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Smoke Detector
Revision 0.00
February 2011
Application Note
2011
Important Notice
The information in this publication has been carefully
checked and is believed to be entirely accurate at the
time of publication. Samsung assumes no
responsibility, however, for possible errors or
omissions, or for any consequences resulting from the
use of the information contained herein.
Samsung reserves the right to make changes in its
products or product specifications with the intent to
improve function or design at any time and without
notice and is not required to update this
documentation to reflect such changes.
This publication does not convey to a purchaser of
semiconductor devices described herein any license
under the patent rights of Samsung or others.
Samsung makes no warranty, representation, or
guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for
any particular purpose, nor does Samsung assume
any liability arising out of the application or use of any
product or circuit and specifically disclaims any and all
liability, including without limitation any consequential
or incidental damages.
Revision History
Revision No.
Date
0.00
02 14, 2011
Description
- Initial
Author(s)
Li Baoke
Table of Contents
1 OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Features: .................................................................................................................................................. 1-1
List of Figures
Figure
Number
Title
Page
Number
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-4
Figure 3-1
Figure 3-2
Figure 3-3
Figure 3-4
Figure 3-5
Figure 3-6
Figure 3-7
Figure 3-8
Figure 3-9
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-5
Figure 4-6
Figure 4-7
Figure 4-8
Figure 5-1
Figure 6-1
List of Tables
Table
Number
Title
Page
Number
Table 3-1
Table 4-1
Table 4-3
Table 5-1
Overview
If we can reliably monitor the smoke density for a working site, we can prevent and minimize the damage of fire
accidents and thus reduce the cost of property damage and loss of human life. So the smoke detector is widely
used in many buildings and homes to alarm at the beginning stage of a developing fire accident.
This smoke detector reference design describes how to implement an ultra-low-power photo-diode-based smoke
detector. An infrared (IR) diode and IR receiver are used inside a smoke chamber to detect the presence of
smoke. The IR diode is pulsed periodically, and the IR receiver signal is examined to determine if smoke is
present in the chamber. An operational amplifier is used to magnify the IR receiver current as a trans-impedance
amplifier, so it can be sampled by the ADC in the MCU.
This smoke detector reference design used Samsung highly integrated low cost 8-bit microcontroller S3F8S28,
which is ideal for smoke detector with ultra low power consumption (less than 200uA run current at 3.0V, 455kHz),
timer, PWM, 12-bit ADC and full flash ROM for realizing EEPROM function.
1.1 Features:
Low Power Consumption: total system current consumption less than 200uA
1-1
Working Mechanism
Figure 2-1
Smoke Detector
According to the application fields and power supply modes, the smoke detector can be divided into two
categories: Home applied smoke detector and building applied smoke detector.
Home applied smoke detector is powered by 9V battery that is separated individually. This type smoke detector
works in sleep mode in most time, and wake up every 8 seconds to check the smoke status, if the smoke is
detected, the buzzer is sounded.
Building applied smoke detector is powered by 24V distribution line, and communicates with the control unit of the
fire alarm system control unit. Each smoke detector acts as a monitor point. When any of the smoke detector raise
alarm signal, it will send message to the control unit, and the control unit will notice all the smoke detectors to
sound.
2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3
2-2
Figure 2-4
2-3
Hardware Implementation
3-1
Figure 3-1
As show in Figure 3-1, an infrared (IR) diode and IR receiver are used inside a smoke chamber to detect the
presence of smoke. The IR diode is pulsed periodically, and the IR receiver signal is examined to determine if
smoke is present in the chamber. An operational amplifier is used to magnify the IR receiver current. So it can be
sampled by the ADC module in the MCU. For power saving, between sampling periods, the operational amplifier
and IR circuitry are shut down, and the microcontroller is in a sleep mode for consuming less current.
The smoke detector samples the IR circuitry for the presence of smoke. When smoke is detected, the buzzer is
sounded.
In the smoke detection industry, many domestic and foreign companies use the System Sensor 2-wire bus. The
bus 24V is used to generate 10V for the detector and 3.3V for the MCU. The detector transmits the related data to
the main units by a constant current pulse. The main unit receives the detector data samples and communicates
with these detectors via a polling mechanism. Then the main unit processes this data and raises the alarm.
3-2
3.2.2.2 Functions
Sensitivity is settable:
Level I: 0.23dB/m
Communication:
Communicate with central control unit by 2-wire bus. If smoke is detected, signal the control unit in 3
seconds.
Smoke checking current: 4mA (include ADC convert and IRLED current)
3-3
Buzzer
Power Control
PGM
Interface
Amplifier
Analog Signal
to ADC
Working
Condition
Indicator
Infra Red
Receiver
Infra Red
Transmitter
Pulse Width
Transmitter
Control
Signal
Separator
3.3V
Power
Circuit
Figure 3-2
3-4
Figure 3-3
Power Circuitry
As shown in Figure 3-3, resistor R19 and Z1 form a constant voltage series circuit. The 24V from the System
Sensor main circuit is used to produce an 11V stable voltage. The circuit transistor Q4 current amplifier, diode D6,
D8 isolation, capacitor C7, and C8 filters this to produce two rails of stable 10V voltage. One of the 10V rails will
be used as VDD to supply the infrared transmitter, the LED display, the BUZZER power, and the signal control
circuitry power. The other 10V rail is passed to low power consumption, LDO HT7133, to produce a stable 3.3V
voltage Vcc to supply the signal separator circuitry and MCU S3F8S28.
3-5
Figure 3-4
Table 3-1
Signal Separator
Bus Voltage
0V Isolation Output
24V
5V
0V
3-6
Figure 3-5
3-7
Pulse Width
Figure 3-6
3-8
Figure 3-7
Infrared Transmitter
3-9
Figure 3-8
Infrared Receiving
3-10
Figure 3-9
PGM Interface
3-11
Software Implementation
This section describes the software used in the boiler controller system reference design. The software is written
in C language.
Description
ioS3F8S28.h
Global_define.h
Main.c
Op_Com.c
Op_Com.h
Sample.c
Sample.h
4-1
Note
Start
System init
Received
Command?
Command = 1?
N
Y
Smoke detected?
Check again
Smoke detected?
Command = 2?
Send sample
result to host
Alarm
Command = 3?
Command = 4?
Store parameters
Figure 4-1
Software Flowchart
4-2
Figure 4-2
The communication between the smoke detector and the control unit are composed by two methods: for upward
from smoke detector to control unit, using 4-20mA constant current loop; for downward from control unit to smoke
detector: using 24V (physical '0')/5V (physical '1') voltage signal on the 24V bus line.
The 5V voltage on the bus represent physical '1', and the 24V (normal state) represent physical '0'. And the logic
'1' is represented by a long duration of physical '1' in a fixed period (about 4ms), the logic '0' is represented by a
short duration of physical '1' in a fixed period.
4-3
Figure 4-3
Host Signal
The signal's transmission is captured by the interrupt of Timer 1, and in the capture interrupts service routine, by
checking the physical level and lasting duration, can get the signal's logic value.
The host send 16-bit length data with 2-bit checking bits, the first 8-bit is the address value, the last 8-bit is the
data, and the start signal is a physical '0' lasting for 5ms. And the checking bits are also stop bits. The host also
send broadcast signal to detectors. The detector receive or feedback to host according to different command.
When detector received the address signal, it compare the address value with it's own address, if matched, then it
will continue to receive the command, if not, it will stop and abandon received data.
The command set has four commands in this application note. The first command is used to let detector start to
check the smoke status and feedback the sampling result to host. This command is the most frequently used
command; The second command is broad cast command, the host send command to all detectors on the
network, and when the detector received the command, if it has no updated sample result, it need send the
sample result to host; the third command is alarm signal, if host received alarm from one detector, it will note all
the detector on the bus to signal alarm, so this command is used. When detector received this command, it will
start to alarm.
Table 4-2
No.
Command
Contents
Broadcast
Alarm
Setting address
4-4
Figure 4-4
The current signals are represented by the current on/off, on (20mA current) represents '1', off(4mA current)
represents '0'. If there is current on the line, that represent 'high', if there is no current on the line, that represent
'0'. And different current last time represent different logic signal, as show in below figure:
4-5
Figure 4-5
Detector Signal
The pulse width is about 200us, and the baud rate is about 5Kbps.
When the detector received matched address, it will operate according to the command type. Then it will upload
the smoke sampling results and alarm status to host. The return data is 9-bit length, 8-bit data and 1-bit alarm
signal. The detector must send the data to host in 5ms after received the command.
The Time A is used to generate time interval for signal period. The sending process status switching is done in the
interrupt service routine of Time a match interrupt, below figure shows the processing flow in interrupt.
Figure 4-6
4-6
Figure 4-7
For power saving, the OP-AMP's power supplier is an I/O port of the MCU. When IrDA transmitter starts to
emitting, the I/O port (P0.5) is set to high to provide power to OP_AMP. After the voltage stable, the ADC start to
sample the OP_AMP output to check the smoke.
The ADC will sample 8 times and take the average value as the convert result for get a reliable data. If the
threshold condition was detected, MCU will check again to verify the ADC convert result. If the smoke signal is
detected again, the detector will change work status to alarm, and will send alarm signal to host and start alarm
meanwhile.
4-7
Start
If working status
= 0 (system reset)
If working status
= 1 (Normal/no smoke)
If working status
= 2 (Smoke detected)
If working status
= 3 (Alarm)
End
N
Figure 4-8
The LED is used to indicate the working condition of the smoke detector, after reset, the LED will blink every 1s
and last for several seconds. When the system is running in normal status that no smoke was detected, the
detector working in normal state and LED will blink every 8s. When the smoke is detected, the detector will
change state to alarm state and the LED will blink every 2s and the Buzzer will sound alarm. The host also will
send alarm signal to detector, when detector received this command, it will change to alarm state, and start to
alarm with LED blink every 2s and Buzzer sound alarm.
4-8
OP-AMP
Smoke Chamber
POWER
SPGM
Figure 5-1
5-1
5-2
Sensitivity is acceptable.
Smoke checking current: 80uA (average current, include ADC convert and IRLED current)
Function
Duration
Current
Normalized Current
Continuous
109uA
109uA
ADC
60us
1mA
0.06uA
IR LED
100us
100mA
10uA
Operational Amplifier
190us
650uA
0.12uA
Communication current
3.0ms
20mA
60uA
2ms
10mA
20uA
System Run
199uA
Total
5-3
Appendix
6.1.1 Memory
6.1.4 Timer/Counters
One 16-bit timer or two 8-bit timers A/B with time interval mode
6-1
0.1MHz to 1MHz external Low Gain crystal oscillator & 0.4-12MHz external High Gain crystal oscillator
40C to + 85C
6-2
6.2 Schematic
Figure 6-1
6-3
Schematic
6-4