Power System Protection S.A.

Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

Power System Protection

S.A.Soman
Department of Electrical Engineering IIT Bombay

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

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Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

Directional Comparison Schemes Pilot protection is used for lines to provide the high speed simultaneous detection of phase and ground faults for 100% line length. The idea behind this scheme is to obtain the response of the distance relay element at other end to speed decision making. This scheme requires additional communication signals. It can quickly clear the fault anywhere on the primary line.

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

Commonly used directional comparison schemes are the following: Directional comparison blocking Directional comparison unblocking Overreaching transfer trip Under reaching transfer trip
Non-permissive Permissive

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

It uses directional fault detectors to detect faults in the direction of primary line. It uses blocking signal from the remote end in case the fault is not on the primary line. Relays R1 and R2 are enabled with fault detectors and carrier starts. Fault detectors correspond to Z2 and it overreach the primary line. The channel signals between A and B are initiated by carrier starts.

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

The basic principle is that after detecting a fault in the right direction, the relay is put in block mode for CTI. Use unblock signals from the remote if the fault is on the primary line. If R2 observes a fault in the direction of bus A, it sends an unblock signal to R1 and vice versa. If the fault is in the primary line, both the relays will trip the line immediately. For fault F2 , R2 will not send unblock signal to R1 and it will issue trip signal for back up action.

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

In this scheme, if the fault is detected from both ends of the line, trip signal is initiated. Else, back up protection is initiated. Logical AND-ing of trip of both FD1 and FD2 provides the trip output at both ends of the line. For internal fault, both FD1 and FD2 operate to shift respective transmitters to trip mode. In case of external fault, FD1 or FD2 will pick up depending on the location of fault and a timer is initiated for back up action.

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

The underreaching terminology implies that the FDs are to be set so as to overlap but not to overreach any remote terminal. With external faults, neither FD1 nor FD2 picks up. For internal faults in the overlap area of FD1 and FD2 , both will pick up. For clearing internal faults quickly which are not in the overlap region, OR-ing of the trip decisions is used.

Pilot Protection with Distance Relays

Power System Protection S.A.Soman Directional Comparison Schemes Directional Comparison Blocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Unblocking Pilot System Directional Comparison Overreaching Transfer Trip Pilot System Directional Comparison Underreaching Transfer Trip System Summary

Summary Directional comparison blocking system Directional comparison unblocking pilot system Directional comparison overreaching transfer trip pilot system Directional comparison underreaching transfer trip pilot system