Pannasastra International School

Group 4: Nhek pichponreingseiy Buth rothsophea Soy chansovann borey Chan sakseyla

I.

Introduction

to the head. There is involvement of the cranial nerves, especially in the facial area.

Tetanus:
Complete guide and information About the disease Brochure

Tetanus is a serious bacterial disease that affects your nervous system, loading to painful muscle contractions, particularly of your jaw and neck muscles. Tetanus can interfere with your ability to breathe and ultimately threaten your life Tetanus is commonly known as lock jaw.

Neonatal Tetanus

II.

Causes

Tetanus patient There are 4 types of Tetanus: Generalized tetanus is the most common type of tetanus, representing about 80% of cases. The generalized form usually presents with a descending pattern Neonatal tetanus is kinds of tetanus that happens to newborns that havent receive Passive immunity from their moms. They get infected during the cutting of the umbilical stump with non-sterile instrument. Local Tetanus is an uncommon type of tetanus, which patients have a long-period contraction for about two or three weeks before gradually subsiding. Cephalic tetanus is a rare form of the disease, occasionally occurring with ear infections in which Tetani is present in the flora of the middle ear, or following injuries

The bacteria that cause tetanus, Clostridium Tetani, are found in soil, dust and animal feces. Their spores start to produce a powerful toxin called Tetanospasmin, which impair your motor neurons, nerves that control your muscles that cause muscle stiffness and spasms. (Muscle contractions) Tetanus is also cause by deep wounds cause by rusty nails. Tetani cannot survive in that kind of place, and yet many people mistaken that they love in the rusts. In fact, their endospores could survive in that kind of habitat (endospores are nonmetabolizing survival structure that begins to metabolize and cause infection once in an adequate environment. Animal bites, burns, and non-sterile injection of drugs can also lead to infection with the bacteria.

III.

Effects
The tetanus toxin affects the site of interaction between the nerve and the muscle that it stimulates. This region is called the neuromuscular junction. The tetanus toxin amplifies the chemical signal from the nerve to the muscle, which causes the muscles to tighten up in a continuous ("tetanic" or "tonic") contraction or spasm. This results in either localized or generalized muscle spasms. Tetanus toxin can affect neonates to cause muscle spasms, inability to nurse, and seizures. This typically occurs within the first two weeks after birth and can be associated with poor sanitation methods in caring for the umbilical cord stump of the neonate. As tetanus affects the muscles in the jaw it can cause breathing difficulties, which if not treated can lead to suffocation and death.

IV.

Prevention

You can prevent tetanus by getting all of your recommended immunizations (shots). There are three different combination immunizations that include a vaccine for tetanus. DTaP (diphtheria,

tetanus, and pertussis): DTaP is given in a series of 5 shots beginning at age 2 months and ending between ages 4 and 6 years. Tdap diphtheria, (tetanus, and

pertussis): Tdap is the first booster shot for tetanus and recommended is for

children ages 11 or 12 who have completed the DTaP immunization series. It's also recommended for teens and adults who are due for a tetanus booster and have never had the Tdap shot. Td (tetanus and

Firstly the wound must be cleaned. Tetanus can be treated with Anti biotic such a Diazepam, Metronidazole, Penicillin, and Anti-tetanospasmin immuno globulin (can be replaced by normal human immunoglobulin) tetanus patients may also be injected with the booster. For mild cases of Tetanus, patients are treated with tetanus immunoglobulin with intravenous therapy or intramuscular. They can also be treated with Metronidazole intravenous therapy and Diazepam. . For severe cases of tetanus, patients are injected with human tetanus immuno globulin, equipped with mechanical ventalization, they can also be infused though intravenous therapy with magnesium to prevent muscle spasm, and lastly can also be treated by Diazepam.

diphtheria): Td is given as a booster shot every 10 years.

References: - http://www.emedici nehealth.com/slides how_skin_problems/ article_em.htm - http://kidshealth.org /parent/infections/b acterial_viral/tetanu s.html - http://www.medicin enet.com/tetanus/ar ticle.htm

V.

Treatment