1.

SUMMARY Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles. Conduction takes place in solids, liquids or gasses. The rate of heat conduction through medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its thickness and the material of the medium as well as the temperature differences across the medium. By this experiment also we have been mentioned about effect of insulation material. Insulation reduces the heat transfer. Thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit area per unit temperature difference. The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of how fast heat will flow in that material. A high value for the thermal conductivity indicates that the material is good heat conductor and a low value indicates the material is poor heat conductor or insulator. 2. OBJECT Object of this experiment is to determine the thermal conductivity of metals and insulation materials and also to demonstrate that heat flow is directly proportional to temperature difference between faces and to cross sectional area. 3. THEORY Conduction is a kind of heat transfer mechanism. It is related with the molecular interaction in the liquids, solids and gases. The solids have higher conductivity. Because their molecules are very near to each other. So ksolid > kliquid >kgas. 4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE & APPARATUS The apparatus consist of a self-clamping specimen stack assembly with electrically heated, calorimeter base, dawar vessel enclosure to ensure negligible loss of heat, and constant heat cooling water supply tank. A multipoint thermocouple switch is mounted on the steel cabinet base and two mercury glass thermometers are provided for water inlet and outlet temperatures readings. Four NiCr/NiAl thermocouples are fitted and connections are provided for a suitable potentiometer instrument to give accurate metal temperature readings. In experiment we determined thermal conductivity of an aluminum block 18 mm diameter, 102 mm of length and a stainless steel block 25 mm diameter, 37 mm of length. We also determined the thermal conductivity of an insulation material, which has same diameter with stainless steel and also has 1 mm length. The experiment was done in 1 atm pressure in laboratory conditions. The parameters used in the experiment is Ti (water inlet temperature), To (water outlet temperature), T1,4 (thermocouples temperatures), m (flow rate of water). The experiment shows us, thermal conductivity is specific for each metal at certain temperature. Increasing of heat supplied to the sample cause a higher amount of heat flow to the water. It shows us since the thermal conductivity of material increase, the heat transfer rate also increase.
Experiment 1

1: The apparatus is assembled with the full-length aluminum sample in position. Ensure that the ends of the sample are free from dirt and apply a thin smear of contacting fluid to enable efficient thermal contact to be made.

2: Hold the clamping lever positioned on the front of the apparatus in the downward position and place the specimen between the heater and calorimeter block, and clamp in position by releasing the lever. 3: Insert the thermocouples into the holes provided in the sample. 4: Place the Dewar vessel over the specimens. 5: Turn on water supply. Adjust flow rate through the apparatus by means of the valve clip on the outlet line, ensuring that there is sufficient water flow to the header tank to provide a small but regular overflow. 6: To operate the potentiometer; Select the correct scale according to the type of thermocouple being used, or the milivolt scale if a direct temperature reading is not required. Switch to range 1 or 2 according to scale selected. Press the INJECT/MEASURE press switch and rotate the scale until there is no deflection of the meter. Read the temperature measured by referring to the triangular index mark on the panel at the top of the scale. 7: Switch on and check that both indicating lights above the main switch and above the ammeter on. 8: The heat delivered to the sample is controlled by regulating the current supplied to the heater block using the control knob positioned on the front panel under the ammeter. Turn the knob fully clockwise so that the maximum current is supplied to the heater until temperature T4, as indicated by the thermocouple selection knob on the front panel approaches 90C. Turn the heater control knob until temperature T4 stabilizes at approximately 90C and maintain this temperature until each of the three other thermocouples are reading a constant temperature. 9: The following readings should be recorded. Ti: Water inlet temperature C To: Water outlet temperature C T1-4: Thermocouple temperature C M: Mass of water collected, kg t: Time to collect m kg of water, sec The flow rate of water is determined by timing the collection of V ml sample of water using a stopwatch. 10: Progressively increase the heat supplied to the sample so that temperature T4 increases at increments of about 40C up to a maximum value of about 250C, and allow the temperatures to stabilize for each progression. Record values of Ti, To, T1-4, m and each time. 11: Switch off the apparatus. Experiment 2 The apparatus is assembled with one short specimen (long conductivity material) in the lower position and one long specimen (high conductivity material) in the upper position, applying a thin smear of heat contacting fluid at the ends of specimens before assembly. Proceed as in EXPERIMENT 1 except that the temperature of the hot end of high conducting material (T4) is brought to a temperature of approximately 110C and maintained at this temperature until the thermocouples indicate a stable output.

Experiment 3 The apparatus is assembled with one short copper specimen in the upper position and one long copper specimen in the lover position. The sample of insulant can be clamped between the two copper specimens. The sample of insulant should be flat and circular shape and 25 mm diameter. Thickness of the sample should not be so great that the heat conducted through the test bank to the calorimeter is immeasurable, and will obviously depend on the insulant. The procedure is as with the previous EXPERIMENT with the exception that the heater should be taken to its maximum temperature, i.e. 130C so as to provide as large a temperature difference across the specimen as possible. 5.DATA Experiment 1: Demonstration that heat flow is directly proportional to temperature difference between faces
Time (min) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 T1 C 22 36 48 57 64 69 76 81 T2 C 22 41 54 65 73 80 87 92 T3C 22 29 35 39 44 47 53 52 T4C 22 33 42 Tci C Tco C Flow rate (ml/sec)

17,98

21

23

50 56 60 67 69

Average Flow Rate=1078,9 ml/min

Experiment 2: Determination of thermal conductivity of materials of high thermal conductance

Time (min) 0 3 6 9 12 15

T1 C 46 70 78 83 88 92

T2 C 50 73 82 87 92 96

T3 C 31 40 42 48 50 49

T4 C 34 48

Tci C

Tco C

Flow rate (ml/sec)

16,42

52 59 61 62

23

26

Average Flow Rate=985,32 ml/min

Experiment 3: Determination of thermal conductivity of insulation materials

Time (min) 0 3 6 9 T1 C 55 83 100 110 T2 C 58 86 103 114 T3 C 34 34 38 39 T4C 36 38 44 45 Tci C Tco C Flow rate (ml/sec)

15,5

21

24

Average Flow Rate=930 ml/min

Image 1 - Properties of the specimens

5. CALCULATIONS & RESULTS

TCo,av. = 23 C TCi,av. = 21 C w @ 21C = 997,2 kg/m3 cp @ 21 C = 4180,4 J/kg K w @ 23C = 997,6 kg/m3 cp @ 23 C = 4181,2 J/kg K (Thermal Fluid Science / Table A 15)

Experiment 1: Demonstration that heat flow is directly proportional to temperature difference between faces av. = 17,98 ml /s = 17,98 x 10-6 m3/s m3 kg 997,2 3 = 17,9 10 3 kg / s s m

m = 17,98 10 6
Q = m c p T

Q = 17,9 10 3 4181,2 (23 21)

Q = 149,7 j / s

k value of aluminium is found by using the interval of thermocouples 1 4. T4,av. = 49,9 C T1,av. = 56,6 C A = D 2 / 4 = (18 10 3 ) 2 / 4 = 2,5447 10 4 m 2
Q T = k A x

149,7 (49,9 56,6) = k 4 0,03 2,5447 10

k = 2307 W/mK

Experiment 2: Determination of thermal conductivity of materials of high thermal conductance av. = 16,42 ml /s =16,42 x 10-6 m3/s m3 kg m = 16,42 10 6 996,8 3 = 16,367 10 3 kg / s s m
Q = m c p T

Q = 16,367 10 3 4178,4 (26 23) Q = 205,6 j / s k value of copper is found by using the interval of thermocouples 2 1. T1,av. = 76,2 C T2,av. = 80 C A = D 2 / 4 = (25 10 3 ) 2 / 4 = 4,908 10 4 m 2
Q T = k A x

205,6 (76,2 80) = k 4 0,025 4,908 10

k = 2756 W/m K

k value of aluminium is found by using the interval of thermocouples 4 3

T3,av. = 43,3 C

T4,av. = 52,7C

A = D 2 / 4 = (25 10 3 ) 2 / 4 = 4,908 10 4 m 2
Q T = k A x

205,6 (43,3 52,7) = k 4 0,05 4,908 10

k = 2228,2 W/m K

Experiment 3: Determination of thermal conductivity of insulation materials av. = 17,9 ml /s = 17,9 x 10-6 m3/s m3 kg m = 17,9 10 6 997,8 3 = 0,0178kg / s s m
Q = m c p T

Q = 0,0178 4181,6 (24 21) Q = 223,3 j / s k value of copper is found by using the interval of thermocouples 2 1. T1,av. = 87 C T2,av. = 90,25 C A = D 2 / 4 = (25 10 3 ) 2 / 4 = 4,908 10 4 m 2
Q T = k A x

223,3 (87 90,25) = k 4 0,025 4,908 10

k = 3450 W/m K

k value of aluminium is found by using the interval of thermocouples 4 3. T3,av. = 36,25 C T1,av. = 40,75 C A = D 2 / 4 = (25 10 3 ) 2 / 4 = 4,908 10 4 m 2
Q T = k A x

223,3 (36,25 40,75) = k 4 0,025 4,908 10

k = 2527,6 W/m K

Finding the temperatures of both ends of the insulation material.

i ) for the upper end T2,av. = 90,25 C A = D 2 / 4 = (25 10 3 ) 2 / 4 = 4,908 10 4 m 2

Q T = k A x

(Tu 90,25) 223,3 = 3450 4 4,908 10 (25 + 6,5) 10 3

Tu=86,1 C