Binomial Theorem

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BINOMIAL THEOREM --1
Binomial :- An expression which contains two terms is called a binomial
Pascal Triangle:-
Index coefficient
1

2

3

4

5 1 5 10 10 5 1
In each row 1
st
and last elements 1 remaining terms are obtained by adding the 2
terms
Theorem :-
If n is a positive integer x, a are real number then

1 2 2 3 3
0 1 2 3
( ) ...
n n n n n n
n
x a nc x nc x a nc x a nc x a nc a

+ = + + + + +
Note 1:This theorem is called binomial theorem for positive integer index.
Note 2: This expansion contains (n +1) terms
Note 3: In the expansion the sum of powers of x and a in each term is equal to n.
Note 4: In this expansion the power term x is decreased by 1 and the power of a is
increased by 1 except in the first term
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 1 3
1 4 6 4
1
Notes 5: In this expansion ( 1)
th
r + term is called general term denoted by
1 r
T
+
where
1
.
n r r
r r
T nc x a
+
=
Note 6: In this expansion the coefficients
0 1 2
, , ............
n
nc nc nc nc are called binomial
coefficients and these are simply denoted by
0 1 2
, , .....
n
C C C C
Note 7:
0
( ) ,
n
n n r r
r
r
x a nc x a
=
+ =

Note 8 :
0
( ) ( 1) .
n
n n n r r
r
r
x a nc x a
=
=

Note 9 :
0
(1 )
n
n r
r
r
x nc x
=
+ =

Note 10 :
0
(1 ) ( 1)
n
n n r
r
r
x nc x
=
=

Note 11 :
Expansion Nature of n No. of terms
( ) ( )
n n
x a x a + + even 1
2
n
+
Odd
1
2
n +

( ) ( )
n n
x a x a + even
2
n

Odd
1
2
n +

Note 12: ( ) ( )
n n
x a a x + = + even though the above expansion are equal
1 r
T
+
in
1
( )
n
r
x a T
+
+ in ( )
n
a x +
Note 13 : ( ) 1 (1 )
n
n n n n
x
a x a a t
a

+ = + = +

where
x
t
a
=
Note 14: The number of terms in the expansion ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n
x a x a x ai x ai + + + + + is
4
4
n +

where [ . ] is greatest integer function
Note 15:
0
( ) [ ( )] ( )
n
n n n r r
r
r
a b c a b c nc a b c
=
+ + = + + = +

Note 16: Number of terms of ( )
n
a b c + + is
2
( 2) n k +
Note 17 : Number of terms of
1 2 3
( .... )
n
r
a a a a + + + + is
1
( 1)
r
n r c

+
The coefficient of
m
x in
n
p
q
b
ax
x

+

is
n r n r
r
nc a b

where
np m
r
p q
=
+

The constant term in
n
p
q
b
ax
x

+

is
n r r
r
nc a b
where
np
r
p q
=
+

Middle term(s) of ( )
n
x a +
Case (i) If n is even
Here number of terms = n + 1
1 n + is odd
Hence only one middle term exist
middle term
1 1
2
th
n + +
=

term 1
2
th
n
= +

term
Case (ii) If n is odd
Number term n + 1 is even
two middle terms
1 3
,
2 2
th th
n n + +

terms

Numerically greatest terms :-
Theorem 1 : If
( 1)
1
n x
p
x
+
=
+
a positive integer then
th
p and ( 1)
th
p + term are the
numerically greatest terms n the expansion of (1 )
n
x +
ii) If
( 1)
1
n x
p F
x
+
= +
+
where p is a positive integer and o < F < 1 then ( 1)
th
p +
term is the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1 )
n
x +
Note 1 : The numerically greatest term of ( )
n
a x + can be found by writing
( ) 1
n
n n
x
a x a
a

+ = +

since
n
a is constant it will not effect the relative numerical b value
of the terms
Note 2 : In the expansion of (1 )
n
x + if we take x = 1 then
( 1)
1
1 2
n x
n
x
+
+
=
+
and the terms
are just the binomial coefficient
0 1 2
, , ..........
n
nc nc nc nc thus if n is odd then
1
2
n
p
+
= a
positive integer and hence
1
2
n
p
nc
T

= and
1
1
2
n
p
nc
T
+
+
= are the numerically greatest terms
If n is even then
1 1
2 2
n
p
+
= + is not a positive integer and hence
1 / 2 p n
T nc
+
= is the
numerically greatest coefficient
BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
Theorem : If
r
c denotes
r
nc then
i)
0 1 2
..... 2
n
n
c c c c + + + + =
ii)
0 1 2 3
...... ( 1) 0
n
n
c c c c c + + + =
iii)
1
0 2 4 1 3 5
...... ..... 2
n
c c c c c c

+ + + = + + + =

Note i) :
0
2
n
n
r
r
nc
=
=

ii)
0
( 1) 0
n
r
r
r
nc
=
=

Theorem 2 : If
r
c denotes
r
nc then
1
0 1 2
( ). ( 2 ). .... ( ). (2 ).2
n
n
ac a d c a d c a nd c a nd

+ + + + + + + = +
Theorem 3: If
r
c denotes
r
nc then
2 1 1
1 2 3
2. 3. ...... . (1 )
n n
n
c c x c x nc x n x

+ + + + = +
Corollary: Prove that
1
1 2 3
2. 3. ..... . .2
n
n
c c c n c n

+ + + =
We know that

2 1 1
1 2 3
2. 3. ..... .(1 )
n n
n
c c c x nc x n x

+ + + = +
Put x = 1 on both sides

1
1 2 3
2. 3. .... . .2
n
n
c c c n c n

+ + + + =
Corollary 2 : Prove that
1
1 1 2 3
. 3. ...... ( 1) 0
n
n
c c c n c
+ + + =
We know that

2 3
0 1 2 3
(1 ) .......
n n
n
x c c x c x x x c x + = + + + + +

1 2 1
1 2 3
(1 ) 2. 3. .... .
n n
n
n x c c x c x n c x

+ = + + + +
Put x = -1 on both sides

1
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 ..... ( 1) . 0
n
n
c c c c n c
+ + + =
Note i)
1
0
. .2
n
n
r
r
r nc n

=
=

ii)
0
( 1) . 0
n
r
r
r
r nc
=
=

Corollary 3 : Prove that
2 2 2
2 3 4
2.1 3.2 4.3 .... ( 1) ( 1)(1 )
n n
n
c c x c x n n c x n n x

+ + + + = +
We know that

2 3
0 1 2 3
(1 ) .....
n n
n
x c c x c x c x c x + = + + + + +
Different writ x

1 2 1
1 2 3
(1 ) 2 3 .....
n n
n
n x c c x c x n c x

+ = + + + +
Different again wrt x

2 2 2
2 3 4
( 1)(1 ) 2.1 3.2 4.3 ..... ( 1)
n n
n
n n x c c x c x n n c x

+ = + + + +
Note :
2
2
( 1). ( 1).2
n
n
r
r
r r nc n n

=
=

Theorem 4: If
r
c denotes
r
nc then
1
2 1 2
0
(1 ) 1
.....
2 3 1 ( 1)
n
n n
c c c x
c x x x
n n x
+
+
+ + + + =
+ +

Theorem 5: If
r
c denotes
r
nc then
1 1 2 2
(2 )!
..... 2
( )!( )!
o r r r n r r n r
n
c c c c c c c c nc
n r n r
+ + +
+ + + + =
+

Theorem 6: If
r
c denotes
r
nc then
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 2
(2 )!
......
( !)
n
n
c c c c
n
+ + + + =
Theorem 7: If
r
c denotes
r
nc then prove that
0 1 1 2 2 3 1 1
..... 2
n n n
c c c c c c c c nc
+
+ + + + =
BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR RATIONAL INDEX
1. If n is a rational number and 1 x < then
2 3
( 1) ( 1)( 2)
1 .... (1 )
2! 3!
n
n n n n n
nx x x x

+ + + + = +
2.
1 2 3
(1 ) 1 ..... ( 1) .....
r r
x x x x x x
+ = + + + +
3.
2 2 3
(1 ) 1 2 3 4 ..... ( 1) ( 1) .....
r r
x x x x r x
+ = + + + + +
4.
3 2 3
( 1)( 2)
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 ..... ( 1) .....
2
r r
r r
x x x x x
+ +
+ = + + + +
5.
2 3
( ) ( )( 2 )
(1 ) 1 ...
1.2 1.2.3
p
q
x p p q x p p q p q x
x p
q q q
+ + +
+ = + + +

6.
2 3
( 1) ( 1)( 2)
(1 ) 1 .....
1.2 1.2.3
n
n n n n n
x nx x x
+ + +
+ = + + + +
( 1)( 2)....( 1)
......
1.2.3......
r
n n n n r
x
r
+ + +
+
7.
1 2 3
(1 ) 1 .... .....
r
x x x x x
= + + + + + +
8.
2 2 3
(1 ) 1 2 3 4 .... ( 1) .....
r
x x x x r x
= + + + + + + +
9.
3 2 3
( 1)( 2)
(1 ) 1 3 6 10 .... .....
2
r
r r
x x x x x
+ +
= + + + + + +
10.
2
/
( )
(1 ) 1 ......
1.2
p q
x p p q x
x p
q q
+
= + + +

11. If n is a positive integer then
2 3
1 2 3
(1 ) 1 ( 1) ( 2) ......
n
x nc x n c x n c x
+ = + + + +

2 3
1 2 3
(1 ) 1 ( 1) ( 2) ......
n
x nc x n c x n c x
+ = + + + + + +
General term (1 ) ( 1) ( 1)
n r r
r
x n r c x
+ = +
General term (1 ) ( 1)
n r
r
x n r c x
= +

EXERCISE 5(a)
I.
1. Expand the following using binomial theorem.
(i) (4x + 5y)
7
(ii)
5
2 7
x y
3 4

+

(iii)
6
2p 3p
5 7

(iv) (3 + x x
2
)
4

i) (4x + 5y)
7
Sol. ( )
7
4x 5y + =

7 7 0 7 6 1 7 5 2 7 4 3 7 3 4 7 2 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
7 1 6 7 0 7
6 7
C (4x) (5y) C (4x) (5y) C (4x) (5y) C (4x) (5y) C (4x) (5y) C (4x) (5y)
C (4x) (5y) C (4x) (5y)
+ + + + + +
+ +

=
7
7 7 r r
r
r 0
C (4x) (5y)

ii)
5
2 7
x y
3 4

+

Sol.
5
2 7
x y
3 4

+

=
5 4 3 2 2 3
5 5 5 5
0 1 2 3
1 4 5
5 5
4 5
2 2 7 2 7 2 7
C x C x y C x y C x y
3 3 4 3 4 3 4
2 7 7
C x y C y
3 4 4

+ + + +

+

=
5 r r
5
5
r
r 0
2 7
C x y
3 4

iii)
6
2p 3p
5 7

Sol.
6 6 5 1
6 6
0 1
2p 3p 2p 2p 3q
C C
5 7 5 5 7

=

4 2 3 3
6 6
2 3
2 4 1 5 5
6 6 6
4 5 6
2p 3q 2p 3q
C C
5 7 5 7
2p 3q 2p 3q 3q
C C C
5 7 5 7 7

+

+ +

6 r r
6
r 6
r
r 0
2p 3q
( 1) C
5 7
=

=

iv) (3 + x x
2
)
4

Sol.
2 4 2 4
(3 x x ) [(3 x) x ] + = +
4 4 4 3 2 4 2 2 2 4 1 2 3 4 2 4
0 1 2 3 4
4 3 2 2 4 6 8
C (3 x) C (3 x) x C (3 x) (x ) C (3 x) (x ) C (x )
(3 x) 4(3 x) x 6(3 x) x 4(3 x)x x
= + + + + + +
= + + + + + +

4 4 4 3 4 2 2 4 3 4 4 3 3
0 1 2 3 4 0
3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 8
1 2 3 6 1 2
[ C (3) C (3) x C (3) x C (3)x C x ] 4[ C (3)
C (3) x C (3)x C x ]x 6[ C (3) C (3)x C x ]x 4(3 x)x x
= + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

2 3 4
2 2 3 4 2 6 8
81 108x 54x 12x x
4x (27 27x 9x x ) 6x (9 6x x ) 4x (3 x) x
= + + + +
+ + + + + + + +

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
81 108x (54 108)x (12 108)x (1 36 54)x ( 4 36)x (6 12)x ( 4)x x = + + + + + + + + + +

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
81 108x 54x 96x 19x 32x 6x 4x x = + + + +
2. Write down and simplify
i) 6
th
term in
9
2x 3y
3 2

+

ii) 7
th
term in (3x 4y)
10

iii) 10
th
term in
14
3p
5q
4

iv) rth term in
8
3a 5b
(1 r 9)
5 7

+

i) 6
th
term in
9
2x 3y
3 2

+

Sol. 6
th
term in
9
2x 3y
3 2

+

The general term in
9
2x 3y
3 2

+

is

9 r r
9
r 1 r
2x 3y
T C
3 2
+

=

Put r = 5
4 5 4 5
9 9 4 5
6 5 5
2x 3y 2 3
T C C x y
3 2 3 x

= =

4 5
4 5 4 5
4 5
9 8 7 6 (2 ) 3
x y 189x y
1 2 3 4 3 2

= =

ii) 7
th
term in (3x 4y)
10
Sol. General term in (3x 4y)
10
is
r 10 10 r r
r 1 r
T ( 1) C (3x) (4y)
+
=
Put r = 6
6 10 4 6 10 4 6 4 6
7 6 4
T ( 1) C (3x) (4y) C (3) (4) x y = =
4 6 4 6 5 4 6
10 9 8 7
3 (4) x y 280(12) x y
1 2 3 4

= =

iii) 10
th
term in
14
3p
5q
4

Sol. General term in
14
3p
5q
4

is
14 r
14 r
r 1 r
14 r
r 14 r
r
3p
T C ( 5q)
4
3p
( 1) C (5q)
4

=

=

Put r = 9
5
9 14 9
10 9
5
14 9 5 9
5
3p
T ( 1) C (5q)
4
3
C (5) p q
4

=

=

5
9 5 9
5
5 9
5 9
5
14 13 12 11 10 3
5 p q
1 2 3 4 5 4
(2002)3 5
p q
4

=

=

iv) rth term in
8
3a 5b
(1 r 9)
5 7

+

Sol. The general term in
8
3a 5b
5 7

+

is
8 r r
8
r 1 r
3a 5b
T C
5 7
+

=

Replace r by r 1, we get
8 r 1 r 1
8
r (r 1)
9 r r 1
8
(r 1)
3a 5b
T C
5 7
3a 5b
C ; 1 r 9
5 7
+

=

=

3. Find the number of terms in the expansion of
(i)
9
3a b
4 2

+

(ii)
14
(3p 4q) +
(iii)
7
(2x 3y z) + +
i)
9
3a b
4 2

+

Sol. Number of terms in (x + a)
n
is (n + 1), where n is a positive integer.
Hence number of terms in
9
3a b
4 2

+

are :9 + 1 = 10
ii)
14
(3p 4q) +
Sol. Number of terms in
14
(3p 4q) + are :14 + 1 = 15
iii)
7
(2x 3y z) + +
Sol. Number of terms in (a + b + c)
n
are
(n 1)(n 2)
2
+ +
, where n is a positive integer.
Hence number of terms in
7
(2x 3y z) + + are :
(7 1)(7 2) 8 9
36
2 2
+ +
= =

II.
1. Find the coefficient of
i)
10
6
4
x in 3x
x

ii)
13
11 2
3
3
x in 2x
x

+

iii)
9
2 3
2
2
x in 7x
x

iv)
7
2
7
5
2x 5
x in
3 4x

i)
10
6
4
x in 3x
x

10
4
3x
x

is
r
r 10 10 r
r 1 r
4
T ( 1) C (3x)
x
+

=

r 10 10 r r 10 r r
r
r 10 10 r r 10 2r
r
( 1) C 3 (4) x
( 1) C 3 (4) x ...(1)

=
=

For coefficient of x
6
, put 10 2r = 6
2r = 10+6 = 16 r = 8
Put r = 8 in (1)
8 10 10 8 8 10 16 10 2 8 6
8 1 8 8
T ( 1) C 3 (4) x C 3 4 x

+
= =
Coefficient of x
6
in
10
4
3x
x

is :
10 2 8 10 2 8
8 2
8 8
C 3 4 C 3 4
10 9
9 4 405 4
1 2
=
= =

ii)
13
11 2
3
3
x in 2x
x

+

13
2
3
3
2x
x

+

is :
r
13 2 13 r
r 1 r
3
13 13 r r 26 2r 3r
r
13 13 r r 26 5r
r
3
T C (2x )
x
C (2) 3 x x
C (2) (3) x ...(1)
+

=

=
=

11
, put 26 5r = 11
5r = 15 r = 3
Put r = 3 in (1)
13 10 3 26 15
3 1 3
10 3 11
4
T C (2) (3) x
13 12 11
T 2 3 x
1 2 3
+
=

=

Coefficient of x
11
in
13
2
3
3
2x
x

+

is :
(286)(2
10
)(3
3
)
iii)
9
2 3
2
2
x in 7x
x

9
3
2
2
7x
x

is
r
r 9 3 9 r
r 1 r
2
r 9 9 r r 27 3r 2r
r
r 9 9 r r 27 5r
r
2
T ( 1) C (7x )
x
( 1) C (7) (2) x x
( 1) C (7) (2) x ...(1)
+

=

=
=

2
, put 27 5r = 2
5r = 25 r = 5
Put r = 5 in (1)
5 9 4 5 27 25
5 1 5
9 4 5 2 4 5 2
4
T ( 1) C (7) (2) x
9 8 7 6
C 7 2 x 7 2 x
1 2 3 4
+
=

= =

Coefficient of x
2
in
9
3
2
2
7x
x

is :126 7
4
2
5
.

iv)
7
2
7
5
2x 5
x in
3 4x

7
2
5
2x 5
3 4x

is
7 r
r
2
r 7
r 1 r
5
7 r r
r 7 14 2r 5r
r
7 r r
r 7 14 7r
r 1 r
2x 5
T ( 1) C
3 4x
2 5
( 1) C x x
3 4
2 5
T ( 1) C x ...(1)
3 4
+

=

=

=

7
, put 14 7r = 7
7r = 21 r = 3
Put r = 3 in equation (1)
4 3
3 7 14 21
3 1 3
4 3
7
2 5
T ( 1) C x
3 4
7 6 5 2 5
x
1 2 3 3 4

=

=

Coefficient of x
7
in
7
2
5
2x 5
3 4x

is :

3
4 2
1 5 4375
35
324 3 2
= =

2. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of

(i)
10
1/ 2
2
x 4
3 x

(ii)
25
3
3
5 x
x

+

(iii)
14
3
2
7
4x
x

+

(iv)
9
2
2x 15
5 4x

+

i)
10
1/ 2
2
x 4
3 x

10
1/ 2
2
x 4
3 x

is
( )
10 r
r
1/ 2
r 10
r+1 r
2
r 10 r
5
r 10 r 2r
2
r
r 10 r
5 2r
r 10 r
2
r
10 5r 10 r
r 10 r
2
r
x 4
T ( 1) C
3 x
1
( 1) C (4) x x
3
1
( 1) C (4) x
3
1
( 1) C (4) x ... 1
3

=

=

=

=

For the term independent of x,
Put
10 5r
0 5r 10 r 2
2
= = =
Put r = 2 in eq.(1)
8
2 10 2 0
2 1 2
3
1
T ( 1) C 4 x
3
80
T
729
+

=

=

ii)
25
3
3
5 x
x

+

25
3
3
5 x
x

+

is
25 r
25 r
r 1 r
3
25 25 r r 1/ 3(25 r) r / 2
r
3
T C (5 x)
x
C (3) (5) x x
+

=

=

25 r r
25 25 r r
3 3 2
r
C (3) (5) x
+ +
=

50 2r 3r
25 25 r r
6
r
C (3) (5) x ...(1)
+ +
=
For term independent of x, put

50 5r
0 5r 50 r 10
6
+
= = =
Put r = 10 in equation (1),

25 15 10 0
10 1 10
T C (3) (5) x
+
=
i.e.
25 15 10
11 10
T C (3) (5) =

iii)
14
3
2
7
4x
x

+

14
3
2
7
4x
x

+

is
r
14 3 14 r
r 1 r
2
14 14 r r 42 3r 2r
r
14 14 r r 42 5r
r
7
T C (4x )
x
C (4) (7) x x
C (4) (7) x ...(1)
+

=

=
=

For term independent of x,
Put 4x 5r = 0 r = 42/5 which is not an integer.
Hence term independent of x in the given expansion is zero.

iv)
9
2
2x 15
5 4x

+

9
2
2x 15
5 4x

+

is
( )
9 r
r
2
9
r 1 r
9 r r
9 18 2r r
r
9 r r
9 18 3r
r
2x 15
T C
5 4x
2 15
C x x
5 4
2 15
C x ... 1
5 4

=

=

=

For term independent of x,
put 18 3r = 0 r = 6
3 6
3 6 6
9 0 9
6 1 6 6
3 6
6 6 7 3
6 7
2 15 2 3 5
T C x C
5 4 5 4
9 8 7 3 5 3 5 7
1 2 3 4 2
+

= =

= =

3. Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of
(i)
10
3x
2y
7

(ii)
11
3
4a b
2

+

(iii)
2 3 17
(4x 5x ) + (iv)
20
4
3
3
5a
a

+

Sol. The middle term in (x + a)
n
when n is even is
n 1
2
T
+

, when n is odd, we have two
middle terms, i.e.
n 1
2
T
+

and
n 3
2
T
+

.

i)
10
3x
2y
7

Sol. n = 10 is even, we have only one middle term.
i.e.
10
1
2
+ = 6
th
term
T
6
in
10
3x
2y
7

is :
5
5
10 5 10 5 5
5 5
5
5
10 5 5
5
3x 3
C ( 2y) ( C ) 2 (xy)
7 7
6
C x y
7

= =

=

ii)
11
3
4a b
2

+

Sol. Here n = 11 is an odd integer, we have two middle terms, i.e.
n 1
2
+
and
n 3
2
+
terms
= 7
th
and 7
th
terms are middle terms.
T
6
in
11
3
4a b
2

+

is :

5
5
11 6 11 6 6 5
5 5
5
7 5 6 5
8 6 6 5
3 3
C (4a) b C (4) a b
2 2
11 10 9 8 7
2 3 a b
1 2 3 4 5
77 2 3 a b

= =

=

=

T
7
in
11
3
4a b
2

+

is :

6
6
11 5 11 5 5 6
6 5
6
4 6 5 6
5 7 5 6
3 3
C (4a) b C (4) a b
2 2
11 10 9 8 7
2 3 a b
1 2 3 4 5
77 2 3 a b

= =

=

=

iii)
2 3 17
(4x 5x ) +
Sol.
2 3 17 2 17
(4x 5x ) [x (4 5x)] + = +

34 17
x (4 5x) ...(1) = +
Consider (4 + 5x)
17

n = 17 is odd positive integer, we have two middle terms. They are 9
th
and 10
th

terms are middle terms.
T
9
in (4 + 5x)
17
is
=
17 17 8 8 17 9 8 8
8 8
C (4) (5x) C (4) 5 x
=
T
9
in (4x
2
+ 5x
3
)
17
is
34 17 9 8 8 17 9 8 42
8 8
x C 4 5 x C 4 5 x

= =

T
10
in (4 + 5x)
17
is
17 17 9 9 17 8 9 9
9 9
C 4 (5x) C 4 5 x
= =
T
10
in
2 3 17
(4x 5x ) + is
34 17 8 9 9 17 8 9 43
9 9
x C 4 5 x C 4 5 x = =
iv)
20
4
3
3
5a
a

+

Sol. Here n = 20 is even positive integer, we have only one middle term, i.e.
20 1
2
+

=
11
th
term
T
11
in
20
4
3
3
5a
a

+

is

20 10
20 4 10
10
3
10
20 10 40 20 10 10
10 10
30
3
C (5a )
a
3
C 5 a C (15) a
a

=

= =

4. Fin the numerically greatest term (s) in the expansion of
i) (4 + 3x)
15
when x =
7
2

ii) (3x + 5y)
12
when x =
1
2
and y =
4
3

iii) (4a 6b)
13
when a = 3, b = 5
iv) (3 + 7x)
n
when x =
4
5
, n = 15
i) (4 + 3x)
15
when x =
7
2

Sol. Write (4 + 3x)
15
=
15
3
4 1 x
4
|
+
|
\ . ]

15
15
3
4 1 x
4

= +

(1)
First we find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of
15
3
1 x
4

+

Write X =
3
x
4
and calculate
(n 1) | x |
1 | x |
+
+

Here
3 3 7 21
| X| X
4 4 2 8

= = =

Now
(n 1) | x | 15 1 21
21
1 | x | 8
1
8
+ +
=
+
+

16 21 336 17
11
29 29 29
= = =
Its integral part
17
m 11 11
29

= =

T
m+1
is the numerically greatest term in the expansion
15
3
1 x
4

+

and
4 11
15 15
m 1 12 11 11
3 3 7
T T C x C
4 4 2
+

= = =

Numerically greatest term in (4 + 3x)
15

=
11
11
15 15 15
11 4
3
21 (21)
4 C C
8 2

|
=
|
\ .

]

ii) (3x + 5y)
12
when x =
1
2
and y =
4
3

Sol. Write (3x + 5y)
12
=
12
5y
3x 1
3x
|
+
|
\ . ]

12
12 12
5 y
3 x 1
3 x

= +

On comparing
12
5 y
1
3 x

+

with (1 + x)
n
, we get
n = 17, x =
5 y 5 (4/ 3) 5 8 40
3 x 3 (1/ 2) 3 3 9
= = =
Now
40
(12 1)
(n 1) | x | 9
40
1 | x |
1
9

+

+

=
+
+

13 40 520 30
10
49 49 49
= = =
which is not an integer.

30
m 10 10
49

= =

N.G. term in
12
5y
1
3x

+

is
10
12
m 1 11 10
5 y
T T C
3 x
+

= =

10
12
10
5 (4/ 3)
C
3 (1/ 2)

=

10 10
12 12
10 10
5 8 40
C C
3 3 9

= =

N.G. term in (3x + 5y)
12
is
12 10
12 12
10
2 10
12 2 10 10
12 12
10 10
12 2 10
1 40
3 C
2 9
3 (2 ) (10) 3 20
C C
2 3 2 (3 )

=

= =

iii) (4a 6b)
13
when a = 3, b = 5
Sol. Write (4a 6b)
13
=
13
6b
4a 1
4a
|
|
\ . ]

13
13
3 b
(4a) 1
2 a

=

On comparing
13
3 b
1
2 a

with (1 + x)
n

We get n = 13, x =
3 b
2 a

3 5 5
x
2 3 2

= =
Now
5
5
(13 1)
14
(n 1) | x | 2
2
5 5 1 | x |
1 1
2 2
+

+
= =
+
+ +

70
10
7
= = which is an integer.
Hence we have two numerically greatest terms namely T
10
and T
11
.
T
10
in
13 9
13
9
3 b 3 b
1 C
2 a 2 a

=

9 9
13 13
9 9
3 5 5
C C
2 3 2

= =

T
10
in (4a 6b)
13
is

9 9
13 13 13 13
9 9
5 5
(4a) C (4 3) C
2 2

= =

9
13 4 9 13 4 9
9 9
5
C (12) (12) C (12) (30)
2

= =

T
11
in
13
3 b
1
2 a

is
10
13
10
3 b
C
2 a

=

10 10
13 13
10 10
3 5 5
C C
2 3 2

= =

N.G. term in (4a 6b)
13
is

10 10
13 13 13 13
10 10
10 10
13 13 13 3 10
10 10
10 10
13 3 10
10
5 5
(4a) C (4 3) C
2 2
5 5
(12) C C (12) (12)
2 2
C (12) (30)

= =

= =
=

iv) (3 + 7x)
n
when x =
4
5
, n = 15
Sol. Write (3 + 7x)
n
=
n
7
3 1 x
3
|
+
|
\ . ]

n
n
7
3 1 x
3

= +

Now we first find N.G. term in
n
7
1 x
3

+

On comparing with (1 + x)
n
, we get
7 7 4 28
X x
3 3 5 15
= = = n = 15
Now
28
(15 1)
(n 1) | x | 15
28
1 | x |
1
15

+

+

=
+
+

16 28 448 18
10
43 43 43
= = =
Its integral part (m) = 10
T
m+1
= T
11
is the N.G. term
T
11
in
15
7
1 x
3

+

=
10
15
10
7
C x
3

10 10
15 15
10 10
7 4 28
C C
3 5 15

= =

N.G. term in (3 + 7x)
n
is

10 10
15 15 15 5
10 10
28 28
3 C C 3
15 5

= =

5. Prove the following
i)
0 1 2 n
2 C 5 C 8 C ... (3n 2) C + + + + +

n 1
(3n 4) 2

= +
Sol. Let S =
0 1 2
2 C 5 C 8 C ... + + +

n 1 n
... (3n 1) C (3n 2)C
+ + +
n 0 n 1 1
C C , C C ...
= =
0 1 2
n 1 n
S (3n 2)C (3n 1)C (3n 4)C ...
.... 5C 2 C
= + + + +
+ +

Add
0 1 2 n
n
0 1 2 n
n 1
2S (3n 4)C (3n 4)C (3n 4)C ... (3n 4)C
(3n 4)(C C C ... C ) (3n 4)2
S (3n 4) 2

= + + + + + + + +
= + + + + + = +
= +

ii)
0 1 2 3
C 4 C 7 C 10 C .... 0 + + =
Sol. 1, 4, 7, 10 are in A.P.
T
n+1
= a + nd = 1 + n(3) = 3n + 1

0 1 2 3
C 4 C 7 C 10 C ...(n 1)terms + + +
n
0 1 2 3 n
C 4 C 7 C 10 C .... ( 1) (3n 1)C = + + + +
n
r
r
r 0
( 1) (3r 1)C
=
= +

{ }
n
r r
r r
r 0
n n
r r
r r
r 0 r 0
0 1 2 3
( 1) (3r)C ( 1) C
3 ( 1) r C ( 1) C
3(0) 0 0
C 4 C 7 C 10 C ... 0
=
= =
= +
= +
= + =
+ + =

iii)
n
3 5 7 1
C C C C 2 1
...
2 4 6 8 n 1
+ + + + =
+

Sol.
3 5 7 1
n n n n
3 5 7 1
C C C C
.........
2 4 6 8
C C C C
...
2 4 6 8
+ + + +
= + + + +

n n(n 1)(n 2) n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)(n 4)
...
2 4 3! 6 5!

= + + +

1 (n 1)n (n 1)n(n 1)(n 2) (n 1)n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)(n 4)
.... ...
n 1 2! 4! 6!
+ + +
= + + +

+

(n 1) (n 1) (n 1)
2 4 6
1
C C C ...
n 1
+ + +

= + + +

+

(n 1) (n 1) (n 1) (n 1)
0 2 4 0
1
C C C ... C
n 1
+ + + +

= + + +

+
n
n
1 2 1
2 1
n 1 n 1

= =

+ +

n
3 5 7 1
C C C C 2 1
...
2 4 6 8 n 1
+ + + + =
+

iv)
n
0 1 2 3 n
3 9 27 3
C C C C ... C
2 3 4 n 1
+ + + + +
+
n 1
4 1
3(n 1)
+
=
+

Sol. Let S =
2 3 n
0 1 2 3 n
3 3 3 3
C C C C ... C
2 3 4 n 1
+ + + + +
+
(1)
3 S =
2 3 4 n 1
0 1 2 3 n
3 3 3 3
C 3 C C C ... C
2 3 4 n 1
+
+ + + + +
+
...(2)
2 3 4 n 1
0 1 2 3 n
(n 1)3 S
3 3 3 3
(n 1)C 3 (n 1)C (n 1)C (n 1)C ... (n 1)C
2 3 3 n 1
+
+
= + + + + + + + + + +
+

(n 1) (n 1) 2 (n 1) 3 (n 1) n 1
1 2 3 n 1
n 1 (n 1) n 1
0
n 1
(n 1)3 S
C 3 C 3 C 3 ...... C 3
(1 3) C 4 1
4 1
S
3(n 1)
+ + + + +
+
+ + +
+
+
= + + + +
= + =
=
+

v)
n n
0 1 2 3 n
C 2 C 4 C 8 C ... 2 C 3 + + + + + =
Sol. L.H.S. =
n
0 1 2 3 n
C 2 C 4 C 8 C ... 2 C + + + + +
=
2 3 n
0 1 2 3 n
C C (2) C (2 ) C (2 ) ... C (2 ) + + + + +
= (1 + 2)
n
= 3
n

Note :
n 2 n
0 1 2 n
(1 x) C C x C x ... C x + = + + + +
6. Using binomial theorem, prove that
50
n
49n 1 is divisible by 49
2
for all positive integers n.

Sol. 50
n
49n 1 = (49 + 1)
n
49n 1
n n n n 1 n n 2 n 2 n n
0 1 2 n 2 n 1 n
[ C (49) C (49) C (49) ... C (49) C (49) C (1)] 49n 1

= + + + + + +

n n n 1 n n 2 n 2
1 2 n 2
(49) C (49) C (49) ... C (49) (n)(49) 1 49n 1

= + + + + + +
2 n 2 n n 3 n n 4 n
1 2 n 2
49 [(49) C (49) C (49) ... ..... ..... C ]

= + + + + + +
= 49
2
[a positive integer]
Hence 50
n
49n 1 is divisible by 49
2
for all positive integers of n.
7. Using binomial theorem, prove that
5
4n
+ 52n 1 is divisible by 676 for all positive integers n.
Sol. 5
4n
+ 52n 1 = (5
2
)
2n
+ 52n 1
2n
2n
2n 2n 2n 2n 1 2n 2n 2 2n 2 2n 2n
0 1 2 2n 2 2n 1 2n
(25) 52n 1
(26 1) 52n 1
[ C (26) C (26) C (26) ..... C (26) C (26) C (1)] 52n 1

= +
= +
= + + + +

2n 2n 2n 2n 1 2n 2n 2 2n
0 1 2 2n 2
C (26) C (26) C (26) ..... C 2n(26) 1 52n 1

= + + + +
2 2n 2n 2 2n 2n 3 2n 2n 4 2n
0 1 2 2n 2
(26) [ C (26) C (26) C (26) ... C ]

= + + +
is divisible by (26)
2
= 676
5
4n
+ 52n 1 is divisible by 676, for all positive integers n.

8. If
2 n 2 2n
0 1 2 2n
(1 x x ) a a x a x ... a x + + = + + + + , then prove that
i)
n
0 1 2 2n
a a a ... a 3 + + + + =
ii)
n
0 2 4 2n
3 1
a a a ... a
2
+
+ + + + =
iii)
n
1 3 5 2n 1
3 1
a a a ... a
2
+ + + + =
iv)
n 1
0 3 6 9
a a a a ... 3

+ + + + =
Sol.
2 n 2 2n
0 1 2 2n
(1 x x ) a a x a x ... a x + + = + + + +
Put x = 1,
a
0
+ a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
2n
= (1+1+1)
n
= 3
n
(1)
Put x = 1,
a
0
a
1
+ a
2
+ a
2n
= (11+1)
n
= 1 (2)
i)
n
0 1 2 2n
a a a ... a 3 + + + + =
ii) (1) + (2) 2(
0 2 4 2n
a a a ... a + + + + ) = 3
n
+ 1

n
0 2 4 2n
3 1
a a a ... a
2
+
+ + + + =
iii) (1) (2)
n
1 3 5 2n 1
2(a a a ... a ) 3 1
+ + + + =

n
1 3 5 2n 1
3 1
a a a ... a
2
+ + + + =
iv) Put x = 1
n
0 1 2 2n
a a a ... a 3 + + + + = (a)
Hint : 1 + +
2
= 0 ;
3
= 1
Put x =
2 3 2n
0 1 2 3 2n
a a a a ... a 0 + + + + + = (b)
Put x =
2

2 4 6 4n
0 1 2 3 2n
a a a a ... a 0 + + + + + = (c)
Adding (a), (b), (c)
2 2 4
0 1 2
3 6 2n 4n n
3 2n
3a a (1 ) a (1 )
a (1 ) ... a (1 ) 3
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + =

n
0 1 2 3
3a a (0) a (0) 3a ... ... 3 + + + + + =
n
n 1
0 3 6 9
3
a a a a ... 3
3
+ + + + = =
9. If the coefficients of (2r + 4)
th
term and
(3r + 4)
th
term in the expansion of (1 + x)
21
are equal, find r.
Sol. T
2r+4
in (1 + x)
21
is =
21
C
2r+3
(x)
2r+3
(1)
T
3r+4
in (1 + x)
21
is =
21
C
3r+3
(x)
3r+3
...(2)
Coefficients are equal

21
C
2r+3
=
21
C
3r+3

21 = (2r + 3) + (3r + 3) (or) 2r + 3 = 3r + 3
5r = 15 r = 3 (or) r = 0
Hence r = 0, 3.
III.
1. If 36, 84, 126 are three successive binomial coefficients in the expansion of
(1 + x)
n
, find n.
Sol. Let
n
C
r1
,
n
C
r
,
n
C
r+1
are three successive binomial coefficients in the expansion of
(1 + x)
n
, find n.
Then
n
C
r1
= 36,
n
C
r
= 84 and
n
C
r+1
= 126
Now
n
r
n
r 1
C 84 n r 1 7
36 r 3 C

+
= =
n
r 1
n
r
3n 3r 3 7r 3n 10r 3
3n 3
r ...(1)
10
C 126 n r 3
84 r 1 2 C
2n 2r 3r 3
2n 5r 3 ...(2)
+
+ = =
+
=
= =
+
= +
= +

3n 3
2n 5 3
10
+
= +

from (1)
3n 3 6
2n 4n 3n 9 n 9
2
+ +
= = + =
2.If the 2
nd
, 3
rd
and 4
th
terms in the expansion of (a + x)
n
are respectively 240, 720,
1080, find a, x, n.
Sol. T
2
= 240
n
C
1
a
n1
x = 240 (1)
T
3
= 720
n
C
2
a
n2
x
2
= 720 ...(2)
T
4
= 1080
n
C
3
a
n3
x
3
= 1080 ...(3)
n n 2 2
2
n n 1
1
(2) C a x 720
(1) 240 C a x
n 1 x
3 (n 1)x 6a ...(4)
2 a
= =

n n 3 3
3
n n 2 2
2
C a x (3) 1080
(2) 720 C a x
=
n 2 x 3
3 a 2
2(n 2)x 9a ...(5)
=
=

(4) (n 1)x 6a n 1 2
(5) 2(n 2)x 9a 2n 4 3
3n 3 4n 8 n 5

= =

= =

From (4), (5 1)x = 6a 4x = 6a
x =
3
a
2

Substitute x =
3
a
2
, n = 5 in (1)
5 4 5
1
5 5
3 3
C a a 240 5 a 240
2 2
480
a 32 2
15
= =
= = =

3 3
a 2, x a (2) 3
2 2
= = = =
a 2, x 3, n 5 = = =

3. If the coefficients of r
th
, (r+1)
th
and (r+2)
th
terms in the expansion of (1 + x)
th
are
in A.P. then show that n
2
(4r + 1)n + 4r
2
2 = 0.
Sol. Coefficient of T
r
=
n
C
r1

Coefficient of T
r+1
=
n
C
r

Coefficient of T
r+2
=
n
C
r+1

Given
n
C
r1
,
n
C
r
,
n
C
r+1
are in A.P.
2
n
C
r
=
n
C
r1
+
n
C
r+1

n! n! n!
2
(n r)!r! (n r 1)!(r 1)! (n r 1)!(r 1)!
2 1 1
(n r)r (n r 1)(n r) (r 1)r
1 2 1 1
n r r n r 1 (r 1)r
1 2n 2r 2 r 1
n r r(n r 1) r(r 1)
= +
+ +
= +
+ +

=

+ +

+
=

+ +

2
2 2
2 2
2 2
(2n 3r 2)(r 1) (n r)(n r 1)
2nr 2n 3r 3r 2r 2
n 2nr r n r
n 4nr 4r n 2 0
n (4r 1)n 4r 2 0
+ + = +
+ + +
= + +
+ =
+ + =

4. Find the sum of the coefficients of x
32
and x
18
in the expansion of
14
3
2
3
2x
x

.
14
3
2
3
2x
x

is :
r
14 3 14 r
r 1 r
2
r 14 14 r r 42 r 2r
r
r 14 14 r r 42 5r
r
3
T C (2x )
x
( 1) C (2) (3) x x
( 1) C 2 (3) x ...(1)
+

=

=
=

From coefficients of x
32
,
Put 42 5r = 32 5r = 10 r = 2
2 14 12 2 42 10
3 2
14 12 2 32
2
T ( 1) C (2) (3) x
C (2) (3) x
=
=

Coefficient of x
32
is
14 12 2
2
C (2) (3) (2)
18

Put 42 5r = 18 5r = 60 r = 12
12 14 2 12 42 60
13 12
14 2 12 18
12
T ( 1) C (2) (3) x
C (2) (3) x
=
=

Coefficient of x
18
is
14
C
12
(2)
2
3
12

Hence sum of the coefficients of x
32
and x
18
is
14 12 2 14 2 12
2 12
C (2) (3) C (2) (3) + .

5. If P and Q are the sum of odd terms and the sum of even terms respectively in
the expansion of (x + a)
n
then prove that
(i) P
2
Q
2
= (x
2
a
2
)
n

(ii) 4PQ = (x + a)
2n
(x a)
2n

Sol.
n n n n n 1 n n 2 2
0 1 2
(x a) C x C x a C x a

+ = + + +

n n 3 3 n n 1 n n
3 n 1 n
C x a ... C xa C a

+ + +
n n n n 2 2 n n 4 4 n n 1 n n 3 3 n n 5 5
0 2 4 1 3 5
( C x C x a C x a ...) ( C x a C x a C x a ...)
P Q

= + + + + + + +
= +

n n n n n 1 n n 2 2 n n 3 3 n n n
0 1 2 3 n
n n n n 2 2 n n 4 4 n n 1 n n 3 3 n n 5 5
0 2 4 2 3 5
(x a) C x C x a C x a C x a ... C ( 1) a
( C x C x a C x a ...) ( C x a C x a C x a ...)
P Q

= + + +
= + + + + + +
=

i) P
2
Q
2
= (P Q)(P Q) +
= (x + a)
n
(x a)
n

= [(x + a) (x a)]
n
= (x
2
a
2
)
n

ii) 4PQ = (P + Q)
2
(P Q)
2

= [(x + a)
n
]
2
[(x a)
n
]
2

= (x + a)
2n
(x a)
2n

6. If the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + x)
n
are a
1
, a
2
,
a
3
, a
4
respectively, then show that

3 1 2
1 2 3 4 2 3
a a 2a
a a a a a a
+ =
+ + +

Sol. Given a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
are the coefficients of 4 consecutive terms in (1 + x)
n
respectively.
Let a
1
=
n
C
r1
, a
2
=
n
C
r
, a
3
=
n
C
r+1
, a
4
=
n
C
r+2

L.H.S. :
3 1
1 2 3 4
a a
a a a a
+
+ +

3 1
2 4
1 3
1 3
a a
a a
a 1 a 1
a a
= +

+ +

n n
r r 2
n n
r 1 r 1
1 1
C C
1 1
C C
1 1
n r 1 n r 1
1 1
r r 2
r r 2 r r 2 2(r 1)
n 1 r 2 n r 1 n 1 n 1
+
+
= +
+ +
= +
+
+ +
+
+ + + +
= + = =
+ + + + +

R.H.S :
2 2
2 3 3
2
2
2a 2a
a a a
a 1
a
=
+
+

n
r 1
n
r
2 2 2(r 1)
L.H.S
n r
n 1 C
1
1
r 1
C
+
+
= = =
+
+
+
+

3 1 2
1 2 3 4 2 3
a a 2a
a a a a a a
+ =
+ + +

7. Prove that
2n 2 2n 2 2n 2 2n 2 2n 2 n 2n
0 1 2 3 2n n
( C ) ( C ) ( C ) ( C ) ... ( C ) ( 1) C + + + =

Sol.
2n 2n 2n 2n 2n 1
0 1
(x 1) C x C x

+ = + +
2n 2n 2 2n
2 2n
C x ... C ...(1)
+ +

2n 2n 2n 2n 2 2n 2n
0 1 2 2n
(x 1) C C x C x ... C x ...(2) = + + +
Multiplying eq. (1) and (2), we get
2n 2n 2n 2n 1 2n 2n 2 2n
0 1 2 2n
2n 2n 2n 2 2n 2n
0 1 2 2n
( C x C x C x ... C )
( C C x C x ... C x )

+ + + +
+ + +

2n 2n 2n
2 2n
2n
2n 2 r
r
r 0
(x 1) (1 x) [(1 x)(1 x)]
(1 x )
C ( x )
=
= + = +
=
=

Equating the coefficients of x
2n

2n 2 2n 2 2n 2 2n 2 2n 2 n 2n
0 1 2 3 2n n
( C ) ( C ) ( C ) ( C ) .... ( C ) ( 1) C + + + =

8. Prove that
n
0 1 1 2 2 3 n 1 n 0 1 2 n
(n 1)
(C C )(C C )(C C )...(C C ) C C C ...C
n!
+
+ + + + =
Sol.
0 1 1 2 2 3 n 1 n
(C C )(C C )(C C )...(C C )
+ + + + =
1 2 n
0 1 n 1
0 1 n 1
n n n
1 2 n
0 1 2 n 1
n n n
0 1 n 1
n 1 2 n 1 0 n
C C C
C 1 C 1 ...C 1
C C C
C C C
1 1 ...... 1 C C C ...C
C C C
n n 1 1
1 1 ... 1
1 2 n
C C C ...C [C C ]

= + + +

= + + +

= + + +

=
1 2 n 1 n
n
1 2 n
n
0 1 1 2 2 3 n 1 n 0 1 2 n
1 n 1 n 1 n
...... C C ...C C
1 2 n
(1 n)
C C ...C
n!
(n 1)
(C C )(C C )(C C )...(C C ) C C C ...C
n!
+ + +
=

+
=
+
+ + + + =

9. Find the term independent of x in
n
n
1
(1 3x) 1
3x

+ +

.
Sol.
n
n
1
(1 3x) 1
3x

+ +

=
n
n
3x 1
(1 3x)
3x
+
+

n
2n
2n 2n r
r
n n
r 0
1 1
(1 3x) ( C )(3x)
3x 3 x
=

= + =

The term independent of x in
n
n
1
(1 3x) 1
3x

+ +

is
2n n 2n
n n
n
1
( C )3 C
3
=
10. If
2 10 2
0 1 2
(1 3x 2x ) a a x a x ... + = + + +
20
20
a x + then prove that
i)
10
0 1 2 20
a a a ... a 2 + + + + =
ii)
10
0 1 2 3 20
a a a a ... a 4 + + + =
Sol.
2 10 2
0 1 2
(1 3x 2x ) a a x a x ... + = + + +
20
20
a x +
i) Put x = 1
10
0 1 2 20
10
0 1 2 20
(1 3 2) a a a ... a
a a a ... a 2
+ = + + + +
+ + + + =

ii) Put x = 1
10
0 1 2 20
10 10
0 1 2 3 20
(1 3 2) a a a ... a
a a a a ... a ( 4) 4
= + + +
+ + + = =

11. If R, n are positive integers, n is odd, 0 < F < 1 and if
n
(5 5 11) R F + = + , then
prove that
i) R is an even integer and
ii) (R + F)F = 4
n
.
Sol. i) Since R, n are positive integers, 0 < F < 1 and
n
(5 5 11) R F + = +
Let
n
(5 5 11) f =
Now, 11 5 5 12 0 5 5 11 1 < < < <
n
0 (5 5 11) 1 0 f 1
0 f 1
< < < <
> >

1 < f < 0
R + F f =
n n
(5 5 11) (5 5 11) +
n n n n 1
0 1
n n 2 2 n n
2 n
C (5 5) C (5 5) (11)
C (5 5) (11) ... C (11)

+ +
=
+ +

n n n n 1
0 1
n n 2 2 n n
2 n
C (5 5) C (5 5) (11)
C (5 5) (11) ... C ( 11)

+

+ +

n n 1 n n 3 2
1 3
2 C (5 5) (11) C (5 5) (11) ...

= + +

= 2k where k is an integer.
R + F f is an even integer.
F f is an integer since R is an integer.
But 0 < F < 1 and 1 < f < 0 1 < F f < 1
F f = 0 F = f
R is an even integer.

ii) (R + F)F = (R + F)f, F = f

n n
n
n n
(5 5 11) (5 5 11)
(5 5 11)(5 5 11) (125 121) 4
= +

= + = =

(R + F)F = 4
n
.

12. If I, n are positive integers, 0 < f < 1 and if
n
(7 4 3) I f + = + , then show that (i) I
is an odd integer and (ii) (I + f)(I f) = 1.
Sol. Given I, n are positive integers and
n
(7 4 3) I f + = + , 0 < f < 1
Let 7 4 3 F =
Now 6 4 3 7 6 4 3 7 < < > >
1 > 7 4 3 > 0 0 < ( 7 4 3 )
n
< 1
0 < F < 1
1 + f + F =
n n
(7 4 3) (7 4 3) +
n n n n 1 n n 2 2
0 1 2
n n
n
C 7 C 7 (4 3) C 7 (4 3)
... C (4 3)

+ +
=
+ +

n n n n 1 n n 2 2
0 1 2
n n
n
C 7 C 7 (4 3) C 7 (4 3)
... C ( 4 3)

+
=
+ +

n n n n 2 2
0 2
2 C 7 C 7 (4 3) ......

= +

= 2k where k is an integer.
1 + f + F is an even integer.
f + F is an integer since I is an integer.
But 0 < f < 1 and 0 < F < 1 f + F < 2
f + F = 1 (1)
I + 1 is an even integer.
I is an odd integer.
(I + f)(I f) = (I + f)F, by (1)

n n
n
n
(7 4 3) (7 4 3)
(7 4 3)(7 4 3)
(49 48) 1
= +

= +

= =

13. If n is a positive integer, prove that
2
n 2 n
3 r
n
r 1 r 1
C (n)(n 1) (n 2)
r
12 C
=

+ +
=

.
Sol.
2
2
n n n
3 3 r
n
r 1 r 1 r 1
C n r 1
r r
r C
= =

+
=

n n
2 2 2
r 1 r 1
2 2 3
2 2
2
r(n r 1) r[(n 1) 2(n 1)r r ]
(n 1) r 2(n 1) r r
(n)(n 1) (n)(n 1)(2n 1) n (n 1)
(n 1) 2(n 1)
2 6 4
= =
= + = + + +
= + + +
+ + + +
= + + +

2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
(n 1) 2n(2n 1) n
n(n 1)
2 3 2
(n 1) 6n 6n 8n 4n 3n
2 6
(n 1) n 2n n(n 1) (n 2)
2 6 12

+ +
= + +

+ + +
=

+ + + +
= =

Binomial Theorem

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