ARTICLE IN PRESS

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 271 (2004) 6373

Heat transfer augmentation using a magnetic uid under the inuence of a line dipole
Ranjan Ganguly1, Swarnendu Sen2, Ishwar K. Puri*
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering m/c 251, University of Illinois at Chicago, 2039 ERF, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7022, USA Received 22 June 2003; received in revised form 30 August 2003

Abstract Ferrouids have promising potential for heat transfer applications, since advective transport in a ferrouid can be readily controlled by using an external magnetic eld. However, unlike conventional free or forced convection, ferrohydrodynamic convection is not yet well characterized. A full understanding of the relationship between an imposed magnetic eld, the resulting ferrouid ow, and the temperature distribution is a prerequisite for the proper design and implementation of applications involving thermomagnetic convection. The literature variously assumes constant magnetic elds, does not completely represent the variation in the imposed eld, or its descriptions are inaccurate, since the elds do not comply with the Maxwells equations of electromagnetism. We address this by simulating two-dimensional forced convection heat transfer in a channel with a ferrouid that is under the inuence of a two-dimensional magnetic eld created by a line-source dipole. Our objective is to characterize the heat transfer augmentation due to the thermomagnetic convection and correlate it with the properties of the imposed magnetic eld. We determine that magnetic effects on the corresponding ow are localized. The local asymmetry in the thermal boundary layer about the line dipole and the resulting spatial nonuniformity of the uid susceptibility causes colder uid to move closer to the line dipole. Thus, the magnetic eld induces the production of a local vortex near the cold wall. This alters the advection energy transport, changes the temperature distribution in the ow and enhances the heat transfer. The addition of dipoles is benecial for heat transfer, since they create additional recirculation zones. Heat transfer is also affected while the spacing between the two dipoles is varied. Thus, an enhancement in the overall heat transfer depends on the net magnetizing current as well as the relative placement of the dipoles. For hydrodynamically similar cases, the heat transfer enhancement produced by a magnetic eld can be predicted if information regarding the magnetic moment of the eld-inducing magnet and the distribution of the representative line dipoles are known. r 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PACS: 75.50.Mm; 44.15.+a Keywords: Magnetic liquids; Heat transferchannel and internal; Numerical simulation

*Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-312-413-7601; fax: +1-312-413-0447. E-mail addresses: ikpuri@uic.edu (I.K. Puri). 1 Also, Department of Power Plant Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700032, India. 2 Also, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700032, India. 0304-8853/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2003.09.015

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Nomenclature B b Cp # e H h I k M m Nu Nu P q00 w r T magnetic eld (T) distance between the conductors (m) specic heat (J/kgK) unit vector B=m0 M (A/m) channel height (m) current (A) thermal conductivity (w/mK) magnetization (A/m) dipole moment of line dipole per unit length (A m) local Nusselt number average Nusselt number pressure (Pa) wall heat ux (w/m2) radius vector (m) absolute temperature (K)

t ~ u x y r Z y m0 f wm dij

time (s) velocity (m/s) axial distance (m) height (m) density (kg/m3) viscosity (Ns/m2) nondimensional temperature magnetic permeability in ( 4p 107 N/A2) polar angle magnetic susceptibility Kronecker delta

vacuum

Subscripts b pertaining to the bulk uid c pertaining to cold wall h pertaining to heated inlet 0 at reference temperature (300 K)

1. Introduction Ferrouids consist of colloidal suspensions of single domain magnetic nanoparticles. They have promising potential for heat transfer applications, since the owelds established with these uids can be suitably altered by applying external magnetic elds [1,2]. The growing importance of microscale heat exchangers in MEMS devices has initiated a great deal of research that addresses heat transfer in miniaturized congurations [3]. The transport of momentum and energy in miniaturized devices is, in general, diffusion limited because of their very low Reynolds numbers. Using ferrouids in these applications and manipulating the ow by external magnetic elds can be a viable alternative to enhance convection in these devices. In addition, many terrestrial electronic cooling devices rely on free convection. However, the corresponding space (or hypogravity, i.e., less than normal gravity) applications require innovative methods to sustain convection. Thermomagnetic convection is a substitute for gravity-induced free convection [4]. It is readily established by owing a ferrouid under the inuence of an external magnetic eld. This form of convection can be

used even in normal gravity to augment or retard free convection by altering the nature of the imposed magnetic eld. However, unlike its free or forced convection counterparts, it is not yet well characterized. A full understanding of the relationship between an imposed magnetic eld, the resulting ferrouid ow, and the scalar (e.g., temperature) distribution is a prerequisite for the proper design and implementation of applications involving thermomagnetic convection. The literature regarding heat transfer with magnetic uids is relatively sparse. Table 1 provides a brief review of the major investigations in this area, their objectives and limitations. A few investigations assumed a constant magnetic eld [46]. Although such a eld can be established in a laboratory, practical devices generally involve spatial variations in the eld due to the nite size of the corresponding magnetic poles. A few researchers have considered spatially nonuniform magnetic elds, but they either did not completely represent the variation in the imposed eld [713], or the descriptions were inaccurate [1416], since the elds did not comply with the Maxwells equations of electromagnetism. Consequently, it is not entirely appropriate to employ their

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R. Ganguly et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 271 (2004) 6373 Table 1 An overview of prior research on heat transfer in ferrouid ows Reference Salient features Comment Practical applications of the results are limited since a spatially uniform magnetic eld is not usually achieved using nite-size magnetic dipoles The eld gradient was measured in a single direction only. Orientation of the magnetic eld was not described The magnetic eld is assumed after Sawada et al. [10] and does not provide a complete description of the eld The spatial description of the imposed magnetic eld is absent The expression for the magnetic vector potential (Problem II) is conceptually imprecise because a magnetic monopole is not realizable in practice 65

Thermomagnetic free convection Finlayson [4], Lange Analytical and numerical investigation of convective [5], Krakov and instability. Spatially uniform magnetic eld assumed Nikiforov [6] Kikura et al. [7], Sawada et al. [8] Snyder et al. [9] Experimental investigation under the inuence of a varying magnetic eld in a cubical enclosure [7] and concentric horizontal annuli [8] 3D numerical simulation using a commercial CFD code

Yamaguchi et al. [11] Tangthieng et al. [14]

Odenbach [17,18]

Numerical investigation of a partitioned rectangular enclosure Numerical investigation. Considered both a uniform magnetic eld and a spatially varying magnetic eld produced by a permanent magnet. The vector potential eld produced by a dipole magnet is represented as being that produced by two magnetic monopoles of opposite signs Experimental investigation of the onset of thermomagnetic instability in a cylindrical geometry in microgravity

While this investigation has considerable fundamental relevance, the heat transfer enhancement through thermomagnetic convection is not quantied

Thermomagnetic forced convection Aihara et al. [15] Numerical simulation of ow in a cylindrical geometry. Imposed magnetic eld varies linearly in axial direction and is uniform in the radial direction Yamaguchi et al. [16] Numerical investigation of heat transfer in the presence of a ring magnet Boiling/condensation/multiphase ow Kamiyama et al. [12] Numerical analysis of unsteady two-phase ow

Such a description is physically improbable, since it does not conform to Maxwells equations of electromagnetism The specied magnetic eld is not in accordance with the Maxwells equations

Nakatsuka et al. [13]

Experimental study to characterize boiling heat transfer in heat pipes using water-based and ionic magnetic uids

Description of the magnetic eld is incomplete (only the distribution of Hz with respect to z is specied) The magnetic eld and its gradient are specied only in one direction. The study does not include the effect of variations in the eld strength, and, therefore, does not provide a quantitative relationship between the heat transfer augmentation and eld strength

correlations between the magnetic eld attributes and the resulting heat transfer for designing practical applications. Odenbach performed elegant experiments to demonstrate the inuence of the thermomagnetic destabilization force in microgravity using an azimuthal magnetic eld having a radial gradient (as one produced by a single

current-carrying conductor) [17,18]. Although such a description of magnetic eld is practically achievable, heat transfer enhancement as a function of magnetizing current was not characterized in that investigation. We have simulated a representative two-dimensional pressure-driven ow of a ferrouid in a

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channel to investigate ferrohydrodynamic convection under the inuence of an imposed magnetic eld. The ow is inuenced by a two-dimensional magnetic eld that conforms to the Maxwells equations. It is created by a line-source dipole. Although this too is an idealization, the assumption nonetheless has practical relevance. A realistic eld produced by a magnetic dipole of nite size can be created by arranging a collection of such line dipoles [19]. Our objective is to characterize the heat transfer augmentation due to the ferrohydrodynamic convection and correlate it with the properties of the imposed magnetic eld. A relatively large channel height of the order of a millimeter is chosen in the context of MEMS devices to limit the inuence of electrokinetic effects on the ow [20]. The oweld and heat transfer are investigated for different external magnetic eld strengths, numbers of dipoles, and their relative placements.

2. Theoretical formulation Fig. 1(a) presents a schematic diagram of the conguration in which the ferrohydrodynamic

simulations are performed. A heated ferrouid is assumed to ow through a small channel of 2 mm 20 mm dimensions (in the transverse and axial directions, respectively), and with a much larger third dimension. The lower channel wall is considered to be an isothermal heat sink while the upper wall is adiabatic. A line dipole is placed adjacent to the isothermal wall halfway along the channel length, which provides the external magnetic eld. The resulting eld is two-dimensional. In reality, it can even approximate the eld produced by an edge-dipole permanent magnet or an electromagnet (that can be created by a rectangular current-carrying loop of very high aspect ratio, which is held parallel to the channel wall as shown in Fig. 1(a)). Other realistic elds can also be produced by suitably arranging a number of these line dipoles [19]. The uid is assumed to be electrically nonconducting so that the ferrouid ow does not induce any electromagnetic current in it. We neglect stray electric eld effects and assume that the variation in the magnetic eld that could occur due to temperature gradients within the ferrouid is negligible [21]. Consequently, the

Fig. 1. (a) Flow conguration, and (b) External magnetic eld distribution (vectors denote the magnetic ux lines while contours denote normalized eld strength).

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magnetic eld inside the ferrouid medium can be represented by   sin j cos j ~ # # B m0 1 wm m er ej ; 1 r2 r2 where m I b=2p denotes the magnetic dipole moment of the electromagnet coil per unit length. The electromagnet is held at a distance y 1 mm below the lower wall. The radius vector is computed from the centerline of the coil, which is considered as the virtual line origin of the dipole. Of the two limiting cases of magnetic uid behavior discussed by Berkovski [22], we have considered a uid of the type for which the total magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy of the nanoparticles is much lower than their thermal uctuation energy. This implies that the magnetic moment of the domain is not rigidly xed to the particle body so that the magnetic eld does not inuence the particle orientation. Hence, the magnetoviscous effect and consequent anisotropy in other uid properties are negligible [23]. Since particle rotation (which occurs in a rotational oweld) does not alter their magnetic moment orientation, the overall magnetic moment of the uid is always aligned with the external magnetic eld. Therefore, the uid is also free from magnetodissipation [24]. The orientation of the resulting magnetic eld is presented in Fig. 1(b). The assumed magnetic eld conforms to the Maxwells equations in static form [19], i.e., ~ ~ r H 0 no free current and ~ ~ r B 0: 3 2

~ qr~=qt r r~~ u uu ~ p r e M r B ; ~ e ~ ~ ~ r t and ~ ~ ~ qrCp T=qt r r~Cp T r kr T: u

* The viscous stress tensor t appearing in the * momentum equation is expressed in terms of the uid viscosity and velocity gradient as tij Zqui =qxj quj =qxi 2Zdij qui =qxi : 3 7

The last term in the momentum equation contains the Kelvin body force per unit volume ~ ~ ~ ~ f M r B ; which is the force that a magnetic uid experiences in a spatially nonuniform magnetic eld. In a narrow temperature range, the ~ magnetization vector M of the magnetic uid can ~ be expressed as a linearized function of H (as suggested by Grifths [19], we refrain from calling it magnetic eld), the uid temperature T and the uid density r in the form [25] M M qM=qTH T T qM=qH H H ; 8
T

where M and H signify the magnitudes of the respective vector quantities and the superscript denotes the values at an equilibrium magnetization about which the linearization is performed. As shown in the appendix, we have established a relationship between the magnetization vector and ~ ~ ~ H through the state relationship M wm H ; where wm denotes the total or integrated magnetic ~ ~ susceptibility [25] and H 1=m0 B =1 wm : The variation of wm is treated solely as being dependent on temperature, i.e., wm wm T w0 =f1 bT T0 g: 9

When two or more dipoles are used, the elds produced by the individual dipoles undergo vector addition. Since the Maxwells equations involve linear operators, the resulting magnetic eld also obeys Eqs. (2) and (3). The resulting mass, momentum, and energy equations are ~ qr=qt r r~ 0; u 4

Consequently, the Kelvin body force can be written as ~ ~ ~ ~ f m0 wm 1 wm H r H ~ ~ ~ 1m0 wm 1 wm r H H 2 ~ ~ ~ m0 wm H H r wm : 10

The rst term on the RHS of Eq. (10) has a same nature as the pressure term in the momentum ~ ~ equation (Eq. (5)). Therefore, H 2 H H can simply be treated as a magnetostatic pressure.

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The second term becomes important when there is a spatial gradient in the uid susceptibility. In the absence of a temperature gradient, this term is zero ~ so that the rst term becomes a function of r H 2 alone. Thus, the Kelvin body force creates static pressure eld in the ow that is symmetric about the line dipole. Such a symmetric eld does not alter the velocity prole. However, for nonisothermal systems characterized by an asymmetric temperature distribution about a line dipole, the resulting body force is no longer symmetric and, hence, thermomagnetic advection alters the velocity prole from the regular (Poiseullie) ow.

3. Numerical solution A numerical code is developed based on SOLA, which is an explicit nite-difference technique proposed by Hirt et al. [26], to solve the coupled mass, momentum, energy equations. The variables (~; p; and T) and the uid properties (thermou physical and magnetic) are described using a staggered grid. The axial and transverse velocities are specied at the cell faces while the pressure, temperature and the uid properties are specied at the cell centers. Since the magnetic eld has high ~ spatial nonlinearity (jB jp1=r2 ), its components are also specied on the cell faces (i.e., at the vector cell centers). The advection terms are discretized through hybrid differencing and the diffusion terms by central differencing to avoid numerical diffusion [27]. Successive solutions are obtained using time marching. The variable grid, which is required to resolve the sharp gradients near the walls and close to the location of the magnetic dipole, is based on a hyperbolic mesh size distribution.

was maintained at 300 K. The inlet plug ow had a velocity of 0.005 m/s for which the characteristic Reynolds number Re 11.8. In the absence of the external magnetic eld, the pressure-driven ow for this condition reaches a hydrodynamically fully developed prole (qu=qx qw=qx 0) within a length x=h 1:18 from the channel entrance. As the magnetic dipole strength is increased, but keeping the ow and thermal parameters unchanged, very little change is observed in the ow until a dipole strength of 0.02 A m is reached. When this value is exceeded, the Kelvin body force is able to overcome the viscous force. The resulting changes in the ow and temperature prole are presented in Figs. 2(a)(d) for four different dipole strengths. Fig. 2(b) shows the formation of a hump in the thermal boundary layer near the dipole edge as its strength is increased to m 0:19 A m. Since the susceptibility of the colder uid is larger than

1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0

(a)
1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0

x/h

10

4 x/h

10

(b)
1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0

4 x/h

10

(c)
1.0 y/h

4. Results and discussion We have simulated a representative water-based ferrouid with the following properties at a 300 K reference temperature: r0 1180 kg/m3, Cp 4000 J/kg, Z0 0:001 Ns/m2, Pr=5.5, w0 0:06 and b 5:6 104 =K [2,28]. The inlet uid temperature was 380 K whereas the cold lower wall

0.5 0.0

4 x/h

10

(d)

Fig. 2. Dimensionless velocity and temperature proles for channel ow under the inuence of different electromagnet dipole strengths of (a) m 0 A m, (b) m 0:19 A m, (c) m 0:38 A m and (d) m 0:97 A m. For all cases, Re 11.8.

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in the warmer regions and the thermal boundary layer is not symmetric about the dipole location, the uid ow is inuenced by the magnetic eld. Upstream of the dipole, the heated uid layer moves upward, while the thickness of the colder zone increases. Immediately downstream of the dipole, cold uid near the wall recirculates towards the dipole, creating vertical motion through which warmer uid moves downward and closer to the wall. Again, this reduces the local thermal boundary layer thickness (Fig. 2(b)). As the oweld changes, the temperature eld is also altered accordingly, giving rise to the hump in the cold uid layer. Since the eld intensity and its gradients diminish rapidly moving away from the magnetic dipole (as shown in Fig. 1(b)), magnetic effects on the ow are very localized. Effects on the ow and temperature prole increase (as shown in Figs. 2(c) and (d)) as stronger dipoles are used. Altering the oweld and the temperature prole also leads to changes in the heat transfer. Fig. 3 presents the variation of the local Nusselt number Nu q00 h=kTh Tc along the lower wall w of the channel. In the absence of a magnetic eld, the value of Nu decreases to 2.92 as x=h reaches a value of 10. Thermomagnetic convection near the dipole induces changes in the heat transfer. It is evident from curves (b)(d) of Fig. 3 that the local value of Nu rises sharply upstream of the dipole. This is attributed to the enhanced advection due to net upward uid ux at that location. Above the dipole region, there is a buildup of the colder uid that impedes heat transfer. Hence, the local value of Nu is now reduced. After the recirculation region, the thermal boundary layer thickness

decreases again causing the local value of Nu to again increase above its base case value (curve (a)). An increase in the magnetic dipole strength causes the Nu curves to deviate further from the base prole. Far downstream, where the eld gradient is weak, the Nu curves for all eld strengths merge. To characterize the overall effect in heat transfer, nondimensional bulk temperature yb Rh Tb Tc =Th Tc (where Tb 1=h 0 T dy) of the uid is described along the length of the channel in Fig. 4. A local periodic variation in yb occurs due to the ow recirculation at locations where the magnetic eld is strong. The inset in Fig. 4 shows that the yb prole for case (d) has B13% reduction in the mean exit uid temperature in contrast to case (a). This implies a corresponding 15% increase in the overall heat transfer. Table 2 presents a comparison of the RL overall Nusselt number Nu 1=L 0 Nu dx across the channel for different magnetic eld strengths. The augmentation of the heat transfer is reected in terms of increased values of Nu as the external eld strength increases. We now consider the effects of multiple dipoles. An identical dipole of the same strength, orientation and distance from the cold wall is added at a location 5 mm downstream of the rst dipole, i.e., at x=h 7:5: Fig. 5(a) presents the resulting owled for case (e) of Table 2 (which is the two dipole analog of case (c)). As expected, the second dipole adds another recirculation zone in the channel, and the Nu prole consequently shows

Fig. 3. Variation of the local Nusselt numbers for different magnetic elds (cases (a)(d) described in Table 2).

Fig. 4. Variation of the dimensionless bulk uid temperature yb along the channel length for different values of m (i.e., for cases (a)(d) described in Table 2).

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Table 2 Values of Nu and yb for different values of m for Re=11.8 Case (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
a

Number of dipole(s) 1 1 1 1 2 3

x=h of dipole(s) 5 5 5 5 5, 7.5 5, 6.25, 7.5

m (A m) 0 0.19 0.58 0.97 0.58 0.58

Bref a (T) 0 0.06 0.18 0.3 0.18 0.18

Nu 2.61 2.67 2.88 3.04 2.92 3.02

yb at the exit 0.59 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.54 0.52

Bref corresponds to the eld strength at a distance h 2 mm away from the dipole.

1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0

4 x/h

10

(a)
1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0

4 x/h

10

(b)

Fig. 5. Changes in the oweld and temperature distribution with the addition of dipoles; (a) two dipoles placed at x=h 5 and 7.5, and (b) three dipoles at x=h 5; 6:25 and 7.5, respectively. The value of m 0:58 A m for each dipole.

Fig. 6. Variation of the dimensionless bulk uid temperature yb Tb Tc =Th Tc along the channel length with (a) one dipole placed at x=h 5; (b) two dipoles at x=h 5 and 7.5, and (c) three dipoles at x=h 5; 6:25 and 7.5, respectively. m 0:58 A m for each dipole; for all cases, Re 11.8.

two peaks near the respective dipoles. The value of Nu increases to 2.92 and the yb value at the channel exit decreases by another 1.4% as compared to the results obtained for case (c). Adding a third dipole in the middle of the two dipoles (i.e., case (f) of Table 2 for which Fig. 5(b) presents the corresponding ow and isotherm distributions) leads to a further reduction in the yb value at the channel exit by 3.7% whereas Nu increases to a value of 3.02. Fig. 6 presents the axial variation of yb for three cases, namely, when one (curve (a)), two (curve (b)) and three (curve (c)) dipoles are used. The addition of dipoles is benecial for heat transfer and the yb prole exhibits evidence of additional recirculation zones near the second and third dipoles. The variation in the yb prole near the rst dipole is virtually unaffected by adding dipoles downstream of it. However, a comparison

of curves (b) and (c) indicates that the local yb variation near the second dipole at x=h 7:5 is reduced by adding the third dipole at x=h 6:25: Next, we demonstrate the dependence of the heat transfer on the relative spacing between the various dipoles. The simulation is preformed with two dipoles placed at separations of zero (in this case, the two dipoles are situated at the same location and create a eld that is similar to that produced by a single dipole of double strength), 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mm. In all cases, one dipole is placed at x=h 5 while the location of the second dipole is varied. Figs. 7(a)(e) present the ow and temperature proles for the ve cases. The local heat transfer differs considerably with changing dipole spacing. Fig. 8 shows the plots of Nu and yb as a function of the dipole spacing (Dx=h). The heat transfer is observed to increase by about 7% when the dipole

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1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0
3.15 0.55

71

3.1

Nu

0.54

4 x/h

10
Nu

1.0 y/h 0.5

0.52

2.95

0.51

0.0 0

4 x/h

10
2.9 0 2 Separation between the dipoles (x/h) 0.5 1 1.5 2.5 0.5

(b)
1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0

Fig. 8. Dependence of Nu and yb on the spacing between two dipoles; m 0:58 for both the dipoles; Re 11.8.
0 2 4 x/h 6 8 10

(c)
1.0

3.1 3.0 Nu = 0.4618m + 2.5987

y/h

0.5 0.0
Nu

2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 0

0 2 4 x/h 6 8 10

4 x/h

10

(d)
1.0 y/h 0.5 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6 m (A-m)

0.8

(e)

Fig. 9. Variation of average Nusselt number Nu with the dipole strength m for Re 11.8.

Fig. 7. Inuence of the relative position of two dipoles on the ow and temperature eld. The rst dipole is placed at x=h 5:0 while the second dipole is placed at (a) x=h 5:0; (b) x=h 5:625; (c) x=h 6:25; (d) x=h 6:875 and (e) x=h 7:5: m 0:58 A m for each dipole; for all cases, Re 11.8.

spacing is reduced from Dx=h 2:5 to 0. For all the cases considered in Figs. 7 and 8, the total magnetizing current or dipole strength is identical. Hence, changing the relative positions of the dipoles alters the gradient in the magnetic eld, which inuences the local heat transfer. As the relative spacing between the dipoles decreases, the magnetic eld gradient also increases. This enhances the thermomagnetic convection. Thus, an enhancement in the overall heat transfer depends not only on the net magnetizing current (i.e., on the summation of all the dipole strengths) but also

on their relative spacing. This is an important observation, since a realistic magnetic eld produced by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet of various dimensions can also be created by a number of suitably placed line dipoles. Fig. 9 presents a plot of Nu as a function of the net dipole strength. The overall heat transfer increases almost linearly with increasing dipole strength. When m 0; the conventional nonmagnetic forced convection condition for Re 11.8 applies. The variation of the average Nusselt number with m is approximately linear, as shown in Fig. 9. For hydrodynamically similar cases, the heat transfer enhancement produced by a magnetic eld can be predicted if information regarding the magnetic moment of the eld-inducing

(a)

3.05

0.53

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magnet is known. Keeping in view that the relative placements of the dipoles also can alter the overall heat transfer pattern, it is possible to reproduce the heat transfer by replacing the actual magnets of nite dimensions in a simulation by number line dipoles. Therefore, in this context, Fig. 9, which pertains to channel ow under the inuence of a single line dipole, can readily be modied to predict heat transfer in more realistic forced ow congurations.

shape of the permanent magnet or electromagnet).

6. Appendix From Eq. (8), M M KT T wr H H ; A:1

5. Conclusions We have simulated two-dimensional forced convection heat transfer during the ow of a ferrouid under the inuence of a magnetic eld in a channel. The ow is inuenced by a twodimensional magnetic eld that conforms to the Maxwells equations. It is created by a line-source dipole. 1. The ow is relatively uninuenced by the magnetic eld until its strength is large enough for the Kelvin body force to overcome the viscous force. Magnetic effects on the ow are localized. 2. Thermal asymmetry about the axial position of the dipole and the gradient in magnetic eld induces the production of a local vortex near the dipole and close to the cold wall as the colder ferrouid attempts to move in the direction of increasing magnetic eld strength. This recirculation near the cold wall alters the advection energy transport appreciably and augments the heat transfer. 3. The augmentation of the heat transfer is reected in terms of increased values of Nu as the external eld strength increases. 4. The addition of dipoles is benecial for heat transfer. Changing the relative positions of the dipoles also alter the overall heat transfer pattern. The enhancement in the overall heat transfer depends predominantly on the net magnetizing current (i.e., on the net dipole strength) and to some extent on the relative placement of the line dipoles (i.e., the size and

where K qM=qTH is called the pyromagnetic coefcient and wr qM=qHT is the differential magnetic susceptibility of the ferrouid. Berkovsky et al. [29] suggested that K depends on three factors, namely, the thermal disorientating motion of the magnetic nanoparticles, the thermal dependence of magnetic moment mp of the particles, and the uid thermal expansion. When the single domain magnetic nanoparticles are saturated, the rst factor does not contribute. Consequently [29], K Mbm br ; A:2

where br 1=rqr=qT is the thermal expansion coefcient of the uid and bm 1=r qmp =qTr is the relative temperature coefcient of the magnetic moment of a single particle (mp ). At temperatures much below the Curie point, for a majority of the ferrouids, br bbm [25]. Thus, Eq. (10) can be written in the form M M Mbr T T wr H H : A:3

Assuming M 0 at H 0; which implies that the uid does not possess any residual magnetism when there is no magnetizing force, and that wr =constant=w0 over the range of H considered (which is a valid assumption for the small range of H chosen here) Mf1 br T T g w0 H: A:4

Further, without loss of generality, we can choose the reference temperature T0 T : Thus the scalar magnitude of the magnetization is related to H through the expression M=H wm w0 =f1 br T T0 g: A:5

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