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2.6
What you should learn
GOAL 1 Use angle congruence properties. GOAL 2 Prove properties about special pairs of angles.

Proving Statements about Angles

GOAL 1 CONGRUENCE OF ANGLES
In Lesson 2.5, you proved segment relationships. In this lesson, you will prove statements about angles.

Why you should learn it

Properties of special pairs of angles help you determine angles in wood-working projects, such as the corners in the piece of furniture below and in the picture frame in Ex. 30. AL LI
E FE
RE

THEOREM THEOREM 2.2

Properties of Angle Congruence

Angle congruence is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. Here are some examples.
REFLEXIVE SYMMETRIC TRANSITIVE

For any angle A, A A. If A B, then B A. If A B and B C, then A C.

The Transitive Property of Angle Congruence is proven in Example 1. The Reflexive and Symmetric Properties are left for you to prove in Exercises 10 and 11.

EXAMPLE 1

Transitive Property of Angle Congruence

Prove the Transitive Property of Congruence for angles.

SOLUTION

To prove the Transitive Property of Congruence for angles, begin by drawing three congruent angles. Label the vertices as A, B, and C.
GIVEN PROVE

A B, B C A C
Reasons 1. Given

Statements 1. A B, 2. 3. 4. 5.

B C mA = mB mB = mC mA = mC A C

2. Definition of congruent angles 3. Definition of congruent angles 4. Transitive property of equality 5. Definition of congruent angles
2.6 Proving Statements about Angles 109

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EXAMPLE 2 Proof

Using the Transitive Property

1 2 4 3

This two-column proof uses the Transitive Property.

GIVEN PROVE

m3 = 40, 1 2, 2 3 m1 = 40
Reasons 1. Given

Statements 1. m3 = 40, 1 2, 2 3 2. 1 3 3. m1 = m3 4. m1 = 40

2. Transitive Property of Congruence 3. Definition of congruent angles 4. Substitution property of equality

THEOREM THEOREM 2.3

Right Angle Congruence Theorem

All right angles are congruent.

EXAMPLE 3 Proof

Proving Theorem 2.3

You can prove Theorem 2.3 as shown.

GIVEN PROVE

1 and 2 are right angles 1 2

Reasons 1. Given

Statements 1. 1 and 2 are right angles 2. m1 = 90, m2 = 90 3. m1 = m2 4. 1 2 ACTIVITY

2. Definition of right angle 3. Transitive property of equality 4. Definition of congruent angles

Using Technology

Investigating Supplementary Angles

Use geometry software to draw and label two intersecting lines.

1

What do you notice about the measures of AQB and AQC? AQC and CQD? AQB and CQD? Rotate BC to a different position. Do the angles retain the same relationship? Make a conjecture about two angles supplementary to the same angle.

A q B

C D

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Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

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GOAL 2

PROPERTIES OF SPECIAL PAIRS OF ANGLES

THEOREMS THEOREM 2.4

Congruent Supplements Theorem

1 2 3

If two angles are supplementary to the same angle (or to congruent angles) then they are congruent. If m1 + m2 = 180 and m2 + m3 = 180, then 1 3.
THEOREM 2.5

Congruent Complements Theorem

If two angles are complementary to the same angle (or to congruent angles) then the two angles are congruent. If m4 + m5 = 90 and m5 + m6 = 90, then 4 6.
4

EXAMPLE 4 Proof
GIVEN

Proving Theorem 2.4

1 and 2 are supplements, 3 and 4 are supplements, 1 4 2 3

PROVE

Statements 1. 1 and 2 are supplements,

Reasons 1. Given

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

3 and 4 are supplements, 1 4 m1 + m2 = 180 m3 + m4 = 180 m1 + m2 = m3 + m4 m1 = m4 m1 + m2 = m3 + m1 m2 = m3 2 3

2. Definition of supplementary 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

angles Transitive property of equality Definition of congruent angles Substitution property of equality Subtraction property of equality Definition of congruent angles

P O S T U L AT E POSTULATE 12

Linear Pair Postulate

1 2

If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

m1 + m2 = 180

2.6 Proving Statements about Angles

111

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EXAMPLE 5

Using Linear Pairs

In the diagram, m8 = m5 and m5 = 125. Explain how to show m7 = 55.

5 6 7 8

SOLUTION

Using the transitive property of equality, m8 = 125. The diagram shows m7 + m8 = 180. Substitute 125 for m8 to show m7 = 55.

THEOREM THEOREM 2.6

Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical angles are congruent.

2 4

1 3, 2 4

STUDENT HELP

EXAMPLE 6
GIVEN PROVE

Proving Theorem 2.6

Study Tip Remember that previously proven theorems can be used as reasons in a proof, as in Step 3 of the proof at the right.

5 and 6 are a linear pair, 6 and 7 are a linear pair 5 7

Reasons 1. Given

Statements 1. 5 and 6 are a linear pair,

6 and 7 are a linear pair 2. 5 and 6 are supplementary, 6 and 7 are supplementary 3. 5 7

2. Linear Pair Postulate 3. Congruent Supplements Theorem

GUIDED PRACTICE
Vocabulary Check Concept Check

  

1. If CDE

? ?

example of the

and QRS XYZ, then CDE XYZ, is an Property of Angle Congruence.

2. To close the blades of the scissors, you close the

handles. Will the angle formed by the blades be the same as the angle formed by the handles? Explain. Skill Check
3. By the Transitive Property of Congruence,

if A B and B C, then

C.

In Exercises 49, 1 and 3 are a linear pair, 1 and 4 are a linear pair, and 1 and 2 are vertical angles. Is the statement true? 4. 1 3 7. 3 2
112 Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof

5. 1 2 8. 3 4

6. 1 4 9. m2 +m3 =180

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PRACTICE AND APPLICATIONS

STUDENT HELP

10.

Extra Practice to help you master skills is on p. 806.

PROVING THEOREM 2.2 Copy and complete the proof of the Symmetric Property of Congruence for angles.
GIVEN PROVE

A B B A
Reasons 1. 3. 4.
A

Statements 1. A B 2.

? ? ?

2. Definition of congruent angles

3. mB = mA 4. B A 11.

PROVING THEOREM 2.2 Write a two-column proof for the Reflexive Property of Congruence for angles.

FINDING ANGLES In Exercises 1217, complete the statement given that mEHC = mDHB = mAHB = 90 12. If m7 = 28, then m3 =

? . ? .
A G

F E 7 1 6 5 H 4 3 C B

13. If mEHB = 121, then m7 = 14. If m3 = 34, then m5 =

? . ? .

15. If mGHB = 158, then mFHC = 16. If m7 = 31, then m6 = ? . 17. If mGHD = 119, then m4 = 18.

? .

PROVING THEOREM 2.5 Copy and complete the proof of the Congruent Complements Theorem.
GIVEN

1 and 2 are complements, 3 and 4 are complements, 2 4 1 3

1 2 4

PROVE

Statements 1. 1 and 2 are complements,

STUDENT HELP

Reasons 1.

HOMEWORK HELP

Example 1: Example 2: Example 3: Example 4: Example 5: Example 6:

Exs. 10, 11 Exs. 1217 Exs. 1217 Exs. 1922 Exs. 2328 Exs. 2328

3 and 4 are complements, 2 4 2. ? , ? 3. m1 + m2 = m3 + m4 4. m2 = m4 5. m1 + m2 = m3 + m2 6. m1 = m3 7. ?

2. Def. of complementary angles 3. Transitive property of equality 4. 5. 6.

? ? ?

7. Definition of congruent angles

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2.6 Proving Statements about Angles

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FINDING CONGRUENT ANGLES Make a sketch using the given information. Then, state all of the pairs of congruent angles. 19. 1 and 2 are a linear pair. 2 and 3 are a linear pair. 3 and 4 are a

linear pair.
20. XYZ and VYW are vertical angles. XYZ and ZYW are supplementary.

VYW and XYV are supplementary.

21. 1 and 3 are complementary. 4 and 2 are complementary. 1 and 2

are vertical angles.

22. ABC and CBD are adjacent, complementary angles. CBD and DBF

are adjacent, complementary angles.

STUDENT HELP
INT
NE ER T

WRITING PROOFS Write a two-column proof. 23. GIVEN

PROVE

HOMEWORK HELP

Visit our Web site www.mcdougallittell.com for help with Exs. 2326.

m3 = 120, 1 4, 3 4 m1 = 120

24. GIVEN

3 and 2 are complementary, m1 + m2 = 90 3 1

Plan for Proof First show that

PROVE

1 3. Then use transitivity to show that m1 = 120.

3 2 1 6 4 5

Plan for Proof First show that

1 and 2 are complementary. Then show that 3 1.

2 1 3

25. GIVEN
PROVE

QVW and RWV are supplementary QVP RWV

26. GIVEN
PROVE

5 6 4 7

Plan for Proof First show that

Plan for Proof First show that QVP

and QVW are supplementary. Then show that QVP RWV.

P q V U T W R

4 5 and 6 7. Then use transitivity to show that 4 7.

4 S

xy USING ALGEBRA In Exercises 27 and 28, solve for each variable. Explain your reasoning.

27.
(4w 10) 13w 2(x 25) (2x

28.
3y 30) 3(6z 7) (4y (10z 35) 45)

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FOCUS ON

APPLICATIONS

29.

WALL TRIM A chair rail is a type of wall trim that is placed about three feet above the floor to protect the walls. Part of the chair rail below has been replaced because it was damaged. The edges of the replacement piece were angled for a better fit. In the diagram, 1 and 2 are supplementary, 3 and 4 are supplementary, and 2 and 3 each have measures of 50. Is 1 4? Explain.

box has slotted sides to guide a saw when making angled cuts.

RE

L AL I

MITER BOX This

1 2

3 4

FE

30.

PICTURE FRAMES Suppose you are making

a picture frame, as shown at the right. The corners are all right angles, and m1 = m2 = 52. Is 4 3? Explain why or why not.
31. 32.

Writing Describe some instances of mitered,

or angled, corners in the real world.
TECHNOLOGY Use geometry software to draw two overlapping right

angles with a common vertex. Observe the measures of the three angles as one right angle is rotated about the other. What theorem does this illustrate?

Test Preparation

QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON Choose the statement that is true about the diagram. In the diagram, 9 is a right angle and m3 = 42.
A B C D

The quantity in column A is greater. The quantity in column B is greater. The two quantities are equal. The relationship cant be determined from the given information.
Column A Column B

9 7 1 2 8 3 5 4 6

33. 34. 35. 36.

m3 + m4 m3 + m6 m5 m7 + m8

m1 + m2 m7 + m8 3(m3) m9
X Y R Z P q

5 Challenge

37.

PROOF Write a two-column proof.

GIVEN PROVE

mZYQ = 45, mZQP = 45 ZQR XYQ

2.6 Proving Statements about Angles

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MIXED REVIEW
FINDING ANGLE MEASURES In Exercises 3840, the measure of 1 and the relationship of 1 to 2 is given. Find m2. (Review 1.6 for 3.1) 38. m1 = 62, complementary to 2 39. m1 = 8, supplementary to 2 40. m1 = 47, complementary to 2 41. PERPENDICULAR LINES The definition of perpendicular lines states that if

two lines are perpendicular, then they intersect to form a right angle. Is the converse true? Explain. (Review 2.2 for 3.1)
xy USING ALGEBRA Use the diagram and the given information to solve

for the variable. (Review 2.5) 42. AD EF, EF CF 43. AB EF, EF BC 44. DE EF, EF JK

A 16x w 2 D 5y

5 B 28x

11 C 3w 4

J 9z M

1.5y

K 3z L 2

45. JM ML, ML KL

7 E

QUIZ 2
1. x 3 = 7 4. 2x + 20 = 4x 12 2. x + 8 = 27 5. 3(3x 7) = 6

Self-Test for Lessons 2.42.6 Solve the equation and state a reason for each step. (Lesson 2.4) 3. 2x 5 = 13 6. 2(2x + 4) = 16

PROOF In Exercises 7 and 8 write a two column proof. (Lesson 2.5) 7. GIVEN
PROVE
B

BA BC, BC CD, AE DF

8. GIVEN
PROVE
F

EH GH, FG GH FG EH

BE CF
A

F E X H

9.

ASTRONOMY While looking through a telescope one night, you begin looking due east. You rotate the telescope straight upward until you spot a comet. The telescope forms a 142 angle with due east, as shown. What is the angle of inclination of the telescope from due west? (Lesson 2.6)

West

142 East

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Chapter 2 Reasoning and Proof