Bacteriophages: A virus that that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

Capsid: the protein shell enclosing the viral genome in a virus -may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complete in shape. Conjugation: In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. Episome: A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome. Lysogenic Cycle: A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. Lytic Cycle: A type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell. Nucleoid: A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. Operator: In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The building of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon. Operon: A unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting or coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions. Bioremediation: The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems. Binary fission: the type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce. Each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome. Reverse transcriptase: an enzyme encoded by some RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. Transduction: a DNA-transfer process used by phages to carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. Transformation: a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. Transposon: A transposable genetic element; a mobile segment of DNA that serves an agent of genetic change. Vaccine: a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a hosts immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen. Viral envelopes: a membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome. Virulent virus: a virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle. Anaerobic respiration: the use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the down-hill end of electron transport chains. Endotoxin: a component of the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria responsible for generalized symptoms of fever and ache.

LAST ROW Exotoxin: A toxic protein secreted by a bacterial cell that produces specific symptoms even in the absence of the bacterium. Extremeophile: Microorganisms that live in extreme environments. They are further classified as either methanogens, extreme halophiles, or extreme thermophiles. Facultative Anaerobe: An organism that makes ATP be aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions. Gram Stain: A staining method that distinguishes between two different kinds of bacterial cell walls. Kochs postulates: A set of four criteria for determining whether a specific pathogen is the cause of a disease. Obligate Aerobe: An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it. Peptidoglycan: A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. Transduction: A DNA transfer process used by phages to carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. Transformation: (1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. Retrovirus: The RNA viruses with the most complicated reproductive cycles; and it refers to the reverse direction in which genetic information flows for these viruses. Prions: The infectious proteins. Plasmid: a small, circular, self-replicating DNA MOLECULE SEPARATE FROM THE BACTERIAL CHROMOSOME. Phages: bacteria eaters; bacterial viruses. Prophage: The DNA molecule is incorporated by genetic recombination( crossing over) into a specific site on

the host cells chromosomeit is then known as a prophage. Provirus: integrated viral DNAit remains a permanent resident of the host cells genome. Capsule: Most prokaryotes secrete sticky substances tha form still another protective layer called a capsul outside the cell wall. Endospore: Some bacterial form resistant cells called endospores.The original cell replicates its chromosome, and one copy become surrounded by a durable wall. Antibiotic: chemicals that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. regulatory gene: The repressor that switches off the trp operon has no effect on other operons in the e. Coli genome; the repressor is the product of a gene called a regulatory gene.