Sandvik seamless heat exchanger tubing

Contents Strengthen your team with a materials professional Reliable and safe a stainless alternative Sizes and tolerances Standards From melting to finished product Research and development, Environment, Ethics, Quality, Production facilities Sandvik around the world Grade selection Typical application areas Effect of alloying elements Life cycle cost considerations PRE formula Chemical compositions Cost saving by using duplex stainless steels Mechanical properties Electropolished stainless steel Welding U-bent tubes for heat exchangers Seamless titanium and zirconium alloy tubing Steel grades standard manufacturing programme 3 4 5 6 7

8 10

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12 14 16 20

Sandvik, Sanicro, SAF 2304, SAF 2205, SAF 2507, SAF 2906 are trademarks owned by Sandvik AB. 254 SMO is a trademark owned by Outokumpu Oy.
Recommendations are for guidance only, and the suitability of a material for a specific application can be confirmed only when we know the actual service conditions. Continuous development may necessitate changes in technical data without notice.

Strengthen your team with a materials professional

Sandvik will be your partner in the market. We offer
technical expertise assistance with trouble shooting or problem solving and advice on material selection, welding, material handling or processing. tailor-made products specially developed to meet particular demands and applications. one stop shopping a wide range of grades and sizes to cover most material needs.

consistent material properties products with consistent and reliable quality in every delivery the result of full quality assurance and control throughout the whole manufacturing process. flexibility and easy access for you to reach our materials experts a worldwide, local network of Sales Units.

Reliable and safe a stainless alternative

Although the cost of a heat exchanger is comparatively low, in relation to the cost of a complete plant, its reliability can have a significant influence on operating costs.
Flexibility in the tube grades available and in our production processes mean that seamless tubes can be developed and produced for specific service conditions. Long experience in the production of special stainless steels and tubes, our flexibility in raw material sourcing, our willingness and ability to find materials solutions result in special steel grades with chemical compositions tailored to specific applications, customer, market or country requirements. Our tubes are suitable for all types of heat exchanger; coolers, condensers, evaporators, preheaters, reheaters, reboilers, steam generators, air coolers. Extreme conditions can be handled; by developing competitive and innovative solutions through close cooperation with our customers, together we can achieve lower operating costs and increase future operating reliability. Product delivery and advanced communication systems We are where you need us to be. Strategic production locations worldwide combined with sophisticated plant programming capabilities ensure reliable and efficient product supply. Advanced logistics provide global distribution.

Sizes and tolerances

Sandvik Materials Technology has an extensive manufacturing programme for seamless heat exchanger tubes covering most types of standard austenitic, duplex (austenitic-ferritic) and high alloy austenitic stainless steels as well as titanium and zirconium. Our main size range, produced in imperial and metric dimensions is from 12 mm (1/2) up to 40 mm (1 1/2) outside diameter. Special sizes can be made to order. Tubes are supplied in straight lengths up to 30 metres or as U-bends up to 27 metres.

Complementary products

The Sandvik heat exchanger tubes supply package includes standard stainless steel and special grade complementary products welded tubes, sheet and plate, tube fittings for butt welding and socket welding, threaded joints and flanges.

Heat exchanger standard stock programme for straight tubes

Outside Wall diameter thickness mm mm Inner Imperial size diameter
a)

Weight

mm

kg/m

ASTM TP 304L 3R12

ASTM TP 316L 3R60

ASTM TP 321 6R35

ASTM TP (316Ti) 5R75

UNS N08028 Sanicro 28

UNS UNS S32205/ S32750 S31803 SAF 2205 SAF 2507

19.05 19.05 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.4 25.4

1.65 2.11 2.00 1.50 2.00 1.65 2.11

15.8 14.8 16.0 22.0 21.0 22.1 21.2

34 16 BWG 34 14 BWG

0,66

b,d b

b,d b,d d d c d

0,87 1,04 1,88 1 16 BWG 1 14 BWG 0,79 0,97 b,d b,d b,d b,d

a) Calculated with min. wall. b) Stock standard = min. wall. c) Stock standard in lengths of 6 metres.

d) Random lengths in 6-14 metres.

Tolerances
Outside diameter mm Tolerances Wall thickness

Sandvik 3R12 and 3R60 in imperial sizes ASTM A450

< 25.4 25.4 - 38 20 & 25 < 25.4 < 25.4

0.10 mm 0.15 mm 0.75%, min. 0.30 mm (D3) 0.13 mm 0.19 mm

+20 / -0% (min. wall) +20 / -0% (min. wall) 10%, min. 0.20mm (T3) 10% 10%

Sandvik 3R12, 3R60, 5R75 and 6R35 in metric sizes EN ISO 1127 Sandvik SAF 2205 and SAF 2507 acc. to ASTM A789 Sandvik Sanicro 28 acc. to ASTM B668 / B829, ave. wall

Standards for seamless tubes

Sandvik 3R12 and 3R60 (imperial sizes) Sandvik 3R12 and 3R60 (metric sizes) ASTM A213 / A450 SS 219711 Condition 22 (e.g. 3R12 = SS 2352-22) DIN 17458 Pk1, Corrosion test acc. to DIN 50914 (EN ISO 3652-2, practice A) DIN 17458 Pk1, Corrosion test acc. to DIN 50914 (EN ISO 3652-2, practice A) ASTM B668 / B829 ASTM A789 / A450

Sandvik 6R35 and 5R75 Sandvik Sanicro 28 Sandvik SAF 2205 and SAF 2507

Further information:

www.smt.sandvik.com/fittings www.smt.sandvik.com/heatexchangers
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From melting to finished product

Our customers know that trouble free production, reduced maintenance costs and less downtime rely on the correct choice of construction materials. They know also that safe and reliable materials need a supplier known for their attention to every detail in the manufacturing process.
That is why many users turn to Sandvik. We have built our reputation on quality and product reliability and earned the trust of our customers by producing quality products and providing the best possible levels of technical and after-sales service. Sandvik controls the whole production process from melting and alloying in the electric arc and high frequency furnaces, the AOD converter and continuous casting plant to the finishing operations such as cold rolling, cold drawing or heat treatment.

Further information: SMT world wide www.smt.sandvik.com

Research and development

Sandvik has one of the largest steel research centres in Europe. New materials are constantly being developed and existing materials and production processes improved. In addition, we have a comprehensive programme of liaison and co-operation with universities, research institutions and specialised companies that possess particular expertise. During the coming years, we anticipate that a number of new materials will be introduced, where Sandvik will take material technology into the next generation and offer end user industries even better properties, improved efficiencies and lower life cycle costs.

Environment

Production facilities

Environmental awareness is an integral part of our business and is at the forefront of all activities within our operation. Sandvik strives for high efficiency in the use of energy and natural resources and holds approval to ISO 14001:1996. Stainless steel can be 100% recycled, and our steel plant in Sandviken operates a full materials recovery process.

Sandvik Materials Technologys tube manufacturing facilities are located strategically around the world. Our combined resources, connected through a worldwide electronic network of information and planning systems enables us to offer a reliable supply of high quality products no matter where in the world our customers are located.

Ethics

Sandvik around the world

Our core values include promoting equality in all respects and operating in a highly ethical manner in relation to employees, customers, suppliers and all other industry contacts.

Within Sandvik Materials Technologys global operation, all disciplines work together sales representatives, engineers, researchers and production, in order to satisfy customer demands.

Quality

Our fully integrated steel mill ensures close control of the entire production process, from melting of the steel to the finished product. Sandvik Materials Technology has quality systems accepted by internationally recognized bodies and holds an ASME Quality System Certificate as a Materials Organisation. Approval to ISO 9001 is also held, as well as product approvals from LRQA, JIS, RW-TV, Det Norske Veritas and other organisations. Quality, both in products and services, is a major objective for us and this is expressed in the companys Quality Policy. All employees are involved and committed to continuous improvement.

We are where you need us to be

Typical application areas for Sandvik heat exchanger tubes

l l l l l l l l l l l l

Seawater coolers Oil refining Petrochemicals Chemicals Power generation Gas processing Flue gas cleaning/desulphurisation Hydrometallurgy Recuperators Pulp and paper production Fertilizers Desalination / salt evaporation

Grade selection depends on application

When selecting a material grade for a heat exchanger operating under certain conditions, a number of considerations have to be made. The grade needs to have sufficient corrosion resistance combined with suitable mechanical and physical properties. Sandvik Materials Technologys global technical sales network can help to select the optimum grade for the application based on extensive service experience from installations worldwide.

Optimized materials enhance process performance

Seawater coolers
Grades selected for seawater coolers need to have high resistance to chloride solutions. One such grade is Sandvik SAF 2507.

Oil refining
Refinery process streams involve many corrosive elements, which can shorten the lifetime of low alloyed steels. Stainless steels, and, in particular, duplex grades Sandvik SAF 2205 and SAF 2507, can overcome such problems.

Petrochemicals
Corrosion in petrochemical plants can lead to contamination of manufactured products. Sandviks high quality, corrosion resistant stainless steels include a full range of standard austenitic grades up to the super duplex grade Sandvik SAF 2507.

Flue gas cleaning/ desulphurisation

Environmental demands call for effective gas cleaning equipment. For heat exchangers handling sour gas under condensing conditions, high alloyed austenitic grades such as Sandvik Sanicro 41 and, in particular, Sandvik Sanicro 28 and 254 SMO should be considered. The higher alloyed duplex stainless steels can also be suitable.

Pulp and paper

Duplex stainless steel Sandvik SAF 2304 has been successfully used for kraft digesters, preheaters and other equipment.

Fertilizers
The urea process requires specific materials with low impurity levels for a long and safe service life. Sandvik 2RE69 has been developed primarily to cope with the severely corrosive conditions existing in the industry. Sandvik 2RE10 has been developed for oxidizing environments and is widely used to replace corroding 304L in nitric acid plants.

Chemicals
Sandviks special grades are used in heat exchangers in many demanding chemical processes, including the production of inorganic acids and caustics. Sandvik seamless tubes offer the necessary high reliability in these often critical applications.

Hydrometallurgy
Slurry processing under high pressures and temperatures may give rise to severely corrosive conditions. Duplex stainless steels such as Sandvik SAF 2304 and SAF 2906, with their combination of corrosion resistance, high strength and erosion resistance, are particularly suited to this type of service.

Power generation
Sandvik heat exchanger tubes can be found in condensers, feedwater heaters and wastewater handling equipment. Sandvik steel grades fulfil the high quality standards for use in both conventional fossil fuelled power plants as well as nuclear power stations.

Recuperators
Sandvik high temperature grades are used in recuperators and air heaters serving the glass, carbon black and steel industries, and in the direct reduction of iron ore (Midrex process), chemical waste incineration and sewage sludge waste incineration.

Gas processing
Reliable operation is essential in gas processing equipment. For offshore equipment, duplex stainless steels have been shown to give weight saving benefits due to the wall thickness reductions possible from these high strength materials.

Desalination /salt evaporation

Salt production involves high chlorides, and materials with high resistance to localised corrosion in a hostile environment are necessary. Examples of such grades are Sandvik Sanicro 28, SAF 2507 and 254 SMO.

Further information: www.smt.sandvik.com/heatexchangers

Life cycle cost considerations

The two different ways of looking at the cost of products depends on whether a carbon steel grade is chosen or a stainless steel/special grade, particularly designed for the application.

Effect of alloying elements

The main alloying elements in stainless steel, which contribute to improving pitting and crevice corrosion resistance, are chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen. Chromium is the most important element for forming a protective oxide layer. In general, the higher the chromium content the better the corrosion resistance. A common reason for corrosion is the presence of chlorides in a process. In that situation, molybdenum and nitrogen also contribute strongly to improved corrosion resistance. One way to define the pitting resistance of stainless steels is through the Pitting Resistance Equivalent, PRE. The PRE number is calculated from the chemistry of the steel according to the following formula: PRE=%Cr+3.3%Mo+16%N The chemical compositions table provides approximate PRE values for ranking different alloys. It can be seen that Sandvik SAF 2507, SAF 2906 and 254 SMO have the highest PRE values, while the PRE value for Sandvik Sanicro 28 is slightly lower. Sandvik SAF 2205 and 2RK65 represent an intermediate level, while SAF 2304 has a PRE value at the same level as 316L.

Short term carbon steel option

l l l l l

Low initial cost Increased inspection cost More frequent maintenance required Greater risk of production stoppages Replacement cost

Long term stainless steel/ special grades option

l l l l

Pitting corrosion tests

There are many tests that can determine approximate ranking according to the PRE formula. A popular test method for determining the performance of intermediate and high alloy grades, in particular, is ASTM G48A.
Specimens of various stainless steels after G48 testing at 80C for 24 hours.

Higher initial cost Less maintenance required More reliable operation Lower life cycle cost

ASTM G48, practice A (6% FeCl3 ) is one of the toughest pitting corrosion tests for stainless steels. It gives the same ranking order for the steels as in slightly chlorinated seawater. In Sandviks laboratory, a modified version of G48 is used, with a step by step raising of the temperature. This allows the determination of the critical pitting temperature. The results from such a test are shown to the right.

Formula: PRE=%Cr+3.3%Mo+16%N
Chemical compositions
Grade Sandvik Austenitic 3R65 (316L) 2RK65 (904L) 254 SMO Duplex SAF 2304 SAF 2205 SAF 2507 SAF 2906 Ni-Alloy Sanicro 28 Sanicro 41 S32304 S32205/ S31803 S32750 S32906 N08028 N08825 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.020 0.030 23 22 25 29 27 20 4.5 5 7 7 31 38.5 3.2 4 2.3 3.5 2.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 25 >35 >42.5 41 39 29 UNS S31603 N08904 S31254 C max 0.030 0.020 0.020 Cr 17 20 20 Ni 11.5 25 18 Mo 2.1 4.5 6.1 N 0.2 PRE 24 35 43

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Sandvik SAF 2205

Sandvik 3R60

Sandvik SAF 2507

Cost saving by using duplex stainless steels

Cost savings can be achieved when designing a heat exchanger in duplex material. The cost effective combination of high mechanical strength, superior corrosion resistance and fabricating compatibility of duplex stainless steels means that it is possible to reduce tube wall thickness and, therefore, design lighter equipment.

Mechanical properties
Grade Sandvik Proof strength Rp0.2 MPa, min. Tensile strength Rm MPa Elongation A% Min.

Austenitic 3R60 (316L) 2RK65 (904L) 254 SMO Duplex SAF 2304 SAF 2205 SAF 2507 SAF 2906 Ni-Alloy Sanicro 28 Sanicro 41

220 230 300 400 485 550 550 220 240

515-690 520-720 650-850 600-820 680-880 800-1000 750 550-750 590-750

45 35 35 25 25 25 25 40 30

Additional grades: 304/L, 321, UNS: N04400, N02200, N06600, N08800

Electropolished stainless steel heat exchanger tubes

Sandviks manufacturing capabilities include electropolishing of stainless steel heat exchanger tubes. Sandvik Calamo, part of Sandvik Materials Technology, is one of the worlds leading electropolishing companies.
Key benefits that can be achieved by electropolishing stainless steel surfaces are : l Increased surface cleanliness l Increased corrosion resistance l Improved surface roughness profile l Reduction of surface deposits l Reduced surface area l Improved micro surface

and specialises in electropolishing, cleaning and surface treatment of stainless steel in the following areas:
l l l

Electropolished and high purity tubular products Subcontract electropolishing of components and vessels Electrolytes for electropolishing

Continuous development of the electropolishing process ensures that Sandvik Calamo is able to meet the latest and most demanding requirements. The different parameters during the electropolishing and cleaning processes are strictly measured, controlled and recorded. A unique passivation method guarantees a chromium enriched layer of the highest quality.
Further information: www.smt.sandvik.com/calamo S-191-ENG High purity steel

As one of the worlds first manufacturers of electropolished tubes, Sandvik Calamo has more than 35 years experience in the market for clean and high purity materials

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Welding
Sandvik SAF 2205, 2304 and 2507
Sandvik SAF 2205, 2304 and 2507 duplex grades offer good weldability. Suitable welding methods include manual metal-arc welding (MMA/SMAW) with covered electrodes, submerged-arc welding (SAW), gas metal-arc welding (MIG/GMAW) and gas tungsten-arc welding (TIG/GTAW). For Sandvik SAF 2304 and 2205, welding should be performed with a heat input of 0.52.5 kJ/mm (1065 kJ/inch) and for SAF 2507 0.21.5 kJ/mm (540 kJ/inch). The interpass temperature should be kept below 250C (400F) for Sandvik SAF 2304 and 2205 and below 150C (300F) for Sandvik SAF 2507. Preheating or post-weld heat treatment are normally not necessary or recommended. If there is a risk of condensed moisture on the joint surfaces, a preheat of 5070C (90150F) can be introduced to avoid porosity. Preheating with an open flame should be avoided. Careful cleaning of the joint, before and after welding, is important for optimum corrosion resistance. Local deformation due to welding stresses will not be as pronounced as for austenitic stainless steels, but a proper welding plan is still recommended. Welding without filler metal is not recommended. Recommended welding consumables are listed in the table.

Sandvik Sanicro 28 and Sandvik 2RK65

The weldability of both Sandvik Sanicro 28 and 2RK65 is good. Suitable welding methods include manual metal-arc welding (MMA/SMAW) with covered electrode, submerged-arc welding (SAW) and gas shielded-arc welding (MIG/GMAW and TIG GTAW). Welding should be performed with a low heat input, maximum 1 kJ/mm (25 kJ/inch) and the interpass temperature should not exceed 150C (300F). A stringer bead welding technique should be used. Preheating or post-weld heat treatment are normally not necessary or recommended. Since both alloys are intended for use under severely corrosive conditions, thorough cleaning, before and after welding, is important for achieving a fully corrosion resistant joint. In common with all austenitic stainless steels, these alloys have low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion. Welding should therefore be carefully planned in advance for minimum distortion of the welded joint. The welding of fully austenitic stainless steels usually involves the risk of hot cracking in the weld metal, particularly if the weldment is under constraint. However, Sandvik Sanicro 28 and 2RK65 are less prone to this type of cracking, due to their very low impurity content. Recommended welding consumables are listed in the table.

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Product programme Chemical compositions. Nominal values, weight %

Parent metal Sandvik UNS UNS UNS UNS UNS UNS UNS UNS S31803 S32304 S32750 N08028 N08904 S31254 S31050 S31002 SAF 2205 SAF 2304 SAF 2507 Sanicro 28 2RK65 254 SMO 2RE69 2RE10 Recommended filler metal MIG/GMAW TIG/GTAW Sandvik Sandvik 22.8.3.L 22.8.3.L 25.10.4.L 27.31.4.LCu 20.25.5.LCu Sanicro 60 25.22.2.LMn 25.20.L 22.8.3.L 22.8.3.L 25.10.4.L 27.31.4.LCu 20.25.5.LCu Sanicro 60 25.22.2.LMn 25.20.L SAW Sandvik 22.8.3.L1) 22.8.3.L1) 25.10.4.L1) 27.31.4.LCu 2) 20.25.5.LCu 2) Sanicro 60 2) 25.22.2.LMn 3) 25.20.L1) MMA/SMAW Sandvik 22.9.3.LR 22.9.3.LR 25.10.4.LR 27.31.4.LCuR 20.25.5.LCuR Sanicro 60 25.22.2.LMnB 25.20.LR

1) Flux Sandvik 15W. 2 ) Flux Sandvik 50SW. 3 ) Flux Sandvik 31S

Sandvik 254 SMO

Sandvik 254 SMO also has good weldability. The conventional welding methods for stainless steels can be used, including manual metal-arc welding (MMA/SMAW) with covered electrode, submerged-arc welding (SAW) and gas shielded-arc welding (MIG/GMAW and TIG/GTAW). Welding should be carried out with a maximum heat input of 1.5 kJ/mm (40 kJ/inch) and the interpass temperature should be kept below 100C (210F). Stringer beads should be used. Preheating or post weld heat treatment is normally not necessary or recommended. Careful cleaning of the joint, before and after welding, are important for the best corrosion resistance. Welding without filler metal is not recommended. If autogeneous welding with TIG or plasma-arc is necessary, solution annealing at 11501200C (21002200F) followed by cooling is recommended to restore the microstructure of the joint. Recommended welding consumables are listed in the table above. Whenever there are questions or advice is needed in connection with welding, Sandvik Materials Technologys welding experts can assist with state of the art solutions.

Sandvik 2RE69 and Sandvik 2RE10

The weldability of Sandvik 2RE69 and 2RE10 is good. Suitable methods of fusion welding are manual metal-arc welding with covered electrodes and gas shielded-arc welding, with the TIG method as first choice. In common with all austenitic stainless steels, Sandvik 2RE69 and 2RE10 have low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion. Welding should therefore be carefully planned in advance, so that distortion of the welded joint can be minimised. If, despite these precautions, it is believed that residual stresses may impair the function of the weldment, it is recommended that the entire structure is stress relieved.

Sandvik 304L and Sandvik 316L

The weldability of Sandvik 3R12 and 3R60 is good. Suitable welding methods are manual metal-arc welding with covered electrodes and gas shielded-arc welding with the TIG and MIG methods as first choice. Preheating and post-weld heat treatment are normally not necessary. Since the material has low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion, welding must be carried out with a low heat input and with welding plans well thought out in advance, so that the deformation of the welded joint can be kept under control. If, despite these precautions, it is believed that the residual stresses might impair the function of the weldment, we recommend that the entire structure is stress relieved.

Further information: S-236-ENG. Stainless welding S-91-57-ENG. Welding practice Sandvik duplex stainless steels. www.smt.sandvik.com/welding

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U-bent tubes
for heat exchangers
Sandvik Materials Technology is one of the worlds leading suppliers of U-bent tubes. U-bends are manufactured from Sandvik precision straight tubes and are produced by the cold-pilgering method with a bright annealed surface. Production is strictly controlled, step-by-step, in order to fulfill all the technical demands from our customers.

Technical parameters
OD 12.7-38 mm, see the size range table Bending radii from 1.5xOD up to 1250 mm. Minimum bending radii for ODs over 28 mm after agreement. Leg length min. 1000 mm Leg length max. 12000 mm Heat treatment for radii up to 1000 mm

Standards and grades

Sandvik has extensive experience in the production of U-bends. We manufacture and supply according to the heat exchanger standards and steel grades listed on pages 18-19.

U-bend definitions

Standards for bending

Our basic specification is Sandvik spec. 7-2-1179. We can use also DIN 28179, TEMA RCB 2.31 or various customer specifications. Copies of all specifications are available on request.

Description of U-bend: a.. of legs . . . . . . . difference in length Acc. to Sandvik steel spec. 7-2-1179 c. . .. . of tangency . . . . distance between points a . . . . . . . nominal outside diameter of tube d Permissible ovality e. . .. . . . . . distance between legs how to define ovality: outside diameter measured on d a max - d a min f. . . . . . . . . distance between legs Rmax = 200 x (%) l. . . . . . . . . leg length d a max + d a min

U-bend tolerances

Tolerance (D) of bending radii (rm )

rm 100 mm rm > 100 300 mm rm > 300 mm f = max. 1.5 mm

D 1.0 mm D 1.5 mm D 2.0 mm

Distance between legs

l g. . . . . . . .developed length rm .......nominal bend radius s. . . . . . . . . nominal wall thickness s min ....minimum wall thickness at the back of the bend t.........deviation from plane of the bend so. . . . . . . minimum wall thickness defined by specification

Tolerance of length (l g ), difference in length of legs (a)

rm 2 da rm > 2 da 4 da rm > 4 da rm 2 da rm > 2 da 4 da rm > 4 da

Rmax 12% Rmax 10% Rmax 5% smin = 0.75 x s smin = 0.80 x s smin = 0.90 x s

all lengths: lg = +3/-0 mm, a = +3/-0 mm

Tolerance of deviation (t) from plane of the bend

Minimum wall thickness of WT

t 1.5 mm

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Benefits of Sandvik U-tubes

the whole package from Sandvik
Straight tubes and bends are supplied as a package from a single producer:
l l l

No yield losses from separate bending operation Guaranteed quality Lower transport costs from one location Heat treatment of U-bent tubes

O.D.
(mm) 0.9
12.70 14.00 15.00 15.88 16.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 25.00 25.40 28.00 30.00 32.00 33.40 33.70 35.00 38.00

Wall thickness (mm)

1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5

Size range
U-tubes can be produced within the size range specified in the table above. The sizes marked in light blue can be produced by special agreement.

Hydrotesting
l l l

Packing
l

Heat treatment
If specified, we are equipped to carry out heat treatment of bends plus min. 150 mm of leg. l Furnace is computer controlled and all data is recorded. l We use an argon protective atmosphere inside the tubes. l We can provide all types of annealing: Solution Stress relieving Stabilisation

After heat treatment all U-tubes are hydrotested. Minimum holding time at the required pressure is 5 seconds. All tubes are dried and carefully cleaned after hydrotesting.

In strong, open or closed, wooden

l l l l l

Measuring, cutting, deburring, cleaning

l

U-bends are measured exactly in accordance with relevant standards, or to customers specification. All tubes are cut to the specified leg lengths, ends are deburred and the tubes are finally internally cleaned with air. Before packing, both ends of U-bends are capped with plastic caps.

boxes depending on destination - max. 8000 kg. Ends of tubes protected by plastic caps. Vertical separators for each radius. Chloride free plastic separators between each row, every 2 metres. Each bundle is covered with plastic. Customers can provide a packing drawing or Sandvik can prepare a packing plan. Packing lists, covered with plastic, are placed on each wooden box for easy identification of order details including exact list of radii and lengths inside.

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Seamless titanium and titanium alloy tubing

In environments where not even the best stainless steels meet the corrosion resistance requirements, titanium and zirconium can be used.
Sandvik ASTM/ASME defined titanium grades
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 7 Unalloyed titanium, low oxygen, low strength Unalloyed titanium, standard oxygen, medium strength Unalloyed titanium, medium oxygen, high strength Unalloyed titanium, high oxygen, extra high strength Titanium alloy (6% aluminium, 4% vanadium) Unalloyed titanium, plus 0.12% to 0.25% palladium, standard oxygen, medium strength Titanium alloy (3% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium), high strength

The manufacture of seamless titanium and zirconium heat exchanger tubes at Sandvik Materials Technology in Sandviken, Sweden, is carried out through a completely integrated process. It starts with melting of raw materials in high vacuum furnaces and ends with the finished seamless tubes. The manufacturing process is specially designed to work with non-fer-

rous metals like titanium and zirconium. The Sandvik group has been the worlds largest independent manufacturer of seamless zirconium and titanium tubing for over 35 years, supplying to a wide range of industries including chemical, petrochemical, aerospace and nuclear.

Titanium
Titanium has a unique set of properties that makes it suitable for a variety of applications. It has a high environmental resistance, relying primarily on a very thin, tenacious and highly protective surface oxide film. Titanium is highly resistant to wet chlorine chemicals, practically all salt solutions, seawater, a range of acids, organic and inorganic chemicals and gases. The same oxide film provides a high resistance to erosion in high velocity process streams. The corrosion and erosion resistance makes titanium a preferred heat transfer material for shell/tube heat exchangers, since it permits the use of thin heat transfer walls and high fluid flow rates. In addition, titanium has only half the weight of steel, is non-magnetic, has a high melting point, high strength-to-weight ratio and a low modulus of elasticity.

Grade 9

Grade 11 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.12% to 0.25% palladium, low oxygen, low strength Grade 12 Titanium alloy (0.3% molybdenum, 0.8% nickel), high strength Grade 16 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04% to 0.08% palladium, standard oxygen, medium strength Grade 17 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.04% to 0.08% palladium, low oxygen, low strength Grade 26 Unalloyed titanium plus 0.08% to 0.14% ruthenium, standard oxygen, medium strength Grade 28 Titanium alloy (3% aluminium, 2.5% vanadium) plus 0.08% to 0.14% ruthenium

Sandvik titanium tubing is characterized by:

l

Practical benefits of using titanium and Ti-alloys

l l l l

Excellent resistance to general corrosion in seawater applications High resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride and sour gas environments Excellent resistance to pitting, crevice and erosion corrosion High heat transfer efficiency Good formability and weldability Very low thermal expansion High strength-to-weight ratio

The elimination or reduction of: l Fatigue l Stress corrosion cracking l Fretting fatigue l Corrosion fatigue l Fretting l Cavitation erosion l Galling l Porosity l Spalling l Wear

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Zirconium
l

l l

The range of dimensions is outside diameters from 8 mm up to 40 mm in tube lengths up to 28 meters for titanium and 16 meters for zirconium with certain OD/L and OD/Wt limitations. All tubing can be supplied as straight lengths or as U-tubes. Non-destructive testing facilities include ultrasonic testing, Eddy Current testing and hydropressure testing. Tubes are normally supplied as cold pilgered, vacuum annealed and cleaned with the OD in the as polished condition.

Zirconium is highly resistant to a wide range of acids and bases, both organic and inorganic, which makes it an interesting and exceptional long life alternative to other materials in highly demanding

applications. The seamless tube zirconium grade, produced for heat exchanger applications, is Sandvik Zirconium 702*, which offers the process industry a high quality and competitive product concept.

Sandvik Zirconium 702 seamless tubing is characterized by:

l l l l

Main application areas

l l l l l l l

l l l l

High heat transfer efficiency Very low thermal expansion Immunity to stress corrosion cracking High resistance to localized (pitting and crevice) forms of corrosion Very good corrosion resistance in most organic acids Exceptional corrosion resistance in mineral acids Good corrosion resistance in strong alkalis Interchangeability between acid and alkali conditions

Acetic acid Urea Formic acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Citric acid Methyl methacrylate

* As per ASTM/ASME B, SB523 or equivalent.

Further information: www.smt.sandvik.com/heatexchangers

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Steel grades
Standard manufacturing programme
Designation Sandvik Chemical composition (nominal), % C Cr Ni Mo Others Standards* UNS ASTM TP

Austenitic stainless steels 3R12 3R60 3R65 6R35 5R75 3R19 5R60 3R64 8R40 Duplex stainless steels SAF 2304 SAF 2205 SAF 2507 3RE60

0.030 0.030 0.030 0.05 0.05 0.030 0.04 0.030 0.06 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030

18.5 17.5 17 17.5 17 18.5 17 18.5 17.5 23 22 25 18.5

10 13 11.5 10.5 12 9 12 14.5 11 4.5 5 7 4.5 25 31 20.5 22 18 32 38.5 21 11 35 31 72.5

2.6 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.2 4 2.6 4.5 3.5 2.1 6.1 2.6

Ti Ti N Nb N N N Si, N Cu Cu N N, Cu Ti,Al Cu,Ti N Si,N,Ce Si,N,Ce Ti,Al Fe

S30403 S31603 S31603 S32100/S32109 (S31635)** S30453 S31600/S31609 S31703 S34700/S34709 S32304 S31803/S32205 S32750 S31500 N08904 N08028 S31002 S31050 S31254 N08800 N08825 S44600 S31008/S31009 S30815 S35315 N08811/N08810 N06600

304/304L 316/316L 316/316L 321/321H (316Ti)** 304LN 316/316H 317L 347/347H Alloy 800 Alloy 825 4461 310S, 310H Alloy 600

High-alloy austenitic stainless steels and nickel alloys 2RK65 0.020 20 Sanicro 28 0.020 27 2RE10 0.015 24.5 2RE69 0.020 25 254 SMO 0.020 20 Sanicro 30 0.030 20 Sanicro 41 0.030 20 High temperature grades 4C54 7RE10 253 MA 353 MA Sanicro 31HT Sanicro 70
1) 2)

0.20 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.05

26.5 24.5 21 25 21 16.5

3) 4) 5)

DIN 17459 Sanicro 31H

1.4465 can be certified. Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC Also Code Case exist

Typical applications
Austenitic stainless steels Duplex stainless steels

These steels have many applications in heat exchangers, piping, hydraulic systems and other equipment for the chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper and food processing industries. The Mo-alloyed grades have higher resistance to general corrosion in nonoxidising acids and to pitting and crevice corrosion. Ti- and Nb-alloyed grades have good strength at high temperature.

Considerably higher strength and lower thermal expansion compared with austenitic grades. Very high corrosion resistance in chloride-containing solutions and weak organic acids. Sandvik SAF 2507 has superior corrosion resistance in seawater. Used for heat exchangers and also offshore oil and gas exploration. Duplex steels have a maximum service temperature of 250-300 C.

High-alloy austenitic stainless steels and nickel alloys

Sandvik 2RK65 Phosphoric and sulphuric acid, seawater, refineries and petrochemical plants. Sandvik Sanicro 28 Very good resistance to all types of corrosion. Wide range of applications including refinery industry. Excellent performance in phosphoric acid. Sandvik 2RE10 Extremely low carbon and impurity content, excellent resistance to corrosion in strongly oxidising acids. Widely used as coolers/condensers and intail gas preheating in nitric acid plants.

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EN Steel number

W.-Nr.

AFNOR

Pressure purpose PED4) ASME prEN 10216-5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X5) X X X5) X X X X5) X5) X

Mechanical properties Proof Tensile strength strength Rp0.2 Rm MPa min. MPa 210 220 220 210 220 275 220 220 220 400 485 550 450 230 220 210 270 310 205 240 275 220 310 270 170 245 515680 515690 515690 515690 510710 550750 515690 515690 515690 600820 680880 8001000 700800 520720 550750 500670 580780 655850 520690 590750 500700 515750 650850 650750 500700 >560

Elongation A %, min. 45 45 45 35 35 40 40 35 35 25 25 25 30 35 40 35 30 35 30 30 20 35 40 40 35 35

1.4306/1.4301 1.4435 1.4404 1.4541/1.4940 1.4571 1.4311 1.4436 1.4438 1.4550/1.4912 1.4362 1.4462 1.4410 1.4424 1.4539 1.4563 1.4335 1.4466 (1.4547)* 1.4558 1.4749** 1.4845** 1.4835** 1.4854** 1.4959
* **

1.4306/1.4301 1.4435/1.4436 1.4404/1.4401 1.4541/1.4878 1) 1.4571 1.4311 1.4436 (1.4438)* 1.4550 1.4362 1.4462 1.4417 1.4539 1.4563 1.4335 1.4466 3) (1.4529)* 1.4558 2.4858 1.4749 1.4845 (1.4893) 1.49591)1.48761)2) 2.4816

Z2CN18-10 Z2CND17-13 Z2CND17-12 Z6CNT18-10 Z6CNDT17-12 Z2NC18-10AZ* Z6CND17-12 Z6CNNb18-10 Z2NC23-04AZ Z2CND22-05-03 Z2CND18-05-03 Z1NCDU25-20-04 Z1NCDU31-27-03 Z1CND25-22AZ Z1CNDU20-18-06AZ Z12CN25-20

In brackets, nearest equivalent steel grade. Not applicable for tube and pipe. Only for information.

Sandvik 2RE69 Fertilizer industry, urea strippers. Superior to 3R60 U.G. Sandvik 254 SMO Higher strength, very good resistance to pitting corrosion in seawater and brackish water. Sandvik Sanicro 30 Nuclear PWR steam generators. Sandvik Sanicro 41 Superheater tubes, very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking in acidic media such as sulphuric and phoshoric.

High temperature grades

Sandvik 4C54 Sulphurous gases, recuperators, thermocouple protection tubes. Ferritic. Up to 1100oC in air. Sandvik 7RE10 Good oxidation resistance. Up to 1100oC in air. Sandvik 253 MA Very versatile; furnace tubes, recuperators, heat treatment furnaces. Up to 1150oC in air. Sandvik 353 MA Ethylene and petrochemical furnace tubes, recuperator tubes. Up to 1175oC in air.

Sandvik Sanicro 31HT Furnace tubes, pigtails and headers for synthesis gas production, fluidised bed combustion. Up to 1100o C in air. Sandvik Sanicro 70 Vinyl chloride plants, furnaces. Up to 1175oC in air.

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Sandvik Mater ials Technology SE-811 81 Sandviken, Sweden, Phone +46 26 26 39 00, Fax +46 26 26 02 20 www.smt.sandvik.com

S-154-ENG. Mar 2004. For makom. Photogrofer : Ibr a Ibr ahimovic , Jr gen Svendsen, Mats Jonholt, Jan Car lsson, Jer nkontoret, Ekstrom & son. Pr inted in Sweden by Sandvikens Tr ycker i AB .