Electrical Question 1: What are the different types of DC Generators ?

Answer:

DC Generators are characterized by the method in which the flux is produced in the magnetizing circuit ( Field Winding ) of the DC generator. The flux required for the DC Generator is produced by

1. A Permanent magnet 2. Field Coils excited by the external source 3. Field Coils excited by the same source.

Based on the method of excitation flux produced DC Generators are Characterized by Separately Excited DC Generator:

In Separately excited DC Generator the field winding excitation current (which produces the flux) of the DC Generator is controlled by the External source such as battery or current from a small DC machine. Series Wound Generator:

In Series Wound Generator the field winding of the DC Generator is connected in series of the armature winding of the DC machine. The current which flows out from the DC Generator through the armature winding the same current flow through the series field winding of the DC Generator. Series field winding consists of thick coils of lesser turns.

Shunt Wound Generator:

In Shunt wound Generator the field winding of the DC Generator is connected in parallel to the armature winding of the DC Generator. In Shunt type of construction the current produced at the armature is divided between the load and field winding. Some part of the current flow through the field winding and remaining through the load. Shunt field winding consists of high resistance winding with thin coils of more turns Compound Wound Generator:

Compound wound generators contain both series and shunt type of field windings. They are connected as long shunt and short shunt. In long shunt the shunt field winding is connected parallel to the series winding and armature winding. In Short shunt type of arrangement the shunt field winding will be placed just parallel to the armature winding alone. This type of machines has the both the characteristics of series wound machine and shunt wound machine. Electrical Question 2: What are the Characteristics of DC Generator?

Answer: Magnetic or Open circuit characteristics:

This is also called no load characteristics. It gives the relation between the generated emf in the armature on load and field current at constant speed. Internal or total Characteristics:

This gives the relation between the emf generated in the armature and the armature current External Characteristics:

This curve gives the relation between the terminal voltage and armature current under constant speed and excitation.

Electrical Question 3: Why Saturation Curve for the DC Generator does not start with zero ?

Answer:

Saturation curve or Magnetization curve in a DC Generator gives the relation between the Field Ampere turns (X axis) required to produce the flux per pole ( Y axis ). This curve starts from a point which is slightly higher than the origin representing that there is some flux produced by the field poles even no current is passed through the field windings. This flux produced is because of the property called residual magnetism which always exists in the DC Generator with out which DC Generator cannot be started. Electrical Questions 4: What is Open Circuit Characteristics of DC Generator ?

Answer:

Magnetic or Open Circuit Characteristics of a DC Generator is the plot between the Field Current in Amps ( X axis) required to produce or build up emf in the generator terminals ( Y axis) of a DC Generator.

EMF generated E=KN.

Where K is the constant

is the flux and

N is the speed of the DC Generator

Under constant speed the emf generated of the dc generator proportional to the flux .Which is produced with the amount of field current.

Therefore it is a curve drawn between the generating emf produced under no load and field current when the machine is running at constant speed. It is the curve drawn under no load,so it is called open circuit characteristics of the machine. Electrical Questions 5: Given the OCC curve and what happen when the field resistance of the generator increases ?

When the field resistance of the DC generator increases then the slope of the OCC characteristics of the dc generator increases, i.e, the line will move to the left towards the vertical position. This can be explained with the help of Ohms law.

Electrical Questions 6: What is Critical Field Resistance ?

Answer:

Critical Resistance of a DC Generator is defined as the maximum field resistance required to start the dc generator. Beyond this resistance the generator will not able to build up the voltage (EMF) and the motor fails to start. So care should be taken that field resistance of the dc generators should be less than the critical resistance. Electrical Questions 7: What are the causes of failure to build up voltage in DC Generator ?

Answer:

In a DC Generator voltage will be build up in a step wise manner.

Some of the reasons for the generator failure to build up the voltage are

1. No Residual magnetism 2. Reversal of Field connections ( destroys the residual magnetism when connections reversed) 3. Resistance of the field winding is more than the Critical Resistance

Electrical Question 8: Explain the applications of the DC Generators ?

Answer:

1. Separately excited Generators are used in Ward Leonard Systems of speed control because self excitation at lower voltage would be unstable. 2. Series Wound generators are used in regenerative braking operation of the electrical dc locomotives. They are used in series lighting. 3. Shunt wound generators with field regulators are used in the light and power supply requirements.They have the property of providing constant voltage at any load. 4. Cummilative compound generators are used in lighting and power supply requirements 5. Differential compound generators are used in applications where generators are required related to the arc welding.

ElecticalQuestion 1: What is Electrical machine?

Electrical machine is an electro mechanical device which converts input motive power ( prime mover like turbine in case of generator or electrical supply in case of dc motor) to output motive power (Electrical power in case of the generator or mechanical output in case of motor). This uses the principle of electro magentic induction principle. Electrical Question 2: What is the advantage of DC motors over AC motors? Answer:

With the advert of the ac power generation and transmission over long distances with less losses using electrical transformers, dc machines were out ruled by the ac machines in industrial and home applications. However dc

motors still exist in the industries because of some special properties of the dc machines where ac drives have failed to attain. DC motors have some special properties such as:

1. High Starting Torque 2. Excellent speed control capability

For traction applications in electrical trains and cranes motor drives require to have high starting torque. DC series motor has very good starting torque capabilities compared to induction motors and synchronous motors. So still in present traction applications DC series motors are used

In some applications such as paper mills and roll mills speed control of the motor drive should be accurate else the process will be failure. In such applications of finer speed control DC shunt machines are widely used. Electrical Question 3: What is the use of Commutator in DC machine?

Answer:

Commutator is the part in DC machine that makes the difference from the ac machine. In DC machine the current flow in the armature is ac. This current is made uni directional with the help of commutator.

In ac machines slip rings are used to collect the armature current from the armature and supply to the load. In DC machines this slip rings are replaced by the split rings. Split rings consists of 2 conductor materials separated by insulating material.

In first half cycle the induced current will be taken by the split rings or commutator which is in one position.During the other half cycle when the induced current in the armature changes the split rings position also changes results in the delivering the unidirectional current to the external load. Electrical Question 4: Explain essential parts of DC machine?

Essential parts of the dc machine are:

1. Field System 2. Armature 3. Commutator 4. Brushes 5. Brearings and Shaft

Electrical Question 5: Why field poles are laminated in DC machine ?

Field poles of a dc machine is laminated in order to reduce the eddy currents. Eddy currents are the circulating currents that are induced in the iron by the alternating magnetic field. These eddy currents produced will create a flux which opposes the main flux. So this eddy current production is considered as loss in the dc machine.Hence in order to reduce this eddy current losses thin laminations are considered and insulating coating is provided in between the laminations. Electrical Questions 6: Do commutator convert ac to dc or dc to ac ?

Commutator in a dc machine converts both ac to dc current and dc to ac current. Consider the dc generator the current produced in the armature due to the electro magnetic induction is ac. However commutator converts the bi directional current to uni directional current and supplies the current the external load circuit.

In DC motor the voltage we apply at the terminals is dc. This dc current is converted to ac and supply to the armature circuit so as to produce the rotational torque.

Hence Commutator converts both ac to dc variables and dc to ac variables. See all 2 photos Electrical Question 7: Why armature teeth of DC machine is skewed ?

The air gap length changes between the slot and teeth of the armature when the armature is rotating under constant magnetic field. This results in the production of small variation in the torque hence this results can be observed as small vibrations in the frame of the machine. So in order to avoid this vibration effect armature teeth is skewed.

DC MOTOR
Q1.What is the principle of the DC Motor ? A. If the current carrying conductor is placed in the maganetic field, mechanical forced is experienced on the conductor, and the direction of the force is given by the Fleming's left hand rule and hence conductor moves in the direction of force. F = B I L where F = force

B = magnetic field strength W/m2 I = Current in Amp. L = length of conductor in meter

Q2. What is the back emf ? A. When the motor armature continues to rotate due to motot action the armature conductor cuts te magentic flux, and therefore emf are induced in them the direction of this induced emf is such that it oppose the applied voltage therefore this is called Back emf. .

Q3. Why the DC motors are mostly gear motor ? A. Because the low speed motor are much more expensive than high speed motors of the same kW o/p rating.

Q4. What is the suitable dc motor for electric traction ? A. DC series motor.

Q5. What is the suitable dc motor for vacuum cleaner ? A. DC series motor.

Q6. What is the suitable dc motor for paper making ? A. DC cumulative compound motor.

Q7. What is the suitable dc motor for shearing and punching ? A. DC cumulative compound motor.

Q8. What will be the effect on the direction of rotation of dc motor if the supply terminal are reversed ? A. No effect because direction of the rotation changes when the direction of magnetic field changes.

Q9. Why series motors are preferred for traction purpose ? A. due to large starting torque and slow down with the increase the load and automatically relieved from the heavy excessive load.

Q10. How can the direction of the dc motor be determined ? A. By applying Fleming's left hand rule .