Uniten Arsepe 08 L2

Add your company slogan
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING: PRINCIPLES , CRITERIA & METHODS, ISSUES & WAY FORWARD
By: Halim Osman General Manager Asset Management TNB Distribution

1 ILSAS
PRESENTATION OUTLINE Distribution Business & ESI Regulatory Framework- Standards, Codes, Acts & License Performance Standards Design Principles/ Considerations/Criteria Issues & Challenges in Distribution Planning Evolution of Planning Methodologies Summary & Conclusions
ILSAS 2
www.themegallery.com
DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS & ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY
3 ILSAS
TYPICAL INDUSTRY STRUCTURE & PARTIES

External Parties External Parties
THE GRID SYSTEM
Directly Connected Customers
Directly Connected Customers
DG
DG Consumers
Generators
Transmission
G G
Main Interconnected Transmission System (500kV and 275kV)
Transmission System at 132kV and 66kV
Distribution System at 33kV and below Consumers
G Generation System Network Operators
Embedded Distribution
Transmission System
Network Operators
Distribution DG System
TOTAL POWER SYSTEM
Grid Code
Distribution Code www.themegallery.com
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BUSINESS

Grid System Grid System Operator (GSO)
MV Consumers With DG DG
Distributor Distributor
Distributed Generator
MV Consumers Consumers DG MV Consumers
Embedded Distributor
DG
LV Consumers
5 www.themegallery.com
ESI ON DISTRIBUTION BUSIENSS

MORE PLAYERS THUS REQUIRING CONSISTENT, TRANSPARENT, GUIDED ACTIONS BY MANY PARTIES TO ENSURE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE SAFETY, ADEQUACY, RELIABILITY & ECONOMICS OF SYSTEMS. NEEDS FOR CODES, STANDARDS & COMPLIANCE DSITRIBUTION BUSINESS REGULATED MONOPOLY
RELIABILITY PERFORMANCE MONITORING & REPORTING INDUSTRY TRENDS IN PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
RELIABILITY LIMITS /SEGMENTED TO RURAL & URBAN REPETITIVE FAULTS/CUSTOMERS AFFECTED IMPOSITION OF GUARANTEED STANDARD OF PERFORMANCE(GSOP)
ILSAS 6
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - CODES, ACTS, STANDARDS
7 ILSAS
Relationship between Systems, Standards, and Codes

TOTAL POWER SYSTEMS Generation
G
Generation Reliability Standards Transmission System Reliability Standards Transmission Reliability Standards
Sufficient generation capacity and connections to deliver full generation output for normal and Specific contingencies
Main Interconnected Transmission System

Transmission
Transmission radial network and demand points
Criteria for planning, designing and operating of transmission system to meet reliability and power quality standards
Transmission Power Quality Standards

DG
Sufficient transformer capacity to meet demand Power quality limits at interfaces
Distribution System
DG
Distribution
Embedded Distribution
SYSTEMS
Customers
8 STANDARDS
Distribution Supply Security and Power Quality Standards
Criteria for planning, designing and operating of distribution system to meet supply security and power quality standards
CODES www.themegallery.com
DISTRIBUTION CODE
GRID CODE
Sufficient transmission capacity to meet demand for specified contingencies Meeting standards performance limits
EXAMPLE OF ACT (AKTA) (AKTA)
Cover Page
ILSAS 9
First Page
EXAMPLE OF RULES (PERATURAN) (PERATURAN)
Contoh daripada Akta Bekalan Elektrik 1990
ILSAS10
EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRY CODE
Cover Page of Distribution Code

ILSAS11
Contents Page of Distribution Code

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ~ SUPPLY SECURITY

1. Normal MV Breakdown: a.) For single circuit outage (except busbar) 50% restoration within 2 hours (syarat 15) restoration time 4 hours b.) For rural areas or MD < 1MW restoration time 24 hours 2. Normal LV Breakdown: restoration time 24 hours 3. Extra-ordinary Breakdown (Force De Majoure): restoration time may be > 24 hours
Reference : Distribution Planning Code 5.4.2.3
ILSAS12
PERFORMANCE STANDARD- VOLTAGE LIMITS STANDARD-
Voltage Regulation (Normal Condition): MV of 6.6/11/22/33kV : 5% of nominal voltage LV of 240V & 415V : +5% & -10% of nominal voltage Voltage Regulation (Contingency Condition): MV : 10% of nominal voltage LV : 10% of nominal voltage
ILSAS13
PERFORMANCE STANDARD- FREQUENCY LIMITS STANDARD-
Frequency Regulation (Normal Condition): System Frequency : 1% of nominal value of 50Hz Frequency Regulation (Exceptional Circumstances): System Frequency : within 47Hz & 52 Hz
ILSAS14
PERFORMANCE STANDARD- SECURITY LEVELS
LEVEL 1
RESTORATION TIME Less than 5 seconds
DESCRIPTION Customer who specially request for the service Selected urban areas, industrial areas, hospitals & places of national importance All areas except for rural areas & any areas or circuit with group peak demand of < 1MW Rural area having total demand < 1MW
Less than 15 minutes
Less than 4 hours
Less than 1 day
15
PERFORMANCE INDEX SAIDI (1/2)

System Average Interruption Duration Index It provides information about total average time the customers are interrupted. Measures of reliability of supply Records the frequency and duration of outages that customers may experience. Only loss of supply exceeding 1 minute will be counted
PERFORMANCE INDEX SAIDI (2/2)

Average Interruption time / customer / year
SAIDI =
Customer Interruptions Duration No of Customer Served

n
C d
Where: Ci di n N
i i
(= SAIFI x CAIDI)
i=1
= No of interrupted customers = Restoration time of each interruption event (in min) = No of interruption event = No of customers served
PERFORMANCE INDEX - CAIDI

Customer Average Interruption Duration Index Average time required to restore service to the average customer per sustained interruption. (Average duration per interruption)
CAIDI =
Customer Interruption Durations No of Customer Interrupted

n
C d
i i
Where: = i=1 n Ci = No of interrupted customers Ci di = Restoration time of each interruption event (in min) i= n = No 1 interruption event of
PERFORMANCE INDEX - SAIFI

System Average Interruption Frequency Index Average frequency (no.) of sustained interruptions per customer.
SAIFI =
No of Customer Interruptions No of Customer Served

n
C
i=1
= Where: N No of interrupted customers Ci = N = No of customers served n = No of interruption event

SUBSTATION FIRM CAPACITY
System must be operated below firm capacity
Substation uses (PMU/PPU/SSU/PE)
Uses n-1 CONCEPT
20
FEEDER FIRM CAPACITY & DESIGN CRITERIA (1/2)

Feeder uses 50% loading concept First leg cables from PMU/PPU must be at least of size 240 mm2 3C Al XLPE or any equivalent capacity. No more expansion of cable 70 mm2 Al or equivalent in the system. No bottle-necks in the system.
21
FEEDER FIRM CAPACITY & DESIGN CRITERIA (2/2)

No spur feeder in the system except for rural domestic load that is less than 1 MW & it is economically far away from the source. Feedback should be from different source where possible. MV Overhead insulated cables can be used & strung on the same pole as LV cost-effectiveness. MV Overhead lines system (33kV in particular) should be equipped with auto-recloser & sectionaliser.
PQ STANDARDS
23
TNBS LIMITS ON QUALITY OF SUPPLY (1/2)

1. Voltage Regulation (at Customers Terminal) LV : 415/240 V; -10% < VOLTAGE <+5% HV : 6.6/11/22/33 KV; -5% < VOLTAGE < +5% 2. Voltage Unbalance Definition: negative phase sequence voltage, positive phase sequence voltage Causes: Unbalance phase impedance and loads Acceptable Unbalance Voltage level is < 2%
24
TNBS LIMITS ON QUALITY OF SUPPLY (2/2)

3. Loads Affecting Supply Quality Steel Making ARC furnaces, rolling mills, welding equipment, induction furnaces, power semiconductors rectifiers, computers, railway traction, etc. 4. Harmonics Caused by nonlinear loads such as rectifiers and other power semiconductors Acceptable limits based on the electrical regulation MS IEC 61000 Series
25
CAUSES, EFFECTS & MITIGATION OF PQ EVENTS (1/2)

EVENTS CAUSES Electromagnetic disturbance (by components failure fault clearing, utility power system, trees, animals, lightning, 3rd party digging) EFFECTS MITIGATION System improvement (utility), power conditioner (customer), improvement of equipment immunity (manufacturer) Harmonic filter (shunt passive/active filter), ensure minimum harmonic emission on network design stage
Sags & Swells
Equipment trip / process interrupted
Harmonics
Electronic gear (3 rectifier, power regulator, customers capacitive component), welders, arc furnaces, fluorescent ballasts, pc
CB tripping, unexplained fuse operation, capacitor failure, electronic equipment malfunction, flicking lights & telephone interference
26 MFuad
CAUSES, EFFECTS & MITIGATION OF PQ EVENTS (2/2)

EVENTS CAUSES Mainly by huge arcing generated by furnaces in steel mill (cause health problem such as epilepsy), electronic gears, motors EFFECTS Equipment trip / process interrupted MITIGATION Flicker compensator
Flickers
Voltage Fluctuation Frequency Deviations Transients
Ferranti effect, Cap bank, cable Generation voltage, load end, long line- voltage violation, sizing, transformer customer equipment length capacitance tap, booster affected Generation Vs load Generation Load (freq unstable) Maintain healthy spinning margin
Animals, lightning, vegetation
27 MFuad
PQ PERFORMANCE INDEX - SARFI

System Average RMS Variation Frequency Index To show event frequency of supply interruption, voltage sag & swell 2 ways of index representation: SARFIX SARFICURVE
28 LimCY
SARFIX
SARFIX event frequency of supply interruption, voltage sag & swell under a defined voltage level within short-duration RMS variation events (with duration < 60s) Example: a) SARFI90 = 5 5 events of voltage sag & supply interruption occur below 0.9 p.u. or 90% of nominal voltage. b) SARFI70 = 3 3 events of voltage sag & supply interruption occur below 0.7 p.u. or 70% of nominal voltage. c) SARFI110 = 2 means 2 events of voltage swell occur above 1.1 p.u. or 110% of nominal voltage.
29 LimCY
LOADING CRITERIA
30
LOADING CRITERIA
Feeders Maximum of 50% loading of its rated capacity (for n-1 contingency). Transformer Initial / Optimum loading 60% (Refer LV Planning Guideline) Maximum loading of 90% for 24 hours Operation. Can load higher than 90% for cyclic loading (E.g: 100kVA ONAN Transformer can be loaded to 1420kVA for 2 hours.
31
MV NETWORK CONFIGURATION
32
TYPICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

11kV PPU 33kV U/G & O/H
TRANSMISSION LINE 132kV
33kV
POWER STATION
12 kV
132kV U/G & O/H PE 415V/240V DISTRIBUTION

33
PMU
11kV
PE 415V/240V
TYPICAL MV NETWORK CONFIGURATION

Types of Network Radial circuit Mesh Loop from same supply source Loop from different supply sources Petal configuration Twin loop 2-1-2 configuration for 33kV urban
34
TYPICAL NETWORK STRUCTURE

PMU
BULK SUPPLY
X X
X
B/S
Network Description Parallel feeders supplying bulk customer, 11kV , 22kV or 33kv
Security Level Level 1 attainable with feeder unit protection
Normal State Bus-section 'ON'
X
ON
Figure 1 (a): Parallel feeders with n - 1 elements

PM U 1
PPU / C U STO M ER
PM U 2
X X X
X X X X
off
X X
B /S 2
X X X
B /S 1
F ig u re 1 (b ). P a rallel fe e d er w ith n - 2 ele m e nt N etw o rk D e scriptio n 3 fe e de r in to a P P U bu lk custo m e rs sw itch ing statio n 2 fe e de r a re pa ralle l N o rm al S ta te B re ake r 'A ' is in 'O F F' p osition B u s se ction 1 a nd B u s se ction 2 a re 'O N '
35
S e curity L evel L evel 1 e staina b le

PMU 1 PPU / CUSTOMER
PMU 2
OFF
X X X
X X X X X
A B
X X X
X X X
OFF
Figure 1 (c). Parallel feeders with n - 3 element
Network Description 4 feeder into a PPU or bulk customer switching station 2 feeder are parallel
Normal State Breaker A and B are 'OFF' Bus section 1 and 2 are 'ON'
Security Level level attainable
36

X
PMU 1
Network Description Simple - looped network from one PMU/PPU with n - 1 element
Security Level level 1 not attainable with SCADA/DA Level 3 without SCAD/DA
off
X
Figure 2(a). Looped, configuration from one PMU with n -1 element
PM U 1
o ff
X X
X X
PMU 2
F ig u r e 2 ( b ) . L o o p e d fr o m tw o P M U w ith n - 1 e le m e n t N e tw o r k D e s c r ip tio n L o o p c o n fig u r a tio n fro m tw o P M U / P P U w ith n - 1 e le m e n t N o r m a l S ta te Level 1 not a tta in a b le L e v e l 2 a tta in a b le w ith S C A D A /D A L e v e l 3 w ith o u t S C A D A /D A

PMU 1
off
X
off
PMU 2
X X
Network Configuration Loop configuration from two PMU / PPU with n - 2 element Normal State Level 2 attainable with SCADA Level 3 attainable without SCADA / DA
38

PMU 1
X X
X
F ig u r e 3 ( c ) .R a d ia l C o n fig u r a tio n , n - 0 e le m e n t
N e tw o r k C o n fig u r a tio n s p u r fe e d r fr o m P M U / PPU S e c u r ity L e v e l Level 4 L e v e l 1 ,2 & 3 n o t a tta in a b le
39
APPLICATION GUIDE ~ SECURITY & CONTINGENCY CRITERIA (1/2)

SECURITY CONTINGENCY CRITERION n-1 feeder element Level 1 n- 1 transformer element n-1 bus-bar element n-1 feeder element n- 1 transformer element n-1 bus-bar element n-1 feeder element Level 2 n- 1 transformer element n-1 bus-bar element n-2 feeder element n-1 transformer element n-1 bus-bar element APPLICATION (YES/NO) Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Looped radial feeders with 33kV,22kV and 11kV sub-systems open points and fed by SCADA, Sub-station for towns and sub-urban areas and same PMU or PPU source and feeder low demand density industrial but from different secondary automation estates buses ( see fig.) 33kV, 22kV and 11kV for urban areas or similar areas (industrial estates) with high demand intensity and readily available reserve capacity - PMU /PPU sources Application to 33kV network in Penang & Klang Valley or similar supply areas with high demand density and readily available reserve capacity
40
APPLICATION POLICY / GUIDELINES
NETWORK MODELS
OPERATIONAL CONTROL No network control or automation SCADA/DA
Parallel feeders into a For supply schemes to bulk 11kV customer's bulk supply & 33kV customers switching station ( see fig. )
Looped radial feeders with open points and fed by different PMU or PPU source ( see fig.
SCADA, Sub-station and feeder automation
Network configuration with three (3) feeders into a PPU, SCADA, Sub-station PPU supplied from two and feeder different PMU sources ( see automation fig. )
APPLICATION GUIDE ~ SECURITY & CONTINGENCY CRITERIA (2/2)

SECURITY CONTINGENCY CRITERION n-1 feeder element APPLICATION (YES/NO) Yes APPLICATION POLICY / GUIDELINES 33kV,22kV and 11kV for lesser important urban areas of low demand intensity NETWORK MODELS OPERATIONAL CONTROL n- 1 transformer element Yes n-1 bus-bar element n-1 feeder element Level 3 No Yes Looped radial feeders with open points fed by same No SCADA/DA PMU or PPU source but different bus-bars
n- 1 transformer element Yes n-1 bus-bar element n-2 feeder element Yes Yes
33kV, 22kV and 11kV network for Looped radial feeders with urban areas and industrial estates open points and fed by the with medium load density different PMU sources Application to 33kV sub-systems for supply areas with high demand density and readily available reserve capacity - PMUs & PPUs Highly selective and customized application to LV schemes e.g commercial areas Applicable to 33kV, 22kV & 11kV feeders supplying into remote rural areas with less than 1 MVA Generally LV networks are operated in radial and standby capacity through gen-sets
41
No SCADA/DA
n- 1 transformer element Yes n-1 bus-bar element n-1 feeder element n-1 feeder element Level 4 No Yes No
Network configuration with three(3) feeders supplying No SCADA/DA load points namely PPU with two PMU sources Looped LV network with open points No network control or automation
n- 1 transformer element Yes n-1 bus-bar element n-1 feeder element No No
Radial MV network from a single PMU source
No SCADA/DA
Radial low-voltage network
No network control or automation

DESIRED 33 KV NETWORK ~ INFANT STAGE WITH 1 PMU Option

PPU for (n2) elemen t PPU
PPU
PMU
FEEDE R L1 L2 SOURCE (n-1) L2 L2
PARALLE L X
Network with (n-1) element ~ Not withstanding loss of PMU, security level 1 & 2 is attainable with SCADA in PPU place
PPU
DESIRED 33 KV NETWORK 2ND STAGE WITH 2 Network PMUS source with (n-1)
PPU
PMU
PPU
PPU
PMU
PPU
PPU
Security level 1 & 2 is attainable with SCADA in place under (n-1) source contingency
DESIRED 33 KV NETWORK - MATURED STAGE WITH MORE THAN 2 PMUS

PPU PPU
PMU
PPU
PPU
PMU
planned.
PPU
PPU
PMU
Network with more than 2 sources with (n-1) concept
Security level 1 & 2 is attainable with SCADA emplaced under (n-1) source contingency
33 KV SYSTEM DESIGN OPTIONS TO ACHIEVE SECURITY LEVELS 2 & 1

PMU
PPU PPU
PMU
PARALLEL
FEEDER L1 L2 FEEDER L1 L2 FEEDER L1 L2 FEEDER N/A L2
SOURCE (n-1) L2 L2 SOURCE (n-1) L2 L2 SOURCE (n-1) L2 L2 SOURCE N/A L2

Level 2 attainable with SCADA
X PARALLEL
PMU
PPU
PPU
PMU
X PARALLEL
Level 1 & 2 attainable with SCADA PMU PMU
PPU
PPU
X PARALLEL
Level 1 & 2 attainable with SCADA
PMU
PPU
PMU
X
45
Level 2 attainable with SCADA
MV NETWORK CONFIGURATION (3/4)

Selection election of network - Based on the reliability & security levels
Design criteria Safe, fast & easy operation No overloading of remaining circuit after single cable outage Feedback for any single outage contingency
46
MV NETWORK CONFIGURATION (4/4)

Performance Criteria
Worst requirement (Base on Syarat 15) 50% restoration within 2 hours Full restoration within 4 hours Loading of feeders must be less than 50% to reduce distribution losses Reduce number of substations per feeder wherever possible Reduce number of customers per feeder
47
MV FEEDER CAPACITY & DESIGN CRITERIA (1/2)

MV feeder uses 50% loading concept First leg cables from PMU/PPU must be at least of size 240mm2 Al XLPE 3C or any equivalent capacity No more expansion of cable 70mm2 Al or equivalent capacity in the system No bottle necks in the system No spur feeder in the system except for rural domestic load that is less than 1MW and it is economically far away from the source Feedback should be from different source where possible
48 LooCK
MV FEEDER CAPACITY & DESIGN CRITERIA (2/2)
MV overhead insulated cables can be used and strung on the same pole as LV cost effectiveness MV overhead bare line system (33kV in particular) should be equipped with auto-recloser & sectionaliser
49 LooCK
DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION
50
DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION (1/2)

OBJECTIVES
Ensure distribution network can operate within preset
requirements for the safety of the public, staff and overall network including equipment items. Isolate faults on the network in a minimum time in order to minimise damages
51
DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION (2/2)

Radial U/G cable operated circuit (6.6, 11 & 22kV) Use over-current & earth-fault protection Radial O/H lines operated circuit (6.6, 11 & 22kV) Use over-current & earth-fault protection With auto-recloser Parallel circuits (Loop from same PMU/PPU) Use directional earth-fault & over-current Parallel interconnector Use pilot wire / fibre optic cable unit protection Use over-current / earth-fault as back-up
52
SYSTEM FAULT LEVEL
53
IMPORTANCE OF FAULT LEVELS

Fault level in the distribution system must be identified To decide on fault rating of equipment. Magnitude of fault current depends on the infeed arrangement and the impedance of the network configuration. Fault level must not exceed short circuit rating of equipment (e.g. circuit breaker interrupting the fault current). Too low fault current (long & highly loaded feeder) may unable to operate the protective device Need to configure the system to reduce the system impedance.
54
INTRODUCTION OF FAULT LEVEL

Analysis of power system electrical behavior under different fault conditions Effects of these conditions on the power system current & voltage. Equipment rating Under maximum fault, the system components must be rated such that the resultant heat can be dissipated & mechanical forces withstand.
55
FAULT LEVEL IN TNBS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Maximum fault level allowed in the distribution system Nominal System Voltage (kV) 33 22 11 6.6 0.415 Rated Voltage (kV) 36 24 12 7.2 1 / 0.415 Fault Current (kA) 25 20 20 20 31.5
Withstand the rated fault current for a duration of 3 seconds.
56
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES
57
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES (1/2)

Technical & non-technical losses Technical losses reduce to optimum level Refer to A Guidebook on Reduction of Distribution Losses Non-technical losses reduce to minimum level MV Losses management MV Feeder loading must be less than 50%. Install shunt capacitor bank near the load. Optimising network (Off-point) Bring injection point to the load Load management
58
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LOSSES (2/2)

LV losses management Reduce feeder loading Load transfer Use larger size conductor/cable Add new feeder Reduce feeder length Reduce volt-drop losses (long lines/feeder) Load balancing
59
WHY VAr MANAGEMENT
Voltage regulation Optimize distribution capacity Reduce losses Can Cap Bank reduce harmonics ?
60
VAr MANAGEMENT
Cap Bank sizing/locating - CAPO LV Load profiling (include Amp, Volt, VAr, Pf) Sub-station Pole top Customer end Other advantages of cap bank Points to note with cap bank operation safety maintenance
61
SYSTEM STUDIES & TECHNICAL PROPOSAL
62 Rosemi
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STUDY

Performance Diagnosis Capacity/demand Loading Losses Security Off points Reliability-SAIDI (Good to have) Fault level Protection Others- PQ (sensitive customer) Network regime-SCADA,EFI Operational planning
Network data + loading (Existing & New)
Modeling of Existing cct,Yr0
New Standard New network structure Security level Configuration Criteria Losses
Yr1
63 Rosemi
Yr2
STEP 1: RECEIVE APPLICATION FROM CONSULTANT VIA PK/PC

Check for:
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Plan Load details TNB Specs compliant Date Supply required Expected Demand Yearly Estimated 24hrs load profile Site Visit
Yr Yr0 Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 MDMW 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.5 2.1 2.7
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
64 Rosemi
Projected Customer Demand Growth
MDMW
STEP 2: CHECK FOR SUPPLY VOLTAGE LEVEL

LOAD < 800kW* 800kW to 5MW 5MW to 25MW VOLTAGE LEVEL LV MV 11kV MV 33kV
> 25MW
MV 132kV
65 Rosemi
STEP 3: CHOOSE DESIGN FORMAT FOR (n-1) SYSTEM (nA B C
D
Plan A B C D E Security Criteria Element (n-1) (n-1) (n-1) (n-2) (n-2)
66 Rosemi
Loading Criteria <50% <50% <50% <50% <50%

LOSSES IN CABLES
% Arus Amp % Loss I^2 Act Loss
Loss= I2R
IRON LOSSES IN CABLES

12
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 100 400 900 1600 2500 3600 4900 6400 8100 10000
0.0 0.1 0.4 0.9 1.6 2.5 3.6 4.9 6.4 8.1 10.0
Losses
0
% Arus Amp 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Current flow of 100%
67 Rosemi
STEP 4: FIND SITE LOCATION & ELECTRICAL LOCATION
Site Location
Electrical Location
68 Rosemi www.themegallery.com
STEP 5: SUPPLY ADEQUACY CHECK, FOR CURRENT SYSTEM, WITHOUT NEW LOAD
Check For 100% Feedback w/out Current Violation ie no Overload Voltage Violation ie no Vdrop <10% I I1
Overload
Vd <-10%
Check Limit Figures 300mmp=330A 240mmp=350A 185mmp=250A 150mmp=280A 120mmp=200A 95mmp=210A 70mmp=140A 9.9kV
I I1
Voltage Drop
69 Rosemi
<100%
<100%
If the system complies, proceed, if not, redesign
Vd
<10%
STEP 6: SUPPLY ADEQUECY CHECK, WITH NEW LOAD INJECTION

Check For 100% Feedback w/out Current Violation ie no Overload Voltage Violation ie no Vdrop <10% I Vd <-10%
Check
Inject new load with maximum MD in final year with load scaling factor considered
Limit Figures 300mmp=330A 240mmp=350A 185mmp=250A 150mmp=280A 120mmp=200A 95mmp=210A 70mmp=140A 9.9kV
I1
Overload
I I1
Voltage Drop
70 Rosemi
<100%
If the system complies, proceed, if not, redesign
<100%
Vd
<10%
STEP 7: SUPPLY ADEQUACY CHECK, WITH NEW LOAD INJECTION & LOAD SCALING
I
Start with load in year 5, if comply, proceed, if not go to year Vd <-10% 4. Find in what year the system complies the standard criteria (I,V). Suggest improvement for future year yr3,yr4,y5 if any.
Load in MW PE2 PE3 PE4 PE5 0.20 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.21 0.16 0.21 0.16 0.22 0.16 0.22 0.16 0.23 0.17 0.23 0.17 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.18 0.25 0.19 0.25 0.19
71 Rosemi
I1
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Yr NewPE PE1 Yr0 0.3 0.10 Yr1 0.5 0.10 Yr2 0.9 0.11 Yr3 1.5 0.11 Yr4 2.1 0.12 Yr5 2.7 0.13
Total Growth 1.10 1.33 4% 1.77 4% 2.41 5% 3.05 5% 3.70 5%

STEP 8: SECURITY LEVEL SELECTION

Redesign to include all features. System design to follow (n-1) source and element
Select security level for The customer or The area
Level ResTime System Design L1 5 Sec 2 dedicated parallel Cables, Unit protection, DOC,VCB,SCADA L2 15 Min VCB,SCADA, Unit Protection L3 L4 4 hr 1 day RMU + VCB RMU, H Pole
72 Rosemi
L2,L3 L4 L2,L3 L4 L1,L2,L3
e.g. Penang Island

STEP 9: LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

a) Contingency Criteria (Vd<-10%, I<100% for 100% Feedback) Test for single contingency (n-1) I I
Vd<-10% Vd<-10%
and
I1
I1
Check Limit 1st leg A 1st leg B OK/NOK Figures 300mmp=330A 240mmp=350A 200A 198A OK 185mmp=250A 150mmp=280A 120mmp=200A 95mmp=210A 70mmp=140A 9.9kV 11.55kV 10.01kV 10.02kV No
73 Rosemi
I
Overload
<100%
I1
Voltage Drop Over Voltage
<100%
Vd Vover
<10% >5%
OK OK
No
If comply, proceed, if not, redesign. Eg. New injection, reconductor or reconfigure.

STEP 10: TIE OFF POINT OPTIMIZATION (TOPO)

Run load flow to find the lowest losses , with different off point, or use TOPO (just an option)
Off Point PE1 PE2 PE3 PE4 PE5 PE6
% Loss Best 2.00% 2.20% 2.40% 1.65% MinLoss 2.00% 2.30%
Choose PE4 as OFF Point. It gives min loss
74
STEP 11: LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS (2)

b) Steady State (Vd <-5%,I< Cable Cap, <50%Feeder Loading, Loss<5%,pf>0.85 ) Ia Ib
Check Limit <50% <50% <-5% <-5% >+5% >+5% <+5% >0.85 Targeted Actual Actual Figures Figure A Figure B 195A 195A 105A 100A 100A 102A 10.92kV 10.93kV
I1 Vd1
I2 Vd2
Load 50% of feeder Voltage Drop Over Voltage Losses Power Factor
Ia Ib Vd1 Vd2 Vd1 Vd2 Loss pf
>10.45kV 10.91kV >10.45kV 10.94kV <11.55kV <11.55kV lowest 1.0 2.30% 0.89
2.30% 0.89
75 Rosemi
STEP 14: IDENTIFY SYSTEM LIMITATION

Year Yr0 Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Increase load 4%-5% each year (based on load forecast) Test for steady state and contingency Find in what year, the system max Propose system improvement for that year
Steady State Growth Total Total Loss Power % Load(MW) Loss(kW) % O/Load Vd<-10% O/Load Vd<-10% O/Load Vd<-5% Factor 2.52 50.400 2.0 No No No No No No 0.85 0 2.62 52.416 2.0 No No No No No No 0.86 4 2.73 54.513 2.5 No No No No No No 0.86 4 2.83 56.693 2.6 No No No No No No 0.89 5 2.95 58.961 2.7 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes 0.76 5 3.07 61.319 2.7 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 0.71 5 Contingency 1st legA 1st legB
This system can withstand load growth until Yr3. System improvement is required in Yr4, by laying 240mmp 11kV 1200m from PPU A to PE5.
76 Rosemi www.themegallery.com
STEP 15: ANALYSIS SUMMARY

Yr0 Load Forecast %Growth
Condition
Yr1 2.62 4
Yr0 No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yr1 No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Yr2 2.73 4
Yr2 No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No
Yr3 2.83 5
Yr3 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Yr4 2.95 5
Yr4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2.52 0
Test Ia>50% Ib>50% Steady state I o/load Vd<-5% pf <0.85 Ia>50% Ib>50% Contingency I o/load A Vd<-10% pf <0.85 Ia>50% Ib>50% Contingency I o/load B Vd<-10% pf <0.85
77 Rosemi
ISSUES & CHALLENGES
78
DISTRIBUTION PLANNING & ASSET MANAGEMENT

DISTRIBUTION PLANNING FUNCTION SCOPE & METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ASSET MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE , COST & RISKS
DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY
PLANNING
TO
UNDERSTAND CYLCE
EQUIPMENT COST OF
PERFORMANCE,
EQUIPMENT/SYSTEMS.
INVESTMENT ANALYSIS TO PROVIDE DEAL WITH PERFORMANCE, COST AND RISK ASSESSMENT SO NEED FOR SUPPORTIVE METHODOLOGIES.
79 LooCK
DISTRIBUTION PLANNING ISSUES(1)

VOLTAGE SELECTION FOR HIGH GROWTH AREAS
SECURITY STANDARDS & CONTINGENCY CRITERIA
SERVICE LEVEL DIFFERENTIATIONS
DETERMINISTIC VS PROBABLISTIC CRITERIA.
NETWORK STRUCTURE & CONFIGURATION
80 LooCK

PROTECTION & AUTOMATION
EQUIPMENT DESIGN, SELECTION & STANDARDIZATION
ASSET REPLACEMENT DECISIONS & PLANS
DG CONNECTIONS
LOAD FORECASTING
81 LooCK

SYSTEM STUDIES: METHODS, TOOLS & DATABASES
INVESTMENT APPRAISAL METHODS
82 LooCK
EVOLUTION IN PLANNING METHODOLOGIES
83
EVOLUTION IN PLANNING METHODOLOGY
RISK-BASED PLANNING
RELIABILITY-BASED PLANNING
VALUE-BASED PLANNING LEAST-COST PLANNING

84 LooCK www.themegallery.com
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

TRADITIONAL DISTRIBUTION PLANNING FUNCTION REALIGNED TO FIT OVERALL ASSET MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES OF UTILITIES
DISTRIBUTION
PLANNERS
TO
DEVELOP
&
APPLY
METHODOLOGIES THAT COULD
EFFECTIVELY DEAL WITH
RELIABILITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT, LIFE CYCLE COSTING FOR ASSET DEVELOPMENT AND REPLACEMENT DECISIONS.
85 LooCK
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
PLANNING & DESIGN CRITERIA REMAINS UNCHANGED BUT STILL LINGERING ISSUES THAT NEED TO BE DEALT WITH PLANNERS ARISING FROM ENHANCED ROLES & DELIVERABLES.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF NEW METHODS RISK ASSESSMENT AND OPTIMIZATION TOOLS FOLLOWING IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGTRATED UTILITY IT APPLICATIONS ( GIS-BASED NETWORK MGT SYSTEM, OMS, CBM, SCADA ETC)
86 LooCK
THANK YOU!
87 LooCK

Uniten Arsepe 08 L2

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Uniten Arsepe 08 L2

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Add your company slogan

By: Halim Osman General Manager Asset Management TNB Distribution

Add your company slogan

DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS & ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY

TYPICAL INDUSTRY STRUCTURE & PARTIES

THE GRID SYSTEM

Directly Connected Customers

Directly Connected Customers

Main Interconnected Transmission System (500kV and 275kV)

Transmission System at 132kV and 66kV

Distribution System at 33kV and below Consumers

G Generation System Network Operators

TOTAL POWER SYSTEM

Distribution Code www.themegallery.com

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK BUSINESS

MV Consumers Consumers DG MV Consumers

ESI ON DISTRIBUTION BUSIENSS

Add your company slogan

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK - CODES, ACTS, STANDARDS

Relationship between Systems, Standards, and Codes

Main Interconnected Transmission System

Transmission radial network and demand points

Transmission Power Quality Standards

Sufficient transformer capacity to meet demand Power quality limits at interfaces

Distribution Supply Security and Power Quality Standards

EXAMPLE OF ACT (AKTA) (AKTA)

EXAMPLE OF RULES (PERATURAN) (PERATURAN)

Contoh daripada Akta Bekalan Elektrik 1990

EXAMPLE OF INDUSTRY CODE

Cover Page of Distribution Code

Contents Page of Distribution Code

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ~ SUPPLY SECURITY

PERFORMANCE STANDARD- VOLTAGE LIMITS STANDARD-

PERFORMANCE STANDARD- FREQUENCY LIMITS STANDARD-

PERFORMANCE STANDARD- SECURITY LEVELS

RESTORATION TIME Less than 5 seconds

Less than 15 minutes

Less than 4 hours

Less than 1 day

PERFORMANCE INDEX SAIDI (1/2)

PERFORMANCE INDEX SAIDI (2/2)

Customer Interruptions Duration No of Customer Served

PERFORMANCE INDEX - CAIDI

Customer Interruption Durations No of Customer Interrupted

PERFORMANCE INDEX - SAIFI

No of Customer Interruptions No of Customer Served

= Where: N No of interrupted customers Ci = N = No of customers served n = No of interruption event

SUBSTATION FIRM CAPACITY

System must be operated below firm capacity

Substation uses (PMU/PPU/SSU/PE)

Uses n-1 CONCEPT

FEEDER FIRM CAPACITY & DESIGN CRITERIA (1/2)

FEEDER FIRM CAPACITY & DESIGN CRITERIA (2/2)

Add your company slogan

TNBS LIMITS ON QUALITY OF SUPPLY (1/2)

TNBS LIMITS ON QUALITY OF SUPPLY (2/2)

CAUSES, EFFECTS & MITIGATION OF PQ EVENTS (1/2)

Sags & Swells

Equipment trip / process interrupted

CAUSES, EFFECTS & MITIGATION OF PQ EVENTS (2/2)

Voltage Fluctuation Frequency Deviations Transients

Animals, lightning, vegetation