Chapter 21

New products Work experience and knowledge feedback
Experience Human resources Production system Material resources Products
Waste
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-1a W-1
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-2 W-2
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-3b W-3
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-3c W-3
Torque (N mm)
10 Force (N) 0 0 Cam rotation (rad) 0.1
1 Follower displacement (mm) (c)
(a)
(b)
n = 1000 rpm
T = 10 N mm
10
8 Crank torque (kN m)
Actual torque requirement
2 3 0 0 Crank angle (rad) 2
10 Actual torque requirement Crank torque (kN m) 8 Average torque 6
4 2 3 0 0 Crank angle (rad) Uniform torque supplying equal energy
Hub
Rim
0.8d d
Arm 0.2d
160
Vehicle road load power (hp)
120
80
40
0 0 20 40 60 80 Vehicle speed (mph) 100 120
160
Engine output power (hp)
120
80
40
0 0 1000 2000 3000 Engine speed (rpm) 4000 5000
1.3 1000 rpm Specific fuel consumption of engine (lb/hp h) 1.2 1.1 1.0 2000 rpm 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 20 40 60 80 100 120 Engine output power (hp) 140 160 180 2500 rpm 3000 rpm 3500 rpm 4000 rpm
1500 rpm
5 mm 1N g = 9.81 m /s 2 m 30 mm
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1.18 W-15
a = 5 ft/s2
g = 32.2 ft/s2
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1-23 W-16
Pulley R = 3 in.
V = 5 ft /s m = 5 lb
I = 10 A V = 110 V + Output shaft n = 1000 rpm T = 9.5 N m
t = 2 hr
Crankshaft torque
Curve B (half-wave rectified sinusoid) Curve A (linear variation) T max
0.5 1.0 1.5 Crankshaft rotation, revolutions
2.0
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1-42 W-18A
55 mph
2.64 axle ratio
50 in.
3000 lb
V = 60 mph CP
Fd 25 in.
CG Ft
20 in.
Wr
100 in.
Wf
W = 3000 lb Engine power, 96 hp Fi = 467.5 lb Ft = 567.5 lb Wr = 1618.5 lb Wf = 1381.5 lb Fd = 100 lb
RT A RT T T T RT RT RT A
RT T
RT A
RT T = 5333 lb.in.
T = 3000 lb.in. (input)
RT = 8333 lb.in. (output) 3 in.
Transmission in low gear R = 2.778
5333 lb.in. (a) 2 in. 5 in. 2 in. (b) II 2864 lb 4444 lb 4444 lb 1087 lb 2864 lb (c) IV C D 2667 lb 2667 lb III B (d) 8333 lb.in. 2864 lb A 1087 lb IV I II 3000 lb.in. 1087 lb I 1087 lb III
F A a
F Fa A (a) (b)
a b F Section AA plane Fixed support
(a) F Fa (bending moment) Fb (torque) F (shear force)
(b)
F32 = 40 lb
1 in. 2
2 1
H12 V12 1 in. 30
F42
F32 = 40 lb 0
2 1 F32 = 40 lb F12
F42 F12 F42 Force polygon for link 2
0 Fb (bone 0.5 in. compression force) 3 in.
Ft (tendon force)
10 lb Ft = 60 lb 10 lb pinch
Fb = 55 lb Force polygon for finger
Positive shear force M + M w R2 a L b Fa L wb 2 2L R1 a L b R2 wb (a + b/2 ) L
Positive bending moment F R1 Fb L
Fb + L Fa L
+wb2/2L V
b2 2L
Fab L
2 wb2 a+ b 2L 4L
wb (a + b/2 ) L
M (a) Single concentrated load
M (b) Distributed load
2667 lb III B 4444 lb 1087 lb 2864 lb C Loads
Critical section 2864 lb 2667 lb C III
IV 4444 lb B 1087 lb 5 in. + 1580 lb Shear V 1087 lb 2864 lb 2174 in..lb Moment M 2 in.
IV
2 in.
5728 in..lb 5000 lb.in.
Torque
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-11 W-29A
2864 lb 4444 lb T = 5000 lb.in.
IV M = 5728 lb.in.* C V = 1580 lb * Actually slightly less, depending upon the width of gear C
b F d 2b b d F
Fork
Pin 4' 5 2
Blade
F 4' 1 2 2 3 F 1 2 4 4' 3 5
F 2 4' 2 3 4 3 1 2 F 1
w lb/ft
Spring in tension k1 = 10 lb/in. 10 100 lb 100 lb Spring in compression k2 = 40 lb/in. 40
(b)
(a)
Outer row Middle row Inner row
pi tc h
Bottom strap
Left plate
Top strap (a)
Top Right strap plate
Bottom strap
Outer row
Inner row Outer row

pi tc h
Inner row
Area
(c) (b)
bp Plate s Plate Strap Bearing with plate Shear bs (d) Strap Bearing with strap
(e)
1 strap 3
2 straps
Straps
M id
5 4
Bearing with straps 8 Shear 9 Bearing with plate
O u te
In n e
d le p
6 7
r pa
r pa th
a th
th
Plate 1 2 (f)
Wall channel, C
2 in. r= 1.25 in. A Density = r= 1.25 in. B Density =
1500 N B 45 45
1500 N
1000 mm
45
45
1000 N B
125 N
10 in.
Direction of rotation Motor 1 hp 1800 rpm Gear box
Blower 6000 rpm
50 mm 50 mm
B Forward air velocity Clockwise rotation
4:1 ratio gear reducer Direction of rotation Connecting tube C Pump 450 rpm C' A A'
Motor 1.5 kW 1800 rpm
These units are attached to a fixed support.
B'
Engine
Engine is attached to aircraft structure here. Reduction gear, ratio = 1.5 Propeller
Vertical drive shaft Mounting flange
Z Rotation X
Y Foward direction of boat travel Mx Z X Mz My
500 mm
Propeller rotation
Y 2:1 ratio bevel gears are inside this housing Suggested notation for moments applied to mounting flange
150 mm
800 N 160 40 R
330 R 100 R
330 R
400
600
100 mm D A 100 mm B Bevel gear reducer
1800 rpm
600 rpm
Attaches to motor
Attaches to load
4 in. Output shaft
8 in.
Rear bearings
Front bearings
Mountings
6 in.
Housing and gear-shaft assembly details Reducer assembly
100 lb.ft
Output
6 in. dia. gear
Motor input torque 100 lb.ft 2 in. dia. pinion Front bearings
Engine 2400 rpm 100 lb.ft torque A X
Right-front wheel axle shaft400 rpm 24 in. Y
Left-front wheel axle shaft400 rpm C
D 12 in.
Transmission 2.0 ratio
Y Front drive shaft1200 rpm Rear drive shaft1200 rpm
Rear axle (not part of free body) JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P2-14 W-51
Motor g Mass of mixer system = 50 kg A Direction of rotation B
Radial flow Mixing paddle 200 mm
Mounting width = 75 mm to 150 mm Radial air flow g
Fan
B Direction of rotation A Mass of blower system = 15 kg
Motor
Y 45 mm
30 mm
20 mm
FC Z Gear 1 50-mm dia. B A
20
FA C 20
Shaft
X Gear 2 24-mm dia.
100 N A 200 300 B A 200
100 N B 300
140
50 N
48 in.
12 in.
Cable 27 in. 100 lb
12-in. pulley radius 100 lb JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P2-19 W-54
Cable
Fr = 600 N
Ft = 2000 N Fa = 1000 N
50 A B Motor attaches to this end of shaft
40
60
Fr = 200 N
Ft = 1000 N Fa = 100 N
100 A B Pump shaft is coupled to this end of shaft
50
150
Fr = 400 N
Ft = 1000 N Fa = 200 N
200 N
40 A B
30
20
80
20
Fr = 500 N Ft = 1500 N Fa = 150 N 150 A B
200
300
140
120 100 N
250 N
A L F
b t
t/2
Key
Section on A-A A
d D
Total gas force = F
2a
a d
f A
t B d D
R P F
L P
d D
B E
a k 100 N
a k
t' F t' t F
Rivet diameter = 10 mm
60
C Su = 66 A
(ksi)
40
B Sy = 39 Se = 36
F (Fracture)
Stress 20
Slope = modulus of elasticity, E
0.2% offset Strain (arbitary nonlinear scale)
Su = 66 ksi 60 (ksi) D C
Stress
40 B A
Sy = 39 ksi Se = 36 ksi Hot-rolled 1020 steel
20
0 0
G 10 20
H 30 40
50
60
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 Strain (%)
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Area ratio R
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4 0.5 Area reduction Ar
0.6
Elastic region 200
Transition region
Plastic strain-strengthening region

Tf = 0.92
True stress T (ksi (log))
100 80 60 40 30 20
T
115
(E
30
) si 3 k 0 1
T = Sy = 39 ksi
15 m ( 0=1 0 T
ks
0.2 i, m =
2)
10 3
4 5 6 7 8 0.1
4 5 6 7 8 1.0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 True strain T (% (log))
4 5 6 7 8 100
True stress T (log)
"Ideal" material Curve I ( T = Se Sy ) Se2 Se1 Se3 Curve II Elastic line ( T = E T ) True strain T (log)
m Plastic line ( T = 0 T )
Su
F Sy Se
Stress
Se E Strain
1000
900
800 KB, ratio Su /HB d D 700
600
2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0.
d = indentation dia. D = ball dia.
500
400 Steel 300 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 m, strain hardening exponent 0.6 0.7
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
Shore hardness 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 22 24 26 28 32 34 38 42 46 55 65 75 85 95
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
Diamond pyramid hardness (Vickers)
800 850
720 740 760
900 950
(0)
(10)
20 30 40 Rockwell C hardness (110)
50
60
70
72
80
90 100 Rockwell B hardness
Brinell hardness
Ultimate tensile strength (ksi)
Rockwell C hardness
Distance from quenched end (b)
(a)
1000
Diamond WC Boron Mg0 Steels Ni alloys Zn alloys CFRP uniply Ti alloys GFRP Glasses Zr 02 Silicon Ge Be0 Si C Si3N3 Al203
Cermets Engineering alloys

W Mo alloys Beryllium Cast irons
100
Min. energy storage per unit volume Yield before buckling

Sn
Cu alloys
Al alloys Common Cement rocks Mg alloys +
Brick etc
Engineering ceramics
Concrete Lead Youngs Modulus, E (GPa) 10 Mel II to grain Epoxies

PS PVC Nylons Wood products Polyester PP Ash Oak
CFRP Laminates GFRP
Engineering composites
Ash Oak Pine
Porous ceramics PMMA S = 0.1 E
Balsa
S = 104 E 1.0
Woods
Pine to grain S = 103 E 0.1 Balsa S = 102 E LDPE
HDPE PTFE
Design guide lines Engineering polymers S =C E S 3/2 =C E Max energy storage per unit volume Buckling before yield
Polymers foams Hard butyl Cork Silicone Soft butyl 10 Strength S (MPa) Pu
Elastomers S2 =C E
0.01 0.1
100
1000
10,000
10,000 Engineering ceramics

B Mg0 Si C Diamond Si3N4 Sialons Al203 Zr02 Ge
Cermets
Engineering alloys
Glasses
Si
1000 Engineering composites
CFRP GFRP Uniply KFRP CFRP Be GFRP Laminates KFRP
Steels
Pottery
Ti alloys Cast irons
W alloys Mo alloys Ni alloys Cu alloys
Al alloys Mg alloys 100 Strength S (MPa) Ash Oak Pine Fir Parallel to grain Balsa Woods 10 Ash Oak Pine Fir Perpendicular to grain LDPE Soft butyl Polymers foams 1 Cork
Wood products Nylons PMMA PP PS Mel PVC Epoxies Polyesters HDPE PTFE PU Cement concrete
Stone, Zn rock alloys Engineering alloys Lead alloys Porous ceramics
Silicone
Engineering polymers Guide lines for minimum weight design
Balsa
Elastomers
=C S 2/3 S 1/2 =C =C
0.1 0.1
0.3
1 Density (Mg/m3)
10
30
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 3-12 W-74a
10,000 Porous ceramics Engineering alloys Engineering composites 1000 CFRP Uniply KFRP Al alloys Zn alloys GFRP CFRP Laminates GFRP Strength at temperature S (T) (MPa) 100 to grain Woods II to grain LDPE 10 Engineering polymers Silicones
Mg alloys
Engineering ceramics
SiC Glasses Zr02 Mg0 Mullites Steels Ni alloys Brick etc. Tialloys
Polymides
Al203 Si3N4 Compression
Nylons to grain
PC PP PVC PMMA Epoxies PF
HDPE Polyesters PTFE
Ice
Butyls
Elastomers 1 Polymer foams Range typical of alloy series T-Independent Yield strength Upper limit on strength at temperature
0.1
100
200
300 400 Temperature T (C)
600
800
1000
1400
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 3-13 W-74b
70 Hardness (Rockwell C) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 Distance from quenched end (mm) 50
P 2 P 2 (a) Isometric view of tensile link loaded through a pin at one end and a nut at the other. (b) Enlarged view of element E
E
(c) Direct view of element E
P A
A=
D2 4
(d) Equilibrium of left half showing uniform stress distribution at cutting plane
Nut (e) View showing "lines of force" through the link
3 1 5 3 4 1 2 5 6
(a)
(b)
2 3 3
P P 1
T E E (b) T (a) Isometric view E Negative shear E Negative shear Enlarged view of element Positive shear
(c) Direct view of element E
Positive shear (d) Shear sign convention
T Torque axis Line "A" 1 2 3 2
p To
b
Sid e
F ro
nt
T a
Maximum shear stress exists along this line. (a) Zero shear stress exists along all edges.
(b) Enlarged view of element 2
Neutral (bending) surface M (a) Entire beam in equilibrium

max
c c M
Neutral surface
Transverse cutting plane (b) Partial beam in equilibrium
Neutral bending axis and centroidal axis
(c) Typical cross sections
Neutral (bending) surface M (a) Entire beam in equilibrium Neutral bending axis and centroidal axis
max
CG
CG
CG
CG
M (b) Neutral surface (c) Typical cross sections
Partial beam in equilibrium
Centroidal surface
Hyperbolic stress distribution with increased stress at inner surface
CG M Neutral surface M co ci
e Neutral surface displaced distance "e " toward inner surface
(a) Initially straight beam segment
(b) Typical cross section
Center of initial curvature (c) Initially curved beam segment JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 4-9 W-84
d b c Centroidal surface c' Neutral surface co ci a d' d r M c r rn CG y e y c Centroidal axis Neutral axis e
ro
ri
rn
Center of initial curvature
b 8 3.5 U or T B A
b 4 B
r c A c b
3.0 Round or elliptical =K Mc I B A B c Trapezoidal b 2 b 6 B 1.5 Values of Ki for inside fiber as at A A r B b 3 B c A b A b A
2.5
Values of K in Eq. 4.11:
2.0 I or hollow rectangular
1.0
0.5
I or hollow rectangular U or T Round, elliptical or trapezoidal
Values of Ko for outside fiber as at B
0 1
5 Ratio r / c
10
Centroidal axis
dA = b d
h c=h 2 r=h CG
(a) Unloaded "curved beam"
(b) Loaded "curved beam"
dA
dA
b y y0 c Neutral axis
dA My/I (M + dM)y/I V
dx
y M M + dM N.A. M
Enlarged view of beam segment
(a) Marked and unloaded
(b) Loaded as a beam
av
= V/A
av
= V/A
3 max = 2 V/A
4 max = 3 V/A
N.A.
N.A.
80,000 N
60 X 40 X
80
60
40,000 N 100 +40,000 N V
40,000 N 100
40,000 N
dx dA = 60dy 10 10+
dx dA = 60dy
dx dA = 60dy
40 b = 60 b = 20 dA = 20dy
b = 20 (a) (b) (c)
= 32.61 MPa
= 22.83 MPa = 7.61 MPa
+
max
yx
(a) Marked eraser
S' yx (d) (b) Loaded eraser Mohr's circle
y y x y Direct view (c) Enlarged view of element Oblique view x x

x
S' S S S'
S S' Oblique view (e)
Direct view
Element subjected to max
+ y y x T (a) Marked eraser (for twisting)

2
#2
0 x (c) Mohr's circle
+ #1
y x y (b) Enlarged element x
#2 #1
(d)
2 in. 3 in. rad.
1 in.
2000 lb
2 in. A Top of shaft B "B" is at bottom of shaft, opposite "A"
V = 2000 lb 2000 lb
A B
M = 4000 in.lb T = 6000 lb in.
4000 in.lb Load diag.
2000 lb Shear diag. 2000 lb M Moment diag. 4000 lb JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 4-25 W-100
2000 lb
x yx xy
yx
y 2 in. A
x
x A y
yx yx x xy
y x A y x
xy x
A x
xy
y
yx
x
xy
(b) (a) Isometric view Enlarged isometric view
(c) Direct view Calculated values: = 40.8 ksi = 30.6 ksi
(d) Isometric view
+
max = 37 ksi
y (0, +30.6)
34
yx = 30.6 ksi
y
1 = 57 ksi 2 = 17 ksi
xy
0 56
+
xy
A y
x = 40.8 ksi
yx
x (40.8, 30.6)
Direct view of element A
28
1 = 57 ksi
y x A y
2 = 17 ksi
= 20 ksi
17 = +37 ksi y x A y x = 37 ksi
= 20 ksi
+
x+ y
( x, xy) 2 0 (
2,
1 + ( 1, 0)
x
0)
2 xy +
( y, yx)
y 2
+
1+ 2 1 2
cos 2
2 0
2 1
sin 2 +
2 1
(3) (1) x (2) (3) (3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
z (a) Original element
(2) (= z) (b) Principal element (c) 1-2 plane (d) 1-3 plane (e) 2-3 plane
+
max = 37
Principal circle
3 (17, 0)
2 (0, 0)
1 (57, 0)
Correct value of max Erroneous value of max obtained if 3 is neglected
1 (tangential)
0 A
2 (axial) 3 = 0 (radial)
3.0 r 2.8 M 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.1 r/d 2.6 P 2.4 2.2 2.0 Kt 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.1 r/d 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 Kt 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.1 r/d 0.2 0.3 D/d = 2 1.2 1.09 T D r d Tc = 16T d3 T 0.2 0.3 D/d = 2 1.5 1.2 1.05 1.01 D P d 4P d2 (b) r P 0.2 0.3 D/d = 6 3 1.5 1.1 1.03 1.01 (a)
nom = I
d Mc = 32M d3
nom = A =
nom = J
(c)
3.0 2.8 M 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.1 r/d 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.1 r/d 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 Kt 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.1 r/d T D P D D
r d Mc = 32M d3 (a) M
nom = I
D/d 2 1.1 1.03 1.01 0.2 0.3
r P d P 4P d2 (b)
nom = A =
D/d 2 1.1 1.03 1.01 0.2 0.3
r d Tc = 16T d3 T
nom = J
(c)
D/d 2 1.1 1.01 0.2 0.3
3.0 T 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 Torsion: 1.4 1.2 1.0
nom =
M P D d P
Axial load:
nom =
P P A ( D2/4) Dd
Bending (in this plane):

nom =
M Mc I ( D3/32) (dD2/6)
T Tc J ( D3/16) (dD2/6)
0.1 d/D
0.2
0.3
3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 r/h (a) 0.20 0.25 0.30 H/h = 6 2 1.2 1.05 1.01
nom
H r
h b
= Mc = 6M I bh2
3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 r/h (b) 0.20 0.25 0.30 H/h = 3 2 1.5 1.15 1.05 1.01 P H r
nom
P h b = P = P A bh
3.0 2.8 M 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 r/h (a) 0.20 0.25 0.30 H/h = 1.5 1.15 1.05 1.01 h r H M
b = Mc = 6M nom A bh2
3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 r/h (b) 0.20 0.25 0.30 P h r
nom = A = bh
P H b P P
H/h = 1.5 1.15 1.05 1.01
3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 0.25 Kt 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 d/b (a) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.0 2.0 d/h = 0
nom
= Mc = 6M I (b-d)h2
7 Pin loaded hole P h d b P
5 Kt 4 Unloaded hole 3
nom
= P = P A (b-d)h
1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 d/b (b) 0.4 0.5 0.6
18 17 16 15 r 14 13 12 11 10 Kt 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 h t
nom = A = wt
r/w = 0.050 r/w = 0.10 r/w = 0.20
h/w = 0.5
0.5
0.75 0.5 0.75 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
1 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 W/w
Same cross-section area = K
Stress con. factor = K = 2
(a) Unnotched
(b) Notched
av = Sy /2
= Sy Stress F = ASy F= ASy 2 Stress
max = Sy
(c) Su Sy F
(d) = Sy Stress b d a c
(e)
(f )
Sy +
Sy
0 =
0+
(a) Load causes no yielding 0 + + 0 = 0+
Sy
(b) Load causes partial yielding 0 + + 0 = 0+
Sy
(c) Load causes partial yielding 0 + 2Sy + 0 = Sy 0+
Sy
(d) Load causes total yielding
Load stress
Load removal stress change
Residual stress
300 mPa 0 F1 F2 F2 10 mm M1 (a) Given information (see text) 0 300 396 396 238 0 F1 300 MPa M1 10 mm 50 mm
2 Z = bh 6 (0.025)(0.050)2 Z= 6 Z = 1.042 105 m3
25 mm
96 0 62 =
(b)
Load stress 96 0 62
Load removal stress change 104 0 62
Residual stress 200 0
(c)
Residual stress 96 0 62
Load stress 0 396 238
Total stress (straight beam) 0 300
(d)
Residual stress 96 0 62
Load stress 204 122 0
Total stress (ready to yield) 300 60 0
(e)
Residual stress
Load stress
Total stress (ready to yield)
10.000 in. T = 80F
10.008 in. T = 480F
P = 0 lb
P = 0 lb
P = 60,000 lb
P = 60,000 lb
10 mm dia.
60 mm P = 400 kN
20 mm
C D
di = 20 mm
T
max = 100 mm
do = 24 mm
T T 2r b
b h
200 lb 3 in. 1-in.-dia round rod
4 in. 200 lb
A 40 80 P Q
A 60
120
70,000 N
h c X a
3 in. 4
3 in. 16
F 2 in.
3 in. 16
13 in. 16
1 in.
24 mm 5 mm 30 mm 8 mm 5 mm
30 mm
A 12,000 N
Section AA
100
B Free end of shaft
20-mmdia. shaft A
100
2000 N
400 N Connected to flexible coupling and clutch
120-mm-dia. sheave
3 2 in.
1 2 in. 3 in. 8 1 2 in.
8 in.
12 kN Cement L 2 L 2
50
40
200 mm
25-mm-dia. round rod bent into crank 250 mm
100 mm 1000 N
1-in. dia. shaft
3000-lb belt tension
Motor 6-in. dia. 1000-lb belt tension 1 in.
F B
100-mm dia. 50-mm dia.
30-mm dia. A 4000 lb 100 mm 50 mm
50 mm
B 1-in.-dia. shaft
2 in. A 4 in. 500 lb 4 in. 1000 lb 3 in.
3 in.
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P4-38 W-134a
30 y x 18 45
20 ksi
Free surface, 3 = 0 30 ksi
75
350 100
5000 N
30 mm
200 mm
5000 N
15 mm 25 mm
1000 N r = 5 mm d = 40 mm A D = 80 mm d = 40 mm B
500 mm RA
250 mm RB
5000 N
50 mm
100 mm
5000 N
15 mm 25 mm JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P4-55 W-138
400 Calculated elastic stress (MPa)
200
200
6 Time
10
11
12
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Unloaded element Element loaded in uniaxial tension in X direction (with deflections shown exaggerated)
z dy (neg.)
y dx
x X dz (neg.)
x=
dx lim x x0
y=
dy lim y y0
z=
dz lim z z0
dx
yx
xy
xy (shown counterclockwise, hence negative) yx (shown clockwise, hence positive)
dx absolute value = lim = tan y y0
+ /2
y
y
xy 2 x 1
+ 0
(a) Single-element gages oriented to sense horizontal strain
(b) Two-element rosettes oriented to measure horizontal and vertical strain
(c) Three-element equiangular rosettes
(d) Three-element rectangular rosettes
120
2 120 240
120 + + 240 +
240 1 0 0 0 1
+ + +
240 120
(a)
(b)
(c)
1 = +0.0020
240 gage ( = +0.00185)
17 0 gage ( = 0.00075)
2 = 0.0010
120 gage ( = +0.0004)
+ /2 120
2 = 0.001
0.00075 34 +0.0004
+0.00185
1 = +0.0020
240 0
90
2 45 45
+ +
+ +
90 90
90 45
0
+
1 1 45 1
(a)
(b)
(c)
+2600 m/m
+450 m/m 200 m/m (a)
90 = +450
45 = 200
0 = +2600
(b)
1 = +3560
90 = +450
2 = 510
45 = 200
29 119
0 = +2600
+ /2 0 45
510 0 450 200
58 2600
3560 +
90
+ /2
2 = 24 3=0
2 = 0.001
3 = 0.0005
1 = 134
1 = 0.002
(a)
(b)
1.5 kN 100 10 d = 30 2.2 kN 2.2 Area = 220 kNmm 50 d = 40 d = 60 200
2.5 kN 200 50 d = 50 1.8 kN 10 d = 40
V, shear force (kN)
2 1 0 1 2 400
0.7 Area = 140 kNmm Area = 360 kNmm 1.8
M, bending moment (kNmm)
220 200 22 0 A = 11,000
255
325
360
Area = 58,000 kNmm2
A = 36,000
18
12 M , (106/mm) EI 8.46 8 4 0 0.85 2.67 0.419 103 A = 13 106
9.80
A= 0.457 103 5.12
5.67
A= 0.270 103 0.69 0.28
2.47 1.94 0.220 103 Initially assumed location of zero slope
A = 0.565 103
A = 3 106
1.2 Relative slope (milliradians) 0.8 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 A= 0.093 mm 0.022
0.838 0.835 0.270 A = 0.120 mm
0.4 0
A = 0.011 0.007 0.4 Location of zero absolute slope 0.220 0.8
0.677 1.096 1.109
True line of zero deflection
Deflection (mm)
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.093 0.115 0.126 Tangent point 0.119
+0.001
Parallel to true line of zero deflection
Absolute slope (mrad)
0.8
dQ
Area = dU'
Area = U' Load Q Area = U
Area = dU
0 Deflection
P x dx h P/2 L L/2 P/2 b
P = 5000 N
h = 50 mm 2500 N L = 400 mm 200 mm 2500 N
b = 25 mm
c L
x b
h y a P
F P h F V 2R (a) b M
R R R cos
(b)
1.0 Avg value = 0.5 2
sin
(From this, average value = 2 can be determined)
/2
sin
0
d = 1;
sin
0
d = 2;
sin
0
d =0
0.5
1.0 1.0 Avg value = 0.5 2
cos
/2
cos
0
d = 1;
cos
0
d = 0;
cos
0
d =0
0.5
1.0 1.0 Avg value = 0.5 sin2 0.5
0 1.0 Avg value = 0.5 cos2 0.5
/2 0 2 0
sin2
d = d =
(0.5) =
sin2
0
d = (0.5) =
sin2
/2 0 2 0
cos2
d = d =
(0.5) =
cos2
0
d = (0.5) =
cos2
0 (0.707)(0.707) = 0.5 Avg value = 0.5 0.5 cos 2 = 1
= (Half of avg value shown in sin
plot) 1 ; 2
0.5

0 /2 (radians) 3 /2 2
/2
sin
0 2
cos cos
d =
1 2
sin
0
cos
d =0
sin
sin
0
d =0
2 R=
.0
in.
E = 18 106 psi G = 7 106 psi F F
h = 0.3 in. b = 0.2 in. 2R = 4 in. (a)
0.035 0.030 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 0.2 Copper Cast iron Steel
Deflection,
(in.)
0.3 Width, h (in.) (b)
0.4
0.5
0.035 0.030 (in.) 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000 1.0 Copper Cast iron Steel
Deflection,
1.5
2.0 Radius, R (in.)
2.5
3.0
(in.) Deflection,
0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.2 0.3 Wid th
0. 1 0. 2
) (in.
,h
(in.
0.4
0. 3 0.5
,b ess ckn Thi
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 5-21d W-169
1.2 m
500 kg mass
10 m Point of zero deflection F y 3m a
3 2 P 1 3' b 2
Pa/2 M0 P/2 y P/2 Pa/2 M0
2' a
b 2
M0 M0 P/2 M0 P x P/2
(a)
P/2 M0
P/2
(b)
P P y x y L or Le e Axis of least I and becomes neutral bending axis when buckling occurs. With column formulas, always use I and with respect to this axis. (b) Column cross section x
P P (a) Two views of column
0.100
0.010
Scr E
0.001
0.0001
10
100
Slenderness ration Le /
1200 1100 1000
180
160 140
Critical unit load Scr (MPa)
Critical unit load Scr (ksi)
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200
120 A 100 C
Sy = 689 MPa Arbitrary values for illustration Sy = 496 MPa
80
60 40 20 Euler, E = 203 GPa (steel)
100 0 0
Euler, E = 71 GPa (alum) 20 40 60 80 100 120 Slenderness ratio Le / 140
E F 160
(Buckled shape shown dotted)
Le Le = L L L Le L Le L Le 2
(a) Theoretical Minimum AISC Recommend Le = L
(b) Le = 0.707L
(c) Le = 0.5L
(d) Le = L
(e) Le = 2L
Le = L
Le = 0.80L
Le = 0.65L
Le = 1.2L
Le = 2.1L
Source: From Manual of Steel Construction, 7th ed., American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., New York, 1970, pp. 5138.
1200 1100 1000
180 160 140
Critical unit load Scr (MPa)
900 Critical unit load Scr (ksi) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 20 E F 0 20 40 60 80 100 Slenderness ratio Le / 120 140 160 120 100 80 60 40 Johnson, E = 71 GPa, Sy = 496 MPa Tangent points Euler, E = 203 GPa Euler, E = 71 GPa A Sy = 496 MPa B D C Sy = 689 MPa Johnson, E = 203 GPa, Sy = 689 MPa
D 80,000 N 1m SF = 2.5 Sy = 689 MPa E = 203 GPa (steel) 80,000 N
80,000 N 200 m
80,000 N
SF = 2.5 Sy = 496 MPa E = 71 GPa (aluminum)
600 550 500 70 450 Critical unit load Scr (MPa) 400 350 0.1 300 40 250 200 150 100 10 50 0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Slenderness ratio Le / 0.3 0.6 ec/ 2 = 1.0 30 Euler curve ec/ 2 = 0 0.05 50 Critical unit load Scr (ksi) 60 80
20
20
40
(a) Wrinkling, or "accordian buckling" of thin-wall tube
(b) Typical local buckling of an externally pressurized thin-wall tube
(c) Wrinkling of thin, unsupported flanges of a channel section
Beam
Tetrahedron
Triangle
Pentahedron
Quadrilateral
Hexahedron
(2) (3) (1)
(5) (7) (6)
5 (9)
(10)
(11) 6 (8) W
4 (4) 2
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 5-34 W-180B
3x
3' F (7) 3y 3 F (7) 3x

3x
F (7) 6y 6' F (7) 6x 6

6x 6x
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 5-35 W-180C
F3
F (7) 3x 3
3x
3'
F (7) 3y
L A, E 6
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 5-36 W-180D
3N 2N 2' 2m
2x 2y
(Constant A, E) 3.464 m
(2) 1 4m (3) 3
3x
3'
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 5-37 W-180E
F (1) 2y
F (2) 2y F (1) 2x F (2) 2x 2 3.464 m
2 (1) 2m F (1) 1y F (1) 1x 1
(2)
F (2) 3y F (2) 3x 3
(3) F 1y
F (3) 3y (3) F (3) 3x 3
F (3) 1x 1
4m
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 5-38 W-180F
1.
Tension or compression L P
Cross-section area = A
PL AE
k=
AE L
2.
Torsion L T
K' a = section property. For solid round section, K' = J = d 4/32.
TL K'G For solid round bar and deflection in degrees, 584TL = d 4G = = ML EI
K=
K'G L
3.
Bending (angular deflection) L
K=
EI L
I = moment of inertia about neutral bending axis
4.
Bending (linear deflection) L
ML2 2EI
k=
2EI L2
5.
Cantilever beam loaded at end L P
PL3 3EI
k=
3EI L3
JUVINALL: Machine Design Table 5-1 W-157
K' = J =
d4 32
di
do
K' = J =
32
(d 4 d 4) o i
t K' = d dt 4 32
2b 2a
K' =
a3b3 a2 + b2
K' = 0.0216a4 a
K' = 2.69a4 a
3 4 K' = ab 16 3.36 b 1 b 16 3 a 12a4
b a a a
K' = 0.1406a4
120 = +625
0 = +950
240 = +300
135 = 380
0 = 300
90 = 300
45 = 380 270 = 200 0 = 200
Gage readings
Equivalent rosettes
100 mm A F k = 5 N/mm B F 100 mm C F 100 mm
200 mm
100 mm A
25 mm-dia. steel 1000 N
4 kN d = 30
d = 50
d = 40
2 kN 100 200 150
a Z Solid round rod of properties E, G, A, I, and J.
b X Y T (used in Problem 5.18)
F (used in Problem 5.17)
w = 200 lb/in. 0.75d d 0.75d
5 in.
15 in.
5 in.
b 2 b 2
L F
500 mm S
5 kN
300 mm
12 mm-dia. tie-rod
1m 0.7 m Boom 6 kN
0.7 m 1m
t t 2c c 2w w
P (a) Center crack
P (b) Edge crack
7075T651 Aluminum, Su = 78 ksi, Sy = 70 ksi, Kic = 60 ksi t = 0.06 in.

=1 i n.
in.
2c
2w
=6
in.
2c 2w
P Ti 6Al 4V (annealed) titanium plate
2c
t = 1 in.
2w = 6
g = 0.73 Sy
in.
P
a/2c = 0.25
+
2 = 40 ksi
( max = 60)
+ ( max = 50)
1 = 100 ksi
1 = 80 ksi 3=0 2= 3=0
(a) Proposed application involving 1 = 80, 2 = 40, 3 = 0
(a) Standard tensile test of proposed material. Tensile strength, S = 100 ksi
Uniaxial compression +
Uniaxial tension
+ 2 Sut
Suc 0
Sut
Suc 0
Sut
+ 1
Principal Mohr circle must lie within these bounds to avoid failure Suc For biaxial stresses (i.e., 3 = 0), 1 and 2 must plot within this area to avoid failure (a) Mohr circle plot (b) 1 2 plot
+ 2 Syt + Principal Mohr circle must lie within these bounds to avoid failure Uniaxial tension
Syt
Syt 0
+ 1
For biaxial stresses (i.e., 3 = 0), 1 and 2 must plot within this area to avoid failure (a) Mohr circle plot (b) 1 2 plot
Principal plane
Octahedral plane
Principal planes
Shear diagonal ( 1 = 2) + 2 (0, 100) (100, 100) Shear stress theory (58, 58) Distortion energy theory (100, 100)
(100, 0) 0
(100, 0)
+ 1
(50, 50) (58, 58)
Normal stress theory Note: 3 = 0
(100, 100)
(100, 100) (0, 100)
+ 2 +Sut +
Suc 0
Sut
Suc 0
Sut
+ 1
Principal Mohr circle must lie within these bounds to avoid failure For biaxial stresses (i.e., 3 = 0), 1 and 2 must plot within this area to avoid failure (a) Mohr circle plot
Suc
(b) 1 2 plot
+ 2 Sut
Suc 0
Sut
+ 1 Shear diagonal
Suc
2 = 25 ksi
Note: 3 = 0
1 = 35 ksi
1 = 35 ksi
Steel, Sy = 100 ksi

2 = 25 ksi
35
58
66
100
1 (ksi)
Normal load point 25 theory D.E. theory theory (58, 58) Limiting points
Load line
100
2 (ksi)
Shear diagonal
Stress (% of ultimate strength)
100 Fracture
50 SF = 2 based on load, Eq. 6.10
SF = 2 based on strength, Eq. 6.9
50 100 Load (% of ultimate load)
Frequency p(x) and p(y)
y (stress)
y
x (strength)
x
40 70 Strength (x), and stress (y) (MPa or ksi)
Frequency p(z)
z (margin of safety)
z
30 Margin of safety, z, where z = x y
Frequency p(x)
1< 2
2<
0 Quantity x
x1 x2
Frequency p(x)
Inflection point
Inflection point
34.13% 2.14% 0.13% 13.60% 3 2 1
34.13% of total area 13.60% +1 +2
2.14% 0.13%
+3
Quantity x
99.99
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5
99.9 99.8
99 98 % reliability (% of survivors or % cumulative probability of survival) 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 Extreme values k = 4, 99.99683% reliability k = 5, 99.9999713% reliability k = 6, 99.9999999013% reliability Fatigue life, strength, etc. % of failures k % of survivors
1 2 % of failures or P, % cumulative probability of failure 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
95 98 99
99.8 99.9
1 0 +1 +2 Number of standard deviations, k
+3
+4
99.99
Frequency p(x) and p(y)
x=1N
m y = 1.5 N m
One bolt in 500 twists off
y (wrench twist-off torque)

y
x (bolt twistoff strength)

x
(14.8) Torque x and y (N m) (a)
20.0
k z Frequency p(z) One bolt in 500 twists off z=xy
(5.22) Torque z (N m) (b)
2 = 100 MPa
2 = 100 MPa
1 = 200 MPa
1 = 150 MPa
Sy = 500 MPa
xy = 100 MPa x x = 50 MPa
xy
m k
m k k
(a)
(b)
(c)
100 90 80 70 Su and Sy (ksi) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 106 105 10 4 103 102 101 1 Average strain rate (s1) 101 102 Yield strength Sy Ultimate strength Su Total elongation Ratio Sy /Su
100 90 Sy / Su (%) Elongation (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 103
W Guide rod h Force Fe W Work of falling weight = W (h + ) k k W

st
Elastic-strain energy stored in structure = 2 Fe

1
O h Deflection (c)
(a)
(b)
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 7-3a-c W-218
2d d2 Area = A = 4 L
L/2
L/2 d d
(a)
(b)
Bumper of cross section A; volume = AL L
30 in. 100 lb
2 4 white pine E = 106 psi Mod. of rupture = 6 ksi
12 in.
100 lb/in.
1 8 in. 3 8 in., I = bh3/12 = 6.46 in.4 Z = I/c = 3.56 in.3 60 in.
100 lb/in.
250 mm 20-mm dia 120-mm dia 100-mm dia
20 mm
20 mm
700 600 Shaft shear stress (MPa) 500 400 300 200 100 5.0 Aluminum Cast iron Steel
7.5
10.0 Shaft radius (mm)
12.5
15.0
40 Torsional deflection of shaft (deg) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5.0 7.5 10.0 Shaft radius (mm) 12.5 15.0 Aluminum Cast iron Steel
K i = 1.5
K i = 1.5
K i = 1.5
Ki = 3 d 2 d K i = 1.5
Head Ki = 3.4 Ki = 3.4 A = 700 mm2 "Very long" (>10d) d Ki = 1.5 Ki = 3.5 A = 600 mm2 Ki = 3.0 A = 600 mm2 Shank Ki =1.5 A = 300 mm2
"Negligible" (a) Original design (b) Modified design
K = 1.55 Drop weight K =4 24 mm dia.
30 mm dia.
K = 1.4
Axial hole
(a)
(b)
K =2
1-in dia. 0.1-in dia. hole
"Very long"
K =2
Steel cable A = 2.5 in.2 E = 12 106
K = 5000 N/mm L=5m Rope
v = 4 km/hr m = 1400 kg
Thread: Area = 600 mm2 K = 3.9 Area = 800 mm2 "Very long" A = 600 mm2 K = 3.9 Platform
Thread: Area = A K = 2.6 K = 1.3 Area = 800 mm2 K = 1.3 Area = A K = 2.6
Original design (a)
New design (b)
Hole dia., d
K = 2.2
K = 1.5
250 mm dia. = 36 mm (Fracture location) A = 800 mm2 K = 3.8
Assume that hole drilled to this depth, does not significantly change the K = 3.8 factor at the thread.
3 mm (negligible) Original design (a) Modified design (b)
Small region behaves plastically Main body behaves elastically
Test specimen 9 8" R

7
Flexible coupling
Motor 0.300" Revolution counter C Weights 110-Volts AC
Fatigue strength, or Peak alternating stress S (ksi)
50 + + + + + + 40 + + + + + + + 30 + 20
Not broken + ++
' Sn (endurance limit) 10 0 0
10
20
30
40 50 60 70 80 Life N (cycles 106)
90 100
(a) Linear coordinates (not used for obvious reasons)
50 Fatigue strength, or Peak alternating stress S (ksi) 40 30 20
+ + + +
+ + + ++
Not broken + ++ + + + +
' Sn (endurance limit) 10 0 103
104
105
106 107 Life N (cycles (log))
108
(b) Semilog coordinates
Fatigue strength, or Peak alternating stress S (ksi (log))
100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
8:7 ratio +
+ + "Knee" of curve Not broken + + + + + + + + + + 7:1 ratio ' Sn (endurance limit)
10 103
104
105
106 Life N (cycles (log))
107
108
(c) Log-log coordinates
S = 0.9Su (in ksi, S 1.0 0.9 0.8 S/Su (log) 0.7 0.6 0.5
0.45
Bhn; in MPa, S
3.10
Bhn)
Not broken
' Sn
0.4 103
104
4 6 105 2 Life N (cycles(log))
106
107
' Sn = 0.5 Su ' (in ksi, Sn 0.25 Bhn; ' in MPa, Sn 1.73 Bhn)
140
187
229
Hardness (HB) 375 285
477
653
900 120 800 100 Endurance limit S 'n (ksi) 700 600 500 60 400 0.25 Bhn 40 SAE SAE SAE SAE 4063 5150 4052 4140 300 200 100
80
20
0 0
10
20
30 40 50 Hardness (Rockwell C)
60
70
Endurance limit S 'n (MPa)
Actual maximum stress Calculated maximum stress (Mc /I )
80 70 60 Peak alternating bending stress S (ksi (log) 50 40 35 30 25 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 103 Wrought Permanent mold cast
500 400 300 250 200 150 S (MPa (log))
100 75 Sand cast 50
104
105
107
108
109
Alloys represented: 1100-0, H12, H14, H16, H18 3003-0, H12, H14, H16, H18 5052-0, H32, H34, H36, H38 108 cycles 30
2014-0, T4, and T6 2024-T3, T36 and T4 6061-0, T4 and T6
6063-0, T42, T5, T6 7075-T6
Fatigue strength at 5 S n (ksi) '
' S n = 19 ksi 10 S n = 0.4S u '
100
50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Tensile strength Su (ksi) 250 300 Su (MPa) 350 60 70 0
50
100
150
200
400
450
500
550
S n (MPa) '
20
150
40 35 30 Peak alternating stress S (ksi (log)) 25 20 18 16 14 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 105 2 4 6 8 106 2 4 6 8 107 Life N (cycles (log)) 2 4 6 8 108 75 Extruded and forged 150 S (MPa (log)) 200
100 Sand-cast
50
peak alternating stress, S or Ss (log) Su
1.0
S103 = 0.9Su S103 = 0.75Su S103 = 0.9Sus ( 0.72Su) ' Sn = Sn = 0.5Su
0.5 Bending 0.3 Axial (no eccentricity) Torsion Sn = 0.9Sn = 0.45Su ' ' Sn = 0.58Sn = 0.29Su
Ratio, 0.1
103
104
105 Life, N (cycles (log))
106
107
Sn 1.2 Note: Dotted portion is superfluous for completely 1.0 reversed stresses 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
1
Reversed bending
1
Sn
1.2
0.8
0.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Sn
DE theory Reversed torsion
Reversed bending 1.2
Hardness (HB) 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 1.0 Mirror-polished 0.9 Fine-ground or commercially 0.8 polished 0.7 Surface factor Cs 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 60 Corroded in tap water Corroded in salt water 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Tensile strength Su (ksi)
Hot -rol led
As f orge d
Mac hine d or
cold -dra wn
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Su (GPa)
Equal surface stresses
(a) d = (0.3" or 7.6 mm)
(b) d > (0.3" or 7.6 mm)
(c) d < (0.3" or 7.6 mm)
a max
max
Stress
+ 0
min
min
m = mean stress; a = alternating stress (or stress amplitude) max = maximum stress; min = minimum stress m = ( max + min)/2 a = ( max min)/2
103 ~
F Sy A"
Values from SN curve
104 ~ 105 ~ 106 ~ H' H Sn E D C

10 6
10 3
10 4
~
~
G
10 5
A' Sy m (compression) 0
m (tension)
A Sy
B Su
(% of Su)
max
Maximum stress
40 30 20 10 0 100 80
10
30 M ea 40 n st re 5 ss 0
50
60
40
20
10
3 0
2 0
1 0
20 40 Minimum stress
20
60
min
(% 60 of S
80 (% of Su)
u)
60
70
70
10
10 3 5 10 6 10
80
80
90
20 ) 30 f S u o 10
90
3 le life 10 -cyc 3 0 31
100
10 0
100
90
Su
80
70
% 40 a( ss 50 stre g in 60 nat r te Al
Su
(ksi)
max
10
50
50 40 30 20 10 0 80
Maximum stress
10 7 10 9 10
10
10
60
40
20
1 0
20
3 M 0 ea n
4
i) 30 (ks
st
re
10
40 ss
10
(k
si
10
min
60 (ksi)
60
60
life 3 cycle 10 60
70
70
80
80
ss
a
80
70
40 stre g in at 50 ern t Al
20
(ksi)
max
Maximum stress
10
i) 30 (ks
30 20 10 0 80 60
40
20
1 0
10
20
10 7 4 6 10 10 9 10
3 M 0 ea n st 40 re ss
40
5 (k 0 si )
50
10
min
60 (ksi)
60
60
10
70 3 0
70
3 - cyc 10
fe le li
80
2 0
80
a
80
70
60
in 50 nat r te Al
s 40 tres s g
20
10
Su Calculated fluctuating axial stress (ignoring yielding) (f)
Sy Sn
a a m
(e)
m
(d) (c) (b)
Sn
(a)
d < 2.0 in. P(t)
Commercially polished surface P(t)
P(t)
0 Sy = 120 ksi Su = 150 ksi
Peak alternating stress, S (log)
S = 0.75Su = 0.75(150) = 112 112 92 75 61
Axial loading stresses in ksi
Sn = SnCLCGCS ' = (0.5 150)(1)(0.9)(0.9) = 61
103
104
106
107
120 112 ksi 100
Sy
Axial loading stresses in ksi
92 ksi 75 ksi 61 ksi
80
10 4
~
10 3
3
10 5
a
~
~
1
~
2
10 6
40
20 Point O 120 Sy 100 80 60 40 m (compression) 20 0
a = 0.67 m
(used in Sample Problem 8.2) 20 40 60 80 100 + m (tension) 120 Sy 150 Su
Calculated nominal stress S
U nn
o tc h
(a) Unnotched specimen ("u")
ed sp e c im ens Not che ds pec ime ns
Sn(u) Sn(n) S (u) Kf = n Sn(n)
103
104
105 Life N (cycles)
106
107
(b) Notched specimen ("n")
(c) Illustration of fatigue stress concentration factor, Kf
Use these values with bending and axial loads Use these values with torsion 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 q 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0.02 0.5 0.04 1.0 0.06 0.08 0.10 Notch radius r (in.) 1.5 2.0 2.5 Notch radius r (mm)
Steel Su (ksi) and Bhn as marked
180 (360 Bhn) Bhn) (400 200 0 Bhn) 120 (24 Bhn) 280 0 Bhn) ( 80 (16 140 ) n) Bhn 0 20 Bh 60 (1 (20 100 n) h 0B ) (16 Bhn 80 (120 hn) B 60 (100 Aluminum alloy (based on 2024-T6 data) 50
0.12 3.0
0.14 3.5
0.16 4.0
Calculated notch stress (P/A)Kf (MPa)
600
300
Calculated stresses
(a) Sy
(b)
(c)
(d)
Actual notch stress (P/A)Kf + residual (MPa)
300
Actual stresses
300
(a)
(b')
(c')
(d')
300 280
d' d c' c
a (MPa)
200
b' a
b 106 ~ Life 105 ~ Life 104
Constantlife fatigue diagram
~ Life
103
100
~ Life
100
200
300
400
m, tension (MPa)
450 Su
d T = 1000 250 N m D/d = 1.2 r/d = 0.05 SF = 2.0
T = 1000 250 N m
Commercial ground finish Heat-treated alloy steel, Su = 1.2 GPa, Sy = 1.0 GPa
Assuming 10 mm < d < 50 mm

1200 2
Alternating torsional stress a (MPa)
Sn = SnCLCGCS = ' 300

10 6 ~ =
(0.58)(0.9)(0.87) = 272 MPa

max = Ssy
200
life
100
150 116 N' B NA 0 100 200 NB
B' B A
0' 200 100
300 400 500 600 Ssy 0.58(1000) = 580
700 800 900 Sus 0.8(1200) = 960
Mean torsional stress m (MPa)
50 mm Ft Fn r = 5 mm rad., machined surface 100 mm
D = 18 mm (bearing bore) d = 16 mm (shaft dia.)
f = 0.6 (between the object and the disk) T = 12 N m (friction torque)
Su = 900 MPa Sy = 750 MPa
Alternating bending stress ea (MPa)
' Sn = SnCLCGCS = 300
900 2
(1)(0.9)(0.72) = 291 MPa
"Failure point"
10 6
max = Sy
200
~=
life
Sy = 750 Su = 900
100
(15.7, 65.0) "Operating point" 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Mean bending stress em (MPa) 800
900
140 Reversed stress S (ksi (log)) 120 100 80 1.6 104 3.8 104 60 50 40 103
80 Stress (ksi) 40 0 40 80 Representive 20-second test (a) Stress-time plot
104
105 N (cycles (log)) (b) S-N curve
105
106
107
Representative 6-sec test 300 Bending stress (MPa) 200 100 0 100 200 300 2~ a 3~ b 2~ c 1~ b 1~ d Reversed stress S (MPa) 500 400 300 250 200 2.5 103 2 104 150
3.5 106
d' c'
a' 105
b'
100 103 104 d'' c''
106 b''
107
108
N (cycles) (c) S-N plot
(a) Stress-time plot
400 d c' 300
d' Bending stress at critical notch P(t) Part
a (MPa)
200 b' b a' 100 a
c Aluminum alloy Sy = 410 MPa Su = 480 MPa (d)
100
200 (b)
300
m (MPa)
400 Sy
500 Su
m a plot
T Tensile stress and strength (ksi) (d) Strength
(c) Total stress, (a) + (b) (a) Load stress Pmax
(b) Residual stress Compressive stress (ksi) 0
Axis of specimen symmetry and axis of load
Pmax
P r = 2.5 mm P 30 mm 30 mm 30 mm 30 mm P P (1) (2) r = 2.5 mm 35 mm
F lb 3 in. 2 in. 2 in.

1
3 in. 1 in.
1 in. dia.
1 4 in. dia.
1 in. dia.
1 16
F lb 2
1 8
1 8
R F lb 2
2-mm rad. 24 mm
0.8-mm rad. 24 mm
20 mm
1 r = 8 in. Kt = 1.7
4 in.
0.1094 in. F High-carbon steel, 490 Bhn, machined finish

3 4
in.
0.050 in.
1 2
in. 0.191-in. rad.
0.125-in. dia.
60 mm
50 mm
60 mm
50 mm
Nominal stress (MPa)
1.5 rad.
5-mm rad.
5-mm rad.
+80
0 16 Time
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P8-38 W-268b
1.2-in. dia. 0.1-in. rad.
1.0-in. dia. Torque
7000 lb in.
3000 lb in.
1 16
-in. dia. hole
0.1-in. rad. Time
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P8-39 W-268c
25-mm solid round shaft Fillet 2000 N 750 N 500 N
Bending Kf = 2.0 Torsional Kf = 1.5 Axial Kf = 1.8
Pump
Helical spur gear
50
25 0-m m
mm
dia .
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P8-44 W-268d
y x A B Forces act at 500-mm dia. C z D Fy = 1.37 kN Fz = 5.33 kN Fz = 0.3675Fy Fx = 0.2625Fy Fy Fx = 1.37 kN Forces act at 375-mm dia. (2) 120 dia. E Keyway 80 dia. A 550 400 450 C 400 D B
(Kf = 1.6 for bend and torsion; 1.0 for axial load. Use CS = 1 with these values.)
(1)
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P8-45 W-268e
30 Torsion stress (ksi) 20 10 0 10 20 30 30 seconds
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P8-46 W-268f
Iron electrode with surplus of electrons
~ + + ~+ ~ ~ + + ~ ~ + + ~ ~ +~ ~ ~ + ~ + + ~ ~
Fe2+ ions in solution
Electrolyte
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 9-1 W-269a
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
Plating, as tin or zinc (cathode or anode) Exposed iron (anode or cathode)
Electrolyte
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 9-2 W-269b
A B
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~
~ ~ ~
Electrolyte
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 9-3 W-269d
Outlet Magnesium anode Insulated copper wire
Inlet
Magnesium anode
(a) Water tank
(b) Underground pipe
Zinc anodes
Zinc strips between steel spring leaves (c) Leaf spring
(d) Ship
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 9-4 W-269e
Insulated copper wire
Steel tank
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 9-5 W-269f
Rust particles
Rust particles
Steel
Steel
Steel
(a) Rust begins at center of drop
(b) "Crevice corrosion"
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 9-6 W-269g
Steel bolt and nut
Aluminum plates
Nonporous, pliable electrical insulator
Salt water
Ceramics, Glasses
All
Lead alloys Nickel alloys S-steels Cu-alloys Ti-alloys
PTFE Epoxies LDPE/HDPE PP PS PVC Nylons
Polymers
Polyesters Phenolics PMMA
Composites Ceramics, Glasses

KFRP CFRP Gold Lead Alloys Ti-alloys S-steels Ni-alloys Al-alloys PTFE PVC
GFRP
All
Alloys
KFRP
Aerated water
Composites
GFRP CFRP PTFE, PP Epoxies, PS, PVC Nylons Polymers PMMA HDPE, LDPE, Polyesters Phenolics Lead alloys Alloys Steels CuAlTi-alloys alloys alloys Ni-alloys Cast irons
Al-alloys Cast irons Low alloy steels Csteels C-steel Cast irons
Alloys
Polymers
HDPE LDPE, Epoxies Elastomers
Strong acids
Nylons Polyesters CFRP Phenolics CFRP PS PU Composites PMMA KFRP
Glasses Si3N4 Si02
Ceramics, Al203 Glasses Si C

C-steels Mg 0 Zr02 Vitreous ceramics
D
Many elastomers PTFE PVC PMMA
C
Al-alloys
B Alloys
Cu-alloys Zn-alloys
A
Ni-alloys Steels S-steels Cast irons Ti-alloys
Ceramics, Glasses
KFRP
All
Composites
CFRP GFRP
Nylons
Polymers
U-V radiation
LDPE Epoxies, HDPE polyesters, PP, phenolics, PS Filled polymers KFRP
PS PVC Most elastomers
PMMA Elastomers Phenomics Si02 Polymers Nylons GFRP Glasses Polyesters LDPE/HDPE Vitreous P.V.,PS,PP,PTFE KFRP ceramics Composites PVC,Epoxy
Polymers
Phenomics Polyesters PU LDPE HDPE Epoxies Nylons PP
Ceramics, Glasses
Si C, Si3N4 Al203
CFRP
Strong alkalis
Composites
All
Alloys
All
GFRP CFRP
Zr02 Graphites All
Ceramics Glasses
PTFE
Alloys
Organic solvents
A B C D
Excellent Good Poor Bad
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 9-8a W-271a
Mo Cr Co Ni Fe Nb Pt In Pb Sn Cd Mg Zn Al Ag Au Cu Ti Zr Pt Nb Fe Ni Co Cr Mo W
Zr
Ti Cu Au Ag Al Zn Mg Cd Sn Pb In
Two liquid phases One liquid phase, solid solubility below 0.1% Solid solubility between 1 and 0.1% Solid solubility above 1% Identical metals Increasing compatibility; hence, increasing wear rate
Identical metals Compatible metals Adhesive wear
Unlubed
Poor lube Poor lube
Good lube Good lube Poor lube Unlubed
Excellent lube
Unlubed
Excellent lube Good lube Poor lube Unlubed Excellent lube Good lube Exc. lube
Partly compatible
Unlubed
Incompatible metals
Nonmetal on metal or nonmetal Abrasive wear Fretting 2-body High abr. 3-body concentr.
Lubed
Low abr. concentr. Unlubed Lubed
102
103 104 105 Wear coefficient, K
106
F = 20 N Pin Pin volume lost = 2.7 mm3 Disk volume lost = 0.65 mm3 t=2h Final profiles
Copper pin 80 Vickers
Pin
Steel disk 210 Brinell r = 16 mm
Disk t=0h Initial profiles
Disk
n = 80 rpm
z z Contact area R2
Contact area
p0 p R1 a x a y x p0 y b y (a) Two spheres (b) Two parallel cylinders p L
p0 0.8p0 0
Stress 0.4p0
x= z y
0.4p0
p0 0.8p0
Stress 0.4p0
0.4p0
Distance below surface
b
y x
2a Distance below surface
2b
z
max
3b
3a p0 = max. contact pressure 4a (a) Two spheres (a is defined in Fig. 9.13a)
max
4b
5b
6b p0 = max. contact pressure 7b (b) Two parallel cylinders (b is defined in Fig. 9.13b)
z 0.7p0
max
0.3p0
0.3p0 0.2p0 0.1p0 0

z 0.7p0 x 0.25p0
y 0.1p0
y 0.1p0 x 0.25p0
One plane of maximum shear stress
0.6p0
0.4p0
0.2p0
0.2p0
b y
z yz A B z yz
0.3p0 0.5b below surface 0.2p0 0.1p0 Stress yz 0 0.1p0 p0 = max contact pressure 0.2p0 0.3p0 4b
3b
2b b 0 b 2b Distance y from load plane
3b
4b
Driving cylinder Direction of rotation
yt = 2fp0
yzt = fp0
yt = 2fp0
y
yt = 2fp0 yt = 2fp0
yzt = fp0
b Loaded cylinder (resists rotation to cause some sliding)
Direction of rotation
p0 = maximum contact pressure f = coefficient of friction
2000 N 10.1 mm Hardenedsteel sphere 10 mm
Hard-bronze bearing alloy spherical seat
250 Cast iron Copper Steel
Maximum contact stress p0 (MPA)
200
150
100
50 5.00
5.01
5.02 Sphere radius, R1 (mm)
5.03
5.04
Computed maximum elastic contact stress p0 or z (ksi)
800 700 600 500 400 300
200 150
Pa ral Rad lel ial rol bal ler l be s Ang arin ula gs r-co nta ct b all Ro bea lle ring rb s ea rin gs
Spur gearshigh-quality manufacture, case-hardened steel, 60 Rockwell C (630 Bhn) 106 107 108 Life N (cycles (log)) 109 1010
100 105
C Key: 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 Legend: X Not compatible C Compatible P Compatible if not exposed within two miles of a body of salt water F Compatible only when finished with at least one coat of primer *Applicable forms: 301, 302, 321, and 347 sheet and plate; 304 and 321 tubing; 302, 303, 316, 321, and 347 bar and forgings; 302 and 347 casting; and 302 and 316 wire. These materials must be finished with at least one coat of primer. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 7 C C C C X 5 C C C C 4 C C C C C 10 C C
+ Protected ("noble", more cathodic) 1 2 3 Gold, platinum, gold-platinum alloys C Rhodium, graphite, palladium C Silver, high-silver alloys C Titanium C C C C C C C 11 Steel, AISI, 431, 440; AM 355; PH steels C Chromium plate, tungsten, molybdenum C Steel, AISI 410, 416, 420 C Tin, indium, tin-lead solder C C F F X X F C F F C P F C F F P X F C F F X X F X F F X X F X F F X X F X F F P P F X F F X X F X F F P X F C F F C C F X F F X X F X F F X X F X F F X X F C C C C X P X P C X X X C C C C C X P C X X X C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C X X C C C C X X X X X X X X X X Nickel, manel, cobalt, high-nickel and high-cobalt alloys C C C
Nickel-copper alloys per QQ-N-281, QQ-N-286, and MIL-N-20184
Steel, AISI 301, 302, 303, 304, 316, 321, 347*, A286
8 QQ-B-671, MIL-C 20159, silver solder per QQ-5-561 9 10 Commercial yellow brass and bronze; QQ-B-611 brass
Copper, bronze, brass, copper alloys per QQ-C-551,
Leaded brass, naval brass, leaded bronze
Lead, lead-tin solder F F F C P F
Aluminum , 2024, 2014, 7075 F F C C F
Steel, (except corrosion-resistant types), iron F C F F F F F F F
Aluminum, 1100, 3003, 5052, 6063, 6061, 356
Cadmium and zinc plate, galvanized steel, beryllium, cald aluminum
Magnesium
Corroded ("active", more cathodic)
JUVINALL: Machine Design Tab. 9-1 W-269c
Rivets Total exposed area = 100 cm2 Metal plates Total exposed area = 1 m2
JUVINALL: Machine Design Prob. 9-1 W-269
Chromium-plated steel cap screws Total exposed area = 110 cm2 301 Stainless steel plates Total exposed area = 1.5 m2
Electrolytic environment
Drain plug (steel)
Insert rod (magnesium) Oil
Crankcase (steel)
JUVINALL: Machine Design Prob. 9-8d W-287
30 cycles/day, every day 100 N 100 N Steel, 100 Bhn Steel, 300 Bhn
30 mm Latch closed Latch open
JUVINALL: Machine Design Prob. 9-12 W-287a
Locking plate Arm Geneva wheel
100-mm radius
End of thread
L p
End of thread p
End of thread (a) Single threadright hand (b) Double threadleft hand
p p 8 60 30
Crest
Root Root (or minor) dia. dr
p 4 Pitch dia. dp
Major dia. d
Axis of thread
Nut tolerance zone Basic profile (as shown in Fig. 10.2) Basic profile Screw Nut
Screw tolerance zone
p 2
p 2 = 29 p 2
p 2
p 2 = 29 0.3p
d dr dm dr
dm
(a) Acme
(b) Acme stub
p 2
p 2 p 2 =5 5
p 0.163p =7 p 2 0.663p
45
dm
dr
dm
dr
dr
dm
(c) Square
(d) Modified square
(e) Buttress
Weight a dc
Force F
(a)
(b)
(c)
w A dm q fn
n
L q dm fn Scale 4:1 A
n cos n
Section A A (normal to thread)
h
n
b tan n = h
Screw axis
Section B-B (normal to thread) A B h b/cos tan = b h cos
Section A-A (through screw axis)
100
90 80
f=
1 0.0 f= 2 0.0 f= 5 0.0 f= 0 0.1 5 0.1 0 0.2
70
f=
Efficiency, e (%) 60
f=
50
40
30 e= 20 cos n f tan , where cos n + f cos

1
1 n = tan (tan 14 2 cos
10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Helix angle, 60 70 80 90
Weight = 1000 lb a dc = 1.5 in.
fc = 0.09 Force F f = 0.12 1-in. double-thread Acme screw
Total = P
Force flow lines
Clamped member
Total = P
Bolt 1 A - shear fracture line for nut thread stripping B - shear fracture line for bolt thread stripping B dr di dp d
2 t 3 A Nut
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 10 -11 W-299
Clamped member
Bolt
Nut
Pilot surface of bolt
Motor
Spur gears Motor
Ball thrust bearings
Material being compressed Thrust washers
Material being compressed Thrust washers Ball thrust bearings
(a) Screws in compression (poor)
(b) Screws in tension (good)
Flat washer
(a) Screw
(b) Bolt and nut
(c) Stud and nut
(d) Threaded rod and nuts
0.65d d 1.5d (b) Square head (a) Hexagon head (c) Round head
(d) Flat head
(e) Fillister head
(f ) Oval head
(g) Hexagon socket head
(h) Hex socket headless setscrew (i) Carriage bolt
(j) Round head with Phillips socket
(Plug in socket) (a) Conventional screwdriver will tighten but not loosen the screw
(5-sided head) (b) Special tool required to tighten or loosen screw
("Spanner head") (c) Break-away heads
T4 T3 Fi Fi Fi T2 Fi y x Fi y y y' x' +
max
Sy 2
per max
theory
Stresses with torques applied Stresses after torques are relieved +
T1
Fi
x( , )
Mohr circles
Direct tension, black oxide Torqued tension, galvanized and lubricated Bolt tension
Direct tension, galvanized
Torqued tension, galvanized (high friction)
Torqued tension, black oxide
Bolt elongation
(a) Helical (split) type
(b) Twisted-tooth type (Teeth may be external, as in this illustration, or internal.)
(a)
(b)
(a) Insert nut (Nylon insert is compressed when nut seats to provide both locking and sealing.)
(b) Spring nut (Top of nut pinches bolt thread when nut is tightened.)
(c) Single thread nut (Prongs pinch bolt thread when nut is tightened. This type of nut is quickly applied and used for light loads.)
Starting Spring- top nut (Upper part of nut is tapered. Segments press against bolt threads.) (a) Nylon-insert nuts (Collar or plug of nylon exerts friction grip on bolt threads.) (b)
Fully locked
Distorted nut (Portion of nut is distorted to provide friction grip on bolt threads.) (c)
Fe
Fb = Fi
Fc = Fi
Fb
Fc
Fe (a) Complete joint (b) Free body without external load
Fe (c) Free body with external load
Fb
i a n
Fb and Fc
Fc Fc g Fe Soft gasket Fc Fc
Fb
Fi
Fb
Fb (a) (b) (c)
Fe (Separating force per bolt) (d)
Fc = Fi
b =
Fb
"Rubber" portion of bolt Fb Fi Fb and Fc
Fb = Fi
Fc Fc Fe "O-ring" gasket Fb
g Fb
Fc = Fi Fe Fc = 0 0 Fe (Separating force per bolt) (d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fb = Fi +
kb F kb + kc e
Fb = Fe
Force
Fb Fi Fc
Fb
Fc
Fluctuations in Fb and Fc corresponding to fluctuations in Fe between 0 and C
kc Fc = Fi F kb + kc e 0
Fc = 0
External load Fe
Conical effective clamped volume
d g d1
30
d2 d3
(Hexagonal bolt head and nut)
Connecting rod and cap a A P
a A
(a) Bolt bending caused by nonparallelism of mating surfaces. (Bolt will bend when nut is tightened.)
(b) Bolt bending caused by deflection of loaded members. (Note tendency to pivot about A; hence, bending is reduced if dimension a is increased.)
Rotating shaft
9 kN Pillow block Metric (ISO) screw
F 2 F F 2
F 2 F F 2
(a) Normal load, carried by friction forces
(b) Overload, causing shear failure
150 500 24 kN D 24 kN D
400 100 A
150
150 E
144-kN applied overload F 150
144 kN 180 48 CG of bolt group cross section 144 kN (150 mm) = 21.6 kN m 100
F 180 48 V
200
200 180
48
Case 2 Fi = 38.3 kN (bolt tightened to full yield strength) 38.3
Bolt yields slightly, with no increase in load or stress during first application of Fe
40
Fb 35.3 Force (kN) 30 29.3 Fc
20
Case 1 Fi = 10 kN 13 Fb 9 4 Fc Fe
10
0 Bolt tight, machine not yet turned on Machine operating at normal load Time (a) Fluctuation in Fb and Fc caused by fluctuations in Fe 900 Su = 830 800 Sp = 660 700 600 (MPa) 500 400 300 12% elongation @ Su specified for class 8.8 200 100 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 Strain, (b) Idealized (not actual) stressstrain curve for class 8.8 bolt steel = 0.0032 @ Sy = 660 on idealized curve Sp = 600 Fluctuation in thread root stress Case 2, Fi = 35.3 kN 505 Fluctuation in thread root stress Case 1, Fi = 10 kN Machine turned off
Stress,
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 10-34ab W-323
Alternating stress, a (MPa)
400
Sn = SnCLCS CG = 830 (1)(1)(0.9) = 373 MPa ' 2 Operation at overload on verge of causing eventual fatigue failure 4 130 During normal operation Sy = 660 Su = 830
300
Life
200
100 0 0
77
200 400 Mean stress, m (MPa)
800 1 After initial 3 tightening After shut-down following normal operation
600
(c) Mean stress-alternating stress diagram for plotting thread root stresses
Steel bolt, 1 '' 13 UNC,

2
grade 5 with cut threads 0 to Fmax 0 to Fmax, fluctuating external force External load Fe
Fmax
Fe
g = 2''
Steel member
Time (b) Fluctuating separating force versus time
(a) Simplified model of machine members bolted together
S = S' = Snn = S 'nCLCG CS = 60
120 120 (1)(0.9)(1) = 54 ksi (1)(0.9)(1) = 54 ksi 2 2
Limiting point for case a Limiting point for case a

a (ksi)
40
a = 37
Limiting point for case b Limiting point for case b

a = 23
20
a = 22.7
Su = 120 y Sy = 92 0 0 20 40 60
m (ksi)
80
100
120
(c) Fatigue diagram for thread root
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 10-35a-c W-325, 326a
Aluminum cover plate, E = 70 GPa
Class 8.8 steel bolt g/2 g/2
Fe "O-ring" gasket Cast-iron cylinder, E = 100 GPa
250 mm 350 mm
Weight = 10,000 lb a dc = 2.0 in.
fc = 0.10 Force F f = 0.13 1-in. double-thread Acme screw
1/2 in. Acme thread dc = 5/8 in.
5 in.
Fe
Fe = 0 to 8,000 lb kc = 6kb
Fe
Spring washer
1000 N 1000 N (1) 1000 N Spring washer (2)
1000 N
230 mm
140 mm 280 mm
80
Fb and Fc
60 Force (kN)
Heavy load 40 Light load 30 kN Light load Fe 20 Initial tighten 0 Time 15 kN 15 kN
22
22
22
22
22 22
22 22
22 22
22 22
22
22
22
22
Before setting After setting
Full tubular
Bifurcated (split)
Metal-piercing (a) Semitubular (b) Self-piercing (c) Compression
Back (blind) side not accessible
Back (blind) side not accessible
Acute corner "Built-up" lightweight structure
Mandrel breaks after seating and rivet expansion Pulling head Self-plugging blind rivet Blind side upset Trim or grind mandrel
Mandrel head collapses as rivet is expanded and pulled through rivet
Pull-through blind rivet Blind side upset
Closed-end break mandrel blind rivet Blind side upset
Open-end break mandrel blind rivet Blind side upset
Drive pin blind rivet
Blind side upset
(a)
(b)
(c)
60
60
45
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
t = 0.707
h h
t h (a' ) Convex weld bead
(a" ) Concave weld bead (poor practice)
(a)
(b)
F A B C
mm 50
F A
B C
50 mm
F
(c) Parallel loading
(d) Transverse loading
(e) Transverse loading
Y 300 100 X B y G x 150 20 kN A X
C Y
(a) 295.7 T (45) = t J
20 B
80
B G 20 kN
295.7 t
T G T T (80) 525.8 = J t
802 + 452 J
525.8 t 80 t
674.1 t
5600 N m
105 T 1052 + 202 J 691.9 t 131.4 t
T (105) 690.0 = t J
T (20) 131.4 = J t (b) Torsional stresses
690.0 t
80 t
(c) Torsional plus direct shear stresses
70 B 60
A X A
B D 26.3 t = 121.2 t
X 120 C 160 10 kN
124 Resultant stress = t
(a)
(b) Stresses on weld AB
Y' t Y G (CG of total weld group) L /2 y X' X b X' G ' (CG of this weld segment) L /2 X
a Y' Y
13.6
a (ksi)
30 a = = 0.5 m 60
19
m (ksi)
50
62
Removing this material reduces stress concentration at bond edges
(a) Adhesive-bonded metal lap joint
(b) Brazed tubing fittings
(c) Glued wood joint
Weld length = 90 mm Sy = 400 MPa SF = 3 E70 series weld
15 mm
3.0 in.
E60 series welding rods Sy = 50 ksi (plates) h = 0.375 in. SF = 3 Note: There are two 3 in. welds.
F JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P11-07 W-349
60 kN 100 mm 75 mm 55 mm
Note: Each plate has two 75 mm welds and one 100 mm weld.
4 in.
4000 lb
3 in.
Note: There are two 4 in. welds.
Fixed end
Bearing Spline Generous radius d Spline Bearing Torsion bar portion
(a) Torsion bar with splined ends (type used in auto suspensions, etc.)
(b) Rod with bent ends serving as torsion bar spring (type used for auto hood and trunk counterbalancing, etc.)
F F
F d T= D F F D F d End surface ground flat (a) Compression spring (ends squared and ground) JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 12-2 W-353 D FD 2
d FD 2
T=
F (d) Top portion of tension spring shown as a free body in equalibrium
(c) Tension spring
= Tc J
Plane
Plane m
Tc J
Tc J
0 T
a Tc J
(a) Straight torsion bar
(b) Curved torsion bar
1.8 0.5 (shear correction only, C use for static loading)
18
Ks = 1 + 1.7
16
Kw = 4C 1 + 0.615 (shear and curvature C 4C 4 corrections, use for fatigue loading) 1.6 14
1.5 KwC Kw and Ks 1.4 KsC
12 KwC and KsC
10
1.3
1.2
Kw
1.1
Ks
Preferred range, ends ground
Preferred range, ends not ground 1.0 2 4 6 8 10 Spring index, C = D/d 12 2 14
Wire diameter (in.) 0.004 0.008 0.020 0.040 0.080 0.200 0.400 0.800
450 3000 400
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
350 ASTM A313 (302) ASTM A228 music wire (cold-drawn steel) 300
2000 ASTM A229 ASTM A227 1500 ASTM A230 (oil-tempered carbon steel)
ASTM A401 (Cr-Si steel) 250 ASTM A232 (Cr-Va steel) 200 ASTM A229 (oil-tempered carbon steel) 150 ASTM A227 (cold-drawn carbon steel) ASTM A313 (302 stainless steel) 100
Inconel alloy X-750 (spring temper) 1000 ASTM B159 (phosphor bronze)
500 50
0 1 0.10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 1.0 5 6 7 8 91 10.0 Wire diameter (mm) 2 3 4 2 3 4
0 5 6 7 891 100.0
Minimum ultimate tensile strength (ksi)
2500
(a) Ls = (Nt + 1)d
(b) Ls = N t d
(c) Ls = ( Nt + 1)d
(d) Ls = N t d
(a) Contoured and plate
(b)
(c)
(d)
0.75 0.7 0.65 0.6 Ratio, deflectionfree length, /L f 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ratio, free lengthmean diameter, L f /D 11 Stable B A Unstable
A- end plates are constrained parallel (buckling pattern as in Fig. 5.27c) B- one end plate is free to tip (buckling pattern as in Fig. 5.27b )
D+d 1.5 in.
60 lb 105 lb
1 in. 2
Cash allowance
Fs
(Spring free)
Lf
(Spring with min. load)
2.5 in.
(Spring with max. load)
(Spring solid)
Ls
80 70 60 Stress S (% Su)(log) 0.54 Su 50 40 0.395 Su Sn = Su CLCS CG 2 Su = (0.58)(1)(1) 2 = 0.29 Su 0.9Sus 0.72 Su
30
20 103 104 105 Life N (cycles (log)) 106
0.8 0.72 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.395 0.29 106 +
m =0
0
a =1 m
0.54 103 104 (0.38, 0.38) 105 P Static load (0.265, 0.265) (0.215, 0.215) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 m /Su 0.8
a =0 m a m
Region of interest 1 0
a /Su
(0.325, 0.325)
0.80
0.76 0.65 103 104
0.60
0.53 0.43
105 106 +
max /Su
0.40
0.20
0.20
0.40 min /Su
0.60
0.80
80 Torsional stress Ss, max (% Su) 70 60 50
76
Calculated curve (from Fig. 12.14) 65 53 43 Note: For zero-to-max torsional stress fluctuation
Shot-peened wire 40 Design curves [1] Non-shot-peened wire 30 103 104 105 Life N, (cycles) 106
107
1000 800 800 689
(965, 965) Infinite life with shot peening (862, 862) Infinite life without shot peening (Static load line)
510 (MPa)
max
600
400
200
(Load line, slope 600/300 for Sample Problem 12.2)
200
400
min
600 (MPa)
800
1000
Load stress Load stress plus residual stress + 0

resid
Without presetting With presetting from presetting
600 N
300 N
Squared and ground ends, ASTM A232 spring wire 600 N Cam 300 N
25 mm
n= 650 rpm Key
Shaft
+ 25
1200
1000
975
800 (MPa)
750
600 540 400

max min
max
600 300
200
200
400
min
600 (MPa)
800
1000
1200
r1 A r3 r4 r2
D D Bending stress at Sec. A: 16FD r1 = r3 d3 Torsional stress at Sec. B: 8FD r4 = d3 r2
2F L F F L L F L L
2F = = 6FL bh2 6FL3 Ebh3 = = 6FL bh2 6FL Ebh (a) Quarter-elliptic (simple cantilever)
3 3
2F = = 6FL bh2 12FL3 Ebh3
(b) Semi-elliptic
(c) Full-elliptic
= L
Mc 6Fx = I wt 2 L x b
If and t are constant, then x /w must be constant.
If and w are constant, then x /t 2 must be constant. b
b F F h t w h L F h
(a)
(b) t is constant; w varies linearly with L
(c) w is constant; t varies parabolically with L
h n leaves Half of nth leaf Half of 3rd leaf Half of 2nd leaf b Main leaf Half of 2nd leaf Half of 3rd leaf Half of nth leaf b n
(a)
(b)
Clips Fixed pivot
Shackle (permits small fluctuations in spring length)
Fixed pivot
800 F 2F Bolt, Kf = 1.3 F = 1000 to 5000 N

a (MPa)
life, bending Sn
a = 525
a = 0.67 m
Design overload point
400
h = 7 mm k = 30 N/mm 0 400 800

m (MPa)
Sy 1200
Su 1600
(a)
(b)
b = 416 L = 682
6FL3 Ebh3
= 0.0144
FL3 Eh3
k=
= 69.33
Eh3 L3
(a) Triangular-plate solution to Sample Problem 12.4
L = 682
L = 682 L = 682
b = 416
83
b = 333
83
k = k1 + k2 k = 76.30 Eh
3
1=
6FL3 Ebh F
1
3
= 0.0180 Eh
3
FL3 Eh
3
2=
4FL3 Ebh
3
= 0.0482 Eh
3
FL3 Eh3
L3
k1 =
= 55.55
L3
k2 = 20.75
L3
(b) Trapezoidal plate solution to Sample Problem 12.5
F a D
F d
Thickness = h
1.6 Factors for inner surface stress concentration Ki, round and Ki, rect
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2 Ki, rect 1.1
Ki, round
1.0 2 4 6 8 D D or d h 10 12 Spring index, C =
Belleville
Wave
Slotted
Finger
Curve
Internally slotted (as used in automotive clutches)
In series
In parallel
In series-parallel
(b) Electric motor brush spring (a) Constant-force extension springs
Storage drum
Output drum
Storage drum
Output drum
(c) Two forms of constant spring motors
Door stop
Center of gravity of 60-lb door 24 in.
110 Torsion bar
End attached to door Fixed end
Force
Threaded bolt Nut B Support C Force Spring Deflection Deflection Retainer A
F = 3.0 kN di do Do = 45 mm do = 8 mm No = 5 Di = 25 mm di = 5 mm Ni = 10
Di Do
F = 45 to 90 lb Deflection = 0.5 in. D = 2 in.
Squared and ground end
3600 engine rpm 1800 camshaft rpm
Valve acceleration
+ 0 "Reversal point" "Reversal point" Valve lift is 0.201 in. Valve lift is 0.384 in. (maximum-on "nose" of cam) Cam angle
Adjusting nut Spring Cap screw
Support
Roller follower
Stationary guide Oscillating assembly
Cam
Key
Shaft
F e
Stationary support
Handle 35 mm Pivot A
Tire
Brake shoe
Spring
Stationary support
Pin stops
110 mm dia.
25 mm shaft Cable 110 mm dia.
Torsion springs
Cable
Connecting rod Connecting rod bearing Thrust bearing (flanged portion of main bearing) Main bearing Crankshaft
Main bearing
Main bearing cap Connecting rod bearing cap
(a) Hydrodynamic (surface separated)
(b) Mixed film (intermittent local contact)
(c) Boundary (continuous and extensive local contact)
Oil inlet
Bearing Journal Oil flow
e Resultant oil film force W
W (a) At rest
Minimum film thickness, h0 W (b) Slow rotation (boundary lubrication)
(c) Fast rotation (hydrodynamic lubrication)
Boundary lubrication
f Mixed-film lubrication Hydrodynamic lubrication
A n/P (viscosity rps load per unit of projected bearing area)
Rubber element Fluid element
Cross-sectional area, A
(a) Surface velocity, U
F h
F h
Fh AG where G = shear modulus = (b) At equilibrium, torque T produces elastic displacement, , across a solid element
where
Fh A = absolute viscosity U= (c)
At equilibrium, torque T produces laminar flow velocity, U, across a fluid element
Temperature (F) 80 104 5 3 2 103 5 3 2 102 10 Absolute viscosity (mPa s) Absolute viscosity ( reyn) 5 4 3 2
20 40
SA E 60 70 50
100
120
140
160
180 200
220 240 260 280 103
3 2 102 5 3 2
5 4 3 2
10 1.0 0.9 5 4 0.7 0.6 0.5 3 0.4
2 10
0.3 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Temperature (C) 90 100 110 120 130 140
Overflow rim
Level of liquid in bath Saybolt viscometer
Oil
Bath
Kinematic viscosity, 58 s at 100C
Bottom of bath Orifice
R D
5000 N Oil viscosity, 50 mPa s D = 100 mm R = 50 mm n = 600 rpm
c = 0.05 mm L = 80 mm
Oil hole W Partial bronze bearing
Oil level
Journal
Fixed bearing
Lubricant W Rotating journal
Lubricant flow
( + dy) dx dz y
dx dy Coordinates: x = tangential y = radial z = axial
p dy dz dx
dy
(p +
dp dx) dy dz dx
dx dz
Rotating journal
U Lubricant flow
h y
Stationary bearing
1.0 0.9 L /D = 0.8 h0 c 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 1
1 2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Eccentricity ratio, e/c 0.4

1 4
Minimum film thickness variable,
Max.load Min. friction
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 8 10
Optimum zone 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 R c
2
Bearing characteristic number, S =
n P
200
100
50 40 R f c Coefficient of friction variable, 30 20 L /D = 10

1 2 1 4
5 4 3 2 1
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.08 0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8 1.0 R c

2
8 10
n P
1.0 0.9 P pmax (gage) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1
1 2 1 4
L /D =
Minimum film pressure ratio,
0.01
0.02
0.04 0.06
0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6 0.81.0 R c

2
8 10
n P
100 90 (deg*) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1 2 1 4
Position of minimum film thickness,
L /D =
0.01
0.02
0.04 0.06
0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 R c

2
8 10
Bearing characteristic number, S = * Defined in Figure 13.20
n P
100 90 80 Terminating position of film, p (deg*) 0 70 60 50 40 30
L /D =
25 1
1 2 1 4
1 4
15
1 2
10
1 20 10
p0 pmax
5 0
0.01
0.02
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8 1.0 R c

2
Bearing characteristic number, S = * Defined in Figure 13.20
n P
Position of maximum film pressure, p (deg*) max
20
L /D =
1 4 1 2
L /D = 5
L /D = 1
4 Q RcnL Flow variable,
L /D =
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.1
0.2
0.4 0.6 0.81.0 R c

2
8 10
n P
1.0 L /D = 0.9 0.8 0.7 Qs Q 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.1 0.2
1 4
1 2
Flow ratio,
L /D =
0.4 0.6 R c
1.0
2
8 10
n P
Oil of viscosity and flow rate Q
R = D/2 h0
p0 pmax
Film pressure, p Average film pressure = P = W DL
pmax
1000 lb SAE 20 Oil Tavg = 130F D = 2.0 in. R = 1.0 in. n = 3000 rpm
c = 0.0015 in. L = 1.0 in.
Steel backing Bearing material Oil hole Axial groove
Ungrooved bearing Oil film pressure Grooved bearing
Oil inlet hole
L 2 Circumferential groove
L 2
Piston Piston pin or wrist pin "Rifle drilled" passage in connecting rod* Oil in Oil in
Circumferential groove in main bearing
Drilled passage in crankshaft Circumferential groove in rod bearing Circumferential groove in main bearing *If omitted, piston pin bearing is splash lubricated.
W = 17 kN Force feed, SAE 10 oil Tavg = 82C D = 150 mm R = 75 mm n = 1800 rpm
c = ? mm L = ? mm f=? Qs = ? Power loss = ? Oil temperature rise = ?
0.010 0.009 h0, minimum oil film thickness (mm) 0.008 f, coefficient of friction 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0
h0 Max. load
Min. friction
0.020
200
Q 150 Q and Qs, oil flow rate (cm3/s)
0.015
0.010
Qs f
100
0.005
50
Optimum band* 0 0 0.05 0.10 c, radial clearance (mm) 0.15
*As defined in Fig. 13.13
Runner
Ro Ri
a>b a b Pads
SAE 10 Oil Tavg = 150F D = 4.0 in. R = 2.0 in. n = 900 rpm
c = 0.002 in. L = 6.0 in.
4.5 kN SAE ? Oil Tavg = ?C D = ? in. R = ? in. n = 660 rpm
c = ? in. L=? L=?
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P13-29D W-425
2 (b) Steps in assembly
Extraextralight series
Extralight series
Light series (200)
Medium series (300)
Extraextralight series (LL00)
Extralight series (L00)
Light series (200)
Medium series (300)
(LL00) (L00)
(a) Relative proportions of bearings with same bore dimension
(b) Relative proportions of bearings with same outside diameter
Loading grooves
(a) Filling notch (loading groove) type
(c) Double row
(d) Internal self-aligning
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 14-3d W-428
(e) External self-aligning
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 14-3e W-428
One shield
Two shields
One seal
Two seals
Shield and seal
Snap ring
Snap ring and one shield
Snap ring and two shields
Snap ring and one seal
Snap ring and two seals
Snap ring shield and seal
Added stabilizing ring (b) One-direction locating (c) Two-direction locating
Spherical roller head Crowned roller body
Ro ller axi s
Bearing axis Common apex
(d) Idler sheave (unground bearing)
(e) Rod end bearing
(h) Integral spindle, shown with V-belt pulley
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 14-10h W-437
+ r dS dH r
24 22 20 Percentage of failures 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Life 8 9 10 11 12 Median
1.0 0.9 Life adjustment reliability factor Kr 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Reliability r (%) 97 98 99 100
Radial bearing
Angular bearing
1800 rpm
1800 rpm
Ft = 1.5 kN, Fr = 1.2 kN Light-to-moderate impact Eight hours/day operation
Case a: 90 percent reliability
Case b: 30,000-hour life No. 211 radial-contact bearing, C = 12.0 kN Fr = 1.2 kN Ft = 1.5 kN
1800 rpm 100 mm 55 mm
Light-to-moderate impact, Ka = 1.5
21 mm
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Fr 1000 rpm No. 207 radialcontact bearing Ka = 1.0 (uniform load)
Radial load (kN)
1 Time
50%
30% 100%
20%
Note spacers
F1
F2
F2
L1
2L1
3L1
3500 rpm
No. 204 radial ball bearing Fr = 1000 N, Ft = 250 N 90% reliability Light-moderate shock loading L = ? hr life
Gear
Shaft
Bearing
A 150-mm dia. 1.2 kN 60 mm 300 mm 60 mm 20 B
100 mm
Gear 120-mm dia.
Chain sprocket Clamping supports
2.25 ft
Rotating shaft
Chain
1.75 ft
0.75 ft
600 lb
600 lb
JUVINALL: Machine Design Prob. 14-21d W-450
Right-angle gearing
Parallel gearing
Driven gear
Line of centers
Point of contact Pitch point P
Driving gear
Common normal (to tooth surfaces at point of contact)
Involute curves Base pitch, pb Base circle
dp
Pinion pitch circle
c P (pitch point)
g
dp
Gear pitch circle
Pinion base circle
a P
(pressure angle)
Gear base circle
Base circle Pitch circle
Pinion
rp
d g c Pitch circle b f e P
Base circle
rg
Gear
Pinion (driving)
Dedendum circle Base circle Pitch circle Addendum circle Angle of approach Dedendum Addendum Position of teeth entering contact Addendum Position of teeth leaving contact p c b Angle of approach Dedendum Addendum circle Pitch circle Base circle Dedendum circle rg Angle of recess n 0p Angle of recess rp
n a
Gear (driven)
0g
Fa ce
wi dt h
t0
Addendum ci rcle
To p Fl an k
Bo tto m la nd
la nd
Addendum
Working depth
Circular pitch p
Whole depth
Dedendum
Tooth thickness t
Width of space
Pitch
circle
Clearance Fillet radius
Dedendum circle Clearance circle (mating teeth extend to this circle)
Fa ce
6
18
20
16
8
40
22
36
32
48
30
14
64
80
28
12
24
10
26
11
Rack
p Circular pitch
Pinion
Pitch circle
Dedendum circle
Base circle Pitch circle Base circle Addendum circle
Gear blank rotates in this direction
Rack cutter reciprocates in a direction perpendicular to this page
01
1
Driven gear
Base circle (This portion of profile is not an involute) Pitch point, P
b a Addendum circles
Interference is on flank of driver during approach Base circle (This portion of profile is not an involute)
Driving gear
2
02
rp P = 6 teeth/in. = 20
p = 3.0 g
c = 4 in. rg
(Driving pinion rotates clockwise)

p
dp P Fr F Fr
Pitch circle (pinion)
Ft
Ft
dg
g
Pitch circle (gear)
b N = 36 teeth (idler)
c N = 28 teeth (output gear) (a)
a N = 12 teeth (input pinion) P=3
600 rpm; 25 hp
Resultant force (applied by shaft to gear) = (1313 + 478) 20
2 = 2533 lb.
45
Hcb = 478 lb (b) b c
20 a Hab = 1313 lb Vab = 478 lb
Vcb = 1313 lb
Fr
Ft F h b rf a x t Constantstrengh parabola
0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45

=2
=2
h eet bt stu 0, =2
Lewis form factor Y
0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 12
= 14
1 2
15
17
20 24 30 Number of teeth N
35 40 4550 60 80 125 275 (Rack)
1 revolution Load Fa = Fm = F 2
Time Driving and driven gears
Load
Fa = F Fm = 0 Driving gear Idler gear Driven gear
0 Time F
1 revolution Idler gear
Fat. strength for reversed loading (idler)
40% higher fat. strength for o-max loading (driver and driven)
a a m
Sn
Su
(b) Stress fluctuation
0.60 0.55 0.50 Geometry factor J 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 12 35 15 17 20 24 30 Number of teeth N (b) 20 full-depth teeth 1000 Load applied at 85 highest point of 50 single-tooth 25 contact 17 (sharing) 45 40 50 60 80 125 275 Load applied at tip of tooth (no sharing)
ear gg atin m h in eet of t er mb Nu
1000 85 50 35 25 17
Load applied at highest point of single-tooth contact (sharing)
0.60 0.55 0.50 Geometry factor J 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 12 35 15 17 20 24 30 Number of teeth N (b) 25 full-depth teeth 45 40 50 60 80
er mb Nu r gea ting ma h in eet of t
Load applied at tip of tooth (no sharing)
125 275
Pitch line velocity V (m/s) 0 10 20 30
5 E Velocity factor Kv 4
tte rs *
or
3
bs Ho
cu
Hob
s,
pin sha
g cu
,f
tters
*
C B A
nd and grou , shaved Precision d shaved and groun High precision,

3000 4000 5000 Pitch line velocity V (ft/min)
d Highest precision, shaved and groun
1000
2000
6000
7000
* Limited to about 350 Bhn JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 15-24 W-474
Electric motor 1720 rpm
Pinion P = 10 Np = 18 (teeth) 20 full-depth teeth Steel, 330 Bhn
Conveyor drive (involves moderate shock torsional loading) 860 rpm
Gear Steel, 290 Bhn (manufacture of pinion and gear corresponds to curve D, Fig. 15.24)
Gear (driver)
Gear (driver)
Common normal Sliding velocity Vgt
Vpt
Common tangent
Vp
Common normal
Vpt = Vgt Vp = Vg
Vg Vgn = Vpn Vgn = Vpn
Common tangent Pinion (driven) (a) General contact position sliding velocity as shown Pinion (driven) (b) Teeth in contact at pitch point no sliding
2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 CLi 1.0 0.8 0.6 104 105 106 107 108 Surface fatigue life (cycles) 109 1010 1011
Win = 100 hp 3600 rpm
Negligible shock loading Life: 5 years, 2000 hours/year Full power: 10 percent of time Half power: 90 percent of time Failure in 5 years: 10 percent likely
900 rpm
p1 Motor (input) a
g2 c Driven machine (output)
b g1 p2
Ring R P Planet Arm Sun S A R P
(a) With three planets (typical)
(b) With one planet (for analysis only)
Ti 2Ti 3R R/2 R
2Ti /3R 4Ti /3R P 2Ti /3R R+S 4 A 4Ti 3R 4Ti /3R
To =
4Ti R + S 4 R S = Ti 1 + R
4Ti 3R To Ti
2Ti 3R
2Ti 3R
i o
=1+ S R
(R = input; A = output; S = fixed member)
P R 2 R+S 4 A S
i
0
V V 2
0
i
0
V R/2 V/2 (R + S)/4 =1+ S R
(R = input; A = output; S = fixed member)
R Planet will fit here P
90 = 17 2 teeth (ring)
S Planet will NOT fit here Planet will NOT fit here
Planet will fit here P
90 = 5 teeth (sun)
45 teeth c
P = 5, = 25 15 teeth 1 kW, 1200-rpm motor coupled to this shaft B a A b 25 mm 100 mm
Driven machine coupled to this shaft
45 teeth 25 mm
To driven machine
36T B 24T, P = 6 64T 2'' A
8''
2''
18T, P = 9
Coupled to 20 lb.in. torque motor
JUVINALL: Machine Design Prob. P15-23 W-482A
Motor
Driven machine
a a
1700-rpm motor 16T 100-lb.in. torque
32T 2.0'' 1'' 90 24T
To driven machine
A B
4 5 9 3 1
2 8 7 Low (L) Neutral (N) 6 7 Hub 4 can "overrun" in this direction High (H) 4
3 Member 2 pushes here to disengage pawl 3
(a)
(b)
P2
P1 Arm
Output
S1 Input S2 P2 P1
JUVINALL: Machine Design Prob. P15-47 W-485A
P1 (101 teeth) P2 (102 teeth) Arm S2 (99 teeth) Output
Input S1 (100 teeth)
P1
P2
JUVINALL: Machine Design Prob. P15-50 W-485B
P3 (33 teeth)
P1 (27 teeth) P2 (24 teeth)
S3 (21 teeth) Input
S1 (27 teeth) S2 (30 teeth) Output
Low brake band holds S3 fixed
Reverse brake band holds S2 fixed
(b) Rotated spur gear laminations approach a helical gear as laminations approach zero thickness.
b Section NN (normal plane) b

n
pn d N p
R e pa c p N
pn
Section RR (in plane of rotation)
R R N
Re =
d 2 cos2
Section NN (normal plane)
d Section RR (plane of rotation)
Spur gear (helical gear with
=0)
Helical gear Ft Fr
Pitch cylinder
Pitch cylinder Fa
Ft F Fr
Ft Fr
Section RR (plane of rotation) N Isometric view showing helical gear forces
Ft R Top of tooth d N
Ft Fb Fa Top of tooth Fr F
n
Fb
Section NN (normal plane)
Fr Ft Input shaft of driven machine 600 rpm Direction of rotation Np = 18 (teeth) Pn = 14 (normal n = 20 plane) = 30 (right hand) (a) (b) Isometric view of motor shaft and pinion Fa
= 30 (left hand)
1 2
Electric motor hp 1800 rpm
0.70
0.60 Geometry factor J Number of teeth Teeth in mating gear
0.50
0.40
500 150 60 30 20 18 16 14 12 0 5 10 15 20 Helix angle 25 30 35
0.30
1.05 500 150 75 50 30 0.95 20
J-factor multiplier
1.00
0.90 0 5 10 15 20 Helix angle 25 30 35
Pitch cone angles
Pinion back cone
Pitch cone length, L

p
Pinion pitch p cone Gear pitch cone Dedendum
r bp
dp
Addendum
Dedendum
Gear pitch dia., dg Gear back cone Developed back cone radius, r bg
Circular pitch Face advance
Mean radius
Spiral angle
Fn F b b 2 Fr Fn Ft d 2 dav 2 Fa Ft Note: Fn is normal to the pitch cone.
Fr
0.40 0.38 0.36 80 0.34 0.32 Geometry factor J 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Number of teeth in gear for which geometry factor is desired 15 Teeth in mating gear 60 50 40 30 100
20
65 mm 140 mm B A D Load
Rotation
Motor
250 mm
140 mm
0.36 100 0.32 Geometry factor J 80 0.28 60 50 0.24 40 0.20 30 25 20 0 Teeth in mating gear 12 15 60 80 20 40 Number of teeth in gear for which geometry factor is desired
0.16
100
0.11 90 0.10 80 0.09 Geometry factor I Ng = 70 60
Ng = 100
0.08
0.07 25 30
Ng = 50 40 20 15
0.06
Teeth in gear
0.05 0
10
20 30 Number of teeth in pinion NP
40
50
0.18
0.16 Ng = 100 Geometry factor I 0.14
0.12
80
0.10 40 0.08 30 0.06 0 15 10 20 25 Teeth in gear 40
60 50
20 30 Number of teeth in pinion NP
50
P (planet) R R (ring) S (sun)
A P Fixed arm, A P
P S Left axle R
Arm (input member)
Right axle
Lead, L Axial pitch, P Worm outside dia., dw, out Pitch dia., dw
Worm lead angle, , and gear helix angle,
Center distance c Pitch dia., dg Keyway
Note: and are measured on pitch surfaces.
Face width, b
Worm-driving torque
Fwt Fwr Fgr Fgt
Fwa
Fga
f Fn cos Fn cos n sin Fn f Fn cos f Fn f Fn sin Direction of Fgt and Fwa Fn cos n cos f Fn sin Direction of Fgt and Fwa Fn cos n Direction of Fga and Fwt
n
Fn cos n cos
Fn cos n sin Direction of Fga and Fwt Fn

n
Fn Fn cos n
Direction of Fgr and Fwr
Fn sin n
Fn sin n
Direction of Fgr and Fwr (a) Worm driving (as in Fig. 16.20)
Fn cos n
(b) Gear driving (same direction of rotation)
Vs
Vg
Gear rotation
Vw Worm Worm rotation Gear
0.14
0.12
Coefficient of friction f
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0 0 1
4 6
10
4 6 100 2 4 6 1000 Sliding velocity Vs (ft /min)
4 6 10,000
Worm: Steel, hardened and ground Nw = 2, RH, p = Motor 2 hp., 1200 rpm
5 8
in., n =14 2
Worm Gear c = 5 in.
60 rpm Gear: Bronze
80 70 60 50 40 Without fan 30 20 10 0 0 400 800 Worm rpm, nw 1200 1600 With fan (as in Fig. 16.26)
ft lb
Coefficient C
min ft2
Worm Gear c 6 in.
Worm: hardened steel rpm =1200
Gear: Chill-cast bronze
Speed ratio, 11:1
Pa b
24 teeth
Input
40 teeth
60 teeth
Output
20 teeth
100 50 teeth 200 25 teeth = 0.35 rad right hand A 20 teeth = 0.50 rad left hand 50 teeth Output 125 B Motor
Pinion Bevel gears: 35 hp Np = 36 Ng = ? b = 2 in. = 20 P=6
Gear 1000 rpm
400 rpm
1500 rpm
Pinion A Flexible coupling to machine B Bevel gears: 50 hp Np = 30 Ng = 60 b = 3 in. = 20 P=6
Gear 3 in. 3 in.
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P16-23D W-520
Worm Gear c = 8 in.
Nw = 2 Ng = 55 P=?
1200 rpm
c = 4.5 in.
Gear material: Chill-cast bronze Worm material: Hardened steel Nw = 3 p = 0.5 in. f = 0.029 Ng = 45 n = 20
b= 1.0 in.
w 2 w w h w
h 2
d w d/4 (a) Square key w d/4;
d h 3w/4
Key usually has drive fit; is often tapered (c) Round key
(b) Flat key
Keys are tapered and driven tightly; for heavy-duty service (d) Kennedy keys
Widely used in automotive and machine tool industries (e) Woodruff key
Usually tapered, giving tight fit when driven into place; gib head facilitates removal ( f ) Gib-head key
Key is screwed to shaft; hub is free to slide axially easier sliding is obtained with two keys spaced 180 apart (g) Feather key
D (a) Straight round pin (b) Tapered round pin (c) Split tubular spring pin Grooves are produced by rolling, and provide spring action to retain pin (d) Grooved pin JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 17-2 W-524
Basic
Inverted
Basic
Inverted
Internal rings (fit in housing) E-ring External rings (fit on shaft) (a) Conventional type, fitting in grooves
Section II
Section II
External ring (fit on shaft)
Internal ring (fit in housing)
(b) Push-on type no grooves required Teeth deflect when installed to "bite in" and resist removal (less positive than conventional type)
4-spline
6-spline
10-spline
16-spline (b) Involute
(a) Straight-sided
(a) Single mass Mass, m
st
Gravitational force, w
Shaft of spring rate k = w/ st
(b) Multiple masses

1 2 3
m1 w1 m1
m2 w2 m2 m3 w3 m4
m3
m5
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
(c) Shaft mass only
st
Fc (= 2500 N) 30 50 300 50 60 Track d T1 A Track sprockets T2 B C Track Chain FT (= 1000 N) Chain sprocket 100 diameter
Track sprocket 250 diameter (a) General arrangement
A T1 S T2
B C
55 (b) Shaft layout
Small gap or spring washer
Vertical forces A T1
325
2490 T2 B
2165
687.5 C A T1 500 (Ft /2)
Horizontal forces S T2 B
1250
500 (Ft /2) 937.5
50 VV
245
55
50
60 VH
113,700 95,800
130,000 MH
MV 80,300 125,000 62,500 Torque (c) Loading diagrams 90,600 75,000
Sn = S' CLCGCS = (0.5)(550)(1)(0.9)(0.78) = 186 n 200 (MPa) 165 "Design overload" point
ea
100
ea = 2.9 em
530 0 100 200 300 em (MPa) (d) Fatigue diagram 400 450 500
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 17-6b-d W-530
d/8 d/4 d
(a) Loosely fitted key
(b) Key tightly fitted at top and bottom
d/4
(c) Shear failure of a tightly fitted key
Sled-runner keyway
Profiled keyway
Steel Annealed (less than 200 Bhn) Quenched and drawn (over 200 Bhn)
* Base nominal stress on total shaft section.
Fatigue stress concentration factor, K f * Bending 1.3 1.6 Torsion 1.3 1.6 Bending 1.6 2.0 Torsion 1.3 1.6
Bonded rubber element
(a) Basic shear-type coupling
(b) Constant-stress, constant strain shear coupling
(c) Tube form shear coupling
(a) Basic Oldham type
(b) Modified type
Flexible coupling Motor 0.25-in.-dia. shaft
20 in.
50 kg
25-mm dia.
600 mm
600 mm
120 lb 80 lb 2-in.-dia. shaft
20 in.
40 in.
30 in.
Driven machine Motor Coupling (2) Shaft
Bearing (2)
(a) Connecting shaft
Electric generator rotor Driver 56 kw Bearings Shaft Driven 28 kw Bearing (2) Driven 28 kw Shaft Hydraulic turbine
(b) Gear input shaft
(c) Hydroelectric generator shaft
Bearing (2) Driver Idler Shaft
Driven
(d) Idler gear shaft
Needle bearing (2) Shaft Driven Driver
Shaft
Driver (e) Gear countershaft
Driven ( f ) Stationary countershaft
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P17-13a-f W-541,542,543
Fr = 450 lb Fa = 400 lb
3 in. rad Bearing A Ft = 800 lb
Bearing B
5 in. 2 in.
Fr = 2.4 kN Ft = 4.0 kN A
Fa = 1.5 kN
125 mm
Note: Gear forces act at a 75-mm radius from shaft axis. 50 mm
Chain sprocket Clamping supports Clamping supports
Chain sprocket
Stationary shaft
Rotating shaft
(a)
(b)
Friction lining material
dr Ring element subjected to clamping pressure, p ri ro r
Driving shaft
Driven shaft
Provision for axial movement
Flywheel
Clutch plate (driven disk) Pressure plate
Friction planes
Spring Cover
Engine crankshaft
Release bearing
Housing
To transmission
To release Release lever
Disks a driving disks (4 disks, 6 friction surfaces) Disks b driven disks (3 disks, 6 friction surfaces) Seals Oil chamber (pressurized to engage clutch) Bushing Piston Oil passage ri ro Key Input
Output
Key
Oil passage
Cone angle
Cone Key Spline (sliding fit) dr
dr sin
r Spring Cup Shifting groove
ro
ri F
Local pressure = p (a) (b)
c F Lever Shoe (block) b
Av Ah
A N
fN
Direction of rotation r O Drum
(b) Shoe and lever as a free body
b (a) Brake assembly
N fN Oh Ov O Inertial and/or load torque, T
(c) Drum as a free body
(d) Lever proportions for a self-locking brake
120 120 4 5 3 400 6 45 90 1 300 H45 = 4F H25 = 4F 1 80 80 All dimensions in millimeters O25 V25 = F (b) 5 F 250 rad. 45 (a) 90 2 300 Shoe width, 80 mm f = 0.20 pmax = 0.40 N/mm2 400 F
(c) H43 = 4F H34 = 4F 4 3 V63 = 0.2H63 H63 = 10.53F H36 = 10.53F V16 = 0.70F H16 = 3.46F 6 V36 = 2.11F O16 T = 880F (rotation) H13 = 6.53F O13 V13 = 2.11F (d) JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 18-7 W-553 (f) V26 = 1.41F H54 = 4F H52 = 4F V52 = F
H26 = 7.07F
H62 = 7.07F
V62 = 0.2H62 V12 = 2.41F
H12 = 3.07F (e)
O12
A'
A
n
' O3
O2
O3
c F
0 (18 in d s sin =d
dN A d
2
fd
O2
1
r O3
180 Drum rotation B d cos (180 ) = d cos
Note: d = O2O3 b = width of shoe
Force to release brake 300 Spring compressed to force F 45 150 300 rpm C = 500 200 Cast-iron drum Molded composite shoe lining of width b = 50 O3
2
150
45
1
200
150
150
All dimensions in millimeters
d 150
O2
(a) Complete brake (b) Drum and right shoe
N Pivot P fN
rf 2 2
O2
f dN2 + f dN2 ' P f dN1 ' f dN2 dN1 ' dN2 r rf
f dN2
dN2
Hydraulic wheel cylinder Drum Return spring
Rotation r Adjusting cam d Brake lining O2 Anchor pins

1
O3
2
Anchor pin Hydraulic wheel cylinder
Brake lining Brake shoe Adjusting cam and guide Return spring
Brake drum
Forward rotation
Adjusting cam and guide Hydraulic wheel cylinder Anchor pin
Band of width = b Rotation
Cutting plane for free-body diagrams F a P2 P2 c
P1 P1
d /2 P + dP d dN
d /2 P
Rotation
Band of width = b Rotation
P2 s P1 a c
Band width, b = 80 mm Rotation = 270 Friction coefficient, f = 0.20 Maximum lining pressure, pmax = 0.5 MPa r = 250 mm P2 F
P1 s = 35 mm a = 150 mm c = 700 mm
Pads of diameter = 60 mm
125 mm
320 mm pmax = 500 kPa f = 0.30
4m/s
1000 kg
Friction clutch
Rotary inertial load, I = 0.7 N m s2
Electric motor
Gear reducer
T = 6 N m, 600 rpm
F = 1500 N 400 mm 500 mm
200 mm 340 mm
Rotation
F 250 mm A Rotation 150 mm 320 mm
240 mm
400 mm
500 mm Spring
400 mm 300 mm
350 mm
Woven lining 23 in. 4 6 5 in. 3 Cast- iron drum 30 in. Rotation 1
5 in.
25 in.
5 18 in. 2 18 in.
150
Rotation
500 mm
F = 300 N
258 240
75
72 55
370
270
a s
Wt.
Tight side Pivot
Motor rotation
Overhang (b) Pivoted, overhung motor
Adjustment Pivot Idler
Weight Tight side (a) Manual adjustment (c) Weighted idler pulley
0.50 in.
0.66 in.
0.88 in. C 0.53 in.
0.31 in. B
0.41 in.
1.50 in. 1.25 in. E 0.75 in.
0.91 in.
(a) Standard sizes A, B, C, D, and E
1.0 in. 0.62 in. 0.38 in. 0.54 in. 5V (b) High-capacity sizes 3V, 5V, and 8V 8V 0.88 in.
3 V 0.32 in.
dN/2 sin
dN 2 2 36
dN
(a)
(b)
Rubber Fabric cover Tensioncarrying cords
p B
r
p A B Pitch circle rc
Chordal rise, r rc
rc
(a)
(b)
Pitch p
(a)
A Core or inner shroud Impeller Oil particle
Gasket Case
Turbine Fluid circulation r4 (D/2) r2
Input shaft
Oil seal Output shaft
r3 D r1
To Ti
Blades
Section AA
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 19-10 W-584B
360
320 100 280 Percent slip 20 16 14 12
240 Percent rated torque
10
8 7
200 Electric motor torque curve
6 5
160
120
80
Maximum coupling torque
4 3 2
40
200
400
600
800 1,000 1,200 Input speed i (rpm)
1,400
1,600
1,800
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 19-11 W-584C
Impeller Turbine
Fluid circulation
Input shaft
Output shaft Reactor
Turbine
Impeller
Reactor
One-way clutch
Input shaft
Output shaft
3.2
2.8 Converter efficiency 2.4 Torque ratio Coupling efficiency 2.0
100
80 Efficiency (%)
60
1.6 Converter torque ratio 1.2 Coupling torque ratio 0.8
40
20
0.2
0.4 0.6 Speed ratio
0.8
0 1.0
r1
r2
B A D
V-belt = 18 f = 0.20 n = 4000 rpm
r = 100 mm Pulley radius = 170
Belt maximum tension = 1300 N Belt unit weight = 1.75 N/m
Electric motor n = 1780 rpm 55% rated power
Driven machine
Fluid coupling performance curves Fig. 19.11
3.7 in. dia. Multiple V-belt, = 18, size 5V Unit weight = 0.012 lb/in. Power input = 25 hp Pmax = P1 = 150 lb f = 0.20 Driven pulley Number of belts = ?
Driving pulley n = 1750 rpm 165 angle of wrap
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. U19-1 W-580
Fluid coupling C1 Neutral
B1
B2 C2
Gear interface B3 Bearing
Gear
Torque ratio Tout /Tin
Front planetary train
Fluid coupling
Rear planetary train
Neutral S1, P1, R1 S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
No clutches or brakes engaged
B1 C1 1
B2 C2
1 B3
3.66
1.44 B1 engaged
2.53 B2 engaged
S1, P1, R1
S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
2.53
1.00 C1 engaged
2.53 B2 engaged 39%
B1 C1 2
B2 C2
B3
1.44
1.44 B1 engaged
61%
1.00 C2 engaged
S1, P1, R1
S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3 4 B1 B2 C2 1.00 1.00 C1 engaged B3 Reverse 4.31 1.44 B1 engaged
39% 61% 1.00 C2 engaged
C1 3
2.99 B3 engaged
S1, P1, R1
S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
(b) Power flow block diagram
B1 C1 4
B2 C2
B3
Gear Neutral
Ratio 3.66 2.53 1.44 1 4.31
C1
B1
C2
B2
B3
S1, P1, R1
S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
1 2
B1 C1 Reverse
B2 C2
B3
3 4
S1, P1, R1
S2, P2, R2 S3, P3, R3
Reverse
(a) Internal power flow diagram
(c) Gear shift pattern
54-tooth ring P Ti 3 27 Input torque Ti 15-tooth planet Ti P 81 Ti P 40.5 P1 Ti P 81 12 P Ti P 81 Ti P 81 12-tooth sun
7.5 P 27 P R1
Ti P 81
S1
Ti P 81 Ti P 81 Arm Ti P 40.5 Output torque: Ti P 19.5 To = (3) 40.5 P To = 1.44Ti 19.5 P To A1
Torque from B1: T P 12 (3) TB1 = i 81 P TB1 = 0.44Ti
Ti P 40.5
Ti P 40.5
Ti P 67.5 12-tooth planet Ti P P2 33.75 Ti P 67.5 6 P
TB2 =
Ti P 34.5 (3) P 67.5
TB2 = 1.53 Ti
Ti P 67.5
Ti S2
R2
Ti P 67.5
22.5 P Ti 3 P 22.5 Ti P 67.5
45-tooth sun
34.5 P Ti P 67.5 69-tooth ring
Ti P 33.75
Output torque: Ti P 28.5 To = (3) P 33.75 To = 2.53 Ti
28.5 P A2 Ti P 33.75
Ti P 33.75 Arm
Ti P 67.5
12-tooth planet Ti P P2 33.75
Ti P 67.5
Ti S2
34.5Ti P 675
R2, S3
Ti P 67.5 Ti P 67.5 22.5 P Ti P 67.5 45-tooth sun P3 69Ti P 675 16-tooth planet Ti P 33.75 34.5Ti P 675 69-tooth ring and 20-tooth sun Ti P 67.5 34.5Ti P 67.5 34.5 P 10 P
34.5
10
Ti P 67.5
69Ti P 675 Output torque: Ti P 69Ti P 18 28.5 To = P P 33.75 675 To = 2.99Ti
28.5 P
18 P
A2, A3
Arms
Torque from reverse lock, B3 34.5Ti P 26 TB3 = (3) P 675 TB3 = 3.99Ti
34.5Ti P 675 26 P R3
34.5Ti P 675 34.5Ti P 675
52-tooth ring
Torque from C1: T P 12 TC1 = i 3 81 P TC1 = 0.44Ti Ti P 40.5 Ti P 81 12 P Ti P 81 Output torque: To = 1.00Ti TC1
24-tooth sun
TC1 To S1 Ti P 81 Ti P 40.5 Arm
A1 Ti P 40.5
19.5 P
TC2P 103.5 Tf P 67.5 12-tooth planet Tf S2 R2

P2
For equilibrium of P2: Tf P T P = C2 Tf = 0.39Ti 67.5 103.5 TC2 = 0.61Ti Tf + TC2 = Ti Clutch torque TC2 Planet pin force = 0.0117Ti P Output torque: To = 0.117Ti P To = 1.00Ti 28.5 P To 34.5 P A2 28.5 (3) P
0.0117Ti P
22.5 P
45-tooth sun
Arm 69-tooth ring
h y b Rectangle
h y b Triangle
Circle
di
Hollow circle
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. B-1 W-601
d z L x Rod y t d
z Disk y
c a Rectangular prism y
d z L x Cylinder y
di do z L x
Hollow cylinder
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. B-2 W-602
240 4130 Ultimate strength
220
200 4130 180 1050
1095
Yield strength
160 ksi 140
1095 1040
120
1030 1050
100
1040 1030
80
60 1030, 1040, 4130 1050 40 % 20 1030, 1040 1095, 4130 0 400 1050 600 800 1000 Tempering temperature (F) 1200 1095 Reduction of area
60
Elongation
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. C-5a W-603
200
180
1095 Ultimate strength
160 1050 140 ksi 120 1095 1040 100 1040 80 1050 Yield strength
60
60
1040 1050 Reduction of area
40 1095 % 20 1040 1095 0 400 1050 600 800 1000 Tempering temperature (F) 1200 Elongation
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. C-5b W-604
300
280 9255 260 9255 Ultimate strength 4140, 4340 Yield strength 240 4140 220 4340
ksi 200 180
160
140
120
100 60 4140 40 % 20 4140 0 400 4340 600 800 1000 Tempering temperature (F) 1200 4340 9255 9255 Elongation Reduction of area
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. C-5c W-605
Diameter of test specimen (mm) 0 190 Su 180 Sy 1200 170 4340 1100 4340 150 1000 140 4140 130 ksi 120 800 110 4140 100 3140 90 1040 600 700 3140 900 MPa 200 400 600 800 1000 1300
160
80 500 70
60
1040
400
50
2 3 Diameter of test specimen (in.)
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. C-6 W-606
L x PL
max
P V + 0 0 M M = PL V=P
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. D-1(1) W-607
P a x Pa P + 0 0 M = Pa V=P
max
V M
L wL2 2 wL V + 0 0 M M = wL2/2 w x V = wL
max
Mb P
L
max
Mb V M 0 0 Mb
P P 2 + V 0 + M 0 PL/4
L 2 P 2
x P/2
P/2
P a Pb L + V 0 + M 0 Pab/L Pa/L x Pb/L b Pa L
w wL 2 + V 0 + M 0 wL2 2 wL 2 x L wL /2 wL 2
Pb a x a + 0 0
L z PL a b P P
max
Pb/a
Pb
a x M0 L + V 0 + M 0 M0b L
M0
M0 L
b L M0 L M0a L
M0 a x a 0 M 0
L x' M0 a b M a0
max
M0
M0
PL 8 P 2 V + 0 + M 0
L P
L 2
PL 8 P 2
P 2 PL 8
P 2
PL 8
PL 8
a P
2 Pab L2
L b Pa2b L2 Pb2 (a + 3b) L3 Pb2 (a + 3b) L3 Pa2b L2
x Pb (3a + b) L3 Pb2 + (3a + b) L3 0 2Pa2b2 + L3 0 Pab2 L2

2
L x wL2 12 wL 2 V w wL2 12 wL 2
+ 0 + 0
wL 2 wL2 24
wL 2
wL2 12
wL2 12
8.68 kN 144.81 ROOT 175.84 PITCH 206.88 O.D. 2582.21 N m
RB 101.6 85.00 82.63
RA 95.00
1 107 152
2 3 4 276 400 530 646 680 716 1060 A shaft with integral worm, dimensions in millimeters. 5 6 7 8 9 10
122.17
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. D-4 W-613
Class of fit
h hole h Bar graph (basic hole system) a a s s shaft a s h h s h s h s h
s s h
Loose fit Cb Cs Ca Ci .0216 (.0025) .0216 (.0025) .0073 (.0025)
Free fit .0112 (.0013) .0112 (.0013) .0041 (.0014)
Medium fit .0069 (.0008) .0069 (.0008) .0026 (.0009)
Snug fit .0052 (.0006) .0035 (.0004) 0 (0)
Wringing fit .0052 (.0006) .0035 (.0004)
Tight fit .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006)
Medium force fit .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006)
Heavy force and shrink fit .0052 (.0006) .0052 (.0006)
(0)
.00025 (.00025) .0005 (.0005)
.0010 (.0010)
Note: Numbers in the table are for use with all dimensions in millimeters, except for those in parentheses, which are for use with inches.
JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. E-1 W-614
JUVINALL: Machine Design p754 b1 W-???
JUVINALL: Machine Design p754b2 W-604

Chapter 21

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter 21

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

New products Work experience and knowledge feedback

Experience Human resources Production system Material resources Products

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-1a W-1

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-2 W-2

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-3a W-3

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-3b W-3

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-3c W-3

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-4 W-4

10 Force (N) 0 0 Cam rotation (rad) 0.1

1 Follower displacement (mm) (c)

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-5 W-5

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-6 W-6

8 Crank torque (kN m)

Actual torque requirement

2 3 0 0 Crank angle (rad) 2

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-7 W-7

10 Actual torque requirement Crank torque (kN m) 8 Average torque 6

4 2 3 0 0 Crank angle (rad) Uniform torque supplying equal energy

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-8 W-8

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-9 W-9

Vehicle road load power (hp)

0 0 20 40 60 80 Vehicle speed (mph) 100 120

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-10 W-11

Engine output power (hp)

0 0 1000 2000 3000 Engine speed (rpm) 4000 5000

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-11 W-12

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-12 W-13

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 1-13 W-14

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1.18 W-15

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1-23 W-16

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1-26 W-17

I = 10 A V = 110 V + Output shaft n = 1000 rpm T = 9.5 N m

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1-29 W-18

Curve B (half-wave rectified sinusoid) Curve A (linear variation) T max

0.5 1.0 1.5 Crankshaft rotation, revolutions

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1-42 W-18A

2.64 axle ratio

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. P1-49 W-19

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-1 W-20

W = 3000 lb Engine power, 96 hp Fi = 467.5 lb Ft = 567.5 lb Wr = 1618.5 lb Wf = 1381.5 lb Fd = 100 lb

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-2 W-21

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-3 W-22

T = 3000 lb.in. (input)

RT = 8333 lb.in. (output) 3 in.

Transmission in low gear R = 2.778

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-4 W-23

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-5 W-24

a b F Section AA plane Fixed support

(a) F Fa (bending moment) Fb (torque) F (shear force)

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-6 W-25

H12 V12 1 in. 30

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-7 W-26

F42 F12 F42 Force polygon for link 2

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-8 W-27

0 Fb (bone 0.5 in. compression force) 3 in.

Fb = 55 lb Force polygon for finger

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-9 W-28

Positive shear force M + M w R2 a L b Fa L wb 2 2L R1 a L b R2 wb (a + b/2 ) L

Positive bending moment F R1 Fb L

M (a) Single concentrated load

M (b) Distributed load

JUVINALL: Machine Design Fig. 2-10 W-29