Lighting-Part 1 1.0 Introduction Lighting is an art.

When it is crafted properly it has great influence on the way the people live and work. Lighting is used for different purposes. Comfort (interior lighting) Appeal for the product (display lighting) Influence the mood of the people (entertainment lighting) Sports (flood lighting) Safety and security (area lighting) Productivity (commercial/industrial lighting)

Achievement of the desired purpose would depend on how good the lighting has been engineered. 2.0 Terminology used in Lighting 2.1 Lumen Lumen is the light output emitted by a light source. Different lamps have different luminous output and efficiency. 2.2 Lux Lux is the unit of illumination. Light quantity (lumens) incident on unit area. 2.3 Efficacy The light output from the light source per watt (lumens/watt) 2.4 Utilization factor Ratio of the luminous flux falling on the working plane to the total flux emitted by the light source (lamp). 2.5 Maintenance factor Ratio of the mean illumination on a working plane under normal working condition to the illuminance when it is clean. Maintenance factors for Rooms, offices, or any other commercial interior: 0.8 Industrial environment, indoor area : 0.7 Dusty areas: Plant area, material handling area : 0.6

2.6 Luminaire Luminaire is a unit that houses the lamp, reflector and control gear (Ballast, ignitor). Function is to distribute light, protect the lamp and control the power supply to the lamp. 2.7 Reflector A device used to redirect the luminous flux from the light source by reflection 2.8 Ballast Ballast is also known as choke. Ballast is used for starting and operating an electric discharge lamp. This is basically a inductive coil. 3.0 Types of lamps: 3.1 Filament lamps Incandescent Lamp (GLS) 3.2 Discharge lamps: High Pressure Mercury Vapour lamp (HPMV) Metal Hallide lamp (MH) High Pressure/Low Pressure Sodium lamp (SON) Flourescent lamp (FL/CFL) 4.0 Internals of Lamps 4.1 Filament lamp: Most commonly used lamp for general lighting service. This consists of a coiled coil of tungsten wire inside a glass bulb filled with inert gas. When the current passes through the filament, the filament gets heated up to a very high temperature emitting light. 4.2 Discharge lamp: The principle of light generation in these lamps is based on the gas discharge than on the heating of a coil like in incandescent lamp. When a voltage of sufficient magnitude is applied between the two electrodes of a discharge tube, light emission takes place. 4.3 High pressure mercury vapor lamp: When voltage is applied in a discharge lamp, the ionization of gas occurs emitting light. Voltage required for starting is higher than the normal operating voltage of the lamp. The ballast does the function of providing higher voltage at starting and then regulating the voltage applied to the lamp. It takes about 5 minutes to achieve full output. 4.4 High pressure sodium vapor lamp: This is similar to mercury vapor lamp except that sodium is used in place of mercury. This requires additional component called ignitron for starting the lamp.

4.5 Low pressure sodium vapor lamp: This is same as HPSV except that the pressure of the sodium vapor is low in these lamps. This requires higher starting voltage and hence the control gear is different. 4.6 Metal Hallide lamp is a halogen discharge lamp in which metals are added for improved colour rendering. 4.7 Flourescent lamp is a low-pressure mercury discharge lamp. 5.0 Comparison of different lamps Comparison of different types of lamps is shown in the attachment.

Attachment

Comparison of different lamps

Lamp

Efficacy Light Lumens/Watt Color 120 80 120 54 60 80 Golden yellow Warm white Golden yellow Soft white White White Warm white Warm white

Color Control gear Rendering 0 95 23 46 54 54 100 100

LPSV MHL HPSV HPMV FTL CFL

Run Restrike Average up Time Life Time In Hours Ballast/igniter 6 10 18000 Ballast 2 4 1 10 10000 15000 5000 5000 7500 2000 1000

Ballast/igniter 1 Ballast Ballast/starter Ballast Voltage converter Nil 3

0.1/0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HALOGEN 22 GLS 18