the main line of
defense: protecting what we are and where we came from.
Thus it is crucially important to remind ourselves of our
noble ancestors and what they believed, long time ago, when
the world was still young, and before science could provide
the answers! And it is even more important, for us, to
teach our children who their earliest ancestors were thus
to introduce them to our rich heritage.
By the way, Europeans are: Slavs [the Russians, the
West Russians, the Ukrainians; the Serbs, the Croats (or
the West Serbs), the Mountain Serbs, the Slovenians, the
Macedonians, the Bulgarians; the Checks, the Slovaks, the
Sorbs (or the North Serbs), the Poles], Germanic people
[the Germans, the Anglo-Saxons, the Swedes, the Norwegians,
the Danes, the Icelanders, etc], Celts [the Scots, the
Irish, the Welsh, etc], Greco-Romans [the French, the
Italians, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Greeks, etc],
Ugro-Fins [the Hungarians and the Finish]; as well as their
direct progenies that now live at various locations all
over the world, especially in North America, South Africa,
Australia and New Zealand.

Celtic Mythology
The Celts are a group of Europeans that was dominant in
Central Europe during the Iron Age, where they initiated

74
the La Tene culture. They rode horses, used iron weapons
and in the 6th and 5th century B.C. [or in 74th and 75th
century f-LV (from Lepenski Vir)] they spread, from their
home in present day southern Germany, to what are now the
British Isles, France, Spain, Italy, Macedonia, etc.
Their society was centered around a leader, that was a
king-like figure, and priests known as druids. Druids were
very important and influential for they supposedly had
magical powers. Other significant figures were poets [or
bards], warriors, heroes, seers, storytellers, wizards,
etc, such that some of them also had various rather special
or unique abilities and skills.
Currently, the Celts and/or their descendants are
present all over Europe, especially in Ireland, Scotland,
the Isle of Man, Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany; as well as
in the USA, Australia, etc. But their profound influence
is even more widespread.

DRUIDS were leading priests of a highly ritualistic

religion that centered on the warship of the pantheon of
nature deities. Their ceremonies were filled with magic
and they were usually held in the woods (like oak groves),
on large fields or near rivers and lakes. Druids held
powerful positions in the society but they were much more
than just religious leaders--they were also judges,
advisers, educators and they oversaw the intellectual life
of their communities.

REBIRTH was a significant feature of Celtic religious

belief. In other words, after a person dies, his immortal
soul goes to the otherworld where it waits to be reborn
once again. Thus a person is perceived an immortal entity
leading infinitely many different lives.

OTHERWORD was an invisible realm of gods, spirits, fairies,

giants, elves; it was a remarkable place of utter joy where
souls went after death to wait for another rebirth. It was
a kind of divine resting place, filled with plenty and
happiness, were a person would recharge his life-force
(élan vital) for his next existence in the real world. Two
common names for the otherworld were Avalon and also Annwn.
The lord of Annwn was the gray-clad god known as
Arawn. He had a pack of hounds, sometimes referred to as
the Celtic “hounds of death” for they flew at night in
pursuit of human souls.

75
 Inside this glittering place of utter enchantment was
a stream of life that could heal the sick or injured and
there was also a Celtic Magical Cauldron that was a
recurring theme in all of Celtic mythology, which also had
abilities to cure the ill or bring back to life.
Seers and poets could enter and/or leave this amazing
place through delightful spirit-flights of imagination or
rather journeys of the soul. Bards often went there for
their inspiration. Some privileged heroes (i.e. Finn
MacColl, Cuchulainn) have also managed to enter and leave
otherworld during their lifetime; but poets did it on
regular basis.

CELTIC CAULDRON was a remarkable vessel of plenty and, even

more importantly, rebirth. It could heal the sick or
injured and return to life those that were dead.

ARTHUR is the best-known and most famous Celtic hero. His

father was Uther Pendragon (“dragon head”), his mother’s
name was Igraine. [This could imply that, or be interpreted
as if, Arthur might have descended from a dragon.] He
united the people and according to the legend became the
first king of entire Britain. His castle was Camelot where
he made a large round table for his group of rather special
and carefully chosen knights that were collectively known
as the Knights of the Round Table. Sir Lancelot was his
best and most loyal knight, even though he fell in love
with the queen.
Merlin [the best and most famous wizard] played a
significant role in the Arthurian myths, for he was his
main adviser and in fact he had skillfully influenced and
led the king throughout his life. Thus Merlin had a major
part in the unification of Britain, according to the
legend.
Arthur’s wife was Guinevere; his sword was the
fabulous Excalibur which he received, thanks to Merlin,
from the Lady of the Lake [a mysterious figure that dwelled
inside a lake], whose white-clad arm appeared above the
surface holding Excalibur for Arthur. It was most amazing
sword that had special powers and that was so shiny (as
bright as a score of torches) it could mesmerize or
frighten enemies in battle.
At the end of his life, Arthur was mortally wounded in
a battle, so he returned the sword to the enchanted lake
then he went on a magic boat ride and simply disappeared.
His last words were that he was going to Avalon so that he
could return to lead his people--in the time of gravest

76
danger--once again. He is, also, a historical figure and
on his grave at Glastonbury is written: “Here lies Arthur,
king that was, king that shall be.”

DAGDA was the great god of Irish mythology. He was the

father of gods and the mighty protector of druids. Dagda
led the Tuatha De Danann beings or rather deities that
defeated the Famorii gods that ruled before them. He was
often presented as a man in rustic clothes that carried an
enormous club on wheels. He used, one end of, it to slay
his enemies and the other to restore dead back to life. He
was wise, all knowing god and most powerful divine being.
He was a great warrior and his love interest was Morrigan,
the war goddess. In battle, he was without equal and he
used his devastating club to terminate all that opposed
him.
Dagda was the leader and main participant at the
second battle of Magh Tuireadh, when the Tuatha De Danann
finally defeated the Fomorii. As the consequence, these
earlier gods went to live under the water (Oceans) while
these new gods took over. However, in due time, they too
were defeated by the sons of Milesius (who were actually
the ancestors of the present day Irish). So, in turn, the
Tuatha De Danann gods went to live underground thus are
known as ferries and mysterious beings from Irish folk
stories or legends.

BRIGID was a goddess of healing and fertility. She was

assisting pregnant women. Her husband was Bres, the half-
Famorii god, who briefly led the Tuatha De Danann.

HOLY MARRIAGE ceremony was an event that occurred at the

beginning of each year. It involved a sacred ritual during
which chieftains and druids were deflowering young females.
The main purpose for it was to assure prosperity, strength
and peace, by introducing innocent virgins to womanhood.
Or, alternatively, it might have involved a sexual act
between the main leader and a young priestess.

FOMORII were early gods that ruled Ireland. They were ugly
deformed creatures or rather the most violent and monstrous
sea gods. They were evil and tyrannical, by their
intrinsic nature. They were forced to live underwater
after the Tuatha De Danann gods defeated them.

BALOR was the one-eyed Cyclops and the god of death. He

was the most formidable among the Fomorii. His eye was so

77
dreadful and devastating that he could destroy anything he
looked at. The sun god Lugh killed him, in a battle.

CUCHULAINN was perhaps the greatest and most powerful of

all Celtic heroes, a larger than life figure. His mother
was Dechtire and she was the daughter of druid Cathbad.
His father was the sun god Lugh. Cuchulainn inherited
great deal from his famous father thus was a fierce warrior
that during battle transformed into the state of utter
frenzy or extreme fury and his physical appearance changed
accordingly, as well.
Cuchulainn was very popular among the weaker sex and
his wife was Emer, the daughter of Fogall, a chieftain
whose castle was near Dublin.
His loyal protector was goddess Morrigan.
The hero had great many adventures and he even briefly
journeyed to the otherworld. He was extremely brave and
skillful warrior. In his last battle, he went alone
against entire army; when queen Medb tried to invade Ulster
so her troops attacked at the unfortunate time when a curse
was placed on Ulster men rendering them unable to fight for
five whole days and nights. Only, Cuchulainn was not
affected by Macha’s curse. However, the witch placed a
spell on him, as well, thus magical powers were used to
weaken his impressive strength. But in spite of it all, he
won; only the victory was bittersweet for he had to forfeit
his life in the process!
It happened after five days of battling and winning
against odds and great many invading soldiers. The curse
caused his arm and shoulder to whiter and he sustained a
terrible stomach wound. So he tied himself to a post as to
be able to stand and fight till the very end. However, by
the time he died the other Ulster men have come out of the
Macha’s curse. They arrived too late, thought, to help
Cuchulainn but in time to finish off what he has started,
and to defeat the enemy.
At the end, Conall, his foster brother, has chased and
killed all those, in any way, responsible for the death of
Cuchulainn but Ulster was subdued in a veil of deafening
sadness for the loss of their most remarkable champion and
most loyal protector.

FINN MACCOOL was another great hero. As a child he had

unusual abilities with the animals, and was actually able
to communicate with them. His father was Cumal and his
mother was Hurna. His tutor was the druid Finegas, who
gave Finn MacCool to eat the Salmon of Knowledge. That

78
made him extra wise, thus he could know the past and
predict the future. When he grew up he became the leader
the Fianna, the select group of warriors. They had many
remarkable adventures; one of which was the pursuit of
Diarmuid Ua Diubhne, the foster-son of the love god
Aonghus. This relentless chase lasted sixteen whole years.
According to one tradition, he is undead, inside a
mystical cave, suspended in a deep animation, waiting to
wake up from this enchanted sleep, one day when Ireland
needs his aid the most... I think that such time will come
rather soon. In fact, the time is now!

Slavic Mythology
Not much is known about the mythology of Slavs [the biggest
national group in all of Europe], which is unfortunate
since there are some indications that it was rather a rich
cultural tradition. However, ever since the most
significant findings have been--possibly intentionally--
destroyed and lost forever, all we can do is attempt some
calculated guesswork on what Slavic myth might have looked
like.
Nevertheless, considering the fact that Slavic and
Germanic peoples have lived near each other and/or together
from the prehistoric time, and because the linguistic study
implies that they are related groups, which might have had
the common ancestry,40 we could conclude that their
mythologies and the initial religions might have been
similar or, at least, had some shared characteristics.
Which is important, especially since there are some records
concerning Germanic tradition that have survived but all
traces of Slavic early believes have been destroyed and/or
lost.
In its essence--or perhaps there are some indications
that--the myth of Slavs (or Vends, as their Germanic
neighbors would call them) was centered on the interaction
between three worlds: the world of light where people
lived, the world of darkness or underworld where magical

40
Some of the most fundamental words--that the earliest human societies might have developed--are very
similar among Slavs and Germans, which implies that they have lived in a close proximity or together in
that earliest of times. For instance, the word for water in Serbian is voda, for the sun is sunce, for son is
sin, for the moon is mesec, for river is reka, for fire is vatra, for brother is brat, for sister is sestra, for night
is noc, for ma is mama, for wind is vetar, for snow is sneg, etc. [All these words are pronounced very
similar and/or have identical root.]

79
forces resided, and the enchanted domain of mighty gods.
Also, rather common to Slavic tradition, all of nature was
filled with numerous spirits (some good and some evil).
Those forces were everywhere: lakes, rivers, trees, fields,
mountains, and especially in forests.

THE ABODE BETWEEN LAND AND SKY was a mythical castle that
was suspended in midair, among the clouds. It was occupied
by a dragon, who once took a princess thus one rather
valiant knight had to find a way to enter it and defeat the
impressive opponent as to fulfill his destiny and save this
damsel in distress. Actually, to be more precise, he has
managed to win three more young girls and a rich treasure.

MYESYATS was the moon deity. According to some traditions

he was a cold and bold uncle of the sun god Dazhbog. In
another tradition, this was a female deity in the shape of
a beautiful woman and consort to Dazhbog. Together they
had many children (the stars).
Every autumn the divine couple would part, as Dazhbog
leaves his beautiful bride for the duration of winter, but
as soon as spring arrives, the two reunite.

VESNA was the beautiful goddess of spring.

BABA JAGA was a witch in Russian mythology. Among Serbs

she was called Baba Roga.

WEREWOLF was a man-beast that appeared as a human but would

mysteriously transform into a wolf during the full moon.
This creature was actually an evil monster that only looked
like a big wolf but was much more powerful and dangerous.
It could be killed only with weapon made of silver. When
the full moon passes the creature would return into the
human shape, thus be able to hide his true identity. This
way, werewolves could secretly live among the people and
prey on them.
Any human that survived the attack of a werewolf (i.e.
that was bitten or scratched by the monster) would turn
into this beast, himself, when the full moon returns.

PRINCE MARKO was a remarkable hero, in latter Serb folk

stories and legends. He was one important warrior against
the alien forces of evil. He had great many adventures and
in all of them he appears as the powerful and relentless
protector of his people. [There was actually a genuine

80
historic figure to which the name is associated. The real
Marko was one of the Serbian noblemen from the Middle Ages,
whose castle was located in present day Kosovo or Northern
Macedonia.]

ROD was the god of light, fertility and creation or

becoming. It is believed that he played all-important or
the key role in the creation of the world. He was mostly
worshiped among eastern Slavs [Russians, West Russians,
Ukrainians]. His cult was rather impressive and very
powerful, in part, because he was a very popular deity.

THE RUSALKI were water nymphs. They were magical beings

that assumed the shapes of beautiful young girls. [Some
traditions consider them to be souls of drowned girls.]
They resided in various rivers, especially in the Dnieper
and the Danube. In summer months, they would come to the
shore and swim or play.
They could be sinister or demonic forces, too, that
might drag unsuspected swimmers deep into the water till
they drown.

SVANTOVID [or Svevid] was one of the early gods. He used

to be the main god [and possibly as the father of all other
gods], until that special role, in Slavic pantheon, was
taken over--it is not known how or why that happened--by
all mighty Perun. Later on, he resumed a role of being
only the god of war.
Svantovid rode a white horse and sometimes, at night,
he would hunt for those who dared to deny his authority.
He is occasionally presented with four heads. His 30 feet
statue was built, at his temple Arcona, on the Baltic
island Rugen.

DRAGON was a mighty mythical beast of enormous power, with

wings and claws, which resembled a reptile and could
breathe fire.41 This fabulous monster could be either with
one head or with several heads (most often with three,
seven or nine). The more heads it had the more dangerous
dragon was, for the hero had to cut off all his heads in
order to defeat the beast.

41
European dragon is a distinct fabulous beast that is not to be mixed up with, or in any way associated to,
so called “dragons” from other parts of the world (e.g. Asia). Because the Chinese “dragon” is really just
one large worm or snake with legs, thus could not fly, and in fact is not the same concept or even similar
creature to European dragon. Therefore, it is inherently wrong and misleading to translate that gigantic
Chinese snake with the word “dragon”.

81
 Dragon was the ultimate adversary and the greatest
trial of courage, strength or wit that a man could ever
encounter. A duel with such a creature was the final trial
of valor and skills. Actually, the dragon represented the
biggest danger that humans could come across; hence it was
the symbol of the absolute power and unpredictability of
nature.
Not all dragons were considered evil or were
personifications of such forces. Some dragons were good
and were, actually, helping the valiant knights in their
noble quests.

LESOVIK was a spirit of the forest. He had the human form

with long green beard, only he would not cast any shadow.
His intentions were often very unkind toward the
unsuspected hunters and travelers whom he tried to lead
astray. Lesovik had the ability to change his size, from
being extremely small (like a mouse) to being immensely big
(like the biggest tree). Every October, he would go into a
kind of voluntary hibernation only to return back next
spring.

PERUN was the main and most powerful god. [He was the
Slavic equivalent not only to Germanic Odin but Thor, as
well. In Greek mythology his equivalent was Zeus.]
According to some believes, Perun has controlled the
atmospheric occurrences hence one of his potent weapons was
thunder and lightening.
The thunder god was involved with great many females.
One of them was Saule [Baltic goddess of the sun] and as
the result of their prolonged love affair came the Morning
Star (Venus).
Also, according to Slavic believes--which was actually
a kin to Germanic tradition--the world was just like the
tree, divided in three parts: the root was inhabited mostly
by dark or sinister forces, in the trunk lived people,
while the canopy was the realm of gods, in such a way that
Perun had the greatest power and the biggest influence in
all three domains, of this cosmic tree.

SVAROG was the sky god. He was one of the powerful, or

among the most potent, deities.

BASCELIK was one extremely strong mythical creature, with

the ability to fly and his actual shape was that of a
winged man. He was belligerent, in character. However, a

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brave knight, who enlisted the aid of friendly dragons,
eventually defeated him.
The legend of Bascelik is, actually, centered on the
valiant deeds of an unnamed hero, who was also a prince.
According to the story, a king who had three sons and three
daughters was dying and while he lied in his deathbed, he
called his sons and told them that his time would soon be
over and when he was gone they should give their sisters to
whoever came to ask for them.
Soon father the old king was dead and not long after
someone visited their castle asking for the eldest daughter
but the two older brothers refused to give her away.
However, the youngest brother remembered what their father
told them so he persuaded the other two to give her in
marriage. The following night, another mysterious power
came and once again asked for the hand this time of the
middle daughter; and the third day, a new stranger asked
for the hand of the youngest princess and each of those
times the two elder brothers at fist refused only to be
persuaded by the young price who did not want to disobey
his father.
After their sisters went away with powerful but
unknown characters, the brothers decided to find out where
they were, so the princes agreed to go and look for them.
All three gathered the necessary provisions, mounted the
horses and commenced to find their sisters.
They traveled several days and after leaving their
kingdom far behind, they came into an unknown land. There,
near one lake, high up in the mountains, they decided to
have a rest. As the eldest brother was keeping a night
watch, suddenly a dragon appeared and after a long duel the
older brother managed to kill him. Then he woke up the
middle brother and--without telling him anything concerning
the duel--went to sleep. As soon as the oldest brother
fell asleep, another dragon (only this one with two heads)
appeared but the middle prince managed to kill him after a
big struggle. Then he returned to sleep while the younger
brother kept the watch. And as his two brothers, he too
encountered a dragon, only this creature had three heads.
He also managed to kill the beast but during their duel the
fire got extinguished. So in order to lit it again, he
went into the forest.
After a long walk, the young knight, saw some light,
in the distance. As he walked toward it, he was suddenly
surrounded by a group of giants. However, he was a rather
valiant and smart young man, so he immediately pretended to
be one of them thus he greeted them as if he was really

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pleased to see them. So giants invited him to join them
and they all set around the fire. They offered him to eat,
however they were roasting and eating some people, so the
witty prince pretended to dine with them while throwing
away the body parts when they were not looking.
As they finished eating human flesh, they decided to
hunt for some more; and thus all of them walked to a nearby
town. The giants pulled out some tall evergreen tries and
used them as ladders to climb the city walls. However, the
prince was first to go and as the giants went after him, he
took his sword and cut off their heads, one by one. Then
he looked around the town and realized that it was desolate
place and only in one toll tower was lit. He climbed it
and saw a beautiful young girl--actually the princess--
sleeping on her large bed with a candle nearby while from
darkness a large snake appeared. The prince, immediately,
jumped over and killed the reptile.
Eventually, the king found out what has happened so he
gave the young prince half of his kingdom and his daughter
as wife. The two older brothers received gold and treasure
as they wanted to return to their own kingdom and to their
wives who where waiting on them, all this time.
They all lived happily and peacefully, until one day,
the king went on a long hunt and gave the prince keys to
his castle, while he was away. He asked the prince to be
careful thus not to use one of the keys. But the young man
was curious and being of valiant nature, he opened the
forbidden door, as well. There he saw a man in chains.
[Actually, it was Bascelik!] The man asked him to give him
some water and in return he would give the prince three
extra lives. The young knight was impressed by the offer
and as he gave water to the prisoner, the iron chains
suddenly broke and the creature opened his concealed wings
thus flew away. As if this was not bad enough, the
creature, on his way out, also managed to grab the princess
and carry her away, with him.
When the king returned, the young man told him what
happened… The ruler was saddened by the fact that his only
daughter was stolen, by Bascelik, but he still looked at
the valiant knight with kindness and told him not to worry
for he would find him another young girl for wife and they
could still stay with him. But the prince was determined
to find his young bride so he took his sword and jumped on
his horse and rode off.
After seven days and seven nights, he came in a
distant city and there he saw a beautiful palace. In it
lived his eldest sister and she asked him to come in and

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meet her husband, who was actually the leader of dragons.
The dragon king wanted to help the brave knight thus gave
him a magical straw, which he could burn, if he needs their
assistance and dragons will come to his aid. So the prince
went on and eventually met his middle sister who was
married to the lord of falcons; and his youngest sister
that was married to the lord of eagles. In each of those
instances, the prince was given a magical feather, which he
could use to enlist the aid of falcons and eagles, if
needed.
After some time, the hero finally managed to find
Bascelik. He battled with the fabulous beast but the
creature was extremely powerful and as he lost three of his
extra lives, the young knight remembered the magical gifts
so he burned them. However before the army of dragons,
falcons and eagles could come, Bascelik has cut the young
prince in half. When the flying squadrons came they
started immense battle with the beast and it lasted several
days but they could not defeat him.
Then the fastest among dragons, flew over to the
mystical mountain and returned with the water of life.
They used it to bring the prince back to life. So the
brothers-in-law advised the brave knight to find out where
the courage and strength of Bascelik were hidden. So he
secretly went to see his wife and told her what to look
for. The next day, she asked Bascelik where his courage
and strength lie and he told her, immediately, being rather
confident that nothing could ever harm him. Then the
prince returned to the lords of dragons and birds of pray
and all of them took off and flew to a nearby mountain.
There they found a fox and eagles stared to chase her but
the fox changed into a raven and flew up into the sky but
the dragons went after it and as they caught it and cut it
open, from its hart a small bird appeared and flew fast
into the night but he falcons caught it and as they killed
it, Bascelik fell on the ground and died.
The prince then went over to find his pretty princess.
They said goodbye to the flying armies, and returned back
to their castle.

SVARAZIC was the fire god. His father was Svarog.

According to some believes he was a brother to Dazhbog. He
wore a helmet and always carried a sword. His symbol was
the head of black bison, which was engraved on his clothes.

TRIGLAV was a three-headed god. He had several temples

built in his name at Stettin (in present day Poland). His

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temples were maintained through the war booty, such that
one tenth, of everything pillaged, belonged to this god.

VAMPIRES were walking dead or corpses that had some

appearances of being alive even though they were not. They
were stalking humans since they used blood for their food.
If a vampire bits a human then the victim eventually
dies before becoming a vampire, himself. This half-alive
and half-dead creature had no reflection in the mirror.
One of the ways to repel vampires was the usage of garlic,
for which reason strings of garlic were put at the entrance
of the house and sometimes inside the house or all around
it, as well.
Vampires represented the forces of evil. They could
fly, by transforming themselves into bats. [This motif of
shape changing was also very common in Germanic mythology.]
In one old Serbian legend, when a vampire was killed he has
still managed to survive when from his severed body a white
butterfly escaped into the night.
These mythical creatures could not take the daylight
therefore they were active only at night, when they were
seeking human victims. During the day they hid in graves
or in dark rooms of a castle, where they often used coffins
instead of beds. A vampire could only be destroyed if a
wooden stake--made of a very special thorny tree--was
driven deep into his heart, or possibly by exposition to
direct sunlight; otherwise they could persist indefinitely.

VILENJAKS and VILAS were natural forces [like sprites or

fairies]. They were living in forests, rivers, lakes, or
mountains. Some of them were essentially good while some
were evil, by nature. These supernatural beings could have
been male (vilenjak) or female (vila) and they always had
some special powers and superhuman abilities.
Vilenjaks were often depicted as being tricksters who
liked to have fun thus enjoyed to fool humans or would do
some unsuspected or unusual pranks to the people that enter
their sacred realm. Vilas were usually depicted as young
and very pretty girls that wore light transparent dresses.
They lived in nature and were also very playful thus liked
to horse around with unsuspected passers by, often while
they were sleeping. However, unlike vilenjaks, these
fairies were much more good, by their innate nature, and
were much more ready to help the people.

WIZARD was a wise man with great magical powers that he

could implore to achieve incredible or mind bugling deeds.

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He could use his magic to cure or cast spells, foresee the
future, control nature or forces of nature, as well as to
help or harm valiant heroes. Wizards could be good and/or
bad.

Teutonic Mythology
This is one remarkable and rather inspiring fable about the
realm of gods, which was designed to explain this universe
and our place in it. Most amazingly, the contemplators of
these myths have envisioned the doom of gods which could
imply that they might had the vision of the future where
gods will not play any significant role, in human life, and
this sets Germanic Mythology apart from all others, as most
profound and philosophical intellectual achievement, long
before the age of science.
Their universe was divided into nine worlds that were
interconnected and where mighty gods, evil frost giants,
people and fearless heroes, skillful dwarfs, powerful
wizards, etc interacted. Also there were monsters, rigs of
power, and great deal of magic and enchantment. Perhaps it
should be mentioned that this was, actually, the religion
and the myth of the Vikings [the valiant group of tribes,
from Northern Europe that between the 8th and 10th century,
skillfully sailed the seas and rivers, in their amazingly
designed dragon ships, hence ravaged all that they came
across: inducing the sword age and the axe age].

In the very beginning, however, and before anything else,

there was a bottomless pit, the world of fog, where
suspended, within the web of nothingness, was a well from
which twelve rivers ensued toward different directions. In
due time, those rivers froze up and filled the abyss…
That’s how the stage was set for the commencement of
the most fascinating tales, ever envisioned by human minds,
the Norse sagas.

GINNUNGAGAP was the fundamental or initial emptiness, which

lay between the realm of fire and the realm of cold. As
the warm winds from the domain of fire melted some snow,
the drops of water combined to create Ymir (the first frost
giant and the first living thing) and Audhumla (the
primeval cow). The cow lived by licking the salty ice and

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it gave milk to Ymir. [He was, later on also, the father of
all giants that came out of his sweat.]
While Audhumla was licking the ice she stumbled on
Buri (the first man-like entity, and ancestor to all gods).
He had the child whose name was Bor and three grandsons:
Odin, Vili, and Ve that killed Ymir and all giants except
one family which, somehow, managed to survive. [This
mishap, eventually, turned out to be the initial seed of
destruction, an innate flaw within the framework of
ultimate reality, that would, much later, end up with
Ragnarok.] They took his carcass to the center of
Ginnungagap and out of it they made Midgard, the world of
men. Ymir’s flash was transformed into the earth, his
bones became the mountains, his blood spilt into lakes and
seas, his hair was the trees and out of Ymir’s skull they
made sky, such that four dwarfs had the task of holding up
the corners of the skull (sky). The sun, the moon and the
stars were made out of the sparks, which gods caused while
creating the universe.
The three brothers then used ash tree to make the
first man and elm tree to make the first woman. Odin
breath into them the spirit of life, Ve enabled them to
hear and see, and Vili gave them intelligence and emotion.

ASGARD was the divine fortress, abode of the younger and

more powerful family of gods, the Aesirs. [The other divine
family, the Vanirs, lived in Vanaheim.] This citadel had
impressive, extremely massive and strong, walls [that were,
interestingly enough, made by a frost giant] and many
monumental and splendid halls where gods resided.

THE RINGS OF POWER were potent symbols of might, magic,

destiny and/or doom in Norse myth. For instance, Odin had
a fabulous golden ring (Draupnir) that every nine days
created similar rings. It was an emblem of abundance and
power. Draupnir was crafted by a dwarf, who used fire and
potent magic to forge this amazing ring in his secret
underground dwelling. Thor also had a ring that was a
symbol for fair play and good faith. Other magical rings
held power, good fortune, wealth, curses, bad luck, etc.

BIFROST was a magical bridge (rainbow) that connected

Midgard (the world of men) with Asgard (the home of gods).

FREYJA was a fertility goddess. She lived with the Aesir

gods even though she was from the family of Vanirs. The
two groups of gods had a war at which end the Aesirs, led

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by Odin, won and it was, mutually, agreed that to assure
the future peace, they ought to exchange some of their
family members. Freya, Njord, Fryr came to live in Asgard;
while a few of Aesirs deities went to live at Vanaheim with
the Vanirs.

SIGURD (or Siegfried) was a man and one of the greatest

heroes. He had many adventure during his lifetime,
including the slain of dragon Fafnir, for which he relied
on his cunning and valor as well as on his magical sword.
This way he gained big treasure, wisdom and ability to
understand birds.
Another his adventure involved great bravery when he
dared to enter the ring of fire in order to free the
imprisoned Valkyrie, Brynhild. She has displeased Odin
(the supreme god) and as her punishment he placed her in a
deep enchanted sleep within the ring of fire. Only the
most valiant hero could penetrate the ring, break the spell
and set her free, by displaying daring valor. Sigurd was
the one to free Brynhild and consequently the two of them
became lovers.

HEL was the daughter of fire god Loki and frost giantess
Angrboda. She was banished, by Odin, to rule the
netherworld or underworld (also referred to as Hel). She
was semi-decomposed (half live and half dead: such that her
arms and legs were only skeleton) and her subjects were
those humans that died as cowards.

IDUN was the pretty goddess who guarded the apples of

youth. She was married to Bragi, the god of poetry. These
apples grew on a very special tree and they had ability to
kept gods young and powerful.

VALI was a god and one of great many Odin’s sons. His
mother was Rind. His destiny will be to kill blind Hodr,
as the revenge for the killing of Balder. He will survive
Ragnarok.

LOKI was fire god and the essence of evil. His parents
were giants Farbauti and Laufey, which could explain his
character. He was rather witty and only a trickster or
trouble-maker, at first, [at which time he was also a
frequent companion to Thor] but his evil progressively grew
until it overtook him completely; henceforth, the other
gods, had no other option but to bound him in a cave, where
he was to remain till Ragnarok. Loki had two wives,

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Angrboda and Sigyn; and several children, including
monsters: Fenrir, Jormungard, Hel, as additional
representatives of his evil nature.
All his life, Loki had caused great deal of troubles
to the gods until, finally, they decided to punish him. To
avoid the wrath of gods, he turned himself in a salmon but
Odin, from his high seat at Asgard, saw his hideout and the
gods eventually caught him. They placed him in a dark cave
and one of his sons was transformed into a wolf that
immediately attacked and killed his other son Narvi; whose
intestines were, then, used to restrain Loki beneath the
dripping mouth of a venomous snake. He was sentenced to
remain, in this dreadful prison, till Ragnarok when he was
to emerge as the leader of the army of frost giants.
During this battle Loki will die at the hands of god
Heimdall.

MJOLLNIR was Thor’s magic hammer. It was made by dwarfs

[who were the best craftsmen in all nine words] and it had
some amazing powers: abilities to foster fertility,
resurrection and of course total destruction. It was the
ultimate weapon used by gods--actually by Thor--against
their archenemies, frost giants. It was specially designed
to crush giant’s hard skulls.
At one time, giant Thrym managed to steal it, which
made gods very uneasy. So Loki and Thor went to recapture
the hammer. Since Thrym demanded goddess Freyja, in return
for the hammer, Loki suggested Thor to take Freyja’s
clothes and her famous necklace before the two of them
would visit the frost giant. As they arrived at the
giant’s impressive palace at Utgard, Loki presented
disguised Thor as if he was Freyja. Since it was customary
for Viking marriages to be blessed by placement of hammer
on bride’s knees, that was done this time as well; but as
soon as they placed Mjollnir on Thor’s knees, he took it
and ruthlessly pulverized all frost giants that were
present, in such a display of most brutal violence that it
was unparalleled in the annals of mythology.
On some other occasions, Thor used it to restore to
life some goats that were actually eaten, by him and his
companions, the night before, as well as for sacred
ceremonies during funerals. After Ragnarok (the doom of
gods and the end of the world, as we know it) this mighty
hammer is to be owned by Thor’s divine sons Magni and Modi.

NIDHOGG was awesome dragon that lived at one of the three

roots of the great cosmic tree, Yggdrasil. He lived in the

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lowest of the nine worlds, Niflheim, which was hostile
region flooded with the freezing mist and permanent
darkness. There, he was ripping carcasses and eating them.
Occasionally he would also nibble on the root of the cosmic
tree, in an attempt to inflict damage on the universe.
His appetite was enormous and nothing, neither fire
nor flood, neither terrible cold nor complete darkness
could deter him from feasting on the inexhaustible supply
of the dead.

NJORD was a sea god from the Vanir family of gods. He

lived with the Aesir gods together with his son Freyr and
his daughter Freyja. He was also seen as the god of
fertility; not only because his two children were fertility
deities but also because Njord provided, to all that
worshiped him, safe sea voyage and good fortune in form of
land and sons.

THE NORNS were fates or goddesses of destiny. They were

Urd (fate} whose well was under one of the roots of
Yggdrasil, the tree of cosmic [actually at the very place
where deities met daily for the purpose of assembly];
Verdandi (present) and Skuld (future). The three fates
would provide destinies for gods, giants, dwarfs and men.
The idea was that our destinies were set and could never be
changed, not even by divine beings as the most powerful
entities in existence.

THE VALKYRIES were sinister spirits of slaughter and

bringers of death that would majestically ride, flying
horses, over battlefields where valiant warriors were
meeting their destiny, in the name of Odin. Actually they
would take chosen heroes--at his request--to Valhalla, the
Odin’s splendid abode and the divine home to his ghostly
army of slain heroes.
Sometimes they are envisioned as Odin’s shield-maidens
and blond virgins with extremely white complexion that
would obediently serve the Viking heroes, with the aid of
the magical horn of plenty, which contained everlasting
mead and meat. The beautiful Valkyries were very feminine
and fragile figures that would often fall in love with the
fearless human heroes.
Sometimes the mortals would manage to catch Valkyries-
-especially those ones that took shape of a swan--and keep
them imprisoned, as they were so desirable property.

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ODIN was the most powerful deity and the main god, the
absolute rule of all worlds and the mighty leader of gods.
He was the god of magic and wisdom. His father and
grandfather were Bor and Buri, respectively. This one-eyed
god had two brothers: Vili and Ve; and many children: Thor,
Balder, Hodr, Vali, etc. He also had great many wives.
One of them was Frigg, who lived with him in Asgard.
He loved battle and was the protector and father of
the slain heroes. Those that died bravely in battle would
come to his abode at Valhalla to feast and enjoy in the
anticipation of the final showdown, between gods and frost
giants, the ultimate event at Ragnarok. In the grand
scheme of things, the valiant heroes are to assist the
divine beings in their epic war against the giants. So
gathering the heroic dead was one of the main
preoccupations of this dominant god.
Odin was so much admired by the Vikings that he could
incite, in them, a state of total battle frenzy when they
could fight so violently and with so much courage that it
was behavior, which could be considered really out of this
world. [This is somewhat similar to the astounding
transformation of Cuchulainn, in Celtic mythology.] As a
mater of fact, Odin’s name was, commonly, associated with
“fury” or “divine madness”.
His favorite weapon was his spear (Gungnir) that was
made by dwarfs and it had a very special ability: never to
miss its target. He had a very interesting golden ring
that could replicate itself every nine days. His horse
was, also, a somewhat unique creature with eight legs.
This supreme deity gained unlimited wisdom by casting
one of his eyes into Mimir’s well. But his fanatical
interest in even deeper wisdom induced him to hang himself,
for nine whole days, from the cosmic tree, Yggdrasil. This
voluntary death and consequent resurrection, by means of
his incredible magic, gave Odin greater knowledge and power
than anyone else could ever have.
The powerful god used his immense skills to set up the
rules of conduct for mortals, deities, giants, and dwarfs.
This way he tried to delay the inevitable arrival of
Raganarok, the ultimate doom, which he could not prevent in
spite of all his wisdom and might; and which to great
extent was the working of Loki alongside the giants.
Odin was all-knowing and to be informed as to what is
happening in the nine worlds, he used two faithful ravens:
Huginn (thought) and Muninn (memory). They would patrol
the worlds and keep him current about the affairs within
his dominion.

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 To test his immense knowledge, Odin journeyed to
Utgard, disguised as an old man. He challenged the wisest
among frost giants, Vafthrudnir, to a contest of wits.
They were asking each other questions, for a long time,
until one of them, finally, did not know the answer. At
the end, Odin won, when the frost giant could not tell what
Odin whispered to his dead son Balder, at his deathbed. [As
a matter of fact, due to his incredible insight of what is
to come, Odin has told his dead son, Balder, not to worry,
for he would eventually resurrect and claim the new and
better earth.]
The leader of all the divine beings is to die at
Raganrok (the doom of gods and the end of the world, as we
know it) but his son Balder will remain and he will take
over to rule the Universe and the new world that will come
out from this ultimate catastrophe.

RAGNAROK was the final apocalypse, the preordained doom of

gods, and the ultimate climax to the cosmic drama. It will
occur after a series of disasters and one terrible winter
that would last three whole years; when Loki will break
free from his prison cave and set sail toward the fiery
end. This will be the concluding battle, the grand finale
that will take place at the icy plain of Vigrid, as the
concluding struggle between the gods and their eternal
opponents, frost giants. On the side of divine beings will
appear the glorious dead, valiant warriors that died in
battle and were taken, by the Valkyries, to Valhalla. On
the side of Loki and frost giants, will also fight the
unworthy dead, those that died as cowards, as well as three
fearsome monsters that were spawned by Loki, himself:
fearless wolf Fenrir, incredible sea monster Jormungand
(which will, by that time, grew so big that his body could
cover all of Midgard), and Hel (the queen of the dead with
her ghastly army of unworthy corpses).
At the very moment of Ragnarok, Asgard’s walls will
suddenly crumble, the mythical creature Surt will burn out
Bifrost bridge that connect Asgard with Midgard. Fenrir
would break his chains and would roam the earth spreading
rampant death and destruction; two mystical wolves would
swallow the sun and the moon; Hel would appear with her
army of the pale cadavers and would start moving toward the
Vigrid Plane. Loki will sail the sea with his giant hosts
toward the ultimate battleground. Odin with his army of
heroic dead, together with other gods, will appear at
Vigrid Plane; as Jormungard bursts out of the ocean in an
attempt to swallow everything. At the very end, Surt sets

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all nine worlds on fire. The earth is ablaze and reduced
to ashes before it sinks bellow the boiling ocean.
During this ultimate conflict, Odin will be killed in
combat with the fiery wolf Fenrir; Thor will slain great
many giants and the incredible sea serpent Jormungand, in
the most amazing of all combats, but will also die from its
poisonous venom; while Loki will be killed by god Heimdall.
Ragnarok will not be the end of cosmos. After most of
the gods were killed, in mutual onslaught with the frost
giants, a new world would emerge out of this catastrophe
and it will be greener and much better place; and some gods
will survive, as well (Odin’s sons: Vidar, Balder [who
will, actually, return from the dead] and Vali; Honir;
Thor’s sons: Modi and Magni). Furthermore, during the
ultimate battle, two humans (a man and a woman: Lif and
Lifthrasir) will shelter in the sacred cosmic tree thus
after the carnage they will repopulate the earth.

SKOLL is a wolf that is chasing the sun across the sky. At

Ragnarok, he will catch and swallow her but only after she
gives birth to a new sun that will be brighter and that
will shine over a new and greener earth that will emerge
from the ocean. Another creature, Hati would also swallow
the moon. Skoll and Hati came from Iron Woods.

THE DWARFS were mystical creatures that lived in one of the

nine worlds. Their domain was deep below the surface and
their kingdom was underground, lit with shiny gems. They
were skilled craftsmen that used magic to make incredible
and very sophisticated contraptions. For instance, they
made: Iduna’s golden apples (or the tree), Thor’s Mjollnir,
Sif’s golden wig, Gungnir (Odin’s great spear), Freyja’s
beautiful necklace, Freyr’s wondrous long ship, various
rings of power, etc.
The dwarfs were vulnerable to daylight so they
appeared only at night, since direct exposure to sunlight
could turn them into stone.

BEOWULF was a great hero who fought with monsters and

dragons. He was brave, strong and skillful. He had great
many adventures.

SURT was the fire giant with a fiery blade. He was

destined to set the universe on fire. All nine worlds will
turn into furnace. At the time of Ragnarok, Surt will come
out of the land of flame (Muspell) hurdling fire in all
directions, turning people and animals to ashes. The

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scorched earth will then sink into the deep ocean before it
reemerges once again, as a new and greener place.

THOR was the second most powerful god, in rank and strength
only after his divine father Odin. His mother was Fjorgyn
(the goddess of earth). Thor was all mighty thunder god
[his name actually means “thunder”]. He fathered many
children to great many females.
He had Mjollnir, the magical hammer--which was made by
dwarfs--that was used to crush giant’s thick skulls. The
weapon had huge head with short handle and amazing ability
to always hit its target, as well as some other magical
properties, such as inducement of fertility or the ability
to restore a living creature back to life. Perhaps it
should be stated that Mjollnir was really a thunderbolt.
It was, above all, the most potent weapon that the gods had
in their arsenal for their everlasting conflict with the
frost giants. Thor also had special iron gauntlets and the
power belt, which increased his already impressive strength
to new levels. In essence, Thor was the mightiest of all
gods--even though his father was the supreme god--and Thor
was definitely the main champion and protector of the
divine beings against the frost giants.
Thor was not only incredibly strong but his body was,
in addition, rather large. He sometimes rode his chariot,
which was pulled by two immense goats, across the sky.
This hot-tempered, redheaded divinity had great many
adventure; and in many of them he was accompanied by Loki
(the fire god), while they were still friends. In one of
them, Loki has changed his shape into a hawk and was caught
by Geirrod (a frost giant). [Loki often used magic to
change his shape, as indeed, many gods or giants, with
knowledge of magic, liked to do.] Geirrod allowed Loki to
leave only after he promised to bring the unarmed thunder
god to Geirrod. Thus, Thor was tricked by Loki to enter
the hall of the frost giant, without his belt, gloves and
hammer. However, at the entrance of Jotunheim (the land of
frost giants), they stayed with a friendly giantess Grid,
who warned Thor of the possible danger and gave him another
belt of power, her iron gloves, and unbreakable staff.
When they arrived at the hall of Geirrod, his servants
led them to the table and gave them plenty to drink and
eat. After a rich feast the two gods fell asleep.
Suddenly, Thor dreamed that he was floating in thin air, so
he opened his eyes and realized that his head was about to
be smashed against the ceiling, so in an instant and with
lightning speed, the thunder god used Grid’s staff to push

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against the ceiling, causing his seat to slam down against
two Geirrod’s daughters, that were actually trying to kill
him. Witnessing his daughters’ abrupt demise, the frost
giant viciously attacked Thor. He threw red-hot iron ball
at the thunder god but Thor was ready and with iron gloves
caught the projectile before launching it back at Geirrod.
This time, the fiery missile was unstoppable as it went
straight through a massive pillar before it became enlarged
into giant’s belly, killing him on the spot; which allowed
the god to jump on his feat and smash skulls to all the
servants and other giants, that were around.
In another of his adventures, Thor had a single combat
with Hrungnir, who was extremely big and powerful frost
giant, who once came to Asgard and while their guest
insulted the deities. So the god of thunder challenged him
to a duel. To assist Hrungnir, the giants made enormous
clay figure that was animated through magic and was
intended to scare Thor. But the god overcame the awesome
sight and his fear thus won the challenge. At the end, one
of Thor’s strongest sons [whose mother was a giantess]
helped him return to Asgard.
Thor had many other adventures, as well. For
instance, at one occasion, together with Loki and their
servants; he went to Utgard and met giant Skrymir. He was
the biggest of all giants, but Thor was not impressed as he
commented: “the bigger they are, the heavier they fall”.
During this stay at the giant’s stronghold, the frost
giants used some spells to gain advantage over the gods.
However, at the end it was discovered that this entire
episode was actually an illusion, which frightened frost
giants invented as they tried to scare Thor and prevent him
from paying them another rather embarrassing visit, that
could once again turn very unpleasant for them.

THE FROST GIANTS were the first living creatures and the
archenemies of gods. They had enormous size and equally
big strength. The giants were also personification of evil
and at Ragnarok there will be final and mutually
destructive battle when most of the gods and all of the
giants would perish.
They feared Thor, most of all, since he was their
greatest enemy and the powerful killer of giants; and his
magical hammer (Mjollnir) was specially designed to
pulverize giant’s massive skulls: task which he could
accomplish with a single blow and apparent ease.

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TYR was the god of war. He was a valiant god that once put
his hand in the gaping mouth of monstrous wolf Fenrir, whom
gods tried to restrain. No chain was strong enough to hold
the beast down, so the gods used a magical one. But before
they could place it around Fenrir’s neck one of the divine
beings had to put his hand in the monster’s mouth as a
gesture of good will. Tyr was brave enough to do so;
however, as soon as Fenrir discovered that the magical rope
could not be broken, he bit off the god’s hand. So that is
how, according to the legend, Tyr has lost one of his
hands.
It is very likely that once upon a time, he used to be
the all important sky god, but eventually some of his
powers were, probably, transferred to Odin and Thor. As a
matter of fact, even Odin’s mighty spear Gungnir, was once
associated with Tyr. The Vikings used to perform a very
special ritual, by throwing the initial spear above the
heads of their enemies, before the battle, as a sacrifice
that they made for Odin or Tyr.
At Ragnarok, it was destined that the hound Garm
[which stood at the gates of Hel, preventing anyone from
leaving] would jump at Tyr’s throat and that they both
would be killed, during their combat.

UTGARD was the immense icy citadel and the frost giants’
stronghold at Jotunheim (the land of the giants).

VAFTHRUDNIR was the wisest of all frost giants. Just like

Odin, he too gained his immense knowledge by consulting the
dead. As a matter of fact to achieve that task, similarly
to Odin, Vafthurdnir had to die, temporarily.
The two of them, took part in a competition of wits,
that occurred at Utgard, at which time Odin won by asking
Vafthrudnir, what he had whispered to his dead son Balder,
while his motionless body laid on the funeral pyre.
Vafthrudnir could not have known that Odin told his dead
son not to worry, since he would eventually resurrect and
take over the rule of the new and better earth that would
emerge from the sea after Ragnarok.

VALHALLA was Odin’s majestic abode at Asgard. This was the

most impressive structure where Odin, also, gathered and
housed the heroic dead, those that died bravely in battle
and were specially chosen by Odin to be his followers and
soldiers. They were his ghostly army that awaited, at
Valhalla, the arrival of Ragnarok.

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 There were over 500 doors, at the grand citadel, each
of them wide enough for 800 men to march through abreast.
The design, for the doors, was made with one special
purpose, to allow them all to charge, at once, toward the
Vigrid Plain, at the first sign of Ragnarok.
The new arriving heroes had to enter Valhalla through
the special gate, called Valgrind (the sacred entrance for
the slain). They were awaited and welcomed by beautiful
virgin girls and/or Odin’s own sons. Odin would personally
welcome the bravest among them. However, before they could
enter Valhalla, the dead warriors had to overcome several
obstacles, like the river of air. But once in, the dead
were suddenly and miraculously cured of all wounds and
illnesses thus they could immediately indulged in food and
combat. There was plenty of food and endless supply of
drinks (that was a special mead prepared with magic). They
were served by beautiful young girls that were also
virgins. The men would spend their time in total
enjoyment: eating, drinking, socializing. Early every
morning they would go out to practice combat. In case some
of them get hurt or killed, they would be miraculously
restored back to life and/or healed. At midday they would
return to Valhalla to drink, eat and be merry, while in the
company of young girls.
As a matter of fact, Odin was considered the father
and protector of the heroes while Valhalla was also seen as
the hall of the slain. Odin would, daily, send the
Valkyries as to seek the valiant warriors. Once in
Valhalla, the girls would serve the men. The gathering of
the heroic dead (Einherjar) at Valhalla was just one of
god’s ways for getting ready in the anticipation of the
final and ultimate battle.

VIGRID PLAIN was the enormous piece of land and a sacred

place, like no other, that was also the scene of the final
battle between the gods and the frost giants. The two
sides and their allies would engage in the ultimate combat
that would end up with mutual destruction.

YGGDRASIL was (and still is) the incredible cosmic ash

tree. It is the largest and most impressive structure and
its branches cover all nine worlds. It had three enormous
roots that descended deep into different regions. One went
toward Jotunheim (the land of the giants) and where Mimir’s
well stood; the other went toward foggy Niflheim, in the
vicinity of Hvergelmir spring, where dragon Nidhogg eats

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corpses; and the last root is embedded near Asgard, beneath
Urd’s well, where gods met daily and held their assembly.
The Norns would take water from the well and mix it
with earth as a way to nourish Yggdrasil and to prevent it
from rotting.
This remarkable tree was envisioned as being the
backbone of the entire universe and also as a unique
structure that supports the nine worlds. Yggdrasil will
survive Raganrok thus enable universe to continue.
Perhaps, in a more philosophical sense--and from our
perspective--this ultimate tree of cosmos could, also, be
perceived as the rudimentary propensity of reality: the
all-important feature we have come to know as existence; or
possibly, with a more profound approach, Yggdrasil is
nothing else then Viking’s prodigious representation of
reality, itself.

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 BIOGRAPHY
Dragan Glavasic was born on 19th January 1958 in Belgrade,
at the time of communism. His father was a judge. D.G.
studied philosophy and mathematics in the United States of
America and received his college degree at Davis & Elkins
College in 1987 and Master’s degree at Marshall University
in 1990. During his studies, he was working as a DJ for
WDNE-FM93 (radio station), and he also published several of
his writings for Aurora and some other magazines. He is a
lifetime member of the scientific fraternity Chi Beta Phi
and the mathematical fraternity Pi Mu Epsilon, as well as
of the American Mathematical Society. Mr. Glavasic has
founded a publishing house (Infinity Books Ltd.) thus was
working as its Editor-in-Chief. At that time, two of his
books (Ethics and 50,000 Miles Within My Brain) were
published. He was accepted, as assistant, at University of
Maryland, in 1992.
Aside from spending 13 years of his life in USA, Mr.
Glavasic has extensively traveled all over Europe. He is
currently working on his PhD at the College of Philosophy,
Belgrade University. His PhD thesis is titled Metaphysical
Concept of Time and is one profound and rather remarkable
intellectual achievement that will demonstrate, to one and
all, that time and space do not exist! D.G. has written
and/or translated several books. His interests are in the
field of metaphysics, epistemology and ontology. He has
also worked on translating various philosophers, as well as
Greek, Roman, Celtic and Nordic mythologies.

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This is the 1st Edition of The Cosmic Tree by Dragan Glavasic. This book is distributed
free of charge! The extended and improved 2nd Edition of The Cosmic Tree by Dragan
Glavasic can be bought at various bookstores or it could be ordered from our:

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