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Merchandising Operations
and the Multiple-Step Income Statement
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1.
(a) Disagree. The steps in the accounting cycle are the same for both a merchandising company and a
service enterprise.
(b) The measurement of income is conceptually the same. In both types of companies, net
income (or loss) results from the matching of expenses with revenues.
2.
3.
4.
Sales
Cost of Goods Sold and Operating
Service
Fees, Rents, etc.
Operating (only)
Under a periodic inventory system the company does not keep track of how many units are on hand.
Instead it takes a physical count at the end of the period to determine ending inventory and cost of
goods sold. Under a perpetual system the company adjusts its inventory account each time it
purchases or sells inventory. Thus it always has a record of its available inventory. Having knowledge
of inventory balances helps a company avoid lost sales due to stock-outs as well as carrying too
much inventory on hand (which results in additional storage and handling costs). The purchasing
department can make better decisions with the aid of perpetual inventory records.
(a) The income measurement process is as follows:
Sales
Revenue
Less
Cost of
Goods
Sold
Equals
Gross
Profit
Less
Operating
Expenses
Equals
Net
Income
(b) Income measurement in a merchandising company differs from a service company as follows:
(a) sales are the primary source of revenue and (b) expenses are divided into two main
categories: cost of goods sold and operating expenses.
5.
6.
Sales revenue............................................................................................................
Cost of goods sold.....................................................................................................
Gross profit.................................................................................................................
$100,000
65,000
$35,000
Agree. In accordance with the revenue recognition principle, sales revenues are generally considered to be earned when the goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer; that is, when the
exchange transaction occurs. The earning of revenue is not dependent on the collection of credit
sales.
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
5-1
7.
(a) The primary source documents are (1) cash salescash register tapes and (2) credit sales sales
invoice.
(b) The entries are:
Debit
Cash sales
5-2
Cash.....................................................................
Sales.............................................................
XX
XX
Credit
XX
XX
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
Credit sales
8.
9.
July 19
Accounts Receivable............................................
Sales.............................................................
XX
XX
XX
XX
784
16
800
The practice of shipping more goods than were ordered in order to meet sales goals and get rid of
extra inventory is referred to as channel stuffing. Shipping unwanted goods to customers is generally
considered unethical behavior. In addition, if proper accounting is applied, in most cases it wont
achieve the desired result of increasing sales. If it is expected that the unwanted goods will be shipped
back to the seller, then they should not be treated as sales in the first place.
10.
In most industries returns are not significant, and they are therefore accounted for as they occur.
When returns are expected to be significant, the company should make an adjusting entry at the end
of the period to estimate the amount of returns that will result from the periods sales, so that
revenues will not be overstated during the period.
11.
July 24
12.
Gross profit.......................................................................................................
Less: Net income.............................................................................................
Operating expenses.........................................................................................
13.
Its current terms of 1/10, n/30 means that customers get a 1% discount if they pay within 10 days,
otherwise they have to pay the full amount within 30 days. If they switch to 2/10, n/45 customers
would get a 2% discount for paying within 10 days, otherwise they have to pay the full amount in 45
days. By offering 2%, more of Allisons customers would likely pay within the 10 day period.
Management would have to determine whether it is worth the additional cost to be paid quicker. Also,
by extending the full payment period from 30 to 45 days, Allison would end up receiving its money
even later from its slow payers.
14.
The gain on the sale of the plant represents a one-time gain. That is, it wont be recurring next year.
If you eliminate the effect of this one-time gain, then the companys income actually declined by $5
million relative to the prior year. When predicting future earnings investors frequently place little
weight on non-recurring events such as this.
15.
There are three distinguishing features in the income statement of a merchandising company:
(1) a sales revenues section, (2) a cost of goods sold section, and (3) gross profit.
16.
The normal operating cycle for a merchandising company is likely to be longer than for a service
company because inventory must first be purchased and sold, and then the receivables must be
collected.
1,700
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34
1,666
$560,000
260,000
$300,000
5-3
(a)
Added/Deducted
Deducted
Deducted
Added
(b)
Normal Balance
Credit
Credit
Debit
5-4
1,700
34
1,666
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900
Wood Company
Accounts Receivable..........................................
Sales.............................................................
900
900
900
630
630
800,000
540,000
110,000
Merchandise Inventory.......................................
Cost of Goods Sold.....................................
(c) Cash ($690,000 $13,800)..................................
Sales Discounts ($690,000 X 2%).......................
Accounts Receivable
($800,000 $110,000)...............................
800,000
540,000
110,000
75,000
75,000
676,200
13,800
690,000
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
5-5
800,000
110,000
690,000
800,000
110,000
13,800
676,200
$450,000
$22,000
5,000
27,000
$423,000
Section
5-6
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
$ 70,000
380,000
450,000
50,000
$400,000
$404,000
$11,000
7,000
Net purchases..............................................................
Add: Freight-in.............................................................
Cost of goods purchased...........................................
18,000
$386,000
$386,000
16,000
$402,000
$620,000
$ 60,000
402,000
462,000
90,000
372,000
$248,000
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
5-7
selling price
cover all expcosts) leaving
net sales, the
5-8
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
800,000
110,000
690,000
800,000
110,000
13,800
676,200
DO IT! 5-1
Oct. 5
Oct. 8
Merchandise Inventory...............................................
Accounts Payable...............................................
(To record goods purchased on account)
5,000
Accounts Payable........................................................
Merchandise Inventory.......................................
(To record return of defective goods)
700
5,000
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700
5-9
DO IT! 5-2
Oct. 5
Oct. 8
Accounts Receivable..................................................
Sales.....................................................................
(To record credit sales)
5,000
3,000
700
Merchandise Inventory...............................................
Cost of Goods Sold............................................
(To record scrap value of goods returned)
250
5,000
3,000
700
250
DO IT! 5-3
JUNEAU CORP.
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2010
Net sales...............................................................
Cost of goods sold..............................................
Gross profit..........................................................
Operating expenses............................................
Income from operations......................................
Other revenues and gains..................................
Other expenses and losses................................
Income before income taxes..............................
Income tax expense............................................
Net income...........................................................
5-10
$552,000
156,000
396,000
186,000
210,000
$12,700
2,300
10,400
220,400
66,120
$154,280
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
DO IT! 5-4
(a) Cost of goods purchased:
Purchases Purchase returns Purchase discounts + Freight-in
$162,500 $3,200 $5,700 + $8,400 = $162,000
(b) Cost of goods sold:
Beginning inventory + Cost of goods purchased Ending inventory
$31,720 + $162,000 $27,950 = $165,770
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
5-11
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 5-1
(a) (1) Dec. 3
Accounts Receivable....................
Sales.......................................
500,000
320,000
500,000
320,000
28,000
(2) Dec. 8
(3) Dec. 13
467,280
(b) Cash.........................................................................
Accounts Receivable
($500,000 $28,000)....................................
472,000
28,000
4,720
472,000
472,000
EXERCISE 5-3
(a) (1) April 5
(2) April 6
(3) April 7
(4) April 8
(5) April 15
5-12
Merchandise Inventory.....................
Accounts Payable.....................
25,000
Merchandise Inventory.....................
Cash............................................
900
Equipment..........................................
Accounts Payable.....................
30,000
Accounts Payable.............................
Merchandise Inventory.............
3,600
Accounts Payable
($25,000 $3,600)..........................
Merchandise Inventory
25,000
900
30,000
3,600
21,400
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428
20,972
21,400
21,400
EXERCISE 5-6
(a)
YATES COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Month Ended January 31, 2010
Sales revenues
Sales..............................................................
Less: Sales returns and
allowances........................................
Sales discounts................................
Net sales.......................................................
Cost of goods sold..............................................
Gross profit..........................................................
Operating expenses
Salary expense.............................................
Rent expense................................................
Insurance expense......................................
Freight-out....................................................
Total operating expenses....................
Income before income taxes..............................
Income tax expense............................................
Net income...........................................................
$370,000
$17,000
8,000
25,000
345,000
212,000
133,000
62,000
32,000
12,000
7,000
113,000
20,000
5,000
$ 15,000
$15,000
= 4.3%
$345,000
$133,000
= 38.6%
$345,000
EXERCISE 5-7
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
5-13
5-14
Sales........................................................................................
*Sales returns ($90,000 $84,000).........................................
Net sales..................................................................................
$ 90,000)
(6,000)
$ 84,000)
Net sales..................................................................................
Cost of goods sold.................................................................
*Gross profit.............................................................................
$ 84,000)
(56,700)
$ 27,300)
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
$ 27,300)
(14,580)
$ 12,720)
Pratt Company
*Sales ($100,000 + $5,000)......................................................
Sales returns...........................................................................
Net sales..................................................................................
$105,000)
(5,000)
$100,000)
Net sales..................................................................................
*Cost of goods sold ($100,000 $40,000).............................
Gross profit.............................................................................
$100,000)
(60,000)
$ 40,000)
Gross profit.............................................................................
*Operating expenses ($40,000 $18,000).............................
Net income..............................................................................
$ 40,000)
(22,000)
$18,000)
Iwig
Pratt
(c) Pratt has a higher profit margin ratio than Iwig. Each dollar of sales by
Pratt results in 18 cents of net income compared to only 15 cents for Iwig.
Pratt also has a higher gross profit rate. For each dollar of Pratts sales
revenue, 60 cents is required to cover cost of goods sold leaving 40 cents
to cover other expenses and produce net income. Iwigs gross profit of .33
indicates that only 33 cents of each sales dollar is available to cover other
expenses and produce net income.
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
5-15
EXERCISE 5-10
Inventory, September 1, 2009....................................
Purchases....................................................................
Less: Purchase returns and allowances.................
Net purchases..............................................................
Add: Freight-in.........................................................
Cost of goods purchased...........................................
Cost of goods available for sale................................
Inventory, August 31, 2010.........................................
Cost of goods sold..............................................
$ 19,200
$154,000
5,000
149,000
8,000
157,000
176,200
22,000
$154,200
EXERCISE 5-11
(a) $1,440 ($1,500 $60)
(b) $1,570 (1,440 + $130)
(c) $1,510 ($1,820 $310)
(g) $7,700
(h) $640
(i) $9,050
(d) $40
(e) $190
(f) $120
(j)
(k)
(I)
($1,080 $1,040)
($1,230 $1,040)
($1,350 $1,230)
($290 + $7,410)
($8,050 $7,410)
($1,000 + $8,050)
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 5-1A
(a)
General Journal
Date
May 1
2
Account Titles
Debit
Merchandise Inventory...................................... 8,000
Accounts Payable.......................................
Accounts Receivable......................................... 4,400
Sales.............................................................
Credit
8,000
4,400
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
Merchandise Inventory...............................
3,300
200
Accounts Payable...............................................
Merchandise Inventory...............................
4,400
156
7,644
Supplies............................................................... 900
Cash.............................................................
900
2,700
10
11
12
230
15
Cash.....................................................................
Merchandise Inventory...............................
17
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200
230
2,500
5-17
24
Account Titles
Debit
Merchandise Inventory...................................... 250
Cash.............................................................
Cash.....................................................................
Sales.............................................................
27
29
31
5-18
Merchandise Inventory......................................
Accounts Payable.......................................
250
5,400
5,400
Credit
4,020
800
800
50
2,450
124
Merchandise Inventory...................................... 90
Cost of Goods Sold....................................
90
1,280
830
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
7,644
900
2,700
250
2,450
124
Accounts Receivable
5/2
4,400 5/9
4,400
5/31
1,280
5/31 Bal. 1,280
Merchandise Inventory
5/1
8,000 5/2
3,300
5/12
2,700 5/5
200
5/17
2,500 5/10
156
5/19
250 5/15
230
5/25
800 5/24
4,020
5/29
90 5/27
50
5/31
830
5/31 Bal. 5,554
Common Stock
5/1 Bal. 8,000
5/31 Bal. 8,000
Sales
5/2
5/24
5/31
5/31 Bal.
4,400
5,400
1,280
11,080
Supplies
5/11
900
5/31 Bal. 900
5/5
5/10
5/27
Accounts Payable
200 5/1
8,000
7,800 5/17
2,500
2,500 5/25
800
5/31 Bal.
800
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5-19
5-20
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
$11,080
$124
132
256
10,824
8,060
$ 2,764
Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Kimmel, Financial Accounting, 5/e, Solutions Manual(For Instructor Use Only)
5-21