Bi-Continuous Semigroups, Generators and

Resolvents
Saw Marlar Aung

Abstract
In this paper, some properties of bicontinuous semi group, generators and re-
solvents are studied and the relation between semi group operators and -topology
is discussed. Then the fact that generator of a bicontinuous semi group is bi-
closed and the domain is bi dense is proved.
Key words and phrases: multiplication operator, sequence spaces
1 Bi-Continuous Semigroups
Denition 1.1 An operator family
T(t) : t 0 /(X)
is called bi-equicontinuous if for every | |-bounded sequence (x
n
)
nN
X which is
-convergent to x X we have
lim
n
(T(t)(x
n
x)) = 0
uniformly for all t 0. It is called locally bi-equicontinuous if for every t
0
0 the
subset T(t) : 0 t t
0
is bi-equicontinuous.
Denition 1.2. An operator family
T(t) : t 0 /(X)
is called a bi-continuous semigroup (with respect to and of type ) if the following
conditions hold.

Dr, Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of Magway

2010 Mathematics Subject Classication: 47B33, 47B99
2
1. T(0) = Id and T(t + s) = T(t)T(s) for all s, t 0.
2. The operators T(t) are exponentially bounded, that is,
|T(t)|
L(X)
Me
wt
for all t 0 and some constants M 1 and w R .
3. (T(t))
t0
is strongly -continuous, i.e.,the map
R
+
t T(t)x X
is -continuous for each x X.
4. (T(t))
t0
is locally bi-equicontinuous.
Proposition 1.3 Let (T(t))
t0
be a bi-continuous semigroup of type w on X. Then
the following properties hold.
1. For every a 0 and there exists the operator R
a
() : X X dened as
R
a
()x :=
_
a
0
e
t
T(t)x dt (1.1)
for all x X. The integral has to be understood as a Riemann integral
(sometimes denoted by
_
a
0
e
t
T(t)x dt ).
2. The rescaled semigroup (e
t
T(t)
t0
is globally bi-equicontinuous for every
> w.
Proof. Assertion (1) is immediately hold. Indeed, for xed C and a 0,

x
() := e

T(t)()x
is a uniformly continuous X-valued function on the interval [0, a] for all x X.
Therefore, the Riemann sums S(
x
(), ) dened as
S(
x
(), ) :=
n

k=1

x
(t

k
)(t
k
t
k1
),
: 0 = t
0
t

1
t
1
t

n
t
n
= a,
3
from a Cauchy net. Taking
S(
x
(),
n
) :=
a
n

x
(a
k
n
), n = 1, 2,
We obtain an equivalent ||-bounded -Cauchy sequence. Since (X, ) is sequentially
complete on | |-bounded sets, S(
x
(),
n
) converges, and hence

x
() = e

T()x
is Riemann integrable for allx X .
To prove property (2), let > w, > 0, p P
r
, and (x
n
)
nN
X be a | |-
bounded sequence which is -convergent to x X. Then there exists t
0
0 such
that
sup
t>t
0
p(e
t
T(t)(x
n
x)) sup
t>t
0
e
t
|T(t)(x
n
x)|
sup
t>t
0
e
(w)t
M(|x
n
| +|x|)

2
for all n N.
Then there exists n
0
N such that
sup
0tt
0
p(e
t
T(t)(x
n
x))

2
for all n n
0
. Therefore,
sup
t0
p(e
t
T(t)(x
n
x)) sup
0tt
0
p(e
t
T(t)(x
n
x))
+sup
t>t
0
p(e
t
T(t)(x
n
x))

2
+ sup
t>t
0
e
t
|T(t)(x
n
x)|

for all n n
0
.
4
2 Generators and Resolvents
Denition 2.1. Let X be a Banach space, C, and consider operators ()
/(X) for each . The family () : is called a pseudoresolvent if
() () = ( )()()
holds for all , .
Denition 2.2. The generator A : D(A) X X of a bi-continuous semigroup
(T(t))
t0
on X is the unique operator on X such that its resolvent R(, A) is
R(, A)x =
_

0
e
t
T(t)xdt
for all

0
and x X.
Lemma 2.3. Let (T(t))
t0
be a bi-continuous semigroup on X. Then the following
properties hold.
1. Let C and a 0. Then R
a
() /(X) and
|R()| := lim
a
R
a
()
for
w
0
exists with respect to the operator norm and satises the estimate
|R()|
L(X)

M
Re w
for all
w
, w > w
0
, and some constant M 1.
2. For every x X we have
lim
w<
R()x = x.
Proof. 1. Let a 0, C, and x X. Since (X, )

is norming for (X, | |), we

have with :=
_
(X, )

: ||
(X,.)
1
_
that
|R
a
()x| = sup

__
a
0
e
t
T(t)xdt,
_

= sup

_
a
0
e
t
T(t)x, dt

M|x|
_
a
0
e
(Rew)t
dt

M
Re w
|x|.
5
Therefore assertion (1) holds.
(2) Let x X, p P
r
, and > 0. There exists

> 0 such that 0 t

implies
p(T(t)x x) < . Thus, we have
p(R()x x) = p
__

0
e
t
T(t)xdt
_

0
e
t
xdt
_
p
__

0
e
t
(T(t)x x)dt
_
+ p
__

e
t
(T(t)x x)dt
_
= T
1
+ T
2
.
For the terms T
2
e obtain with as above that
T
2

sup

<
_

e
t
(T(t)x x)dt, >

sup

e
t
[(T(t)x x)dt, [
|x|
_
M


e
()

+ e

_
,
which converges to zero as tends to innity. For the term T
1
we obtain
T
1

_

0
e
t
p(T(t)x x)dt
_

0
e
t
dt = ,
which concludes the proof.
Lemma 2.4. Let (T(t))
t>0
be a bi-continuous semigroup on X and (A
r
, D(A
r
)) of a
bi-continuous semigroup is dened by
A
r
x = lim
t0
T(t)x x
t
.
Then the property holds. If x D(A
r
), then T(t)x D(A
r
) for all t 0, T(t)x is
continuously differentiable in t with respect to the topology , and
d
dt
T(t)x = A

T(t)x = T(t)A

x
for all t 0.
Proof. If x D(A
r
), then for t 0 we have
6
T(t)A
r
x = lim
t0
T(t + h)x T(t)x
h
= lim
t0
(T(h) Id)T(t)x
h
which shows that T(t)x D(A
r
) and the right derivative
d
+
dt
T(t)x exists. Thus we
have
d
+
dt
T(t)x = A
r
T(t)x = T(t)A
r
x.
Let now (X, )

. Then
d
dt
T(t)x, =
_
d
+
dt
T(t)x,
_
= T(t)A
r
x, ,
which implies the continuity in t of
d
+
dt
T(t)x, . Therefore T(t), is differentiable
in t and
d
dt
T(t)x, = T(t)A
r
x, .
Since (T(t))
t0
is bi-continuous, the integral
_
t
0
T(s)A
r
xds exists in X, and we obtain
T(t)x x, =
_
t
0
d
ds
T(s)x, ds
=
_
t
0
T(s)A
r
x, ds
=
__
t
0
T(s)A
r
xds,
_
Hence,
T(t)x x =
_
t
0
T(s)A
r
xds
for all t 0, and T(t)x is differentiable in t with
d
dt
T(t)x = T(t)A
r
x.
Theorem 2.5. Let (T(t))
t0
be a bi-continuous semigroup on X with generator
(A, D(A)) and dene (A
r
, D(A
r
)) as Lemma (2.4). Then A = A
r
.
Proof. We show rst that A A
r
. For x X and A

0
we have
T(h) Id
h
R(, A)x =
(e
h
1)
h
_

0
e
t
T(t)xdt
e
h
h
_
h
0
e
t
T(t)xdt,
7
which converges to R(, A)x x = AR(, A)x as h 0. Thus A A
r
.
On the other hand, for x D(A
r
) we dene y := (A
r
)x.Then we have
A
r
_

0
e
t
T(t)xdt =
_

0
e
t
T(t)A
r
xdt.
Therefore, we obtain
R(, A)y = ( A
r
)
_

0
e
t
T(t)xdt = ( A
r
)R(, A)x = x,
and hence A
r
A.
Proposition 2.6. Let () : be a pseudoresolvent on a Banach space X.
Then ()() = ()(), ker() = ker() and rg() = rg() hold
for all , .
Moreover, the following assertions are equivalent.
1. There exists a closed operator (A, D(A)) such that (A) and () =
R(, A) for all .
2. ker() = 0 for some .
Denition 2.7. A subset M X is called bi-dense if for every x X there exists a
| |-bounded sequence (x
n
)
nN
M which is -convergent to x.
Proposition 2.8. The family of operators (R())

0
is a resolvent.
Proof. Let ,=

0
. We assume without loss of generality that Re > Re and
obtain
R()x R()x

=
_

0
e
()t
dtR()x
_

0
e
()t
( )
e
t
T(t)xdt
=
_

0
e
()t
_

0
e
s
T(s)xdsdt
_
e
()t

_

0
e
s
T(s)xds
_
t=
t=0

_

0
e
()t
_

0
e
s
T(s)xdsdt
=
_

0
e
()t
_

0
e
s
T(s)xdsdt
=
_

0
e
t
_

0
e
s
T(s)T(t)xdsdt
= R()R()x
8
for all x X.
Therefore, (R())

0
is a pseudoresolvent . Then we obtain the injectivity of
the operators R(). In fact, for x kerR() and an unbounded sequence (
n
)
nN

0
R
+
, we have x kerR(
n
) for all n N and lim
n

n
R(
n
)x = 0. Since
is Hausdorff, it follows x = 0.This completes the proof.
We observe that the map

0
R() /(X) is holomorphic and
d
k
d
k
R()x = (1)
k
k!R()
k+1
x (2.1)
for all x X, k N, and

0
. The above observations allow the denition of the
generator of a bi-continuous semigroup.
Proposition 2.9. Let (A, D(A)) be the generator of a bi-continuous semigroup (T(t))
t0
of type on X. Then we have
d
k
d
k
R(, A)x = (1)
k
_

0
t
k
e
t
T(t)xdt (2.2)
for all x X, k Nand

0
. In particular, there exists for each >
0
a constant
M 1 such that
|R(, A)
k
|
M
(Re )
k
for all k N and

.
Proof. Let x X,

, >
0
, and = (X, )

: ||
X
1. Since the
space (X, )

is norming for (X, | |), for every

we have
_
_
_
_
R()x R()x

+
_

0
te
t
T(t)xdt
_
_
_
_
sup

_

0

e
t
e
t

+ te
t

[T(t), [dt
M|x|
_

0

e
t
e
t

+ te
t

e
t
dt,
which converges to zero as tends to as a consequence of Lebesgues dominated
convergence theorem. Via induction we obtain the desire equality. Also, we get
|R()
k
x| sup

1
(n 1)!
_

0
t
k1
[e
t
T(t)x, [dt

M
(n 1)!
|x|
_

0
t
k1
e
(Re)t
dt
=
M
(Re )
k
|x|
9
for all x X and

.
Proposition 2.10. Let (A, D(A)) be the generator of a bi-continuous semigroup
(T(t))
t0
of type on X. Then the following properties hold.
(a) The generator (A, D(A)) is bi-closed.
(b) The domain of A is bi-dense in X.
(c) Let D D(A) be a bi-dense subset in X. Then R(, A)D, , is bi-dense
in D(A).
Proof. Assertion (a) follows directly from Proposition (2.4).
(b) Let x X. By Lemma 1.7 the sequence (x
n
)
nN
D(A) dened as
x
n
=
_
nR(n, A)x if n > ,
0 else,
is | |-bounded and -convergent to x.
To prove (c), let x D(A), , > 0, and p P

. There exists z X such

that R(, A)z = x. Since D is bi-dense in X, there exists a | |-bounded sequence
(y
n
)
nN
D and n
0
N such that
p(y
n
z)
for all n n
0
. Further, the sequence (R(, A)y
n
)
nN
is | |-bounded, and, by the
bi-continuity of (T(t))
t0
, we obtain that there exists n
0
n
0
such that
p(R(, A)y
n
x) = p(R(, A)(y
n
z))

_

0
e
()t
p(e
t
T(t)(y
n
z))dt

for all n n
0
.
References
[1] Engel, K.L., Nagel and R., A Short Course on Operator Semi Groups, Springer
Science and Business Media, 2006.
[2] Nickel, G., A Semi Group Approach to Dynamic Boundary Value Problems, Semi
Group Forum 69, pp. 159189, 2004.