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1. What is Fraud? Wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain.

n. A person or thing intended to deceive others, typically by unjustifiably claiming or being credited with accomplishments or qualities.

Fraud involves one or more persons who intentionally act secretly to deprive another of something of value, for their own benefit. Fraud is as old as humanity itself and can take an unlimited variety of different forms. However, in recent years, the development of new technologies has also provided further ways in which criminals may commit fraud Some categories of Frauds:

Individual Fraud: individual fraud could be any fraud that targets a person directly. Individual frauds can differ from frauds affecting businesses and other organizations. Corporate Fraud: Corporate fraud can be any fraud committed against a business. Fraud impacting businesses can be both general frauds that target any business, to sector specific frauds. Online Fraud: Some fraudsters rely on the internet to commit their crimes. Advance fee Fraud: Advance fee fraud is when fraudsters target victims to make advance or upfront payments for goods, services and/or financial gains that do not materialize.

Detecting Fraud Traditional methods of data analysis have long been used to detect fraud. They require complex and time-consuming investigations that deal with different domains of knowledge like financial, economics, business practices and law. Fraud consists of many instances or incidents involving repeated transgressions using the same method. Fraud instances can be similar in content and appearance but usually are not identical. The first industries to use data analysis techniques to prevent fraud were the telephony companies, the insurance companies and the banks. One early example of successful implementation of data analysis techniques in the banking industry is the Falcon fraud assessment system, which is based on a neural network shell

Retail industries also suffer from fraud at POS. Some supermarkets have started to make use of digitized closed-circuit television (CCTV) together with POS data of most susceptible transactions to fraud (Weir 2001). Internet transactions have recently raised big concerns. Kerr (2002) shown that internet transaction fraud is 12 times higher than in-store fraud. Fraud that involves cell phones, insurance claims, tax return claims, credit card transactions etc. represent significant problems for governments and businesses, but yet detecting and preventing fraud is not a simple task. Fraud is an adaptive crime, so it needs special methods of intelligent data analysis to detect and prevent it. These methods exist in the areas of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), Data Mining, Machine Learning and Statistics. They offer applicable and successful solutions in different areas of fraud crimes. Passport Fraud Passport fraud is a crime that involves falsifying a passport or using fake information to receive a passport. This crime is used to permit illegal entry into a country, and is also associated with international crimes such as drug trafficking and terrorism. Many regions have extremely stiff penalties for anyone convicted of passport fraud, including long terms of imprisonment and deportation. There are many different reasons a person might commit passport fraud. Some use passports to enter a country illegally in order to work or take up residence. People on the run from law officials may use fake passports to avoid detection while traveling. Fake or illegally obtained passports are also used by people trying to get into a country for the purpose of perpetrating crime, such as terrorist acts or drug smuggling. Passport fraud can be committed in a variety of different ways. A person may steal or buy a legal passport and then doctor the photograph, identification information, and expiration date to suit their purposes. Some fraud involves the creation of completely counterfeit passports, though these may be easier to catch as they will usually not bear the watermarks or security details built into the official version. Sometimes, a person will receive a legal passport by submitting falsified documentation in the application process, such as a doctored birth certificate or false countersignatures from identity witnesses.

2. Who commits passport fraud?

Those illegally seeking citizenship or legal status in the United States Those attempting to change or conceal their identity Terrorists or fugitives* Those committing financial fraud Those committing other criminal activity such as drug trafficking or alien smuggling 3. How is passport fraud committed? Substituting photos, most commonly occurring overseas and with older passports

Using phony support documents, such as fake birth certificates Using stolen and altered passports Circumventing the two-parent signature rule for minors

Fugitives =A person who has escaped from a place or is in hiding, esp. to avoid arrest or persecution

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