Year of the Snake

A Satanic Ritual?

By William P. Litynski

History of Mankind: A Faustian Bargain?

Faustian Bargain: Faust makes a pact with the Devil

Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made !nd he said unto the woman" #ea" hath God said" #e shall not eat of every tree of the $arden% !nd the woman said unto the serpent" &e may eat of the fruit of the trees of the $arden: 'ut of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the $arden" God hath said" #e shall not eat of it" neither shall ye touch it" lest ye die !nd the serpent said unto the woman" #e shall not surely die: For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof" then your eyes shall be opened" and ye shall be as $ods" knowin$ $ood and evil !nd when the woman saw that the tree was $ood for food" and that it was pleasant to the eyes" and a tree to be desired to make one wise" she took of the fruit thereof" and did eat" and $ave also unto her husband with her( and he did eat !nd the eyes of them both were opened" and they knew that they were naked( and they sewed fi$ leaves to$ether" and made themselves aprons !nd they heard the voice of the LORD God walkin$ in the $arden in the cool of the day: and !dam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amon$st the trees of the $arden !nd the LORD God called unto !dam" and said unto him" &here art thou% !nd he said" ) heard thy voice in the $arden" and ) was afraid" because ) was naked( and ) hid myself !nd he said" &ho told thee that thou wast naked% *ast thou eaten of the tree" whereof ) commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat% !nd the man said" +he woman whom thou $avest to be with me" she $ave me of the tree" and ) did eat !nd the LORD God said unto the woman" &hat is this that thou hast done% !nd the woman said" The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. !nd the LORD God said unto the serpent" 'ecause thou hast done this" thou art cursed above all cattle" and above every beast of the field( upon thy belly shalt thou $o" and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life: !nd ) will put enmity between thee and the woman" and between thy seed and her seed( it shall bruise thy head" and thou shalt bruise his heel ,nto the woman he said" ) will $reatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception( in sorrow thou shalt brin$ forth children( and thy desire shall be to thy husband" and he shall rule over thee !nd unto !dam he said" 'ecause thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife" and hast eaten of the tree" of which ) commanded thee" sayin$" +hou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the $round for thy sake( in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life( +horns also and thistles shall it brin$ forth to thee( and thou shalt eat the herb of the field( )n the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread" till thou return unto the $round( for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art" and unto dust shalt thou return !nd !dam called his wife-s name .ve( because she was the mother of all livin$ ,nto !dam also and to his wife did the LORD God make coats of skins" and clothed them !nd the LORD God said" 'ehold" the man is become as one of us" to know $ood and evil: and now" lest he put forth his hand" and take also of the tree of life" and eat" and live for ever: +herefore the LORD God sent him forth from the $arden of .den" to till the $round from whence he was taken /o he drove out the man( and he placed at the east of the $arden of .den 0herubims" and a flamin$ sword which turned every way" to keep the way of the tree of life 1 2 Genesis 3:4567" Old +estament 89in$ :ames ;ersion 89:;<<

+he 0hinese =odiac 80alendar<

Year of the Dragon: 47>>" 4746" 4767" 473?" 477@" 47?>" 47A6" 47@7" 47B? 4C>@" 4C6>" 4C36" 4C77" 4CC?" 4C?@" 4C@>" 4CB6 4?>7" 4?4?" 4?6@" 4?7>" 4?C6" 4??7" 4?A?" 4?@@ 4A>>" 4A46" 4A67" 4A3?" 4A7@" 4A?>" 4AA6" 4A@7" 4AB? 4@>@" 4@6>" 4@36" 4@77" 4@C?" 4@?@" 4@@>" 4@B6 4B>7" 4B4?" 4B6@" 4B7>" 4BC6" 4B?7" 4BA?" 4B@@ 6>>>" 6>46" 6>67" 6>3?" 6>7@" 6>?>" 6>A6" 6>@7" 6>B? Year of the Snake: 47>4" 4743" 476C" 473A" 477B" 47?4" 47A3" 47@C" 47BA 4C>B" 4C64" 4C33" 4C7C" 4CCA" 4C?B" 4C@4" 4CB3 4?>C" 4?4A" 4?6B" 4?74" 4?C3" 4??C" 4?AA" 4?@B 4A>4" 4A43" 4A6C" 4A3A" 4A7B" 4A?4" 4AA3" 4A@C" 4ABA 4@>B" 4@64" 4@33" 4@7C" 4@CA" 4@?B" 4@@4" 4@B3 4B>C" 4B4A" 4B6B" 4B74" 4BC3" 4B?C" 4BAA" 4B@B 6>>4" 6>43" 6>6C" 6>3A" 6>7B" 6>?4" 6>A3" 6>@C" 6>BA Year of the Horse: 47>6" 4747" 476?" 473@" 47C>" 47?6" 47A7" 47@?" 47B@ 4C4>" 4C66" 4C37" 4C7?" 4CC@" 4CA>" 4C@6" 4CB7 4?>?" 4?4@" 4?3>" 4?76" 4?C7" 4???" 4?A@" 4?B> 4A>6" 4A47" 4A6?" 4A3@" 4AC>" 4A?6" 4AA7" 4A@?" 4AB@ 4@4>" 4@66" 4@37" 4@7?" 4@C@" 4@A>" 4@@6" 4@B7 4B>?" 4B4@" 4B3>" 4B76" 4BC7" 4B??" 4BA@" 4BB> 6>>6" 6>47" 6>6?" 6>3@" 6>C>" 6>?6" 6>A7" 6>@?" 6>B@ Year of the Goat: 47>3" 474C" 476A" 473B" 47C4" 47?3" 47AC" 47@A" 47BB 4C44" 4C63" 4C3C" 4C7A" 4CCB" 4CA4" 4C@3" 4CBC 4?>A" 4?4B" 4?34" 4?73" 4?CC" 4??A" 4?AB" 4?B4 4A>3" 4A4C" 4A6A" 4A3B" 4AC4" 4A?3" 4AAC" 4A@A" 4ABB 4@44" 4@63" 4@3C" 4@7A" 4@CB" 4@A4" 4@@3" 4@BC 4B>A" 4B4B" 4B34" 4B73" 4BCC" 4B?A" 4BAB" 4BB4 6>>3" 6>4C" 6>6A" 6>3B" 6>C4" 6>?3" 6>AC" 6>@A" 6>BB Year of the onke!: 47>7" 474?" 476@" 477>" 47C6" 47?7" 47A?" 47@@ 4C>>" 4C46" 4C67" 4C3?" 4C7@" 4C?>" 4CA6" 4C@7" 4CB? 4?>@" 4?6>" 4?36" 4?77" 4?C?" 4??@" 4?@>" 4?B6 4A>7" 4A4?" 4A6@" 4A7>" 4AC6" 4A?7" 4AA?" 4A@@ 4@>>" 4@46" 4@67" 4@3?" 4@7@" 4@?>" 4@A6" 4@@7" 4@B? 4B>@" 4B6>" 4B36" 4B77" 4BC?" 4B?@" 4B@>" 4BB6 6>>7" 6>4?" 6>6@" 6>7>" 6>C6" 6>?7" 6>A?" 6>@@ Year of the "ooster: 47>C" 474A" 476B" 4774" 47C3" 47?C" 47AA" 47@B 4C>4" 4C43" 4C6C" 4C3A" 4C7B" 4C?4" 4CA3" 4C@C" 4CBA 4?>B" 4?64" 4?33" 4?7C" 4?CA" 4??B" 4?@4" 4?B3 4A>C" 4A4A" 4A6B" 4A74" 4AC3" 4A?C" 4AAA" 4A@B 4@>4" 4@43" 4@6C" 4@3A" 4@7B" 4@?4" 4@A3" 4@@C" 4@BA 4B>B" 4B64" 4B33" 4B7C" 4BCA" 4B?B" 4B@4" 4BB3 6>>C" 6>4A" 6>6B" 6>74" 6>C3" 6>?C" 6>AA" 6>@B Year of the Dog: 47>?" 474@" 473>" 4776" 47C7" 47??" 47A@" 47B> 4C>6" 4C47" 4C6?" 4C3@" 4CC>" 4C?6" 4CA7" 4C@?" 4CB@ 4?4>" 4?66" 4?37" 4?7?" 4?C@" 4?A>" 4?@6" 4?B7 4A>?" 4A4@" 4A3>" 4A76" 4AC7" 4A??" 4AA@" 4AB> 4@>6" 4@47" 4@6?" 4@3@" 4@C>" 4@?6" 4@A7" 4@@?" 4@B@ 4B4>" 4B66" 4B37" 4B7?" 4BC@" 4BA>" 4B@6" 4BB7 6>>?" 6>4@" 6>3>" 6>76" 6>C7" 6>??" 6>A@" 6>B> Year of the #ig: 47>A" 474B" 4734" 4773" 47CC" 47?A" 47AB" 47B4 4C>3" 4C4C" 4C6A" 4C3B" 4CC4" 4C?3" 4CAC" 4C@A" 4CBB 4?44" 4?63" 4?3C" 4?7A" 4?CB" 4?A4" 4?@3" 4?BC 4A>A" 4A4B" 4A34" 4A73" 4ACC" 4A?A" 4AAB" 4AB4 4@>3" 4@4C" 4@6A" 4@3B" 4@C4" 4@?3" 4@AC" 4@@A" 4@BB 4B44" 4B63" 4B3C" 4B7A" 4BCB" 4BA4" 4B@3" 4BBC 6>>A" 6>4B" 6>34" 6>73" 6>CC" 6>?A" 6>AB" 6>B4 Year of the "at: 47>@" 476>" 4736" 4777" 47C?" 47?@" 47@>" 47B6 4C>7" 4C4?" 4C6@" 4C7>" 4CC6" 4C?7" 4CA?" 4C@@ 4?>>" 4?46" 4?67" 4?3?" 4?7@" 4??>" 4?A6" 4?@7" 4?B? 4A>@" 4A6>" 4A36" 4A77" 4AC?" 4A?@" 4A@>" 4AB6 4@>7" 4@4?" 4@6@" 4@7>" 4@C6" 4@?7" 4@A?" 4@@@ 4B>>" 4B46" 4B67" 4B3?" 4B7@" 4B?>" 4BA6" 4B@7" 4BB? 6>>@" 6>6>" 6>36" 6>77" 6>C?" 6>?@" 6>@>" 6>B6 Year of the $% &Bull': 47>B" 4764" 4733" 477C" 47CA" 47?B" 47@4" 47B3 4C>C" 4C4A" 4C6B" 4C74" 4CC3" 4C?C" 4CAA" 4C@B 4?>4" 4?43" 4?6C" 4?3A" 4?7B" 4??4" 4?A3" 4?@C" 4?BA 4A>B" 4A64" 4A33" 4A7C" 4ACA" 4A?B" 4A@4" 4AB3 4@>C" 4@4A" 4@6B" 4@74" 4@C3" 4@?C" 4@AA" 4@@B 4B>4" 4B43" 4B6C" 4B3A" 4B7B" 4B?4" 4BA3" 4B@C" 4BBA 6>>B" 6>64" 6>33" 6>7C" 6>CA" 6>?B" 6>@4" 6>B3 Year of the Tiger: 474>" 4766" 4737" 477?" 47C@" 47A>" 47@6" 47B7 4C>?" 4C4@" 4C3>" 4C76" 4CC7" 4C??" 4CA@" 4CB> 4?>6" 4?47" 4?6?" 4?3@" 4?C>" 4??6" 4?A7" 4?@?" 4?B@ 4A4>" 4A66" 4A37" 4A7?" 4AC@" 4AA>" 4A@6" 4AB7 4@>?" 4@4@" 4@3>" 4@76" 4@C7" 4@??" 4@A@" 4@B> 4B>6" 4B47" 4B6?" 4B3@" 4BC>" 4B?6" 4BA7" 4B@?" 4BB@ 6>4>" 6>66" 6>37" 6>7?" 6>C@" 6>A>" 6>@6" 6>B7 Year of the "abbit: 4744" 4763" 473C" 477A" 47CB" 47A4" 47@3" 47BC 4C>A" 4C4B" 4C34" 4C73" 4CCC" 4C?A" 4CAB" 4CB4 4?>3" 4?4C" 4?6A" 4?3B" 4?C4" 4??3" 4?AC" 4?@A" 4?BB 4A44" 4A63" 4A3C" 4A7A" 4ACB" 4AA4" 4A@3" 4ABC 4@>A" 4@4B" 4@34" 4@73" 4@CC" 4@?A" 4@AB" 4@B4 4B>3" 4B4C" 4B6A" 4B3B" 4BC4" 4B?3" 4BAC" 4B@A" 4BBB 6>44" 6>63" 6>3C" 6>7A" 6>CB" 6>A4" 6>@3" 6>BC

DaEor *istorical .vents in the #ear of the /nake

(anuar! )*, +, B.-.: "oman .mpire is established/ 0ugustus -aesar be1omes the first .mperor of the "oman .mpire !u$ust B" 44A ! D : Death of +raEan" .mperor of the Roman .mpire 0ugust +2, )234: The -on5i1tion and .%e1ution of S1ottish rebel 6illiam 6alla1e in 7ondon for High Treason :une 6@" 43@B: Ottoman +urkish Duslim army attacks the /erbian 0hristian army at the 'attle of 9osovo 0ugust ++, )894: :ing "i1hard III of .ngland is killed in a1tion at the Battle of Bos;orth Field in .ngland. a! +4, )4+): -harles <, Hol! "oman .mperor, issued the .di1t of 6orms de1laring artin 7uther a hereti1. 0ugust )4+): 'attle of +enochtitlan and the Fall of the !Ftec .mpire Gpresent5day DeHicoI =o5ember 4, )*34: Gunpo;der #lot in 7ondon &Gu! Fa;kes' October 4?74: +he )rish Rebellion of 4?74 February 43" 4?@B: !scension of 9in$ &illiam ))) of .n$land and his wife Jueen Dary )) of .n$land (anuar! )9, ),3): .stablishment of the :ingdom of #russia ),3): .stablishment of Yale >ni5ersit! in -onne1ti1ut Februar! 9, ),+4: Death of -?ar #eter I of "ussia &#eter the Great' in St. #etersburg, "ussia De1ember )*, ),,2: Boston Tea #art! $1tober )9, ),@,: The Fall of The ost Serene "epubli1 of <eni1e Darch 6C" 4@64: 'e$innin$ of the Greek &ar of )ndependence a! 4, )9+): Death of =apoleon Bonaparte /eptember 6A" 4@64: 0onclusion of the DeHican &ar of )ndependence )9+): Georg 6ilhelm Friedri1h HegelAs book Elements of the Philosophy of Right is published in Berlin )922: .stablishment of Skull and Bones, a Satani1 se1ret so1iet! at Yale >ni5ersit! Darch 3" 4@7C: Florida became a /tate within the ,nited /tates of !merica December 6B" 4@7C: !nneHation of +eHas Darch ?" 4@CA: Dred Scott v. Sanford case decided by the , / /upreme 0ourt )9*@: .stablishment of the Yasukuni Shrine in Tok!o, (apan Darch 43" 4@@4: !ssassination of 0Far !leHander )) of Russia in /t Ketersbur$" Russia :uly 6" 4@@4: !ssassination of , / Kresident :ames ! Garfield :anuary 4A" 4@B3: !bdication 8overthrow< of Jueen Liliuokalani of *awaii October 6@" 4@B3: !ssassination of Dayor of 0hica$o 0arter *enry *arrison /r Day 6A56@" 4B>C: )mperial :apanese Navy defeats the Russian Navy at the 'attle of +sushima :anuary 66" 4B>C: 'loody /unday Dassacre in /t Ketersbur$" Russia :uly 4B>C: +aft59atsura !$reement is established" leadin$ to the :apanese coloniFation of 9orea /eptember C" 4B>C: /i$nin$ of the +reaty of Kortsmouth 8peace treaty endin$ Russo5:apanese &ar< by :apan and Russia ar1h )4, )@),: 0bdi1ation of -?ar =i1holas II of "ussia =o5ember +, )@),: British politi1ian 0rthur Balfour ;rites a letter to 7ord "oths1hild, later kno;n as BBalfour De1larationC =o5ember ,, )@),: Beginning of the Bolshe5ik "e5olution &$1tober "e5olution' in "ussia De1ember )), )@),: British Field arshal .dmund 0llenb!As grand entran1e into (erusalem :une 47" 4B6B: #oun$ Klan 8German war reparations payment plan< is finaliFed at Karis" France October 3" 4B6B: Death of German Forei$n Dinister Gustav /tresemann October 6@56B" 4B6B: /tock Darket 0rash in New #ork 0ity and 'e$innin$ of the Great Depression (une 8, )@8): Death of :aiser 6ilhelm II of German! :une 66" 4B74: NaFi German )nvasion of the /oviet ,nion 8Operation 'arbarossa< !u$ust 6C" 4B745/eptember 4A" 4B74: !n$lo5/oviet )nvasion of )ran 8Operation 0ountenance< De1ember ,, )@8): Imperial (apanese =a5! atta1k on #earl Harbor &Ha;aii' ar1h 4, )@42: Death of So5iet di1tator (oseph Stalin :uly 6A" 4BC3: 9orean &ar !rmistice !u$ust 4B" 4BC3: Overthrow 80oup dLetat< of )ranLs Krime Dinister Dohammad Dossade$h :anuary 67" 4B?C: Death of former Krime Dinister of Great 'ritain /ir &inston 0hurchill November 44" 4B?C: RhodesiaLs Krime Dinister )an /mith declares a ,nilateral Declaration of )ndependence1 from Great 'ritain :anuary A" 4B@B: Death of .mperor *irohito of :apan :une 3" 4B@B: Death of Grand !yatollah Ruhollah 9homeini 8/upreme Leader of )ran< :une 7" 4B@B: +iananmen /Muare Dassacre in 'eiEin$" 0ommunist 0hina =o5ember @, )@9@: Fall of the Berlin 6all September )), +33): @D)) Traged! in =e; York -it! &6orld Trade -enter' and 6ashington, D.-. &#entagon'

#ear of the /nake N Roman .mpire: ! Faustian 'ar$ain%

!u$ustus 0aesar 8born on 63 /eptember ?3 ' 0 < became the first .mperor of the Roman .mpire on 4? :anuary 6A ' 0 !u$ustus 0aesar $overned the Roman .mpire from 4? :anuary 6A ' 0 until his death on 4B !u$ust 47 ! D 011ording to the -hinese 1alendar, +, B.-. ;as kno;n as Year of the Snake.

.mperor +raEan 8left<" the 43th .mperor of the Roman .mpire" $overned the Roman .mpire from 6@ :anuary B@ ! D until his death on @ 0ugust )), 0.D. .mperor *adrian 8ri$ht<" the 47th .mperor of the Roman .mpire" $overned the Roman .mpire from )3 0ugust )), 0.D. until his death on 4> :uly 43@ ! D 011ording to the -hinese 1alendar, )), 0.D. ;as kno;n as Year of the Snake.

+he Roman .mpire in 44A ! D at the time of the death of .mperor +raEan

0icero denounces 0atiline in the Roman /enate in ?3 ' 0 +he 0atiline Orations were speeches delivered by Darcus +ullius 0icero" the consul of Rome" in ?3 ' 0 eHposin$ to the Roman /enate the plot of Lucius /er$ius 0atilina and his allies to overthrow the Roman $overnment 011ording to the -hinese 1alendar, *2 B.-. ;as kno;n as Year of the Snake.

0icero was elected 0onsul for the year ?3 '0 *is co5consul for the year" Gaius !ntonius *ybrida" played a minor role Durin$ his year in office" he thwarted a conspiracy centered on assassinatin$ him and overthrowin$ the Roman Republic with the help of forei$n armed forces" led by Lucius /er$ius 0atilina 0icero procured a Senatus Consultum de Re Publica Defendenda 8a declaration of martial law< and drove 0atiline from the city with four vehement speeches 8the 0atiline Orations<" which to this day remain outstandin$ eHamples of his rhetorical style +he Orations listed 0atiline and his followers- debaucheries" and denounced 0atiline-s senatorial sympathiFers as ro$uish and dissolute debtors clin$in$ to 0atiline as a final and desperate hope 0icero demanded that 0atiline and his followers leave the city !t the conclusion of his first speech" 0atiline hurriedly left the senate" 8which was bein$ held in the +emple of :upiter /tator< )n his followin$ speeches" 0icero did not directly address 0atiline *e delivered the second and third orations before the people" and the last one a$ain before the /enate 'y these speeches" 0icero wanted to prepare the /enate for the worst possible case( he also delivered more evidence a$ainst 0atiline 0atiline fled and left behind his followers to start the revolution from within while 0atiline assaulted the city with an army of Omoral bankrupts and honest fanaticsO 0atiline had attempted to involve the !llobro$es" a tribe of +ransalpine Gaul" in their plot" but 0icero" workin$ with the Gauls" was able to seiFe letters which incriminated the five conspirators and forced them to confess their crimes in front of the /enate +he /enate then deliberated upon the conspirators- punishment !s it was the dominant advisory body to the various le$islative assemblies rather than a Eudicial body" there were limits to its power( however" martial law was in effect" and it was feared that simple house arrest or eHile 2 the standard options 2 would not remove the threat to the state !t first Decimus /ilanus spoke for the OeHtreme penaltyO( many were then swayed by :ulius 0aesar" who decried the precedent it would set and ar$ued in favor of life imprisonment in various )talian towns 0ato then rose in defence of the death penalty and all the /enate finally a$reed on the matter 0icero had the conspirators taken to the +ullianum" the notorious Roman prison" where they were stran$led 0icero himself accompanied the former consul Kublius 0ornelius Lentulus /ura" one of the conspirators" to the +ullianum 0icero received the honorific OPater PatriaeO for his efforts to suppress the conspiracy" but lived thereafter in fear of trial or eHile for havin$ put Roman citiFens to death without trial /ource: http:PPen wikipedia or$PwikiP0icero

#ear of the /nake N Dedieval .ra

:apanese samurai warriors board #uan ships durin$ the second Don$ol )nvasion of :apan in 46@4 011ording to the -hinese 1alendar, )+9) ;as kno;n as Year of the Snake.

/cottish rebel /ir &illiam &allace stands on trial at &estminster *all in London in !u$ust 43>C /cottish rebel /ir &illiam &allace was convicted for hi$h treason" and he was eHecuted 8hanged, drawn, and quartered1< in London on !u$ust 63" 43>C for his participation in the &ars of /cottish )ndependence 011ording to the -hinese 1alendar, )234 ;as kno;n as Year of the Snake. 8Kaintin$ by Daniel Daclise< !fter the battle of Falkirk we know very little of what &allace did *e $ave up bein$ Guardian" as he had no lon$er an army at his back 'ut to the end he went on fi$htin$ a$ainst the .n$lish" and would never acknowled$e that .dward was kin$ of /cotland .dward knew that &allace was his $reatest enemy" and he determined to $et him into his hands 0 large sum of mone! ;as offered to an! one ;ho ;ould bring him ali5e or dead, and at last, in the !ear )234, the da! 1ame ;hen he ;as taken. &e do not know eHactly how it happened" but the story $oes that a servant of /ir :ohn Dentieth told his master where &allace was livin$" and that /ir :ohn sent men to seiFe him Now a prisoner" &allace was at once carried off to London *e could eHpect no mercy from .dward *e was condemned as a traitor" thou$h he could not be called a traitor as he had never called .dward his kin$" and he was condemned to die a traitorLs death" which was the most shameful of all deaths For the punishment of a traitor was to be han$ed and then beheaded" and his body cut into Muarters !nd this was the death that &allace died *is head was placed on a pole on London 'rid$e" where the heads of .n$lish traitors were put" and the other parts of his body were sent to Newcastle" 'erwick" /tirlin$" and Kerth" so that as a many people as possible mi$ht see what had been his end" and be terrified from followin$ his eHample 'ut his eHample has never been for$otten by his fellow5countrymen" and" thou$h it is now more than siH hundred years since his death" they still remember and honour him as the $reatest hero of their nation 1 2 A Short History of Scotland by K *ume 'rown" p @4

+he /erbian 0hristians fi$ht a$ainst the Ottoman +urkish Duslim invaders durin$ the 'attle of 9osovo on (une +9, )29@ +he Ottoman +urks would later capture 9osovo as well as modern5day /erbia 8includin$ the city of 'el$rade<" 'osnia 8includin$ the city of /araEevo<" Romania" 'ul$aria" Greece" Dacedonia" !lbania" and Dontene$ro 011ording to the -hinese 1alendar, )29@ ;as kno;n as Year of the Snake. 8Kaintin$ by !dam /tefanoviQ" 4@A><

+he 'attle of 'osworth Field 8left< was fou$ht in .n$land on 0ugust ++, )894 +he 'attle of 'osworth Field was the last si$nificant battle of the &ars of the Roses" a civil war between the *ouse of Lancaster and the *ouse of #ork that occurred in .n$land from 47CC to 47@C 9in$ Richard ))) of .n$land 8ri$ht<" a member of the *ouse of #ork who ruled .n$land from 47@3 to 47@C" was killed in action at the 'attle of 'osworth Field on !u$ust 66" 47@C 011ording to the -hinese 1alendar, )894 ;as kno;n as Year of the Snake.

#ear of the /nake N Reformation: ! /atanic Ritual%

Martin Luther, author of the 9 !heses and founder of the Protestant "eformation, s#eaks at the $iet of Worms in Worms, %ermany in A#ril & '& as (harles ), Holy "oman *m#eror, #resides o+er the $iet. !he $iet of Worms ended ,hen (harles ), Holy "oman *m#eror issued the *di-t of Worms, de-laring Martin Luther a hereti-, on May 25, 1521.

The Fall of the Aztec Empire: .#anish -on/uistador Hern0n (ort1s and his Me2i-an 3ndian allies defeat the A4te- for-es of (uauht1mo-, the last A4te- *m#eror at the Battle of !eno-htitlan 5#resent6day Me2i-o (ity7 in August 1521.

Left: 8ing Henry )333 of *ngland, ,ho married si2 ,omen, ruled *ngland 9eginning on A#ril '&, & :9. "ight: Portuguese e2#lorer Ferdinand Magellan ,as killed 9y nati+e residents in the Phili##ines on A#ril ';, & '&.

Kortu$uese merchants established a tradin$ post at Dacao" 0hina in 4CCA 8Kaintin$: Keabody .sseH Duseum 6>>A 8Khoto: :effrey R Dykes<< 8Kaintin$: Dassachusetts )nstitute of +echnolo$y<

+he ,nion of Lublin" a political union mer$in$ the 9in$dom of Koland and Duchy of Lithuania into one kin$dom" was si$ned in Lublin" Koland on (ul! ), )4*@

Dutch leaders declared their independence from the 9in$dom of /pain and established an independent Dutch Republic" also known as the Republic of the /even ,nited Krovinces" on (ul! +*, )49)" after si$nin$ the !ct of !bEuration in +he *au$e

Left: <ueen *li4a9eth 3 of *ngland knights .ir Fran-is $rake on April 4, 1581 on his shi# =%olden Hind= follo,ing his round6the6,orld +oyage. "ight: Po-ahontas, the ,ife of *nglish mer-hant >ohn "olfe, died in *ngland in March 161 .

%uy Fa,kes ,as arrested in the -ellar 9eneath the House of Lords se-tion of the *nglish Parliament ?Pala-e of Westminster@ in London, ,here AB 9arrels of gun#o,der ,ere stored that night, shortly after midnight on !o"em#er 5, 16$5. %uy Fa,kes ,as arrested and later -on+i-ted for his in+ol+ement in the failed %un#o,der Plot of &B: . !he %un#o,der Plot of &B: ,as a failed assassination attem#t against 8ing >ames 3 of *ngland and )3 of .-otland and an attem#t to destroy the House of Lords in London 9y a grou# of *nglish (atholi-s. !he #lotters #lanned on assassinating 8ing >ames and mem9ers of the House of Lords 9y igniting gun #o,der in the Parliament 9asement and killing e+eryone on the Parliament floor, in-luding 8ing >ames.

Left: !he .iege of Pyongyang ,as a 9attle fought 9et,een the Ming68orea allian-e and >a#anese for-es in Pyongyang, 8orea on >anuary C, & 9A during >a#anese in+asions of 8orea. "ight: !okuga,a 3eyasu, the >a#anese shogun ,ho unified and go+erned >a#an and esta9lished the !okuga,a .hogunate, retired in &B: .

+he Dutch .ast )ndia 0ompany be$ins tradin$ with :apan on the offshore island of DeEima near Na$asaki in 4?74

+he )rish Rebellion of 4?74" a civil war between the )rish 0atholics and )rish and .n$lish Krotestants" be$an in October 4?74

Left #i-ture: !he .e-ond Anglo6$ut-h War ,as fought 9et,een *ngland and the Detherlands from Mar-h E, &BB to >uly A&, &BB;. !he Battle of Lo,estoft, a maFor 9attle in the .e-ond Anglo6$ut-h War, ,as fought on >une &A, &BB . ?At left is British shi# HM. Royal Charles and at right is $ut-h shi# Eendracht.@ "ight #i-ture: A grou# of *nglishmen -arry dead 9u9oni- #lague +i-tims in London in &BB during the middle of the last maFor out9reak of the 9u9oni- #lague in *ngland, later kno,n as !he %reat Plague of London ?&BBE6&BBB@.

8ing William 333 of *ngland ?left@ and his ,ife <ueen Mary 33 of *ngland ?right@ ruled *ngland, .-otland, and 3reland 9eginning on Fe#ruary 1%, 168&, after 8ing >ames 33 of *ngland ,as de#osed in the G%lorious "e+olutionH in &BCC. 8ing William 333 of *ngland ,as formerly Prin-e William of Irange and a monar-h from the Detherlands.

The Esta#lishme't of the (i'g)om of *russia: !he anointment of 8ing Frederi-k 3 of Prussia after his -oronation as 8ing of Prussia in 8Jnigs9erg, Prussia on +a'uary 18, 1 $1. !he 8ingdom of Prussia ,as formally esta9lished in &;:&. !he -ity of 8onigs9erg ,as renamed 8aliningrad 9y the .o+iet "ussian go+ernment in &9EB.

!he !reaty of Ktre-ht, a #ea-e treaty ending the War of the .#anish .u--ession, ,as signed 9y di#lomats from %reat Britain, Fran-e, .#ain, Detherlands, Portugal, and .a+oy in Ktre-ht, $ut-h "e#u9li- on A#ril &&, &;&A.

A ma# of *uro#e in &;&A follo,ing the signing of the !reaty of Ktre-htL under the terms of the #ea-e treaty, .#ain formally -eded %i9raltar and the island of Minor-a to %reat Britain ,hile Austria a-/uired Da#les and .ardinia.

Gian Gastone deL Dedici" Grand Duke of +uscany" $overned +uscany from October 34" 4A63 until his death on (ul! @, ),2,

#ale ,niversity was established in the .n$lish colony of 0onnecticut in 4A>4

+he 'oston +ea Karty was held in 'oston on December 4?" 4AA3 +he 'ritish Karliament imposed taHes on tea and other merchandises to pay for eHpenses related to the French and )ndian &ar and to subsidiFe the 'ritish .ast )ndia 0ompany" a corporation authoriFed by the *ouse of *anover to establish tradin$ posts 8colonies< in )ndia" !frica" and North !merica

:onathan +rumbull" /r " who served as Governor of the 0onnecticut 0olony 84A?B54AA?< and Governor of 0onnecticut 84AA?5 4A@7<" died in Lebanon" 0onnecticut on !u$ust 4A" 4A@C

The Fall of the "epubli1 of <eni1e: +he French !rmy enter ;enice on Day C" 4ABA and occupy KiaFFa /an Darco and nearby Do$eLs Kalace Ludovico Danin" the last Do$e of ;enice" abdicated on Day 46" 4ABA The ost Serene "epubli1 of <eni1e 1eased to e%ist as an independent nation on $1tober )9, ),@," when France and !ustria si$ned the +reaty of 0ampo Formio" partitionin$ the ;enetian Republic 8.n$raved by :ean Duplessi5'ertauH 84A7A54@4B<<

Left: 9in$ Frederick &illiam )) of Krussia" who ruled Krussia from 4A@? to 4ABA" died on November 4?" 4ABA Ri$ht: 9in$ Frederick &illiam ))) of Krussia" who ruled Krussia from 4ABA to 4@7>" succeeded his father on November 4?" 4ABA

+he 'attle of /anta 0ruF de +enerife" which occurred on :uly 66" 4ABA" was an amphibious assault by the 'ritish Royal Navy on the /panish port city of /anta 0ruF de +enerife in the 0anary )slands +he /panish forces repelled the 'ritish Royal Navy three days later Rear5!dmiral *oratio Nelson was wounded in battle on 67 :uly 4ABA( Nelson was wounded in the arm" which was subseMuently partially amputated

Keter ) of Russia 8also known as Keter the Great< died in /t Ketersbur$" Russia on February @" 4A6C

Left: Deriwether Lewis 8!u$ust 4@" 4AA75October 44" 4@>B<" who eHplored the territory of the Louisiana Kurchase alon$ with &illiam 0lark" died under mysterious circumstances on the mornin$ of October 44" 4@>B while spendin$ the ni$ht at an inn on the NatcheF +race called GrinderLs /tand" located about A> miles southwest of Nashville" +ennessee" , / ! Deriwether Lewis was fatally inEured from multiple gunshot ;ounds 8includin$ a wound to the head< on the ni$ht of October 4>" 4@>B Deriwether Lewis was the Governor of Louisiana +erritory from Darch 3" 4@>A until his death on October 44" 4@>B 0enter: +homas Kaine 8February B" 4A3A5:une @" 4@>B<" author of Common Sense and he Age of Reason" died in New #ork 0ity on :une @" 4@>B Ri$ht: :onathan +rumbull" :r 8Darch 6?" 4A7>5!u$ust A" 4@>B<" who served as Governor of 0onnecticut 8December 4AB?5!u$ust A" 4@>B<" died in Lebanon" 0onnecticut on !u$ust A" 4@>B

#ear of the /nake in the 4Bth 0entury: +he Rise of Nationalism and )mperialism

'ishop Germanos of old Katras blesses the Greek banner at !$ia Lavra on the outset of the national revolt a$ainst the Ottoman .mpire and the +urkish army on Darch 6C" 4@64 +he Greek &ar of )ndependence lasted from 4@64 to 4@36

DeHican army $eneral !$ustin de )turbide enters DeHico 0ity" DeHico on +, September )9+)" on the final day of the DeHican &ar of )ndependence +he DeHican &ar of )ndependence lasted from /eptember 4?" 4@4> to /eptember 6A" 4@64 !$ustin de )turbide" also known as .mperor !u$ustine ) of DeHico" served as .mperor of DeHico from 4B Day 4@66 to 4B Darch 4@63 !$ustin de )turbide abdicated his throne in 4@63 and lived in eHile in )taly and later Great 'ritain until he returned to DeHico on 47 :uly 4@67( !$ustin de )turbide was eHecuted by a DeHican firin$ sMuad on 4B :uly 4@67 8Kaintin$: )nstituto Nacional de .studios *istRricos de las Revoluciones de DSHico<

+he coronation banMuet for 9in$ Geor$e ); of Great 'ritain was held at &estminster *all in London on :uly 4B" 4@64

French warlord Napoleon 'onaparte 8!u$ust 4C" 4A?B5Day C" 4@64< died on the 'ritish island of /t *elena on Day C" 4@64

! copy of the ori$inal title pa$e of Geor$ &ilhelm Friedrich *e$elLs book !lements of the Philoso"hy of Right 8also known as Philoso"hy of Right<" first published in 'erlin in 4@64

+he state as a completed reality is the ethical whole and the actualiFation of freedom )t is the absolute purpose of reason that freedom should be actualiFed +he state is the spirit" which abides in the and there realiFes itself consciously( while in nature it is realiFed only as the other of itself or the sleepin$ spirit Only when it is present in consciousness" knowin$ itself as an eHistin$ obEect" is it the state )n thinkin$ of freedom we must not take our departure from individuality or the individualLs self5 consciousness" but from the essence of self5consciousness Let man be aware of it or not" this essence realiFes itself as an independent power" in which particular persons are only phases The state is the mar1h of God in the ;orld/ its ground or 1ause is the po;er of reason reali?ing itself as ;ill. &hen thinkin$ of the idea of the state" we must not have in our mind any particular state" or particular institution" but must rather contemplate the idea" this actual God" by itself !lthou$h a state may be declared to violate ri$ht principles and to be defective in various ways" it always contains the essential moments of its eHistence" if" that is to say" it belon$s to the full formed states of our own time 'ut as it is more easy to detect short5comin$s than to $rasp the positive meanin$" one easily falls into the mistake of dwellin$ so much upon special aspects of the state as to overlook its inner or$anic bein$ +he state is not a work of art )t is in the world" in the sphere of caprice" accident" and error .vil behavior can doubtless disfi$ure it in many ways" but the u$liest man" the criminal" the invalid" the cripple" are livin$ men +he positive thin$" the life" is present in spite of defects" and it is with this affirmative that we have here to deal 1 2 Geor$ &ilhelm Friedrich *e$el" Philoso"hy of Right" Kara$raph 6C@ The state" which is the realiFed substantive will" havin$ its reality in the particular self5consciousness raised to the plane of the universal" is absolutely rational +his substantive unity is its own motive and absolute end )n this end freedom attains its hi$hest ri$ht This end has the highest right o5er the indi5idual, ;hose highest dut! in turn is to be a member of the state. 1 2 Geor$ &ilhelm Friedrich *e$el" Philoso"hy of Right" Kara$raph 6C@

!lphonso +aft 8left< and &illiam *untin$ton Russell 8ri$ht<" Graduates of #ale ,niversity 0lass of 4@33 and 0o5Founders of +he Order of /kull N 'ones

!he !om9, offi-ial head/uarters of !he Irder of .kull M Bones, is lo-ated at Nale Kni+ersity on High .treet in De, Ha+en, (onne-ti-ut, K...A. !he Irder of .kull M Bones ,as esta9lished 9y William Huntington "ussell in &CA'L William Huntington "ussell ,as a student in Berlin for a year 9efore esta9lishing .kull M Bones. !he -a#ital of the 8ingdom of Prussia in &CA' ,as Berlin. 18%2 ,as -'o,' as .ear of the /rago'0 18%% ,as -'o,' as .ear of the 1'a-e2

!he +ie, of the Fa-tories at (anton, (hina in &CAA from the ri+er, ,hi-h is -ro,ded ,ith Funks and sam#ans, sho,ing ?left to right@ Ameri-an, British and $ut-h flags in front of the res#e-ti+e fa-tories. (om#anion #i-ture to Do. & . Iil. && 2 &; O %eorge (hinnery ".H.A. ?&;;E6&C '@. htt#:PPfree#ages.genealogy.roots,e9.an-estry.-omPQ-haterfamilytreeP-hinnery.htm

9in$ Ferdinand ;)) of /pain" who ruled /pain in 4@>@ and a$ain from 4@43 to 4@33" died in Dadrid" /pain on /eptember 6B" 4@33

Left: :ames 9 Kolk was inau$urated Kresident of the ,nited /tates on ar1h 8, )984( Florida became a /tate within the ,nited /tates of !merica on ar1h 2, )984 Ri$ht: +he ,nited /tates Naval !cademy at !nnapolis" Daryland" , / ! was founded in 4@7C

!merican soldiers raise the !merican fla$ in +eHas on De1ember +@, )984 after , / Kresident :ames 9 Kolk reco$niFed the anneHation of +eHas #Paintin$ by Donald D #ena( +eHas /tate Library and !rchives 0ommission<

3oger 42 Ta'ey 5left6, the (hief >usti-e of the K... .u#reme (ourt, ruled against /re) 1cott 5ce'ter6 in the Dred Scott v. Sanford -ase on March 6, 185 . K... .u#reme (ourt >usti-e 4e'7ami' 32 8urtis 5right, 42A2 9ar"ar) 182&6 resigned on .e#tem9er A:, &C ;, months after issuing a dissenting o#inion in the Dred Scott v. Sanford -ase. !he $red .-ott de-ision issued 9y the K... .u#reme (ourt in &C ; effe-ti+ely in+alidated the Missouri (om#romise and inad+ertently allo,ed sla+ery into federal territories that ,as on-e #rohi9ited 9y (ongress. $red .-ott ,as sold to his original Go,nersH in &C ;, ,ho e+entually freed $red .-ott from sla+ery later that yearL $red .-ott died in &C C.

!mericans appear on &all /treet in New #ork 0ity on $1tober )8, )94, durin$ the Kanic of 4@CA +he Dred /cott decision issued by the , / /upreme 0ourt induced economic and political anHieties amon$ the !merican people livin$ in the federal territories" sparkin$ an economic panic in 4@CA +he status over the le$itimacy of chattel slavery in the territories divided the !merican people for years( the slavery issue lead to a political rebellion in the slave states in the /outh that lasted from 4@?4 to 4@?C" later known as the !merican 0ivil &ar 8/ource: $bsolete Pa"er %oney &ssued by 'an(s in the )nited States, *+,-.*,// by J David 'owers" p 33B<

+he 'ritish !rmy 8includin$ 'ritish )ndian soldiers< defeated the Kersian army at the 'attle of 9hushab in Kersia 8present5day )ran< on February A" 4@CA durin$ the !n$lo5Kersian &ar +he !n$lo5Kersian &ar lasted between November 4" 4@C? and !pril 7" 4@CA

The Indian "ebellion of )94, 8also known as the /epoy Rebellion or )ndian &ar of )ndependence< would force the 'ritish $overnment to administer )ndia directly as a 'ritish crown colony and terminate 'ritish .ast )ndia 0ompanyLs presence in )ndia

'lack Friday 8FiskPGould /candal< occurred at the New #ork Gold .Hchan$e in New #ork 0ity on /eptember 67" 4@?B 'lack Friday incident was caused by speculators :ames FiskLs and :ay GouldLs efforts to corner the $old market on the New #ork Gold .Hchan$e on /eptember 67" 4@?B

+he freshwater canal at )smailia G.$yptI Desi$ned by French en$ineers" this portion of the /ueF 0anal was constructed by the French between 4@?4 and 4@?3 The Sue? -anal ;as 1ompleted in )9*@. 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

+he newly formed )mperial :apanese Navy wa$es a battle a$ainst remnants of the +oku$awa sho$unate navy of the Republic of .Fo from Day 754>" 4@?B durin$ the =a5al Battle of Hakodate Ba! 8 Ha(odatewan 0aisen< in *akodate" *okkaido" :apan durin$ the final sta$es of the 'oshin &ar

+he #asukuni /hrine in +okyo" :apan was founded in :une 4@?B to commemorate the :apanese soldiers who died durin$ the 'oshin &ar 84@?@54@?B<

MaFor Politi-al Figures Born in the Near of the .nake

*lihu "oot ?Fe#ruary 15, 1845 R Fe9ruary ;, &9A;@ K... .e-retary of .tate ?&9: 6&9:9@L President of (arnegie *ndo,ment for 3nternational Pea-e ?&9&:6&9' @

(4ar Ale2ander 333 of "ussia ?March 1$, 1845 R Do+em9er &, &C9E@ (4ar of "ussia ?&CC&6&C9E@

*dmond de "oths-hild ?August 1&, 1845 R Do+em9er ', &9AE@ >e,ish #hilanthro#ist and Sionist finan-ier

8ing Lud,ig 33 of Ba+aria ?August 25, 1845 R >une &A, &CCB@ 8ing of Ba+aria ?&CBE6&CCB@

8ing %eorge 3 of %ree-e ?/ecem#er 24, 1845 R Mar-h &C, &9&A@ 8ing of %ree-e ?&CBA6&9&A@

%rigori "as#utin ?+a'uary 22, 186&6 $e-em9er '9, &9&B@ "ussian monk and (4ar Di-holas 33Ts ,ifeTs s#iritual ad+isor

De+ille (ham9erlain ?March 18, 186&6 Do+em9er 9, &9E:@ Prime Minister of %reat Britain ?&9A;6&9E:@

>ames "o,land Angell ?May 8, 186&6 Mar-h E, &9E9@ President of Nale Kni+ersity ?&9'&6&9A;@

Di-holas Long,orth 3) ?!o"em#er 5, 186&6 A#ril 9, &9A&@ .#eaker of the K... House of "e#resentati+es ?&9' 6&9A&@

8ing )i-tor *mmanuel 333 of 3taly ?!o"em#er 11, 186&R $e-em9er 'C, &9E;@ 8ing of 3taly ?&9::6&9EB@

William Huntington "ussell ?August 12, 18$& RMay &9, &CC @ (o6Founder of .kull M Bones se-ret so-iety at Nale Kni+ersity

>ohn (. Bre-kinridge ?+a'uary 16, 1821R May &;, &C; @ )i-e President of the K... ?&C ;6&CB&@L (onfederate .e-retary of War ?&CB @

Dathan Bedford Forrest ?+uly 1%, 1821R I-to9er '9, &C;;@ %rand Wi4ard of the 8u 8lu2 8lanL former Lieutenant %eneral in the "e9el Army

>ames *,ell Bro,n .tuart ?Fe#ruary 6, 18%%R May &', &CBE@ MaFor %eneral in the "e9el Army

William Ho,ard !aft ?1eptem#er 15, 185 6 Mar-h C, &9A:@ President of the Knited .tates ?&9:96&9&A@

0Far !leHander )) of Russia was assassinated in /t Ketersbur$" Russia on Darch 43" 4@@4 0Far !leHander )) of Russia ruled Russia from 4@CC to 4@@4 0Far !leHander )) of Russia was the 0Far of Russia durin$ the !merican 0ivil &ar

0harles : Guiteau shoots , / Kresident :ames ! Garfield in the back at the 'altimore N Kotomac Railroad Kassen$er +erminal in &ashin$ton" D 0 on :uly 6" 4@@4( :ames ! Garfield was a supporter of a $old and silver standard

'enEamin Disraeli" 4st .arl of 'eaconsfield" who served as Krime Dinister of Great 'ritain 84@?@" 4@A754@@><" died on !pril 4B" 4@@4

MaFor Politi-al Figures Born in &C9A

$ean %. A-heson ?April 11, 18&% R I-to9er &', &9;&@ K... .e-retary of .tate ?&9E96&9 A@

Allen W. $ulles ?April , 18&% R >anuary '9, &9B9@ $ire-tor of (entral 3ntelligen-e Agen-y ?&9 A6&9B&@

Hermann %oering ?+a'uary 12, 18&% R I-to9er & , &9EB@ President of the "ei-hstag ?&9A'6&9E @

Mao !se6tung ?/ecem#er 26, 18&% R .e#tem9er 9, &9;B@ (hairman of (ommunist (hina ?&9E96&9;B@

Walter Kl9ri-ht ?+u'e %$, 18&% R August &, &9;A@ %eneral .e-retary of the (entral (ommittee of the .o-ialist Knity Party of *ast %ermany ?&9 :6&9;&@

Left: Jueen Liliuokalani of *awaii abdicated on :anuary 4A" 4@B3 after /anford ' Dole" who served as Kresident of the Republic of *awaii from 4@B7 to 4B>>" and Lorrin !ndrews +hurston overthrew the monarchy and installed a new constitution and $overnment that benefited the !merican and .uropean landowners and plantation owners at the eHpense of the native *awaiians and !sian 8i e :apanese" Filipino" 0hinese< $uest workers Ri$ht: 0arter *enry *arrison /r " the Dayor of 0hica$o in 4@B3" a #ale $raduate" and a member of /croll N 9ey secret society" was assassinated by a lone $unman1 at his home on October 6@" 4@B3

!merican troops landed from the )SS 'oston to assist the revolution1 in *awaii in 4@B3 8*awaiTi /tate !rchives photo$raph< 8/ource: http:PPwww pacificworlds comPnuuanuPmemoriesPmemory6 cfm<

Russo-Japanese War & Russian Revolution of 1905

4B>C: #ear of the /nake

! /oviet poster celebratin$ the 'attleship Kotemkin rebellion durin$ the Russian Revolution of 4B>C

4loo)y 1u')ay Massacre: (4arist "ussian 3m#erial %uard soldiers fire on the "ussian #eo#le in .t. Peters9urg, "ussia on >anuary '', &9: during the "usso6>a#anese War.

Grand Duke /er$ei !leHandrovich of Russia 8left photo<" who served as the Governor General of Doscow from 4@B4 to :anuary 4B>C and served as the 0ommander of the Doscow military district in 4B>C" was assassinated and instantly killed 8and disinte$rated< by a bomb thrown by 6A5year5old Russian terrorist )van 9alyayev 8ri$ht photo< in Doscow" Russia on the afternoon of February 4A" 4B>C Grand Duke /er$ei was the youn$er brother of 0Far !leHander ))) of Russia and uncle of 0Far Nicholas )) of Russia

+he carria$e of Grand Duke /er$ei after his assassination in Doscow" Russia on February 4A" 4B>C

Left: +he )mperial :apanese Navy 8< defeats the Russian Navy in the 'attle of +sushima 8 < on Day 6A26@" 4B>C Ri$ht: !dmiral *eihachiro +o$o 8 <" who was the commander of the :apanese naval fleet durin$ the 'attle of +sushima" appears on the front cover of the November @" 4B6? edition of ime ma$aFine

, / /ecretary of &ar &illiam *oward +aft speaks with :apanese di$nitaries while leavin$ the dock at #okohama" :apan in :uly 4B>C &illiam *oward +aft and Krime Dinister +aro 9atsura en$a$ed in a $entlemenLs a$reement1" later known as the +aft59atsura !$reement +he +aft59atsura !$reement virtually invalidated the ,nited /tates59orea +reaty of 4@@6 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

Left #hoto: K... President !heodore "oose+elt ?-enter@ meets ,ith >a#anese Minister of Foreign Affairs >utarU 8omura ?LL.B. Har+ard &C;C, se-ond from right@, >a#anese Minister to the K... 8ogoro !akahira ?right@, "ussian en+oy M. .ergius Witte, and "ussian Am9assador to the K... Baron "osen at the signing of the !reaty of Portsmouth in Portsmouth, De, Ham#shire on .e#tem9er , &9: . >a#an a-/uired Port Arthur ?later renamed 8,antung@ and southern #ortion of .akhalin 3sland from "ussia in a #ea-e treaty. "ight #hoto: >ohn Milton Hay ser+ed as the K... .e-retary of .tate from .e#tem9er A:, &C9C to >uly &, &9: L .e-retary Hay, ,ho died in offi-e on >uly &, &9: , ,as the K... .e-retary of .tate during the .#anish6Ameri-an War and the "usso6>a#anese War.

K... President !heodore "oose+elt ?-enter@ takes the oath of offi-e in front of the (a#itol in Washington, $.(., K...A. on Mar-h E, &9: . ?Photo: Li9rary of (ongress@

+heodoros Deli$iannis" the Krime Dinister of Greece" is assassinated by a Greek man 8a professional $ambler named Gherakaris< in !thens" Greece on :une 43" 4B>C

+he :apan59orea +reaty of 4B>C 8also known as the .ulsa Krotective +reaty or :apan59orea Krotectorate +reaty< was established under duress in /eoul" 9orea on November 4A" 4B>C :apanese diplomat )to *irobumi entered :un$myeon$Eeon *all 8above< in /eoul" 9orea in November 4B>C and coerced 9orean 0abinet ministers to si$n the :apan59orea +reaty of 4B>C +he uneMual treaty deprived 9orea of its diplomatic soverei$nty and made 9orea a protectorate 8and later a colony< of :apan

Bolshevik Revolution Balfour !eclaration & Worl" War #

4B4A: #ear of the /nake

Khoto$raph of a Federal Reserve 'oard meetin$ in circa 4B4A 0lockwise" be$innin$ from left: &illiam G Dc!doo 8/ecretary of the +reasury<" :ohn /kelton &illiams 80omptroller of the 0urrency<" !dolph 0 Diller" Frederic ! Delano" unknown" & K G *ardin$ 8Governor of the Federal Reserve<" Kaul &arbur$ 8;ice Governor of the Federal Reserve<" and 0harles / *amlin Frederic ! DelanoLs nephew Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the !ssistant /ecretary of the Navy from 4B43 to 4B6>( Frederic ! DelanoLs father 8and Franklin Delano RooseveltLs $randfather< &arren Delano :r was a partner of Russell N 0ompany opium syndicate and a wealthy dru$ dealer 8Khoto: *arris N .win$ 0ollectionPLibrary of 0on$ress<

"ussian soldiers demonstrate in the streets of Petrograd, "ussia in Fe9ruary &9&;. (4ar Di-holas 33 of "ussia a9di-ated his throne on Mar-h & , &9&;. (4ar Di-holas 33 and his family ,ere assassinated 9y the Bolshe+iks 5(ommunists7 in "ussia on >uly &;, &9&C.

British troo#s enter Baghdad, the -a#ital of #resent6day 3ra/ ?formerly Ba9ylon@, on Mar-h &&, &9&;.

British Field Marshal *dmund Allen9y enters >erusalem on $e-em9er &&, &9&;, after -a#turing the -ity from the Ittoman !urks. !he Ittoman *m#ire administered >erusalem from & &; to &9&;.

+ . Lawrence 8front row" third from ri$ht<" Krince Feisal 8front row" third from left<" and others pose after capturin$ !Maba in :uly 4B4A Krince Feisal served as the 9in$ of )raM from !u$ust 63" 4B64 until his death on /eptember @" 4B33 8Khoto: http:PPwww miHedmartialarts comPmma cfm%$oUforum postsNforumU6NthreadU6>C4>6?Npa$eU7<

!he Ar-hite-ts of Modern 3srael, left to right: Lionel Walter "oths-hild, Arthur Balfour, (haim Wei4mann, and *dmond de "oths-hild Lord Arthur Balfour ,as the Foreign .e-retary of the Knited 8ingdom of %reat Britain from &9&B to &9&9L Balfour ,as the Prime Minister of %reat Britain from &9:' to &9: . Lord Walter "oths-hild ,as a su##orter of a >e,ish homeland in the Holy Land. Arthur Balfour, Lord Alfred Milner, >an (hristian .muts, Phili# 8err, Leo Amery, and William %.A. Irms9y6%ore ,ere mem9ers of the Milner %rou# ?also kno,n as the "ound !a9le %rou#@.

!H* BALFIK" $*(LA"A!3ID ?BalfourTs Letter to Lord "oths-hild@ Foreign Office November 2nd, 1 1! Dear "ord Rothschild, # have m$ch %leas$re in conveying to yo$, on behalf of &is 'a(esty)s *overnment, the follo+ing declaration of sym%athy +ith ,e+ish -ionist as%irations +hich has been s$bmitted to, and a%%roved by, the Cabinet. H&is 'a(esty)s *overnment vie+ +ith favo$r the establishment in .alestine of a national home for the ,e+ish %eo%le, and +ill $se their best endeavo$rs to facilitate the achievement of this ob(ect, it being clearly $nderstood that nothing shall be done +hich may %re($dice the civil and religio$s rights of e/isting non0,e+ish comm$nities in .alestine, or the rights and %olitical stat$s en(oyed by ,e+s in any other co$ntry.1 # sho$ld be gratef$l if yo$ +o$ld bring this declaration to the 2no+ledge of the -ionist Federation. 3o$rs sincerely, 4rth$r ,ames 5alfo$r

$ear Mr. Balfour !here ,as one #oint 3 forgot to mention on Friday and 3 think you might dra, the Prime MinisterTs attention to thisL during the last fe, ,eeks the offi-ial and semi6offi-ial %erman ne,s#a#ers ha+e 9een making many statements, all to the effe-t that in the Pea-e Degotiations the (entral Po,ers must make a -ondition for Palestine to 9e a >e,ish settlement under %erman #rote-tion. 3 therefore think it im#ortant that the British de-laration should forestall any su-h mo+e. 3f you, as you #romised, -an arrange the inter+ie, 3 suggested #lease let $r. Wei4mann kno, as 3 am going a,ay for a fe, days on some s#e-ial 9usiness and $r. Wei4mann -an get at me /ui-ker than if the message is sent to me dire-t as there ,ill 9e no res#onsi9le #erson at !ring as my mother is a,ay also. Nours sin-erely, "I!H.(H3L$ .our-e: Rothschild6 7he 8ealth and .o+er of a Dynasty 9y $erek Wilson, #. AE&

Dr 'alfourLs letter to Lord Rothschild on November 6" 4B4A" informally known as 'alfour Declaration1

!ustralian infantrymen wear $as masks at #pres" 'el$ium durin$ the +hird 'attle of #pres in /eptember 4B4A

Robert /cott Lovett 8left<" a railroad baron for the ,nion Kacific Railroad 0o " walks with Daniel &illard 8ri$ht<" Kresident of 'altimore N Ohio Railroad 0o " in 4B4A Robert /cott Lovett was the 0hairman of the board of ,nion Kacific Railroad 0ompany from 4B6> until his death in 4B36( Robert /cott Lovett was the father of former /ecretary of Defense Robert !bercrombie Lovett Daniel &illard was a member of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations 8Khoto: *arris N .win$ 0ollectionPLibrary of 0on$ress<

Mem9ers of the Ameri-an "ed (ross *mergen-y Finan-ial (ommittee meet together in &9&;. From left to right: Frank B. Hayne, Henry P. $a+ison ?(hairman@, (ornelius D. Bliss, >r., "i-hard F. %rant, *liot Wads,orth, and (harles $. Dorton. *liot Wads,orth and (harles $. Dorton ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. Henry P. $a+ison ,as a #artner of >.P. Morgan M (o. (harles $. Dorton ,as the )i-e President of First Dational Bank of De, Nork from &9&& to &9&C. ?Photo: Harris M *,ing (olle-tionPLi9rary of (ongress@

*romi'e't America' /iplomats a') Military :fficers Appoi'te) i' 1&1

Left to right: "oland .. Morris, Henry P. Flet-her, >ohn W. %arrett, %en. !asker Bliss, and MaF. %en. >ames %. Har9ord. All fi+e men ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations during the &9':s and &9A:s. "oland .. Morris R K... Am9assador to >a#an ?I-to9er A:, &9&;6May & , &9':@ Henry P. Flet-her R K... Am9assador to Me2i-o ?Mar-h A, &9&;6>anuary ' , &9&9@ >ohn W. %arrett R K... Minister to the Detherlands ?I-to9er &&, &9&;6>une &C, &9&9@ %en. !asker H. Bliss R (hief of .taff of the K... Army ?.e#tem9er '', &9&;6May &C, &9&C@ MaF. %en. >ames %. Har9ord R (hief of .taff of Ameri-an *2#editionary For-e in Fran-e ?May & , &9&;6May B, &9&C, May &9&96>une &9'&@

(hinese "e#u9li-an soldiers 9esiege the gates of the For9idden (ity in Peking, (hina in >uly &9&; during the failed re-o+ery of the Man-hu dynasty.

*uro#ean soldiers a##ear in Peking in >uly &9&; during a failed attem#t to restore the Man-hu dynasty.

"o9ert Lansing ?left@, the K... .e-retary of .tate, -hats ,ith >ohn W. $a+is ?right@, .oli-itor %eneral of the Knited .tates, in &9&;. ?Photo: Li9rary of (ongress@

>a#anese s#e-ial en+oy )is-ount 8ikuFirU 3shii ?left@, a##ears ,ith K... .e-retary of .tate "o9ert Lansing in Washington, $.(. on Do+em9er ', &9&; for the signing of the Lansing63shii Agreement. ?Photo: Li9rary of (ongress@

Left: +he =immermann +ele$ram as it was sent from &ashin$ton" D 0 to DeHico in 4B4A Ri$ht: +he =immermann +ele$ram" completely decrypted and translated +he messa$e came as a coded tele$ram dispatched by the German Forei$n /ecretary !rthur =immermann on :anuary 4?" 4B4A" to the German !mbassador to !merica :ohann von 'ernstorff Kresident &oodrow &ilson received a copy of the =immermann +ele$ram in February 4B4A DeHicoLs Kresident ;enustiano 0arranFa declined the German diplomatic offer described in the =immermann +ele$ram on !pril 47" 4B4A

Left photo: !rthur =immermann 8October C" 4@?75:une ?" 4B7>< was /tate /ecretary for Forei$n !ffairs of the German .mpire from November 66" 4B4? until his resi$nation on !u$ust ?" 4B4A =immermann approved of Russian 0ommunist terrorist ;ladimir LeninLs secret train ride from /witFerland to Russia via Germany 8includin$ 'erlin< Ri$ht photo: +heobald von 'ethmann *ollwe$ 8November 6B" 4@C?5:anuary 4" 4B64< was a German politician and statesman who served as 0hancellor of the German .mpire from :uly 47" 4B>B to :uly 43" 4B4A

8omra)e ;e'i' "isits 1toc-holm, 1,e)e' i' 1&1 2 "ussian (ommunist terrorist )ladimir Lenin ?right, holding an um9rella@ takes a stroll in the streets of .to-kholm, .,eden on A#ril &A, &9&; 5Mar-h A&, &9&; "ussian 5>ulian7 -alendar7. Lenin and his -omrades de#arted Suri-h, .,it4erland a9oard a train on A#ril B, &9&;. !he 3m#erial %erman go+ernment es-orted Lenin his -omrades a9oard a GsealedH train from the .,iss6%erman 9order to Berlin and later from Berlin to the Balti- .ea. Lenin met ,ith his %erman Gs#onsorsH ?%erman intelligent agents@ in Berlin and a##arently re-ei+ed money 9efore returning to Petrograd to esta9lish a (ommunist regime in "ussia. ?Photo: htt#:PP,,,.-dd-.+t.eduPmar2istsPar-hi+ePleninPmediaPimageP&9&;.htm@

Dembers of Kresident &oodrow &ilsonLs /pecial Diplomatic Dission to Russia in 4B4A pose for a $roup portrait Dembers of the Dission standin$ amon$ those in the front row are" from left to ri$ht: 0harles .dward Russell" , / !rmy General *u$h LenoH /cott" David Rowland Francis" and .lihu Root( to the ri$ht of Root is Leon +rotsky" and standin$ behind Root" a little to the ri$ht" at the front of the crowded room" is ;ladimir Lenin 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

*lihu "oot ,as the President of (arnegie *ndo,ment for 3nternational Pea-e from &9&: to &9' . .amuel ". Bertron ?.MB &CC @ 5some,here in the rear of the #hoto7 ,as a mem9er of the .#e-ial $i#lomati- Mission to "ussia 5also kno,n as the "oot Mission7 in &9&;.

Left #hoto: Leon !rotsky ?real name Le+ $a+ido+i-h Bronstein@ arri+es in Petrograd 5.t. Peters9urg7, "ussia on May E, &9&;. "ight #hoto: !he Dational (ity Bank 9ran-h at Petrograd, "ussia in &9&;.

Female "ussian te2tile ,orkers -all for 9read during an 3nternational WorkersV $ay mar-h in Petrograd, "ussia ?#resent6day .t. Peters9urg@ in Mar-h &9&;.

"ussian soldiers ride through the streets of Petrograd, "ussia on Mar-h &&6&', &9&;, days 9efore (4ar Di-holas 33 of "ussia a9di-ates and lea+es the -ity.

"ussian go+ernment troo#s fire u#on demonstrators at the -orner of De+sky Pros#e-t and .adoya+a .treet in .t. Peters9urg, "ussia on >uly E, &9&;. ?%elatin .il+er Print@

(4ar Di-holas 33 of "ussia #oses for a #hotogra#h ,hile in detention after his a9di-ation on Mar-h & , &9&;.

3m#erial %erman Army %en. Paul +on Hinden9urg ?-enter@ a##ears ,ith %eneral *ri-h Ludendorff ?right@ in &9&;. ?Photo: %erman Federal Ar-hi+es@

Left to right: %eneral Paul +on Hinden9urg, 8aiser Wilhelm 33 of %ermany, and %eneral *ri-h Ludendorff re+ie, 9attle #lans at the %erman %eneral Head/uarters in &9&;. ?Photo: Wiki#edia@

%erman offi-ers es-ort "ussian >e,ish (ommunist terrorist Leon !rotsky ?-enter@ at a train station in Brest6Lit+osk on $e-em9er ';, &9&; as Leon !rotsky and his "ussian delegates #re#are to attend the Brest6Lito+sk Pea-e (onferen-e. ?Photo: (I"B3.@

+he /i$nin$ of Russian &ar Loan in 4B4A /hown: 0onstantine Onou" Russian .mbassy( Frank L Kolk( /er$e ,$het" Russian .mbassy( /ecretary of the +reasury &illiam G Dc!doo 8seated" second from left<" and ,nder /ecretary of /tate Frank L Kolk 8seated" second from ri$ht< Frank L Kolk $raduated from #ale ,niversity( Frank L Kolk was a member of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations 8Khoto: National Khoto 0ompany 0ollectionPLibrary of 0on$ress Krints and Khoto$raphs Division< http:PPwww loc $ovPpicturesPitemPnpc6>>@>447?AP%sidU4Aedd4dbb4d@ad>BfB73a?c3B7@dc@b4

Prominent Ameri-an go+ernment offi-ials in the Woodro, Wilson Administration in &9&;, left to right: >ohn W. $a+is, .oli-itor %eneral of the K... ?&9&A6&9&C@L Frank L. Polk, (ounselor of the .tate $e#artment ?&9& 6&9&9@L "ussell (. Leffing,ell, Assistant .e-retary of the !reasury ?&9&;6&9':@L De,ton $. Baker, .e-retary of War ?&9&B6&9'&@L $a+id F. Houston, .e-retary of Agri-ulture ?&9&A6&9':@L and Franklin $elano "oose+elt, Assistant .e-retary of the Da+y ?&9&A6&9':@. All men e2-e#t for "oose+elt ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations.

'ritish Forei$n /ecretary Lord !rthur 'alfour 8left< appears with , / /ecretary of /tate Robert Lansin$ 8ri$ht< in 4B4A 8Khoto: *arris N .win$ 0ollectionPLibrary of 0on$ress<

!merican /tate Department officials await the arrival of 'ritish Forei$n /ecretary Lord !rthur :ames 'alfour 8*ead of the 'ritish 0ommission to the ,nited /tates< at a train station in &ashin$ton" D 0 in 4B4A 'ritish !mbassador to !merica /ir 0ecil !rthur /prin$5Rice" , / /ecretary of /tate Robert Lansin$ 86 nd left<" Frank L Kolk 86nd ri$ht" $esturin$ with left fin$er<" and &illiam Khillips 8ri$ht< are dressed in standard diplomatic attire" includin$ the black top hat /ir 0ecil !rthur /prin$5Rice served as 'ritish !mbassador to the ,nited /tates from 4B46 to 4B4@( /prin$5Rice died in Ottawa" 0anada on February 47" 4B4@ 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

'ritish Forei$n /ecretary Lord !rthur 'alfour 8left" holdin$ his hat< appears with !merican envoy *u$h Gibson 8ri$ht" smilin$< in New #ork in 4B4A 8Khoto: Geor$e Grantham 'ain 0ollectionPLibrary of 0on$ress<

+he *ouse Dission $roup portrait: 0olonel1 .dward Dandell *ouse 8front row" center" wearin$ a diplomatic top hat< and his entoura$e pose for a $roup portrait in London in November5December 4B4A .dward Dandell *ouse met and dined with 'ritish Krime Dinister David Lloyd Geor$e" !rthur 'alfour" Lord !lred Dilner" Lord Robert 0ecil" &illiam &iseman" 9in$ Geor$e ; of Great 'ritain" Lord Geor$e 0urFon" and Gen :an 0hristian /muts while visitin$ London in 4B4A 8Khoto: he &ntimate Pa"ers of Colonel House by 0harles /eymour" ;olume 3 8)nto the &orld &ar<<

'alfour invited &eiFmann to participate in the process of draftin$ an appropriate document )t was what &eiFmann and /ykes had sou$ht all alon$ +he process of draftin$ the appropriate lan$ua$e" and decidin$ to whom it should be addressed" went on throu$h the summer until /eptember" when Dilner and Leo !mery took char$e of it !lmost all the $overnmental fi$ures who mattered were disposed favorably toward the proposed declaration /ykes" fortified by Ormsby5Gore" had converted the &ar 0abinet secretariat to =ionism 'alfour" the Forei$n /ecretary" had lon$ sympathiFed with =ionism and now believed that 'ritain should $o on record in its favor( and within his own department he was pushed forward in this by 0ecil and Graham /muts was deeply pro5=ionist Dilner and his set" includin$ Khilip 9err of the Krime DinisterLs secretariat" had come to view the establishment of a :ewish Kalestine as a vital 'ritish imperial interest +he Krime Dinister had always planned to carry throu$h a =ionist pro$ram( and while he did not eHpress an interest in declarin$ 'ritainLs intentions in advance" neither did he place any obstacle in the way of his $overnmentLs doin$ so once his collea$ues thou$ht it useful 1 A Peace to !nd All Peace, Creating the %odern %iddle !ast, *1*2.*1-- by David Fromkin" p 6B356B7 8Note: David Fromkin is a member of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations <

!rthur : 'alfourLs Letter to 0olonel1 .dward D *ouse From he &ntimate Pa"ers of Colonel House by 0harles /eymour" ;olume 3 8)nto the &orld &ar<" p 4B>54B3 Dr ! : 'alfour to 0olonel *ouse G0able$ramI LONDON" October 44" 4B4A ) would be $rateful if you will allow me to put before you the followin$ facts with re$ard to the shippin$ situation" for your very careful attention: )n the first two and a half years of the war the total reduction of tonna$e in the world due to the enemyLs activities amounted to approHimately four and a half million tons /even months of ruthless submarine warfare increased the above reduction by an additional four and a Muarter million tons )f to the avera$e rate of destruction of shippin$ durin$ this intensive campai$n is added the decrease of tonna$e caused" firstly" by the incapacitation of ships which are badly dama$ed without bein$ a total loss" and secondly" by ordinary misadventures at sea" it is permissible to estimate the total reduction in the tonna$e of the world durin$ a year as in the nei$hbourhood of ei$ht million tonsV +o offset this reduction .n$land" who last year reduced shipbuildin$ to the production of about siH hundred thousand tons in order to direct her ener$ies into other channels" is now bendin$ every effort to construct two and a half million tons neHt year" thou$h it is to be feared that it will not be possible to fully reach this fi$ure )f the present rate of destruction is maintained Great 'ritainLs production of shippin$ added to that of the rest of the world eHceptin$ !merica will yet leave a minimum yearly deficit of five and a half million tons +he situation is rendered more serious by the fact" well known to you" that" without takin$ into o consideration future losses" available tonna$e is far from sufficient to fill the civilian and military needs of the !llies +onna$e conditions will be the decidin$ factor in the eHtent of sprin$ operations in every theatre of war .n$land now considers it important to clearly state that she sees no possibility of carryin$ on her military and naval part in the war" transportin$ civilian and military supplies in 'ritish bottoms and continuin$ to furnish her !llies with as many ships as in the past +he present $reat need for coal and food in )taly and France will become more serious in the sprin$ 'ritish ships will also be lackin$ to furnish the supplies which Russia may want durin$ the season neHt year when the port of !rchan$el is open !t the same time" !merica will be confronted by the $reat problems presented by the transportation of her forces and the supplies for them )n view of all the above circumstances" ) su$$est for your consideration the possibility of the adoption by the ,nited /tates of plans for the construction of sufficient tonna$e to offset the loss by submarine attack at the present rate +his would mean the construction of approHimately siH million tons per annum +he effort that such a pro$ramme implies is enormous" but you will recollect that if .n$land is unable to adopt such a pro$ramme it is because her ener$ies are committed in those other directions into which they were turned" in common with those of her !llies" in the early days of the war under the immediate necessity of providin$ for increasin$ armies and navies and the munitions for both Less effort than that thus eHpended would have sufficed to produce more ships than submarines destroy" even when most active )t was not until 4B4? that the mercantile marine became as important as armies" navies" and munitions !merica" with resources of industry and en$ineerin$ superior to those of any other country" Eoined the war at this sta$e +he eHpenditure of stren$th necessary to nullify the loss of shippin$" thou$h very $reat" is relatively less than that made by the !llies with success to meet other emer$encies +he pro$ramme outlined above means the employment of three and a half million tons of steel" which is not even ten per cent of the production of the ,nited /tates" and the he work of half a million men" only a minority of whom need be skilled workmen

.ven before any ships were launched" the definite adoption and vi$orous prosecution of a scheme such as the hone outlined would in all probability affect the enemyLs hopes and" conseMuently" his powers of endurance in an entirely dis proportionate manner /uch a pro$ramme would" of course" not provide the reMuisite number of bottoms by neHt sprin$" but the very fact that they were under construction would permit of freer use of those available and would be of invaluable help to tide over the critical time comin$ before the harvests of 4B4@ !lthou$h in the last few weeks the loss of tonna$e has been $reatly reduced" it is not yet certain that this diminution will be sustained and it conseMuently would be most imprudent to take this improvement into consideration as a factor in calculations lookin$ to the adoption of a permanent policy ) cannot" therefore" lay too $reat a stress on the $rave possibility that the superior efforts bein$ made by all the !llies in various other directions may be set at nau$ht by inadeMuate provision for makin$ $ood the loss of tonna$e )t is of paramount importance that adeMuate arran$ements should be made for provisionin$ and transportin$ the powerful army !merica is preparin$" without reducin$ the tonna$e now devoted to supplyin$ the !llied forces already en$a$ed" lest such reduction should weaken them in the same proportion that the !merican army will stren$then them '!LFO,R

+he )mperial &ar 0abinet of 4B4A Group Kortrait in London in 4B4A Front row" left to ri$ht: Dr !rthur *enderson" Lord Dilner" Lord 0urFon" Dr 'onar Law" Krime Dinister David Lloyd Geor$e" /ir Robert 'orden" Dr & F Dassey" Gen :an 0hristian /muts Diddle row" left to ri$ht: /ir / K /inha" DaharaEa of 'ikaner" /ir : Deston" Dr !usten 0hamberlain" Lord Robert 0ecil" Dr &alter Lon$" /ir :oseph &ard" /ir Geor$e Karley" Dr Robert Ro$ers" Dr : D *aFen 'ack row: 0apt L / !mery" !dm :ellicoe" Lt 0ol /ir Daurice *ankey" Dr *enry Lambert" and DaEor /torr 8)ma$e: W *ulton5Deutsch 0ollectionP0OR')/<

'ritish /tatesmen durin$ &orld &ar )

Lord &alter Rothschild" Lord !rthur : 'alfour" Lord Geor$e Nathaniel 0urFon" Lord !lred Dilner" Lord Robert 0ecil

David Lloyd Geor$e" Gen :an 0hristian /muts" &inston 0hurchill" Rufus )saacs" /ir &illiam &iseman Krominent 'ritish Di$nitaries durin$ &orld &ar ):
8ing %eorge ) of %reat Britain Lionel Walter "oths-hild, 'nd Baron "oths-hild $a+id Lloyd %eorge Andre, Boner La, Lord Arthur >. Balfour Lord %eorge Dathaniel (ur4on, &st Mar/uess (ur4on of 8edleston Lord Alfred Milner Lord "o9ert (e-il %en. >an (hristian .muts Winston (hur-hill Mauri-e P.A. Hankey .ir Her9ert .amuel Waldorf Astor, 'nd )is-ount Astor William %. A. Irms9y6%ore ?Baron Harle-h@ >ohn A. .imon ?)is-ount .imon@ .ir Arthur .teel6Maitland Leo#old Amery Her9ert Al9ert Laurens Fisher "ufus 3saa-s, &st Mar/uess of "eading Frederi-k !hesiger ?)is-ount (helmsford@ *d,in .amuel Montagu Phili# H. 8err ?Lord Lothian@ %eoffrey $a,son .ir >ohn Han9ury6Williams .ir %eorge Mansfield .mith6(umming .ir William Wiseman, &:th Baronet 8ing of the Knited 8ingdom of %reat Britain ?@ Baron "oths-hild 5Peerage of the Knited 8ingdom7 ?4B4C54B3A@ Prime Minister of %reat Britain ?$e-em9er ;, &9&B6I-to9er '', &9''@ (han-ellor of the *2-he/uer ?A#ril &', &9:C6May ' , &9& @ (han-ellor of the *2-he/uer ?$e-em9er &:, &9&B6>anuary &:, &9&9@ Foreign .e-retary of %reat Britain ?&9&B6&9&9@ Leader of the House of Lords ?&9&B6&9'E@L Foreign .e-retary of %reat Britain ?&9&96&9'E@ Minister Without Portfolio ?&9&B6&9&C@L .e-retary of .tate for War ?A#ril &C, &9&C6>anuary &:, &9&9@ Minister of Blo-kade ?&9&B6&9&C@L Mem9er of Parliament ?&9:B6&9'A@ Minister Without Portfolio ?&9&;6&9&9@ Minister of Munitions ?>uly &;, &9&;6>anuary &:, &9&9@ .e-retary of the (a9inet ?&9&B6&9AC@ Mem9er of Parliament ?&9:'6&9&C, &9'96&9A @L Postmaster %eneral of the Knited 8ingdom ?&9&:6&9&E, &9& 6&9&B@ Mem9er of Parliament ?&9&:6&9&9@L Mem9er of the House of Lords ?&9&96&9 '@ Mem9er of Parliament ?&9&:6&9AC@ Mem9er of Parliament ?&9:B6&9&C, &9''6&9E:@ Mem9er of Parliament ?&9&:6&9A @ Mem9er of Parliament ?&9&:6&9EE@ Mem9er of Parliament ?&9&B6&9'B@L President of the Board of *du-ation ?&9&B6&9''@ British Am9assador to the Knited .tates ?&9&C6&9&9@L Lord (hief >usti-e of *ngland ?&9&A6&9'&@ )i-eroy of 3ndia ?A#ril E, &9&B6A#ril ', &9'&@ .e-retary of .tate for 3ndia ?>uly &;, &9&;6Mar-h &9, &9''@ *ditor of 7he Ro$nd 7able ?&9&:6&9&B@ *ditor of 7he 7imes of London ?&9&'6&9&9, &9''6&9E&@ (hief of the British Military Mission to "ussia ?&9&E6&9&;@ (hief of the .e-ret 3ntelligen-e .er+i-e 5M3B7 ?&9:96&9'A@ (hief of British 3ntelligen-e Iffi-e in K...A. ?&9&;@L Partner of 8uhn, Loe9 M (o. ?&9'96&9B'@

.dward Dou$lass &hite 8left<" the 0hief :ustice of the , / /upreme 0ourt 84B4>54B64<" administers the oath of office to , / Kresident &oodrow &ilson in front of the , / 0apitol in &ashin$ton" D 0 on Donday" Darch C" 4B4A 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

!he ,ar message to (ongress -ame on the e+ening of A#ril ', &9&;. President Woodro, WilsonVs determination to #reser+e Ameri-aVs rights to freedom of the seas ?-on-retely, to sell su##lies to the Allies@ in the fa-e of des#erate and ruthless %erman su9marine ,arfare had at last -an-eled out his determination to #reser+e Ameri-aVs #ea-e, 9rought the nation to the #oint of ,ar or surrender. =%erman su9marine ,arfare against -ommer-e is a ,arfare against mankind,= he -ried. =!he ,orld must 9e made safe for demo-ra-y.= ?Photo: htt#:PP,,,.fli-kr.-omP#hotosP,,#lar-hi+esPEA''&E E9P@

!he War9urg Brothers, from left to right: Ma2 War9urg, Paul War9urg, and Feli2 War9urg

Ma2 War9urg ser+ed as a finan-ial ad+iser to 8aiser Wilhelm 33 of %ermany and ,as the head of M.M. War9urg 9anking firm in Ham9urg, %ermany during World War 3L Ma2 War9urg ser+ed on the 9oard of dire-tors of 3.%. Far9en -hemi-al -artels during the late &9':s. Paul War9urg ,as a mem9er of the Board of the %o+ernors of the Federal "eser+e during World War 3. Feli2 War9urg ,as a #artner of 8uhn, Loe9 M (o. 9anking firm in De, Nork (ity during World War 3.

*rescott < Frie')s at .ale: !he Whiffen#oofs ?a Nale -horus grou#@ of &9&; #ose for a grou# #ortrait. *rescott 1hel)o' 4ush 5thir) from right6, the =4ig Ma' o' 8ampus> a') a mem#er of 1-ull < 4o'es ,ho gra)uate) from .ale ?'i"ersity i' 1&1 , ser"e) i' the ?212 Army as a captai' of Fiel) Artillery i' America' @Allie)A EBpe)itio'ary Forces from 1&1 to 1&1&2 Pres-ott .heldon Bush ,as a K... .enator from &9 ' to &9BA, the father of former K... President %eorge H.W. Bush and grandfather of former K... President %eorge W. Bush. Left to "ight: G*-kH Markle, Ili+er B. (unningham, La,ren-e De,9old Murray, GWoodyH Ward, 8enneth ITBrien, Pres-ott .. Bush, "i-hard Bentley, and .tuart Holmes (lement. Ili+er B. (unningham and Pres-ott .. Bush ,ere mem9ers of .kull M Bones. La,ren-e De,9old Murray, 8enneth ITBrien, "i-hard Bentley, and .tuart Holmes (lement ,ere mem9ers of .-roll M 8ey. ?Photo: Nale Kni+ersity Manus-ri#ts and Ar-hi+es@

/econd Liberty Loan of 4B4A poster

8o'gressma' ;i')#erghCs Articles of Dmpeachme't agai'st the Fe)eral 3eser"e Congressional Record 8, / *ouse of Representatives<" Februar! )+, )@)," p 346?5343>

, / 0on$ressman 0harles ! Lindber$h /r 84@CB54B67<

Dr L)ND'.RG* Dr /peaker and the *ouse of Representatives" )" 0harles ! Lindber$h" the undersi$ned" upon my responsibility as a Dember of the *ouse of Representatives" do hereby impeach & K G *ardin$" $overnor( Kaul D &arbur$" vice $overnor( Frederick ! Delano" !dolph 0 Diller" and 0harles / *amlin" members" each individually as a member of the Federal Reserve 'oard" and also all of them collectively as the five active workin$ members of said board" or hi$h crimes and misdemeanors )" upon my responsibility as a Dember of the *ouse of Representatives" do hereby impeach & K G *ardin$" $overnor( Kaul D &arbur$" vice $overnor( and Frederick ! Delano" !dolph 0 Diller" and 0harles / *amlin" members" and each of them as members of the Federal Reserve 'oard" and also impeach all of them collectively as the five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard" of hi$h crimes and misdemeanors in aidin$" abettin$" and conspirin$ with certain persons and firms hereinafter named" and with other persons" and firms" known and unknown" in a conspiracy to violate the 0onstitution and the laws of the ,nited /tates and the Eust and eMuitable policies of the Government" which said conspiracy developed and $rew out of and was consummated from the followin$ facts and acts" to wit: First On or about the month of :uly" 4B>?" the eHact date bein$ unknown to the relater" the late : K Dor$an of the firm of : K Dor$an N 0o " and the said firm" private bankers and brokers" with their main office in New #ork 0ity and doin$ business all over the world( Kaul D &arbur$" of the firm 9uhn" Loeb N 0o " and the firm of 9uhn" Loeb N 0o" also private bankers and brokers" doin$ business all over the world" with their main office in New #ork 0ity( Lee" *i$$inson" N 0o " also private bankers and brokers" doin$ business all over the world with their main offices in 'oston and New #ork: 9idder" Keabody N 0o !lso private bankers and brokers" doin$ business all over the world" with their main offices in 'oston and New #ork" the National 0ity 'ank of New #ork with its office in the city of New #ork and doin$ a $eneral bankin$ business domestic and forei$n( the First National 'ank of New #ork with its office in New #ork city doin$ a $eneral bankin$ business domestic and forei$n( and various other persons and firms" known unknown to the relator " did conspire with each other to devise a means throu$h social" political" and other ways of strate$y of and by $eneral chicanery" to deceive the people of the ,nited /tates" the 0on$ress" and the Kresident of the ,nited /tates for the purpose and with the obEect to secure an act of 0on$ress providin$ for a new monetary and bankin$ system to have in in a provision for a mana$in$ board vested with unusual and eHtraordinary powers and to secure the appointment upon the board of mana$ement that should be provided for in the act persons for membership on the board who would by subterfu$e manipulation" and false administration" so mana$e as to avoid the spirit and the purpose of the people of the ,nited /tates" the 0on$ress" and the Kresident aimed at in the passa$e of an act and instead of administerin$ the act to meet with the spirit and comply with its terms" to induce and secure such board to enter in the conspiracy aforesaid" to administer the act for the special benefit and advanta$e of all of the said conspirators hereinbefore named" and their associates and contrary to the letter" intent and purpose of the act itself and in contravention of the 0onstitution and law( that in order to start the campai$n with a plan well matured to succeed in said conspiracy Kaul D &arbur$" now vice $overnor of the Federal Reserve 'oard" but then a member of the firm of 9uhn" Loeb" N 0o was a most active participant in draftin$ the main features and principles which should be embodied into whatever bill mi$ht be put throu$h 0on$ress" and did also assist in a plan for a second campai$n to be kept from the knowled$e of the Kresident with the appointin$ power" and from the /enate" with the confirmin$ power in the selection and confirmation of all hi$h Federal appointive officials in order that a board of administration should" when the time came for its selection" be appointed that would carry out the desi$ns of the conspirators aforesaid( that there that were many secret meetin$s held by the conspirators for this purpose which under the very circumstances would be screened and kept from the public and made practically impossible to discover" but nevertheless made certain of the fact because of the acts which point back to their

creation( that one of such meetin$s which your relator does not undertake to verify the truth of its holdin$" but is reliably informed that it was held 2 is described in LeslieLs )llustrated &eekly Da$aFine in the October 4B" 4B4?" number thereof" which is hereby referred to as showin$ the method most likely to have been followed for plannin$ the then contemplated act of 0on$ress which is now the act known as the Federal reserve act /econd +hat in pursuance of said conspiracy to promote the obEect of the conspirators aforesaid and as part of that $eneral scheme to induce 0on$ress to le$islate upon the monetary and bankin$ system as stated hereinbefore" said conspirators caused to be or$aniFed the so5called 0itiFens Lea$ue with headMuarters in the city of 0hica$o" to act as a mother or$aniFation and promoter to induce or$aniFation of the several states of auHiliary and affiliated lea$ues" and by misrepresentation to the public and to the ori$in of said mother lea$ue and its purpose to induce citiFens who should have no knowled$e of the said conspiracy and would be innocent of any wron$ intention" and whose motives and intent would be to act in the common interests of their country" to Eoin in the formation of auHiliary lea$ue throu$hout the several /tates in order to $ive the outward and surface appearance of respectability and honor" and that in pursuance of that plan the conspirators succeeded in or$aniFin$ affiliated lea$ues in 7C of the /tates( that when or$aniFed the conspirators hereinbefore named" themselves directed who should be sent to these or$aniFations as speakers and instructors" and also the kind of literature that should be distributed to the members and to the $eneral public" the desi$n of which was to have only such speakers" instructors" and literature as would discredit the then eHistin$ bankin$ and currency system and preEudice the people in every way possible a$ainst it( but notwithstandin$ the then eHistin$ bankin$ and currency system was bad and unfitted to the demands of the Nation and the needs of commerce and trade" and such campai$n was by its conspirators aforesaid directed not to desi$nate to the public what sort of a bankin$ and currency system would be adopted in its stead" but the promoters of the conspiracy should pretend that the obEect of the campai$n was to aid in every way to create a new monetary bankin$ and currency system to take the place of the then eHistin$ bad one" and" as far as it could be cone" the conspirators should prevent the people $ettin$ to$ether to prepare a plan of their own to be presented to 0on$ress: that the purpose of the conspirators was simply to make the public believe that a new bankin$ and currency system was absolutely necessary and at the same time keep the public from find out what would be its form and details" all this for the reason that the conspirators aforesaid had their own preconceived plan prepared as a part of their conspiracy" which they would secretly mana$e in their own way to have presented to 0on$ress as the plan in response to all this public sentiment which the conspirators themselves had in$eniously worked out throu$h the campai$n aforesaid" and with the intent that 0on$ress and the Kresident would le$islate the conspiratorsL said plan into effect( that it was part of said plan to create many offices and positions with lucrative salaries" which offices and positions would be eMuivalent to a bid for the ambitious to support it" because these offices and positions would be filled by the leaders and most active persons who would Eoin in the campai$n to put the conspiracy into effect and influence 0on$ress and the Kresident for the purpose of securin$ the le$islation +hird +hat in further pursuance of said conspiracy and to be in control of the information and literature that should be distributed throu$h the Nation" the said conspirators then havin$ control of a lar$e number of ma$aFines" newspapers" and publishin$ companies" used all of these" and proceeded to procure control of as many more as could be purchased or subsidiFed to publish articles prepared by subsidiFed writers who would criticiFe the eHistin$ bankin$ and currency system so as to create public sentiment a$ainst( that of the thousands of country newspapers" a maEority of them use Tso5called patent1 articles not edited or even practically controlled by the owners of the papers" which patent articles are commonly called boiler5place1 stuff" and no responsibility as to the influence such articles have upon the public attaches to anybody( that those writin$ this boiler5plate1 stuff so published" many of them were also subsidiFed and controlled by the said conspirators" so that the small newspapers were practically forced to carry on a campai$n a$ainst the then eHistin$ bankin$ and currency system alon$ the same lines of the others referred to hereinbefore( that readers $enerally do not have the opportunity to distin$uish between boiler5plate1 articles and the articles which the editors of the smaller papers write themselves( that the news5distributin$ a$encies throu$h the tele$raph and telephone were then and still are lar$ely controlled by said conspirators" and the operators of the news a$encies have been allowed to report only such news relatin$ to a new bankin$ and currency system as would promote said conspiracy" and reMuired to suppress and everythin$ in the way of information or news that would tend to encoura$e the people to prepare for themselves a concrete plan for bankin$ and currency in the interest of all the people( that the $eneral play of the conspiracy was to suppress every article" statement" and thin$ so far as possible" which would $ive any information as to the eHistence of said conspiracy all of which was for the purpose of enablin$ the conspirators aforesaid to deceive the people as well as 0on$ress and the Kresident" in order that said conspirators mi$ht finally consummate their aforesaid conspiracy Fourth +hat in conseMuence of the campai$n carried on by said conspirators stated and recited in para$raphs named First"1 /econd1 and +hird1 in these impeachment articles" and numerous secret" clandestine" and under$round methods employed by said conspirators" the people of the ,nited /tates" the 0on$ress" and the Kresident were deceived" and as the first official act in the consummation of the obEects sou$ht by said conspirators 0on$ress did le$islate and pass and act of 0on$ress which was si$ned by the Kresident" and is known as the Federal reserve act" which act is substantially the plan prepared by said conspirators as aforesaid Fifth +hat immediately upon the passa$e of the Federal reserve act the said conspirators disor$aniFed the so5called 0itiFensL Lea$ue1 and all the affiliated lea$ues in the 7C /tates referred to in the para$raph named 1/econd1 herein( that prior to such disor$aniFation the said conspirators had by secret and under$round methods" and for the purpose of usin$ the same in completin$ and perpetuatin$ their conspiracy" or$aniFed another association and called it the ,nited /tates 0hamber of 0ommerce"1 $ivin$ it that name in order to deceive the public by makin$ it appear that is a department of the Government" which or$aniFation is administered with more intricate machinery for mana$ement the so5called 0itiFensL Lea$ue1 was" and with a purpose of takin$ up the work of coordinatin$ everythin$

social" political" business and other to work for the benefit of the said conspirators in carryin$ out their plan to force the masses of mankind into absolute and abEect industrial slavery( that the methods and the desi$n of the ,nited /tates 0hamber of 0ommerce1 are set forth to remarks which your relator placed in the 0ONGR.//)ON!L R.0ORD Darch 4>" 4B4?" and are hereby referred to for more specific detail( that the influence of the ,nited /tates 0hamber of 0ommerce1 is one of the a$encies bein$ used as an aid to further consummate the conspiracy char$ed in these articles of impeachment /iHth +hat the said Federal reserve act is so framed that it has the possibility and contains the provisions which" under proper and impartial administration" would furnish a remedy to some of the faults that eHisted in the bankin$ and currency system which it superseded" but also contains provisions which" under a bad and improper administration" makes it more dan$erous to the public welfare than ever the old bankin$ and currency system was( that the main feature of the said Federal reserve act in $ivin$ effect to it is the authority vested in the Federal Reserve 'oard and the discretion entrusted to the members thereof in its administration1( that the administration1 of said Federal reserve act is vested in the Federal Reserve 'oard" advised by the Federal reserve advisory council made up of 46 persons" 4 selected by each of the 46 Federal reserve banks( that the C active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard are the said & K G *ardin$" $overnor( Kaul D &arbur$" vice $overnor( and Frederick ! Delano" !dolph 0 Diller" and 0harles / *amlin" members( and that the Federal reserve advisory council is formed by the followin$ persons to wit: Daniel G &in$ of 'oston( : K Dor$an" or New #ork( Levi L Rue" of Khiladelphia( & / Rose" of 0leveland( : N Norwich of Richmond( 0harles ! Lyerly" of !tlanta( : ' For$an of 0hica$o( Frank O &atts" of /t Louis( : R Ditchell" of Dinneapolis( . F /winney" of 9ansas 0ity( + : Record" of Dallas( and *erbert Fleishbacker" of /an Francisco( that the said Federal Reserve 'oard and the said Federal reserve advisory council held many meetin$s and are now and have been ever since the Federal reserve act was passed" fully advised as to financial and business conditions" domestic and forei$n( that the members of the Federal Reserve 'oard and the members of the Federal reserve advisory council are men with enormous business interests" and each of them have been for more than 4C years last past" and are now eHcessive operators and speculators for individual profit and $ain in the markets" and control several of the lar$est banks in the country( that : K Dor$an :r is the lendin$ member of the firm of : K Dor$an N 0o " one of the firm hereinbefore char$ed with bein$ a party to the conspiracy aforesaid( that several of the members of the Federal reserve advisory council own stock in the National 0ity 'ank of New #ork and the First National 'ank of New #ork" they bein$ the two banks char$ed hereinbefore with bein$ parties to the said conspiracy" and said members also own stock and are interested in business and mana$ed and controlled by the parties specifically named as the conspirators in the para$raph hereinbefore desi$nated as First1( that Kaul D &arbur$" a member and vice $overnor of the Federal Reserve 'oard" was at the time of the ori$inal formation of the conspiracy aforesaid a party to the said conspiracy" and a partner and member of the firm of 9uhn" Loeb N 0o " one of the conspirators( that each of the members of the Federal Reserve 'oard and of the Federal reserve advisory council are associated with and form a part of a $roup of promoters and speculators" the individual members of which reside in various parts of the ,nited /tates" principally in the lar$e cities" and a few of them live in .urope" which said $roup individually and collectively deal in credits" stocks" bonds" securities and various promotin$ enterprises from which they have made billions of dollars in profits" and still operate and propose to continue their operations for the purpose of makin$ still $reater profits upon their future dealin$s( that in further pursuance of their said purpose" they Eoined in the ori$inal conspiracy aforesaid and it was planned as a part of the said ori$inal conspiracy to create several $reat business and financial centers in different parts of the ,nited /tates in order to facilitate with celerity a coordination of all bi$ business and all financial control( for the benefit of the said conspirators in carryin$ out their plan of personal $ain in contravention to the public welfare( that said $roup insti$ated the campai$n which finally resulted in the passa$e of the Federal reserve act( that in the administration of said act by the said five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard" and throu$h the influence eHercised over them by the members of the Federal reserve advisory council" and collectively all of the members and membership of both the Federal Reserve 'oard and of the Federal reserve advisory council" a part of and influenced by said lar$er $roup1 in this para$raph desi$nated as havin$ Eoined in the conspiracy aforesaid" the said five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard" each individually and all collectively" at all times since they became members of the said Federal Reserve 'oard" knowin$ly and intentionally have been improperly influenced by the said $roup"1 and because of such influence have failed to administer the Federal reserve act in accordance with the spirit" letter" and intent of 0on$ress and the Kresident when the act was passed( but" on the contrary" the said five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard hereinbefore specifically named as such" with intent to evade and set aside by administration1 all the purposes of 0on$ress and of the Kresident in the passa$e and approval of the act" and of the act itself" have administered" and are now administerin$" the Federal reserve act with the intent to coordinate bi$ business1 and speculation1 for the benefit of the said $roup1 of operators and speculators hereinbefore desi$nated as havin$ taken part in the ori$inal conspiracy( that said National 0ity 'ank hereinbefore named" in which many of the other conspirators own stock" acts as the official mouthpiece1 for them all" to $ive technical information to enable them all to act in concert( that to facilitate its distribution said bank issues a monthly bulletin( that in its February" 4B4A" bulletin" in an article dealin$ with the present plethora of money and credit available" amon$ other tips1 intended for the conspirators to act upon" is the followin$ 2 and ) would like the *ouse to hear it 2 this is what is contained the bulletin which the National 0ity 'ank issued: >nder the 1ir1umstan1es mone! promises to be in abundant suppl!, but if bankers ha5e a proper regard for their responsibilities it ;ill not be 1orrespondingl! 1heap. -ompensator! rates for mone! and ample reser5es should be 1onsistentl! maintained. +hat said bulletin was sent to the Federal Reserve 'oard" to all the Federal reserve banks" to all the lar$er National and /tate banks and trust companies" in order to tip1 off to the conspirators and those actin$ in concert to ti$hten the rates of interest( that such tips1 are a common practice and do prevent the reduction of interest rates to borrowers for le$itimate business" contrary to the intent and purpose of 0on$ress and the Kresident and in contravention of the act itself and to the enormous loss of the people and inEury to the $eneral

welfare /eventh +hat there are approHimately 6>">>> /tate banks and trust companies in the ,nited /tates" incorporated and or$aniFed under the /tate laws of the respective /tates in which their offices and places of business are located" and doin$ a $eneral bankin$ business" /tate and interstate" many of which are eli$ible to become members of the Federal Reserve /ystem" and many not know eli$ible could become so without an increase of their capitaliFation( that of those now eli$ible and that could Mualify for membership in the Federal Reserve /ystem without an increase of their capital" they have more than half of the capitaliFation of all the banks not now included in the Federal Reserve /ystem( that the capitaliFation of /tate banks and trust companies" which are not members of the Federal Reserve /ystem eHceeds the capital of the banks which are members of the Federal /ystem( that the $overnors and other hi$h and administrative officials of the 46 Federal reserve banks" throu$h their influence with member banks" wittin$ly or unwittin$ly" but most of them wittin$ly" became accessories to the said conspiracy of the said persons and parties named in these articles of impeachment in the para$raph herein desi$nated as First1 and have caused a boycott of all banks not members of the Federal Reserve /ystem by influencin$ the member banks to hamper" inconvenience" and annoy the patrons of the nonmember banks by discrimination a$ainst them in the clearin$ of checks drawn upon them and otherwise" that they threaten and seek to caEole the nonmember banks in an attempt to force them to become members of the Federal Reserve /ystem( that the said five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard are co$niFant of the same( that the intent" purpose" and aim of each and all of the said conspirators aforesaid is to compel the /tate banks to Eoin the Federal Reserve /ystem for the purpose of brin$in$ the said banks under the Eurisdiction of the Federal Reserve 'oard in order that all of the banks" National and /tate" may become one $i$antic combination with an absolute and complete monopoly and have the power of eHploitin$ the people for the benefit of the conspirators aforesaid .i$hth +hat 0on$ress in creatin$ the Federal Reserve 'oard had in mind" and it is the spirit of the Federal reserve act" that the said board should keep a $uardian watch over the operations of the bankin$ and currency system and report to 0on$ress and the country( from time to time such facts and occurrences relatin$ to bankin$ and currency as affect the business of the people in trade and commerce eHchan$es" domestic and forei$n" so that 0on$ress should receive information that would $ive to 0on$ress the facts upon which to base any necessary amendments to the act in order to make it responsive to the $eneral welfare( that contrary to the spirit of the Federal Reserve act" the aforesaid five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard have willfully failed to keep the public and 0on$ress informed of the inflation of bank credits and the effect of it that has taken place under the administration1 of the said act" and in violation of the spirit thereof said members have conspired with the members of the Federal reserve advisory council and their business associates hereinbefore named and have aided and abetted in a conspiracy to a systematic inflation of bank credits for the benefit of the said conspirators and a$ainst the public welfare( that in conseMuence of said unlawful acts and misfeasance in office of the said members of the Federal Reserve 'oard the bank have" for private $ain" increased the bank credits of the country since the passa$e of said act approHimately seven thousand millions of dollars and without effectin$ a correspondin$ reduction in the interest rate" thus increasin$ the a$$re$ate amount of interest paid by the people to the said banks eMual to that char$ed upon said sum( that the effect of the inflation of bank credits has been and is to also increase speculative credits enormously more than eMual to the inflation of bank credits" and that such increase since the Federal reserve act took effect has been billions of dollars that the increase in the a$$re$ate sum of interest paid to the banks upon the said inflated bank credits and the increase caused by the said inflation in the speculative values upon commodities reMuired to supply the necessities of life for the people has been many billions of dollars" which have been added to the cost of livin$ for the people to pay( that said increase in the cost of livin$ is mainly the profits that the conspirators have added to their individual fortunes to the eMuivalent loss of the people $enerally and to the Government as well Ninth +hat as part of the said conspiracy and in furtherance of the same the said aforesaid conspirators" in violation of the NationLs heretofore established economic policy of conservation of material and natural resources" conspired .uropean speculators to draw upon the material resources of this Nation for eHport with no correlation between value of the materials eHported and the value of the materials imported( that in conseMuence of the conspiracy to affect said eHport of material resources belon$in$ to this Nation and to the people of it approHimately ei$ht thousand millions of dollars in value of the material resources have been eHported since the war in .urope be$an( that as a result thereof the said conspirators acted with the said five members of the Federal Reserve 'oard in manipulatin$ bank credits" and throu$h credits the markets increased the cost to !merican consumers in the same period approHimately siHteen thousand millions of dollars in eHcess of the real values" which eHtra cost has mainly been the profits that have been added to the fortunes of the aforesaid conspirators( that as an additional and future loss to the people of this Nation in conseMuence of the facts aforesaid" the natural material resources of the Nation are forever less" and the costs made forever hi$her than they would be if trade and commerce were not manipulated throu$h a false administration of finances +enth +hat to further carry out the said conspiracy the aforesaid conspirators have" ever since the Federal reserve act took effect" sou$ht to influence" and in fact have influenced" said five members of the Federal Reserve 'oard in an attempt to further deceive 0on$ress to secure le$islation $rantin$ to the said board enlar$ed powers of administration1( that in the /iHty5third 0on$ress the said board" concealin$ the real purpose to aid said conspirators" deceived the /enate 'ankin$ and 0urrency 0ommittee to $et it to report for passa$e the then /enate bill ?C>C and it passed the /enate and subseMuently came before the *ouse 'ankin$ and 0urrency 0ommittee and was favorably reported" your relator" however" filin$ a minority report in opposition Later" on the floor of the *ouse" the chairman of the 'ankin$ and 0urrency 0ommittee withdrew action on the bill( that the aim of said bill was to $ive the Federal Reserve 'oard $reater administrative1 power over the $old supply" so that it could" whenever the conspirators aforesaid wished it" inflate still further the bankin$ credit by an issue of the Federal5reserve notes for the benefit of said conspirators( that a$ain in this /iHty5fourth 0on$ress

said active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard alle$ed" repeatedly sou$ht the *ouse 'ankin$ and 0urrency 0ommittee to report a bill $ivin$ $reater administrative1 powers to said board than is authoriFed by the ori$inal act( in fact" to $ive said board power to force from banks all over the country the $old in their vaults and into the 46 Federal reserve banks" there to form a basis upon which to issue still more Federal5reserve notes and further inflate credit without causin$ a reduction of interests that in the a$$re$ate would eMual the char$e made on the inflated currency" but servin$ mainly as a $uaranty to reinforce the conspirators hereinbefore named in eHploitin$ of the people for private $ain .leventh +hat the Federal reserve act obli$ates the ,nited /tates to redeem in $old at the ,nited /tates +reasury all Federal reserve notes" and as a part of the said conspiracy and in furtherance of the same" and to eHtend the speculation of the operators and perpetrators of the said conspiracy to include .urope and other forei$n territory" they" most of them bein$ international as well as domestic bankers" seek to dominate the relations of the ,nited /tates with forei$n countries and to selfishly influence the same by means of the control of finances" and in furtherance of said branch of their speculations have conspired with the said five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard to secure aid from the Federal Reserve /ystem for said selfish purposes and not in the interest of the public" the conspirators in connivance with the said five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard had the said board select and appoint" throu$h the Federal reserve bank of New #ork" the so5called 'ank of .n$land as its a$ent" thus puttin$ the credit of the Government of the ,nited /tates back of this forei$n corporation" or$aniFed for private $ain" which is no lon$er able to make payments in $old and fails to $ive a statement of its true conditions( that said Federal Reserve 'oard is threatenin$ to permit and also to render aid to the international bankers in !merica who dominate the bankin$ system" to enter into further entan$lin$ alliances with bankrupt countries of .urope at the very time this Government contemplates issuin$ hundreds of millions of dollars of interest5bearin$ bonds upon the credit of the people of the Nation to meet the Government eHpenses +welfth +hat durin$ the 0ivil &ar the Government of the ,nited /tates issued money commonly called $reenbacks1 ( the same bein$ issued upon the credit of the people of the Nation( that of said $reenbacks1 so issued there have been ever since their issue and now are outstandin$ and in $eneral circulation based upon the credit of the people of the ,nited /tates X37?"?@4">4?" for which a reserve of X4C>">>>">>> in $old is held by the Government to $uarantee their redemption if demanded( that said circulatin$ $reenbacks1 have already saved the Government from payin$ approHimately X4">>>">>>">>> interest durin$ the time they have been in circulation and are now savin$ the Government approHimately X?">>>">>> annually( that in furtherance of said conspiracy in these articles of impeachment alle$ed and as part thereof" the conspirators have sou$ht and by secret connivance new seek to have the said $reenbacks1 retired and the X4C>">>>">>> of $old $uarantee placed in the Federal reserve banks on which to base the loanin$ of bank credits1 as a substitute for the money owned by the people( that if the Federal reserve banks are allowed to secure possession of said $old" when the time comes that the conspirators aforesaid shall be able to use additional bank credits to their advanta$es in eHploitin$ the people" the same would become the basis for additional bank inflation" directly and indirectly" to the eHtent of over a billion dollars upon which the banks would collect a $reat sum of interest" and the speculators would scalp even $reater profits from additional manipulation of the markets" all of which would be added to the cost of livin$ for the people to pay +hirteenth +hat in furtherance of the said aforesaid conspiracy and as a part of the same the said five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard" in their capacity as members" have arbitrarily at all times and with intent to prevent the le$itimate business interests of the country securin$ the advanta$es that 0on$ress sou$ht to $ive by the passa$e of the Federal reserve act" and in connivance with the bi$ reserve and central reserve banks controlled by the conspirators aforesaid" established rediscount rates for member banks desirin$ to borrow from Federal reserve banks above the rates char$ed by the reserve and central reserve banks" which creates an eHcuse for the member banks in the country to char$e hi$her rates of interest to le$itimate borrowers than they otherwise would( that the interest rates char$ed by the reserve and central reserve banks" on the one hand" and the hi$her rates char$ed by the Federal reserve banks on the other hand" is maintained at certain times when the conspirators aforesaid desire to draw the reserves of the country banks to the reserve and central reserve cities for the interest that these reserve banks pay on deposit balances and in anticipation of times when the country banks may wish to rediscount paper with said banks( that by followin$ the arbitrary practice of rediscounts aforesaid the said conspirators are enabled to and do $o on with their speculations" manipulate the markets" and eHploit the people" and whenever they find themselves in financial stress they can raise the rates of interest in the reserve and central reserve banks" which they control" above the Federal reserve bank discount rates" thus forcin$ the country banks" which may have rediscounted with reserve banks in order to $ive accommodations to their borrowers" to rediscount with the Federal reserve banks to enable them to repay the reserve and central reserve banks" in order to create free money and credit for said conspirators to carry on their speculations( that the Federal reserve act contains several provisions which when applied under the administrative1 power of the Federal Reserve 'oard serve as a means of takin$ or imposin$ a toll in the nature of discriminatory interest rates in order to force a shift of money and credits from one section of the country to another" or out of the country and to forei$n countries( that this discriminatory power vested in the Federal Reserve 'oard is willfully abused by the said five active workin$ members of the said board for the benefit and in the interest of the said aforesaid conspirators( that the people of the ,nited /tates have been inEured to the eHtent of several billions of dollars by reason thereof Fourteenth +hat in furtherance of said aforesaid conspiracy and to $ive the said aforesaid conspirators complete practical power to carry out and put into effect their purpose of makin$ the masses of mankind absolutely dependent upon bi$ business"1 and in order to create industrial slaves of the masses the said aforesaid conspirators did conspire and now conspire to have the Federal reserve act administered1 so as to enable the conspirators to coordinate all kinds of bi$ businessL and to keep themselves in control of bi$

business"1 in order to amal$amate all of the trusts1 into one $reat trust in restraint and control of trade and commerce" and thus be able to eHploit the masses and take from them their earnin$s" eHcept what they would reMuire for bare subsistence( that to that end and to $ive them power to accomplish the same said conspirators have marshaled all of the different kinds of bi$ business1 and induced those in control to use their means and whatever kind of patrona$e and favors they have to $ive in such way as to promote the obEects and purposes of said conspirators and to enslave the masses of humanity( that at the same time that the said conspirators marshal their own bi$ business1 supporters by a coordination of all their interests they have use every trick and subterfu$e possible to create friction amon$ the masses and divide them into hostile contendin$ factions" thus keepin$ the masses from coordinatin$ their affairs to promote the $eneral welfare that the said aforesaid five active workin$ members of the Federal Reserve 'oard have all the time" by a willful and wron$ful administration1 of the Federal reserve act" aided and abetted the said aforesaid conspirators in promotin$ and carryin$ out the obEects of their said conspiracy and have refused and failed to so administer the Federal reserve act as to have the same promote and operate in favor of the $eneral welfare Fifteenth +hat the Federal reserve act is void and unconstitutional" but that notwithstandin$" the conspirators aforesaid have so manipulated thin$s as to prevent the Muestion of constitutionality of the act from bein$ brou$ht before the courts 0*!RL./ ! L)ND'.RG* Dr /*.R&OOD Dr /peaker" ) would like to ask the $entleman a Muestion Dr L)ND'.RG* ) suppose my privile$e stops now" does it% +he /K.!9.R )t does Dr L)ND'.RG* ) ask for five minutes in which to answer the Muestion of the $entleman +he /K.!9.R +he $entleman asks five minutes )s there obEection% +here was no obEection Dr /*.R&OOD )n case the /enate should sit as an impeachment court" you have evidence to establish that char$e% Dr L)ND'.RG* ) want to say this: ) have spent enou$h time and made enou$h investi$ation of this case to know that ) can demonstrate 2 accurately" ) may say" but to a mathematical certainty 2 that the char$es in this impeachment are substantially true ) may not be able to establish by direct proof that that some of these meetin$s to which the impeachment refers were held" but that the char$es are substantially true" ) will certainly show Dr /*.R&OOD +hat is" by substantial evidence% Dr L)ND'.RG* 'y substantial evidence" and by effects which the business of this country demonstrates beyond Muestion Now" Dr /peaker" ) ask leave to insert" followin$ the readin$ of these articles" my remarks upon them and the Muestions that are incidentally involved in the impeachment articles +he /K.!9.R +he $entleman from Dinnesota asks unanimous consent to eHtend his remarks in the R.0ORD )s there obEection% Dr /).G.L ) obEect +he /K.!9.R +he $entleman from New #ork obEects Dr 9)+0*)N Dr 0hairman" ) move that the impeachment articles be referred to the 0ommittee on the :udiciary" and on that ) demand the previous Muestion +he /K.!9.R +he $entleman from North 0arolina moves that the impeachment articles be referred to the 0ommittee on the :udiciary" and on that he demands the previous Muestion +he previous Muestion was ordered +he /K.!9.R +he Muestion is on a$reein$ to the motion to refer +he Muestion was taken" and the motion was a$reed to

Note: 0harles ! Lindber$h /r 8Republican Karty5Dinnesota< was a Dember of the , / *ouse of Representatives from Darch 7" 4B>A to Darch 3" 4B4A

, / 0on$ressman F Oscar 0allaway 8Democratic Karty5+eHas< )n Darch" 4B4C" the : K Dor$an interests" the steel" shipbuildin$" and powder interests" and their subsidiary or$aniFations" $ot to$ether 46 men hi$h up in the newspaper world" and employed them to select the most influential newspapers in the ,nited /tates" and the sufficient number of them to control $enerally the policy of the daily press of the ,nited /tates +hese 46 men worked the problem out by selectin$ 4AB newspapers" and then be$an" by an elimination process" to retain only those necessary for the purpose of controllin$ the $eneral policy of the daily press throu$hout the country +hey found it was only necessary to purchase the control of 6C of the $reatest papers +he 6C papers were a$reed upon( emissaries were sent to purchase the policy" national and international" of these papers( an a$reement was reached( the policy of the papers was bou$ht" to be paid for by the month" an editor was furnished for each paper to properly supervise and edit information re$ardin$ the Muestions of preparedness" militarism" financial policies" and other thin$s of national and international nature considered vital to the interests of the purchasersV+his policy also included the suppression of everythin$ in opposition to the wishes of the interests served 1 2 , / 0on$ressman F Oscar 0allaway 8Democratic Karty5+eHas" Darch 7" 4B445Darch 3" 4B4A<" in +he 0on$ressional Record for February B" 4B4A" ;olume C7" p 6B7A56B7@ /ource: he 3a4i Hydra in America5 Su""ressed History of a Century by Glen #eadon and :ohn *awkins" p BB

+he full caption for this item is as follows: Lar$est Durder +rial in the *istory of the ,nited /tates /cene durin$ 0ourt Dartial of ?7 members of the 67th )nfantry ,nited /tates of !merica on trial for mutiny and murder of 4A people at *ouston" +eHas on !u$ust 63" 4B4A +rial held in Gift 0hapel at Fort /am *ouston +rial started November 4" 4B4A" 'ri$adier General Geor$e 9 *unter presidin$ 0olonel : ! *ull" :ud$e !dvocate" 0ouncil for Defense" DaEor *arvy / Grier DaEor D ; /utphin" !ssistant !dvocate Krisoners $uarded by 4Bth )nfantry 0ompany 0" 0aptain 0arl : !dler 8! total of 4B soldiers would be eHecuted" and 74 soldiers were $iven life sentences < 8Khoto: National !rchives< +he Houston "iot of 4B4A" or -amp 7ogan "iot" was a mutiny by 4C? !frican !merican soldiers of the +hird 'attalion of the all5 black +wenty5fourth ,nited /tates )nfantry )n the sprin$ of 4B4A" shortly after the ,nited /tates declared war on )mperial Germany" the &ar Department" takin$ advanta$e of the temperate climate and newly opened *ouston /hip 0hannel" ordered two military installations built in *arris 0ounty" +eHas Y 0amp Lo$an and .llin$ton Field +o $uard the 0amp Lo$an construction site" the !rmy on :uly 6A" 4B4A" ordered the +hird 'attalion of the +wenty5fourth ,nited /tates )nfantry Re$iment to travel to *ouston by train from their camp at 0olumbus" New DeHico" accompanied by seven white commissioned officers !round noon !u$ust 63" 4B4A" two *ouston police officers stormed into the home of an !frican5!merican woman" alle$edly lookin$ for someone in the nei$hborhood" after firin$ a warnin$ shot outside +hey physically assaulted her" then dra$$ed her partially clad GclothedI into the street" all in view of her five small children +he woman be$an screamin$" demandin$ to know why she was bein$ arrested" and a crowd be$an to $ather ! soldier from the 67th )nfantry stepped forward to ask what was $oin$ on +he police officers promptly beat him to the $round and arrested him as well +heir official reports and later news reports stated the soldier was char$ed with interferin$ with the arrest of a publicly drunk female Later that afternoon" 0orporal 0harles 'altimore went to the *ouston police station to investi$ate the arrest" as well as beatin$ of another black soldier" and also to attempt to $ain the release of the soldier !n ar$ument be$an which led to violence" and 0orporal 'altimore was beaten" shot at" and himself arrested by the police The -amp 7ogan riot began the e5ening of 0ugust +2, ;hen )4* angr! soldiers ignored their offi1ersE orders, stole ;eapons from the 1amp depot and mar1hed on the 1it! of Houston. The! ;ere met outside the 1it! b! the poli1e and a mob of armed 1iti?ens, frightened b! the reports of a mutin!. 0 5irtual ra1e riot began, ;hi1h left +3 people dead F four soldiers, four poli1emen, and )+ 1i5ilians. Order was restored the neHt day" and the &ar Department disarmed the soldiers +he +hird 'attalion was sent by rail back to New DeHico Dartial law was declared in *ouston" and the +hird 'attalion was not only returned to 0olumbus" New DeHico" but the entire re$iment was later transferred to the Khilippines /even of its soldiers a$reed to testify in eHchan$e for clemency /ource: http:PPen wikipedia or$PwikiP*oustonZRiotZ84B4A<

Woodro, Wilson addresses (ongress in &9&;. Woodro, WilsonTs -am#aign slogan during the &9&B #residential ele-tion ,as =9e -ept us out of the ,ar>.

Ma7or E"e'ts i' 1&1 , the =.ear of the 1'a-e>: >anuary6Mar-h &9&; R "ussian -ommunist Leon !rotsky li+es in De, Nork (ity Fe9ruary A, &9&; R Knited .tates of Ameri-a ?Wilson administration@ se+ers di#lomati- ties ,ith %ermany Fe9ruary , &9&; R Me2i-o ado#ts a ne, (onstitution Fe9ruary &', &9&; R K... (ongressman (harles Lind9ergh .r. issues arti-les of im#ea-hment against Federal "eser+e Mar-h , &9&; ?Monday@ R K... President Woodro, Wilson is inaugurated in front of the K... (a#itol for a se-ond term Mar-h &&, &9&; R British army -a#tures Baghdad ?3ra/@ from the Ittoman *m#ire Mar-h & , &9&; R (4ar Di-holas 33 of "ussia a9di-ates his throne A#ril B, &9&; R Knited .tates of Ameri-a de-lares ,ar on %ermany A#ril &B, &9&; R "ussian -ommunist )ladimir Lenin de#arts from .,it4erland and tra+els to "ussia +ia %ermany 9y train May &9&; R Former K... .e-retary of .tate *lihu "oot and other mem9ers of the "oot Mission meet ,ith Lenin and !rotsky in "ussia May &C, &9&; R .ele-ti+e .er+i-e A-t is #assed 9y the K... (ongress >une &', &9&; R 8ing (onstantine 3 of %ree-e a9di-ates his throne >une & , &9&; R *s#ionage A-t is #assed 9y the K... (ongress >une & , &9&; R "ussian69orn >e,ish anar-hist *mma %oldman is arrested in De, Nork (ity for +iolating the *s#ionage A-t >uly &, &9&; R A la9or dis#ute and an ensuing ra-e riot in *ast .t. Louis, 3llinois lea+es ' : #eo#le dead >uly '&, &9&; R Ale2ander Fyodoro+i-h 8erensky is a##ointed Prime Minister of "ussia August &E, &9&; R "e#u9li- of (hina de-lares ,ar against %ermany and Austria6Hungary. Do+em9er ', &9&; R British Foreign .e-retary Arthur >. Balfour announ-es WBalfour $e-larationT -on-erning >e,ish Wnational homeT Do+em9er ;, &9&; R Bolshe+ik "e+olution 9egins in Petrograd 5.t. Peters9urg7, "ussiaL 8erensky a9di-ates as Prime Minister $e-em9er ;, &9&; R Knited .tates of Ameri-a de-lares ,ar on Austria6Hungary $e-em9er 9, &9&; R British army -a#tures >erusalem from the Ittoman *m#ire $e-em9er &&, &9&; R British Field Marshal *dmund Allen9y enters >erusalem $e-em9er '', &9&; R "ussia o#ens se#arate #ea-e negotiations ,ith %ermany at Brest6Lito+sk &9&; R Ameri-an (i+il Li9erties Knion ?originally founded as Dational (i+il Li9erties Bureau@ is esta9lished

4B6B: #ear of the /nake

!he %reat $e#ression M !he "ise of the !hird "ei-h

I,en $. Noung ,at-hes *mile Moreau ?left@,%o+ernor of the Bank of Fran-e, shake hands ,ith HFalmar .-ha-ht ?right@, President of the "ei-hs9ank ?%ermanyTs -entral 9ank@, in &9'9 after they a--e#ted the terms of the Noung Plan. HFalmar .-ha-ht ,as tried in Durem9erg, %ermany for ,ar -rimes and -olla9oration ,ith the Da4is after World War 33. I,en $. Noung ,as the (hairman of the 9oard of %eneral *le-tri- (om#any ?&9''6&9A9, &9E'6&9EE@, /eputy 8hairma' of the Fe)eral 3eser"e 4a'- of !e, .or- 51&2 E 1&% 6, 8hairma' of the Fe)eral 3eser"e 4a'- of !e, .or- 51&%8E1&4$6 , $ire-tor of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations ?&9';6&9E:@, and !rustee of the "o-kefeller Foundation ?&9'C6&9A9@. ?Photo: O+en D. 3o$ng6 4 Ne+ 7y%e of #nd$strial "eader 9y 3da M. !ar9ell@

I,en $. Noung ?-enter@, $e#uty (hairman of the Federal "eser+e Bank of De, Nork ?&9';6&9A;@, and >.P. Morgan M (o. 9anker !homas W. Lamont ?se-ond from right@ ,at-h HFalmar .-ha-ht ?right@, the President of the "ei-hs9ank, sign the Noung Plan at the Hotel %eorge ) in Paris, Fran-e on >une ;, &9'9. ?Photo: X Bildar-hi+ PreuYis-her 8ultur9esit4@

I,en $. Noung, Ameri-an re#aration e2#ert and $e#uty (hairman of the Federal "eser+e Bank of De, Nork, shakes hands ,ith $r. HFalmar .-ha-ht, %erman delegate to the "e#arations (onferen-e and President of the "ei-hs9ank ?%ermanyTs -entral 9ank@, at a train station in Paris, Fran-e on >une &;, &9'9, from the ,indo, of a train ,hi-h -arried him to the .... <uitania, ,hi-h -arried him to the Knited .tates. ?Photo: X BettmannP(I"B3.@

"e#arations e2#erts meet to dis-uss %erman ,ar de9t in Paris, Fran-e on Fe9ruary ':, &9'9. From left to right, seated: I,en $. Noung of Ameri-a, >.P. Morgan of Ameri-a, .ir >osiah .tam# of *ngland. .tanding in the rear is !homas W. Lamont of Ameri-a. Lord "e+elstoke of *ngland ,as in attendan-e during the o#ening of the %erman "e#arations (ommittee. I,en $. Noung ?-hairman of %eneral *le-tri- (o.@ and >.P. Morgan M (o. #artner !homas W. Lamont ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?Photo: X BettmannP(I"B3.@

.e-retary of the !reasury Andre, W. Mellon, -ounter -hairman of the Board of !rustees, dis-usses the "ed (ross endorsement fund #rogram ,ith the mem9ers of the Board during their annual -onferen-e re-ently in Washington, $.(., K...A. on $e-em9er &A, &9'9. Left to right: Walter Irr Woods, !reasurer of the Knited .tatesL Igden L. Mills, Knder .e-retary of the !reasuryL Feli2 M. War9urg, De, NorkL .e-retary Andre, W. MellonL >ohn B. Miller, LA, >ames Parmelee, WashingtonL >ohn B. Larner, Washington ?standing@L >ohn B. (remer >r.L Assistant

se-retary of the BoardL Ho,ard >. .imons, se-retary and W.H. Boden, !reasurer. A')re, F2 Mello', :g)e' ;2 Mills, a') FeliB M2 Far#urg ,ere mem#ers of the 8ou'cil o' Foreig' 3elatio's2 ?X BettmannP(I"B3.@

Iutgoing K... President (al+in (oolidge, standing on the far right, ,at-hes (hief >usti-e of the K... .u#reme (ourt William Ho,ard !aft ?left@ administers the oath of offi-e to in-oming K... President Her9ert (. Hoo+er on Mar-h E, &9'9. William Ho,ard !aft ,as a mem9er of .kull M Bones, a se-ret so-iety at Nale Kni+ersity. ?Photo: Li9rary of (ongress@

!homas W. Lamont ?far left@ #arti-i#ates in #romoting the Noung Plan in &9'9 ,ith >.P. Morgan >r. ?right@, and Fren-h delegates >ean Parmentier and *mile Moreau. >.P. Morgan >r. ,as not a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?.our-e: 7he 4mbassador from 8all Street6 7he Story of 7homas 8. "amont, ,. .. 'organ9s Chief E/ec$tive 9y *d,ard M. Lamont@

Dembers of the !merican Reparations 0ommission" who recently returned to !merica after ne$otiatin$ a settlement with the .uropean nations" were in conference with , / /ecretary of /tate *enry L /timson on :une 6C" 4B6B )n the front row" seated" left to ri$ht: :ohn Kierpont Dor$an :r 8Kartner of : K Dor$an N 0o bank<( , / /ecretary of /tate *enry L /timson( and Owen D #oun$ 8chairman of the Federal Reserve 'ank of New #ork<" chairman )n the back row" left to ri$ht: +homas & Lamont 8Kartner of : K Dor$an N 0o bank<( +homas Nelson Kerkins( ,nder /ecretary of /tate :oseph K 0otton( and !ssistant /ecretary of /tate &illiam R 0astle /timson" #oun$" Lamont" Kerkins" and 0otton were members of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations 8Khoto: *arris N .win$ 0ollection( Library of 0on$ress<

0abinet of Kresident *erbert *oover 8seated" 3rd ri$ht< and his 0abinet pose for a $roup photo on the &hite *ouse lawn in &ashin$ton" D 0 on Darch @" 4B6B /tandin$" left to ri$ht: /ecretary of Labor :ames : Davis" /ecretary of 0ommerce Robert K Lamont" /ecretary of !$riculture !rthur D *yde" ;ice Kresident 0harles 0urtis" /ecretary of the )nterior Ray Lyman &ilbur" and /ecretary of the Navy 0harles F !dams /eated" left to ri$ht: Kostmaster General &alter F 'rown" /ecretary of &ar :ames & Good" /ecretary of /tate Frank ' 9ello$$" Kresident *erbert *oover" +reasury /ecretary !ndrew & Dellon" and , / !ttorney General &illiam D Ditchell &ilbur" 9ello$$" *oover" Dellon" and Ditchell were members of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations" a private or$aniFation in New #ork 0ity 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

)ndustrial men meet with Kresident *erbert *oover at the &hite *ouse in &ashin$ton" D 0 on November 64" 4B6B )n the $roup" fifth from the ri$ht is the /ecretary of the +reasury !ndrew Dellon( ninth from the ri$ht" /ecretary of 0ommerce Robert K Lamont( and seventh from the ri$ht is *enry Ford Others in the $roup are" :ulius Rosenwald" 0larence D &oolley" &alter +ea$le" Owen D #oun$" Datthew / /loan" .u$ene G Grace" Dyron 0 +aylor" !lfred K /loan" :r " Kierre Dupont" &alter Gifford" /amuel & Reyburn" :esse ) /traus" &illiam 'utterworth" . : 9ulas" Geor$e Lau$hlin" ! & Robertson" Redfield Kroctor" Khilip * Gadsen" .rnest + +ri$$" *enry D Robinson and :ulius 'arnes Hoo5er, ellon, "osen;ald, 6oolle!, Young, Gra1e, Ta!lor, Sloan, Gifford, "e!burn, Straus, Butter;orth, "obertson, "obinson, and Barnes ;ere members of the -oun1il on Foreign "elations. 8Khoto: *arris and .win$ 0ollection( Library of 0on$ress<

Left to ri$ht: Kaul 0ravath" 0harles D /chwab" and .u$ene Grace stand to$ether for a $roup photo on /eptember 64" 4B6B Kaul 0ravath and .u$ene Grace were members of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations 8Khoto: National Khoto 0ompany 0ollectionPLibrary of 0on$ress<

!dolf *itler" leader of the National /ocialist German &orkersL Karty" salutes to his supporters durin$ a visit to Dunich" Germany in 4B6B 8Khoto by *ulton !rchivePGetty )ma$es<

!dolf *itler drives alon$ a flower5strewn road after a rally at Nurember$" Germany in 4B6B NaFi Karty member :ulius /treicher 8left" bald5headed" moustache< is seen standin$ on the road with his ri$ht hand on his hip 8Khoto by 9eystonePGetty )ma$es<

German di$nitaries attend the funeral of the late Gustav /tresemann" Forei$n Dinister of Germany" in front of the Reichsta$ in 'erlin" Germany on October ?" 4B6B 8Khoto: 'undesarchivPGerman Federal !rchives<

&9'9 I9ituaries

Al#ert 1trauss ?August 'B, &CBE6 Mar-h 'C, &9'9@ )i-e (hairman of the Federal "eser+e ?I-to9er 'B, &9&C6 Mar-h & , &9':@

5Ge'26 Giichi Ta'a-a ?>une '' , &CBE6 .e#tem9er '9, &9'9@ Prime Minister of >a#an ?A#ril ':, &9';6>uly ', &9'9@L Foreign Minister of >a#an ?A#ril ':, &9';6>uly ', &9'9@

Gusta" 1tresema'' ?May &:, &C;C6 I-to9er A, &9'9@ (han-ellor of %ermany ?August &A, &9'AR Do+em9er 'A, &9'A@ and Foreign Minister of %ermany ?August &A, &9'ARI-to9er A, &9'9@

4er'har) "o' 4Hlo, ?May A, &CE96 I-to9er 'C, &9'9@ (han-ellor of %ermany ?I-to9er &B, &9::6>uly &A, &9:9@L Foreign Minister of Prussia ?&C9;6&9:9@

Georges 8leme'ceau ?.e#tem9er 'C, &CE& R Do+em9er 'E, &9'9@ Prime Minister of Fran-e ?'C I-to9er &9:B R 'E >uly &9:9, &B Do+em9er &9&; R ': >anuary &9':@

Feli2 War9urg and his 9rother Ma2 War9urg +isit >erusalem on A#ril 'C, &9'9. From right to left: Feli2 War9urg of 8uhn, Loe9 M (o. in De, Nork (ity and (hairman of the >oint $istri9ution (ommitteeL Ma2 War9urg of the M.M. War9urg 9ank in Ham9urg, %ermanyL $r. (yrus Adler, mem9er of the *2e-uti+e (ommittee of the >oint $istri9ution (ommitteeL "e+. H. Pereira MendesL Morris *ngelman, Mem9er of the *2e-uti+e (ommittee of the >$(. Ma2 War9urg ,as a dire-tor of 3.%. Far9en.

!he War9urg Brothers ?from left to right@ Paul War9urg, Feli2 War9urg, Ma2 War9urg, Frit4 War9urg, and A9y War9urg #ose for a formal #ortrait on August '&, &9'9. Paul War9urg ,as the )i-e (hairman of the Federal "eser+e from &9&B to &9&C. Paul War9urg and Feli2 War9urg ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?Photo: 7he 8arb$rgs 9y "on (herno,@

Ara9 terrorists terrori4e >e,s and loot the stores in the -ity of >affa in British Palestine in &9'9.

HaF Amin al6Husseini, the %rand Mufti of Muslims in >erusalem ?,earing ,hite tur9an@, a##ears ,ith a grou# of British -olonial administrators and Ara9 assistants in >erusalem in &9'9. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

+he scene on &all /treet when the New #ork /tock .Hchan$e crashed on October 6@56B" 4B6B Krevious economic crises and depressions in !merica occurred in 4@4B" 4@3A" 4@CA" 4@A3" 4@@7" 4@B3" and 4B>A 8'ettmannP0OR')/<

A -ro,d gathers at the Federal Hall in De, Nork (ity o##osite the .to-k *2-hange on Monday, I-to9er 'C, &9'9 ?or !uesday, I-to9er '9, &9'9@ on the day the De, Nork .to-k *2-hange -rashed. ?APPWide World Photos@

Krohibition $an$ster !lphonse Gabriel !l1 0apone 8left" :anuary 4A" 4@BB5:anuary 6C" 4B7A<" head of the /outh /ide )talian Gan$ in 0hica$o" orchestrated the /aint ;alentine-s Day massacre in 0hica$o" )llinois" , / ! on February 47" 4B6B" killin$ members of the North /ide )rish Gan$" a $roup led by 'u$s Doran Ri$ht photo: !ftermath of the /t ;alentine-s Day Dassacre +op to bottom: Keter Gusenber$( !lbert &einshank( !dam *eyer( :ohn Day( Reinhardt /chwimmer 8lyin$ almost out of picture at bottom< !t ri$ht a$ainst wall is :ames 0lark

!merican $an$sters Deyer Lansky" !l 0apone" .noch Nucky1 :ohnson and friends appear at the boardwalks in !tlantic 0ity" New :ersey in !pril 4B6B 8Khoto: http:PPwww miHedmartialarts comPmma cfm%$oUforum postsNforumU6NthreadU6>C4>6?Npa$eUC<

Mitsuru !oyama ?left@, -hief of the Bla-k $ragon .o-iety ?:o2$ry$2ai@, a##ears ,ith future Prime Minister of >a#an !suyoshi 3nukai ?-enter@, future President of "e#u9li- of (hina ?%eneralissimo@ (hiang 8ai6shek ?se-ond from right@, and other dignitaries in &9'9. Prime Minister of >a#an !suyoshi 3nukai ,as assassinated 9y a grou# of Gam9itiousH young 3m#erial >a#anese Da+y offi-ers on May & , &9A'. ?Photo: htt#:PP,,,.toyamamitsuru.F#PsyashinPinde2.html@

Prime Minister of 3taly Benito Mussolini ?se-ond from right@ signs the Lateran !reaty at the )ati-an in "ome on Fe9ruary &&, &9'9.

K... President (al+in (oolidge ?seated, third from right@ and K... .e-retary of the !reasury Andre, Mellon ?seated, right@ look on as K... .e-retary of .tate Frank 8ellogg ?seated, se-ond from right@ affi2es his signature on the 8ellogg6Briand Pa-t ?also kno,n as the Pa-t of Paris@, in the *ast "oom of the White House in Washington, $.(., K...A. on +a'uary 1 , 1&2&. !he treaty, ,hi-h -alled for the renoun-ement of ,ar, ,as dra,n u# 9y 8ellogg and Fren-h Foreign Minister Aristide Briand. ?X Hulton6$euts-h (olle-tionP(I"B3.@

While K... .e-retary of .tate Henry L. .timson looks on, >a#anese Am9assador 8atsuFi $e9u-hi signs the 8ellogg6Briand Pa-t an hour #rior to the ratifi-ation -eremony on +uly 24, 1&2&. Henry L. .timson ,as a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?(I"B3.@

, / /ecretary of /tate *enry L /timson 8left< appears with , / !mbassador to DeHico Dwi$ht Dorrow on Day 6C" 4B6B /timson and Dorrow were members of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations Dwi$ht & Dorrow was a member of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations from 4B67 to 4B34 8Khoto: National Khoto 0ompany 0ollectionPLibrary of 0on$ress<

Out$oin$ , / /ecretary of /tate Frank ' 9ello$$ 8center< and incomin$ , / /ecretary of /tate *enry L /timson 8ri$ht< watch &illiam *oward +aft 8left<" 0hief :ustice of the , / /upreme 0ourt" si$n a document at the /tate Department in &ashin$ton" D 0 on Darch 6@" 4B6B 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

&illiam *oward +aft 8left<" 0hief :ustice of the , / /upreme 0ourt" administers the oath of office to incomin$ , / /ecretary of /tate *enry L /timson in &ashin$ton" D 0 on Darch 6@" 4B6B 8Khoto: Library of 0on$ress<

: K Dor$an N 0o partners : K Dor$an :r 8left" February 6C" 4B6B< and +homas & Lamont 8ri$ht" November 44" 4B6B< appear on the front cover of ime ma$aFine

, / /ecretary of /tate *enry L /timson 8left" Darch 44" 4B6B< and 'ank of .n$land Governor Donta$u 0 Norman 8ri$ht" !u$ust 4B" 4B6B< appear on the front cover of ime ma$aFine

4B74: #ear of the /nake

Pearl Har9or, 3n+asion of .o+iet Knion, M World War 33

A na+y #hotogra#her sna##ed this #hotogra#h of the >a#anese atta-k on Pearl Har9or in Ha,aii on .unday, $e-em9er ;, &9E&, Fust as the K.. Sha+ e2#loded. ?Dational Ar-hi+es@

Dy Keruvian 0ollea$ue told a member of my staff that he had heard from many sources includin$ a :apanese source that the (apanese militar! for1es planned, in the e5ent of trouble ;ith the >nited States, to attempt a surprise mass atta1k on #earl Harbor using all of their militar! fa1ilities 1 2 :oseph 0 Grew" , / !mbassador to :apan" in a diplomatic cable messa$e to the , / /tate Department on :anuary 6A" 4B74
>ose#h (. %re,

0aptured :apanese ima$e shows )mperial :apanLs Krime Dinister General *ideki +oEo 8center" in uniform< visitin$ the #asukuni /hrine in +okyo" :apan in October 4B74 8Khoto: +ime Life<

(a#tured >a#anese image sho,s +isiting grou# of %erman su9marine -re, of the 8riegsmarine 5%erman Da+y7 -oming to #ay res#e-ts to ,ar dead at the Nasukuni .hrine in !okyo, >a#an in I-to9er &9E&. ?Photo: !ime Life@

(a#tured >a#anese image sho,s +isiting %erman su9marine offi-ers and -re, of the 8riegsmarine 9ringing ,reath to #ay res#e-ts to ,ar dead at the Nasukuni .hrine in !okyo, >a#an in I-to9er &9E&. ?Photo: !ime Life@

Prime Minister of >a#an %en. Hideki !oFo and his (a9inet #ose for a grou# #ortrait in !okyo on I-to9er &C, &9E&. ?Photo: Maini-hi .hin9un@

Adolf Hitler talks to 3m#erial >a#anese Foreign Minister Nosuke Matsuoka during the latterVs re-ent +isit to the %erman -a#ital in Berlin on A#ril '&, &9E&, ,ith $r. .-hmidt ?in uniform@ a-ting as inter#reter. >oa-him +on "i99entro#, the %erman foreign minister, looks on ?e2treme left@. ?(I"B3.@

>a#anese Minister of Foreign Affairs Nosuke Matsuoka a##ears ,ith Fas-ist 3talyTs Prime Minister Benito Mussolini in )eni-e, 3taly on A#ril ';, &9E&. ?Pro+ided 9y 8eiyosha@ htt#:PP,,,.Fa-ar.go.F#PenglishPni-hi9eiPnegotiationPinde2 .html

.o+iet di-tator >osef .talin ?se-ond from right@ and .o+iet Foreign Minister )ya-hesla+ Moloto+ ?third from right@ ,at-h >a#anese Minister of Foreign Affairs Nosuke Matsuoka signs the .o+iet6>a#anese neutrality #a-t in Mos-o, on A#ril &A, &9E&. ?Pro+ided 9y 8eiyosha@ htt#:PP,,,.Fa-ar.go.F#PenglishPni-hi9eiPnegotiationPinde2 .html

*m#eror Hirohito of >a#an re+ie,s his troo#s during the im#erial ins#e-tion in !okyo, >a#an on >une &', &9E&. !he ins#e-tion featured the fifteenth anni+ersary of the esta9lishment of the Noung Peo#lesV .-hools in >a#an. More than A:,::: Peo#lesV re#resentati+es gathered in !okyo for the -ele9ration. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@ .

K... Am9assador to >a#an >ose#h (. %re, -hats ,ith 8i-hisa9uro Domura, the designated >a#anese Am9assador to the Knited .tates of Ameri-a, at the !okyo train station in !okyo, >a#an in >anuary &9E& as Domura lea+es for Ameri-a. >ose#h (. %re, ,as a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations, an internationalist organi4ation in De, Nork (ity, at the time this #hotogra#h ,as taken. ?Pro+ided 9y Maini-hi De,s#a#er@ htt#:PP,,,.Fa-ar.go.F#PenglishPni-hi9eiPnegotiationPinde2 .html

!he 3m#erial >a#anese Army atta-ks the #ro+isional (hinese -a#ital of (hungking during an air raid in >uly &9E&. ?Photo: (arl Mydans P L3F*@

)mperial :apanese !rmy troops enter /ai$on" French )ndochina G;ietnamI in 4B74

>a#anese troo#s led 9y Lieutenant %eneral !akashi .akai and )i-e Admiral Masai-hi Diimi enter Hong 8ong on $e-em9er 'B, &9E&. ?Photo: Maini-hi De,#a#er@

Dap of *on$ 9on$ in December 4B74

K... .u#reme (ourt (hief >usti-e (harles *+ans Hughes administers the oath of offi-e to K... President Franklin $elano "oose+elt on the east #orti-o of the K... (a#itol in Washington, $.(. on >anuary ':, &9E&. (harles *+ans Hughes retired as the (hief >usti-e of the K... .u#reme (ourt on >une A:, &9E&. (harles *+ans Hughes ,as a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations from &9A: to &9EB. ?Photo: Li9rary of (ongress, Prints and Photogra#hs $i+ision@

.#anish di-tator Fran-is-o Fran-o ?left@ and Henri Petain, head of state for )i-hy Fran-e, salute during the Fren-h national anthem during a meeting in Mont#elier, Fran-e on Mar-h &&, &9E&. ?X BettmannP(I"B3.@

0tlanti1 -harter -onferen1e, )3F)+ 0ugust )@8) 0onference leaders durin$ 0hurch services on the after deck of *D/ Prince of 6ales" in Klacentia 'ay" Newfoundland !merican Kresident Franklin D Roosevelt 8left< and 'ritish Krime Dinister &inston 0hurchill are seated in the fore$round /tandin$ directly behind them are !dmiral .rnest : 9in$" , / Navy( General Geor$e 0 Darshall" , / !rmy( General /ir :ohn Dill" 'ritish !rmy( !dmiral *arold R /tark" , / Navy( and !dmiral /ir Dudley Kound" Royal Navy !merican envoy *arry *opkins 8far left< is seen talkin$ with ,nion Kacific Railroad chairman and special envoy &illiam !verell *arriman in the back$round 8Donation of ;ice !dmiral *arry /anders" ,/N 8Retired<" 4B?B( ).S. 3aval Historical Center Photogra"h< /ource: http:PPwww history navy milPphotosPima$esPh?A>>>Ph?A6>Bc htm

A+erell Harriman, a Partner of Bro,n Brothers Harriman M (om#any 9anking firm in De, Nork (ity, signs the first Lend6Lease Proto-ol ?Agreement@ after negotiating ,ith >osef .talin in &9E&. From left to right: Lord Bea+er9rook, .o+iet Foreign Minister )ya-hesla+ M. Moloto+, Lauren-e .teinhardt ?standing 9ehind Harriman@, Admiral William H. .tandley, and (harles !hayer.

Lend6Lease Program K... #lanes stand ready to 9e #i-ked u# at A9adan Field, 3ran in &9E', ,hi-h in the rainy season ,as re#orted as 9eing the Gdamnedest gum9o you e+er sa,.H Fi+e #rin-i#al ty#es of air-raft ,ere deli+ered to "ussia, three of ,hi-h are sho,n here. If the total, a9out ':Z ,ere P6E:s, ' Z P6A9s, E9Z A6':s, Z B6' s and &Z A!6Bs. ?K... Air For-e #hoto@

+he 'ritish army 8above< and the /oviet Red !rmy invade )ran be$innin$ on !u$ust 6C" 4B74" Eust two weeks after 'ritish Krime Dinister &inston 0hurchill met with , / Kresident Franklin Delano Roosevelt aboard *D/ Prince of 6ales in Newfoundland 'ritain and /oviet ,nion proceeded to remove ReFa /hah Kahlavi on /eptember 4?" 4B74 and installed the /hahLs son Dohammad ReFa Kahlavi 8the /hah1 who would evacuate to !merica in 4BAB< 'ritain and /oviet ,nion invaded )ran to secure a supply line from the Kersian Gulf to /oviet Russia and to secure )ranLs oil for !llied military needs Iran remained neutral at the time of the 0ngloFSo5iet In5asion of Iran in 0ugust )@8). 8/ource: 0atherine Le$rand" :acMues Le$rand: /hah5i )ran 0reative Kublishin$ )nternational 8Farsi edition<" Dinnetonka" DN 4BBB" / 74 )RPRR< http:PPen wikipedia or$PwikiPFile:'rtitishtroopsiran Ep$

ReFa /hah Kahlavi" the /hah of the )mperial /tate of )ran 84B6C54B74<" abdicated his throne in +ehran" )ran on /eptember 4?" 4B74 ReFa /hah Kahlavi lived in eHile in :ohannesbur$" /outh !frica" where he died on :uly 6?" 4B77 ReFa /hah Kahlavi declared )ran a neutral nation at the be$innin$ of &orld &ar ))

'ritish troops observe 'a$hdad" )raM on :une 44" 4B74 +he 'ritish army invaded )raM be$innin$ on Day 6" 4B74 to overthrow the pro5NaFi )raMi Krime Dinister Rashid !li al5Gailani and to secure the oil fields in )raM 8Khoto: No . 37?7 from the )mperial &ar Duseum collection<

With terrain ty#i-al of the region in the 9a-kground, MaF. %en. A. .. Allen ?-enter@, (ommander of the Australian ;th $i+ision, ins#e-ts some of his men at Hammana, Le9anon in .e#tem9er &9E&. British (ommon,ealth units garrisoned Le9anon and .yria for se+eral months, follo,ing the end of the -am#aign. ?Photogra#her: Frank Hurley@ htt#:PPen.,iki#edia.orgP,ikiPFile:AWM[:&: EB[allen[le9anon.F#g

!he fall of $amas-us ?.yria@ to the Allies in late >une &9E&. A -ar -arrying the Free Fren-h -ommanders, %eneral %eorges (atrou2 and MaFor6%eneral Paul Louis Le %entilhomme, enters $amas-us in >une &9E&. !hey are es-orted 9y )i-hy Fren-h (ir-assian -a+alry ?%ardes !-herkess@. Le9anon 9e-ame an inde#endent state on Do+em9er C, &9EAL Le9anon de-lared ,ar on Da4i %ermany and the *m#ire of >a#an on Fe9ruary ';, &9E . .yria 9e-ame inde#endent on >anuary &, &9EEL .yria de-lared ,ar on Da4i %ermany and the *m#ire of >a#an on Fe9ruary 'B, &9E .

NaFi German army soldiers raise the NaFi German fla$ at the !cropolis in !thens" Greece in Day 4B74 'enito DussoliniLs Fascist )talian army invaded Greece on October 6@" 4B7> but was defeated by the Greek army 8Khoto: German Federal !rchives<

.#anish Minister of Foreign Affairs "amon .errano .uner ?left@, .#anish ruler %eneralissimo Fran-is-o Fran-o ?-enter@, and Prime Minister of 3taly ?and 3l $u-e@ Benito Mussolini meet #ri+ately at a -onferen-e in Bordighera, 3taly on Fe9ruary &', &9E&. ?Photo: X M3%K*L (I"!*.P*F*Pe#aP(or9is@

*m#eror Haile .elassie of *thio#ia ?se-ond from left@ and an unidentified British army offi-er ?left@ mar-h #ast a grou# of armed *thio#ian soldiers, ,ho made long desert tri#s to Foin the British in fighting MussoliniVs army, in 3talian6o--u#ied *thio#ia on Mar-h &', &9E&. ?X BettmannP(I"B3.@

Da4i %erman .. (hief Heinri-h Himmler +isits Dor,ay in &9E&. .eated ?from left to right@ are )idkun <uisling, Himmler, !er9o+en, and %eneral Dikolaus +on Falkenhorst, the -ommander of the Da4i %erman for-es in Dor,ay. ?PhotoL %erman Federal Ar-hi+es@

Left to right: Martin Bormann, >a#anTs Foreign Minister Nosuke Matsuoka, .-hmidt, Adolf Hitler, Hermann %oering, and Meissner attend a meeting on Mar-h 'C, &9E&. %oering is seen ,earing a mono-le. ?Photo: htt#:PPadolfhitler9est#i-tures.9logs#ot.-omPsear-hPla9elPAsZ':aZ':$i#lomat@

Darschall !ntonescu 8left<" Dictator of Rumania" meets with !dolf *itler inside the 6olfsschan4e 8&olfLs Lair< on !u$ust ?" 4B74

!dolf *itler $reets Dr +iso" Kresident of /lovakia" inside the 6olfsschan4e 8&olfLs Lair< on October 6>" 4B74

!dolf *itler 8left< meets with General *iroshi Oshima 8ri$ht<" the :apanese !mbassador to Germany 84B3@54B3B" 4B7454B7C<" at the New Reich 0hancellery in 'erlin" Germany on December 43" 4B74 /tandin$ behind is Otto Deissner" /tate Dinister and 0hief of the Kresidential 0hancellery of the Reich 8Khoto: http:PPforum aHishistory comPviewtopic php%fU7NtU4>B?B4NstartU4C<

Left photo: Field Darshal &ilhelm 9eitel 8left< and !dolf *itler 8hands in pocket< meet with General OehMuist of the Finland !rmy inside the &olfLs Lair 8&olfsschanFe< on :uly 3>" 4B74 8Khoto: http:PPforum aHishistory comPviewtopic php%fU7NtU4>B?B4NstartU4C< Ri$ht photo: 9aiser &ilhelm )) of Germany 8:anuary 6A" 4@CB5:une 7" 4B74<" who abdicated his throne on November B" 4B4@ 8Eust two days before the !rmistice<" died in eHile at Doorn" Netherlands on :une 7" 4B74" Eust 4@ days before the be$innin$ of Operation 'arbarossa 8NaFi German )nvasion of the /oviet ,nion<

!nte Kavelic 8left<" the desi$nated leader of the )ndependent /tate of 0roatia" walks with Fascist )talyLs dictator 'enito Dussolini 8ri$ht< in Rome" )taly on Day 4@" 4B74" durin$ the ceremony of )taly-s reco$nition of 0roatia as a soverei$n state under official )talian protection" and to a$ree upon 0roatia-s borders with )taly

!dolf *itler meets with !nte Kavelic" leader of the )ndependent /tate of 0roatia" upon his arrival at the 'er$hof in 'erchtes$aden" 'avaria" NaFi Germany for a state visit on :une B" 4B74 8Khoto: DuFeE RevoluciEe Narodnosti :u$oslaviEeP#u$oslavian National Revolutionary Duseum<

A >e,ish #oli-e offi-er dire-ts traffi- in the Warsa, %hetto on May ' , &9E&. ?Photo: Bundesar-hi+P%erman Federal Ar-hi+es@

Admiral %\nther L\tFens ?seen to the right of Adolf Hitler@ es-orts Adolf Hitler on his ins#e-tion of the Bismar-k on May , &9E&. !o HitlerVs left is Field Marshal Wilhelm 8eitel ?Fust o+er HitlerVs right shoulder@ and 8a#it]n 4ur .ee ?(a#tain@ *rnst Lindemann, Bismar-kVs -ommanding offi-er ?se-ond from left@. Admiral %unther LutFens and his entire Bismar-k -re, #erished on May ';, &9E&, after engaging in a firefight ,ith a British 9attleshi# the day 9efore. A)miral ;ut7e's refuse) to gi"e the !azi salute a') oppose) the !azi regime2 A)miral ;ut7e'sC gra')mother ,as a +e,0 A)miral ;ut7e's o'ce ,rote a letter to A)olf 9itler protesti'g (ristall'acht2

Field Marshal 8arl "udolf %erd +on "undstedt ?left, &C; 6&9 A@, -ommander of Army %rou# .outh ?,hi-h in-luded a num9er of 3talian $i+isions during I#eration Bar9arossa@, a##ears ,ith Benito Mussolini ?-enter@ and Adolf Hitler in "ussia in &9E&. ?Photo: %erman Federal Ar-hi+es@

A -olumn of .o+iet "ed Army #risoners6of6,ar -a#tured near Minsk 5Belarus7 is mar-hed to a #rison -am# on >uly ', &9E&. Adolf Hitler ,aged ,ar on the .o+iet Knion 9eginning on >une '', &9E&. ?%erman Federal Ar-hi+es@

NaFi German soldiers fire their $uns at siH /oviet partisans G$uerillasI and eHecute them via firin$ sMuad in 4B74

Dead civilians killed by German artillery are seen lyin$ in the streets of Lenin$rad G/t Ketersbur$I" /oviet ,nion in late 4B74 8Khoto: *assadar http:PPwww olive5drab comPodZhistoryZww6ZopsZbattlesZ4B74lenin$rad php<

NaFi German // chief *einrich *immler visits Dachau concentration camp near Dunich on :anuary 6>" 4B74

NaFi German // chief *einrich *immler talks to // Guards at Dauthausen 0oncentration 0amp 8located near Dauthausen" !ustria< on !pril 6A" 4B74 8Khoto: German Federal !rchives<

Left to right: "udolf Hess, Heinri-h Himmler, Herr Bouhler, $r. !odt, and "einhard Heydri-h listen to an unidentified offi-er at a meeting held on Mar-h ':, &9E&. ?%erman Federal Ar-hi+e@

Da4i %erman Admiral 8arl $oenit4 o9ser+es the arri+al of K69E at .t. Da4aire, Fran-e in >une &9E&. ?Photo: %erman Federal Ar-hi+es@

Da4i -olla9orator HaF Amin Al6Husseini ?left@, the %rand Mufti of >erusalem, meets ,ith Adolf Hitler in Berlin in $e-em9er &9E&.

!he War (a9inet and ministers #ose in a s#e-ial #hotogra#h taken at Do. &: $o,ning .treet in London on I-to9er &B, &9E&. Left to right ?.itting@:6 Mr. *rnest Be+in, Lord Bea+er9rook, .ir Anthony *den, MaFor (. Attlee, .ir Winston (hur-hill, .ir >ohn Anderson, Mr. Arthur %reen,ood and .ir 8ingsley Wood. ?.tanding@: 6 .ir Ar-hi9ald .in-lair, Mr. A ) Ale2ander, Lord (ran9ourne, Mr. Her9ert Morrison, Lord Moyne, (a#tain Margesson, and Mr. Brendan Bra-ken. ?3mage: X Hulton6$euts-h (olle-tionP(I"B3.@

Bro,n Brothers Harriman M (o. #artner A+erell Harriman a##ears ,ith >.P. Morgan M (o. 9anker !homas W. Lamont ?left@ and Wall .treet attorney Allen Ward,ell ?right@ at a "ussian War "elief dinner in &9E&. A+erell Harriman and Allen Ward,ell ,ere Nale graduatesL !homas W. Lamont ,as a Har+ard graduate. ?.our-e: 7he 4mbassador from 8all Street6 7he Story of 7homas 8. "amont, ,. .. 'organ9s Chief E/ec$tive 9y *d,ard M. Lamont@

K... President Franklin $elano "oose+elt 9uys the first of the K... go+ernmentVs $efense .a+ings Bonds from .e-retary of the !reasury Henry Morgenthau >r. ?left@ at a #ress -onferen-e in Washington, $.(., K...A. on May &, &9E&. ?Photo: htt#:PPhistorysidesho,.9logs#ot.-omP'::C[:A[:&[ar-hi+e.html@

(a9inet Mem9ers of the "oose+elt Administration organi4e the *-onomi- $efense (oun-il in August &9E&. .eated, left to right: .e-retary of the !reasury Henry Morgenthau >r., .e-retary of the Da+y Frank 8no2, K... )i-e President Henry A. Walla-e, and .e-retary of War Henry L. .timson. .tanding, left to right: K... Attorney %eneral Fran-is Biddle, .e-retary of (ommer-e >esse >ones, Assistant .e-retary of .tate $ean %. A-heson ?Gthe authorH@, and .e-retary of Agri-ulture (laude ". Wi-kard. .timson, Biddle, and A-heson ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. .

Franklin $elano "oose+elt ?left@, President of the Knited .tates of Ameri-a, greets Winston (hur-hill ?right@, Prime Minister of %reat Britain, on 9oard &'S .rince of 8ales at Pla-entia Bay during the Atlanti- (onferen-e on August &:, &9E&. ?Photo: 3m#erial War Museums@

K... President Franklin $. "oose+elt asks (ongress to de-lare ,ar on 3m#erial >a#an on $e-em9er C, &9E& follo,ing 3m#erial >a#anTs atta-k on Pearl Har9or the day 9efore. .eated 9ehind "oose+elt are )i-e President Henry Walla-e ?left@ and House .#eaker .am "ay9urn ?right@. ?AP Photo@

.e-retary of War Henry L. .timson ?left@ entertains his assistants >ohn >. M-(loy ?-enter@, the Assistant .e-retary of War ?&9E&6&9E @ and "o9ert A. Lo+ett ?right@, the Assistant .e-retary of War for Air ?&9E&6&9E @, on A#ril '', &9E&. Henry L. .timson and "o9ert A. Lo+ett ,ere mem9ers of .kull M Bones. Henry L. .timson and >ohn >. M-(loy ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations during World War 33. >ohn >. M-(loy ser+ed as (hairman and (*I of (hase Manhattan Bank in De, Nork (ity after World War 33L "o9ert A. Lo+ett ser+ed as Partner of Bro,n Brothers Harriman M (o., a 9anking firm in De, Nork (ity, 9efore and after World War 33. >ohn >. M-(loy ser+ed as a mem9er of the Warren (ommission in &9BA and &9BE. ?Photo: 7ime Maga4ineP7he 8ise 'en 9y Walter 3saa-son and *+an !homas@

President Franklin $. "oose+elt signs the Foint -ongressional resolution de-laring that a state of ,ar e2ists 9et,een the Knited .tates and >a#an in the e2e-uti+e offi-e of the White House at E:&: #.m. on $e-em9er C, &9E&. ?Photo: X BettmannP(I"B3.@

Dembers of Kresident Franklin Delano RooseveltLs committee to investi$ate the :apanese attack on Kearl *arbor and the island of Oahu 8also known as the Roberts 0ommission< on December A" 4B74 are photo$raphed as they returned to the Royal *awaiian *otel where they have been stayin$ since December 66" 4B74 +he $roup photo was first published on December 6B" 4B74 Left to ri$ht are !dmiral &illiam * /tandley" !ssociate , / /upreme 0ourt :ustice Owen : Roberts" !dmiral :oseph N Reeves" 'ri$ Gen :oseph + DcNarney" and DaE Gen Frank R Dc0oy !dmiral /tandley" !dmiral Reeves and General Dc0oy were retired !dmiral /tandley and General Dc0oy were members of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations in 4B74 8Khoto: http:PPlibweb hawaii eduPdi$icollPhwrdP*&RDZhtmlP*&RD74 html<

>a#anese en+oy .a9uro 8urusu ?left@ and 3m#erial >a#anese Am9assador to Ameri-a 8i-hisa9uro Domura laugh ,hile ,aiting for talks ,ith President Franklin $elano "oose+elt and .e-retary of .tate (ordell Hull a9out redu-ing tensions 9et,een Ameri-a and >a#an at the .tate $e#artment in Washington, $.(. in &9E&. (ichisa#uro !omura a') 1a#uro (urusu met ,ith *resi)e't Fra'-li' /2 3oose"elt at the Fhite 9ouse o' !o"em#er 1 , 1&41 a') agai' o' !o"em#er 2 , 1&412 .a9uro 8urusu arri+ed in Washington, $.(. 9y shi# on Do+em9er & , &9E& from >a#an +ia Honolulu. .a9uro 8urusu ,as the 3m#erial >a#anese Am9assador to Da4i %ermany from &9A9 to Do+em9er &9E&. .a9uro 8urusuTs ,ife Ali-e >ay 58urusu7 ,as an Ameri-an of *uro#ean des-entL .a9uro 8urusu and his ,ife li+ed in >a#an throughout the remainder of World War 33. ?Photo: !homas $. M-A+oyP!ime Life@

NaFi German5occupied Karis" France in 4B74

+he NaFi German police participate in a parade in front of Reichsminister !rthur /eyss5)nMuart in !msterdam" Netherlands on February 4>" 4B74

Ford Dotor 0ompany workers and their children picket in !pril 4B74 with si$ns comparin$ *enry Ford to !dolf *itler 8Khoto: http:PPwww autolife umd umich eduPLaborPLZOverviewP4B74/trikeZRou$e htm<

!dolf *itler meets with 'enito Dussolini" the dictator of Fascist )taly at &olfsschanFe 8&olf-s Lair< on !u$ust 6C" 4B74 'ehind are Dartin 'ormann 8left<" Field Darshal &ilhelm 9eitel 8ri$ht<" and ,$o 0avallero 8standin$ behind Dussolini<" 0hief of the )talian /upreme 0ommand 80omando /upremo<

+he front pa$e of the 3ew 7or( Herald ribune" :uly 34" 4B74: +he Krescott / 'ush5FritF +hyssen Financial )ntri$ue

3ew 7or( Herald ribune article on FritF +hyssen and ,nion 'ankin$ 0orporation

8/ource: http:PPwww randomhouse comPdoubledayPthefamilyPmediaPthefamilyZdocument>>6m pdfP<

NaFi GermanyLs dictator !dolf *itler 8left" !pril 47" 4B74< and Fascist )talyLs dictator 'enito Dussolini 8ri$ht" :une B" 4B74< appear on the front cover of ime ma$aFine

/oviet 0ommissar :osef /talin 8left" October 6A" 4B74< and Krime Dinister of :apan General *ideki +oEo 8ri$ht" November 3" 4B74< appear on the front cover of ime ma$aFine

4BC3: #ear of the /nake

!he $eath of >ose#h .talin and the (ontinuation of the (old War

Left to right: K... President $,ight $. *isenho,er, K... .e-retary of .tate >ohn Foster $ulles, Fren-h Foreign Minister %eorges Bidault, and British en+oy Lord "o9ert (e-il .alis9ury ?"o9ert %as-oyne6(e-il, th Mar/uess of .alis9ury@, the Leader of the House of Lords ?&9E'6&9E , &9 &6&9 ;@, laugh together during the Foreign Ministers (onferen-e in Washington, $.(. in >uly &9 A. $,ight $. *isenho,er and >ohn Foster $ulles ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations in &9 A. The (orea' Far armistice ,as esta#lishe) at the /emilitarize) Io'e 5/MI6 i' *a'mu'7om, (orea o' +uly 2 , 1&5%2 I+er AA,B:: Ameri-an soldiers died and o+er &:A,':: Ameri-an soldiers ,ere ,ounded during the 8orean War. The 4ureau of D'ter'al 3e"e'ue ,as formally re'ame) D'ter'al 3e"e'ue 1er"ice o' +uly &, 1&5%2 A--ording to the (hinese -alendar, &9 A ,as kno,n as GNear of the .nakeH. ?Photo: %eorge .kadding P!ime Life@

!merican and /outh 9orean officials meet at /outh 9oreaLs Kresident /yn$man RheeLs residence in /eoul" 9orea on :une 43" 4BC3" only days before RheeLs release of 0ommunist prisoners threatened an early armistice Left to ri$ht: , / Navy !dmiral !rthur Radford" 0hairman5desi$nate of the :oint 0hiefs of /taff( Kresident Rhee( , / !mbassador to /outh 9orea .llis O 'ri$$s( Forei$n Dinister of /outh 9orea Kyun +un$ +ai( , / !rmy Lieutenant General DaHwell D +aylor" 0ommander of the .i$hth !rmy >.S. 0rm! 7ieutenant General a%;ell D. Ta!lor ;as a member of the -oun1il on Foreign "elations, a pri5ate organi?ation in =e; York -it!, in )@42. 8Khoto: Rethin(ing the 0orean 6ar5 A 3ew Di"lomatic and Strategic History by &illiam /tueck<

+he armistice is si$ned on :uly 6A" 4BC3 , / !rmy Gen & 9 *arrison 8left table< and North 9orean General Nam )l 8ri$ht table< si$n documents General Nam )l served as Forei$n Dinister of North 9orea from 4BC3 to 4B?A General Nam )l was killed in a stran$e car accident in Kyon$yan$ in 4BA? 8, / !ir Force photo< http:PPwww edwards af milPphotosPmedia$allery asp%$allery)DUC6BNpa$eU3>

North 9oreaLs Kremier 9im )l /un$ 8left< prepares to si$n armistice that is handed to him by General Nam )l" head of the communist dele$ation at KanmunEom" on :uly 6A" 4BC3 8.astphoto< http:PPwww bevinaleHander comPkoreaPkorean5war5photos htm

DaEor General 'lackshear D 'ryan" , / !rmy 86nd from left<" /enior Dember of the Dilitary !rmistice 0ommission" ,nited Nations- 0ommand" eHchan$es credentials with DaEor General Lee /an$ 0ho" North 9orean !rmy 83rd from ri$ht<" /enior 0ommunist dele$ate" at the 0onference 'uildin$ at KanmunEom" 9orea" 6@ :uly 4BC3 +his was the day after the 9orean &ar !rmistice went into effect 8Khoto$raph from the !rmy /i$nal 0orps 0ollection in the , / National !rchives< http:PPwww history navy milPphotosPima$esPs7>>>>>Ps76??@7c htm

/wedish diplomat Da$ *ammarskE[ld served as ,nited Nations /ecretary General from !pril 4>" 4BC3 to /eptember 4@" 4B?4

K... Am9assador to .outh 8orea *llis I. Briggs ?-enter@ talks ,ith Ameri-an #ea-e negotiator Arthur H. $ean ?-enter, right@ 9efore taking #art in the Pea-e Degotiations at PanmunFom, 8orea in I-to9er &9 A. Both men ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. Arthur H. $ean ,as a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations in &9 A. ?Photo: >ose#h .-hers-helP!ime Life@

K... )i-e President "i-hard Di2on ?right@ greets $r. .yngman "hee, President of the "e#u9li- of 8orea, in the ,ar6torn -a#ital of .eoul, .outh 8orea on Do+em9er &C, &9 A. Di2on #resented a letter from K... President $,ight *isenho,er to $r. "hee. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Du-lear tests in De+ada, K...A.: BA$%*" ,as a 'A kiloton to,er shot that ,as fired on A#ril &C, &9 A at the De+ada !est .ite, as #art of the I#eration K#shot68nothole nu-lear test series. ?htt#:PP#i-dit.,ord#ress.-omP'::CP:;P'&PC6insane6nu-lear6e2#losionsP@

!he K#shot68nothole atomi- test series of && e2#losions a9o+e ground ?in-luding the a9o+e #hotogra#h of the K68 %ra9le test that o--urred on May ' , &9 A@ took #la-e at the De+ada !est .ite from Mar-h &;, &9 A to >une E, &9 A.

*ast %ermany demonstrators, some -arrying 9anners, mar-h through famed Branden9urg %ate into the Western se-tor of Berlin on >une &9, &9 A after 9loody anti6.o+iet rioting and u#rising 9roke out in the *astern se-tor. !he "ussians de-lared martial la, in se+eral -ities as a general strike 9y the anti6(ommunist %ermans almost #araly4ed mu-h of the *ast %erman industry. !he u#rising 9egan on >une &;, &9 A. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Fren-h Premier Laniel ?left@, K... President $,ight $. *isenho,er and British Prime Minister Winston (hur-hill, ,ho is seen gi+ing the =) for )i-tory= sign, meet in Bermuda on $e-em9er B, &9 A. ?Photo: Hulton6$euts-h (olle-tionP(I"B3.@

Ameri-an >e,ish (ommunist s#ies *thel %reenglass "osen9erg ?left@ and her hus9and >ulius "osen9erg ,ere senten-ed to death and e2e-uted at .ing .ing Prison, De, Nork, K...A. on >une &9, &9 A.

K... .enator >ose#h M-(arthy ?left@ is seen /uestioning Har+ard Kni+ersity President >ames B. (onant ?far right@ at a .enate A##ro#riations .u9-ommittee meeting in &9 A. >ames B. (onant ,as a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations.

)ranian soldiers surround the )ranian parliament in +ehran" )ran on !u$ust 4B" 4BC3 +his incident culminated in the 0)!5 backed )ranian coup dLStat that deposed Dohammed Dossade$h" the democratically5elected premier of )ran

+he 0entral )ntelli$ence !$ency 80)!<" led by 0)! Director !llen Dulles 8a director of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations in New #ork 0ity<" sta$ed a coup dLetat in +ehran" )ran on !u$ust 4B" 4BC3 in an attempt to remove )ranLs Krime Dinister Dohammad Dossade$h from office

Krime Dinister of )ran Gen FaFlollah =ahedi 8left< $reets Dohammad ReFa /hah in 4BC3 8press picture released by the imperial palace in 4BCC< =ahedi succeeded Dohammad Dossade$h as Krime Dinister of )ran in a 0)!5backed coup on !u$ust 4B" 4BC3

Dohammad ReFa Kahlavi 8/hah of )ran" white suit< appears with Krime Dinister of )ran General FaFlollah =ahedi 8standin$ behind /hah< upon the /hahLs return to power in 4BC3" followin$ the coup

Richard NiHon 8left<" the ;ice Kresident of the ,nited /tates" shakes hands with General FaFlollah =ahedi" the Krime Dinister of )ran in +ehran" )ran in December 4BC3

Dohammad ReFa Kahlavi" the /hah of )ran" salutes to his soldiers durin$ his return to )ran in late 4BC3

%eneral Henri Da+arre ?left@ -hats ,ith )ietnamTs *m#eror Bao $ai after Bao $ai arri+ed in 3ndo-hina on Do+em9er B, &9 A. ?Photo: X BettmannP(I"B3.@

December ?" 4BC3" at the north base" 8North< ;ietnamLs Kresident *o 0hi Dinh and Karty leaders" includin$ General ;o N$uyen Giap" commander of the ;ietminh forces" decided to open the Dien 'ien Khu campai$n 8Khoto: http:PPcpv or$ vnPcpvPDodulesPNewsZ.n$lishPNewsZDetailZ. aspH%0NZ)DU74B776N0OZ)DU3>73@<

)i-e President "i-hard Di2on ?'nd from left@ greets K... .enator Pres-ott .. Bush ?right@ on May B, &9 A. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Follo,ing an organi4ational meeting of his -ommission on foreign e-onomi- #oli-y yesterday, President $,ight *isenho,er said that it is essential that the K... de+elo# ne, ,orld markets and at the same time =assist other nations to earn their o,n li+ing.= !he #resident ?right@ is -hatting ,ith -ommission -hairman (laren-e "andall as he #osed ,ith the grou# in the White House "ose %arden on .e#tem9er 'A, &9 A. .e-ond ro, ?from left@: >esse W. !a##L "e#. >on )orys, IhioL .en. Pres-ott Bush, (onne-ti-ut. !hird ro,: >ohn ". WilliamsL $a+id >. M-$onald and >ohn Hay Whitney. Fourth ro,: "e#. >ere (oo#er, !ennesseeL .en. Walter %eorge, %eorgiaL .en. *ugene Milliken, (olorado. Fifth ro,: "e#. Laurie Battle, Ala9amaL (ola %. ParkerL "e#. $aniel "eed, De, NorkL Lamar Flemming and .en. Harry Byrd, )irginia. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

K... .enator "o9ert A. !aft ?right@ shakes hands ,ith (alifornia %o+ernor *arl Warren ,hile attending the "e#u9li-an Party national -on+ention in (hi-ago in >uly &9 '. ?212 1e'ator 3o#ert A2 Taft )ie) i' !e, .or- 8ity o' +uly %1, 1&5%2 *arl Warren re-ei+ed a re-ess a##ointment from K... President $,ight $. *isenho,er on I-to9er ', &9 A to ser+e as (hief >usti-e of the K... .u#reme (ourt follo,ing the death of K... .u#reme (ourt (hief >usti-e Fred M. )inson, ,ho died in offi-e on .e#tem9er C, &9 A. ?Photo: Mark 8auffmanP!ime Life@

9in$ )bn /aud !bdul5!FiF of /audi !rabia 84@A?54BC3< died on November B" 4BC3

Fidel 0astro and other captured 0uban 0ommunist rebels arrive at the /antia$o city Eail in /antia$o" 0uba in :uly 4BC3" followin$ his arrest after the failed coup at Doncada 'arracks in /antia$o" 0uba on :uly 6?" 4BC3

David Rockefeller 8left<" the /enior ;ice Kresident of 0hase National 'ank 84BC454BCC< and a director of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations 84B7B54B@C<" appears with former First Lady .leanor Roosevelt 86nd left<" former ,nited Nations /ecretary General +ry$ve Lie 86nd ri$ht<" and +homas : &atson 8ri$ht<" 0hairman of the board of )nternational 'usiness Dachines 0orp 8)'D<" in New #ork 0ity on October 67" 4BC3 David Rockefeller and +homas : &atson were members of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations in 4BC3 +ry$ve Lie served as the /ecretary General of the ,nited Nations from February 6" 4B7? to November 4>" 4BC6 8Khoto: Franklin D Roosevelt Library<

Foreign Minister of 3srael Moshe .harett ?left, hat in hand@, Harold .tassen, and K... .e-retary of .tate >ohn Foster $ulles re+ie, 3sraeli soldiers at Lydda Air#ort, 3srael on May &A, &9 A. ?Photo: .ictorial &istory of #srael 9y >a-o9 A. "u9in and Meyer Barkai@

British Prime Minister Winston (hur-hill, -enter, sits ,ith >ohn Foster $ulles, left, .e-retary of .tate6designateL Bernard Baru-h, se-ond from rightL and 8hase !atio'al 4a'- chairma' Winthro# W. Aldri-h, K... Am9assador6designate to %reat Britain, in Bernard Baru-hTs home in De, Nork (ity on >anuary B, &9 A. >ohn Foster $ulles and Winthro# W. Aldri-h ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?AP PhotoPMarty Lederhandler@

,nited /tates /ecretary of /tate :ohn Foster Dulles 8left< and Kresident Dwi$ht D .isenhower 8center< meet with !rthur * Dean" special envoy to the 9orean peace talks at KanmunEom" at the &hite *ouse in &ashin$ton" D 0 on December 64" 4BC3 !ll three men were members of the 0ouncil on Forei$n Relations" a private political or$aniFation in New #ork 0ity 8!K Khoto<

,nited /tates Kresident Dwi$ht .isenhower 8left< shakes hands with Krince 'ernhard of the Netherlands" the husband of Jueen :uliana of the Netherlands" at the &hite *ouse in &ashin$ton" D 0 " , / ! on Darch 6A" 4BC3 Krince 'ernhard of the Netherlands was the co5founder of the 'ilderber$ Group" a private .uropean political or$aniFation

Left: 0)! Director !llen Dulles appears on the front cover of the !u$ust 3" 4BC3 edition of ime ma$aFine Ri$ht: :oseph /talin" who died on Darch C" 4BC3" appears on the front cover of the Darch 4?" 4BC3 edition of ime ma$aFine

Left: !merican seH scholar1 Dr !lfred 0 9insey appears on the front cover of the !u$ust 67" 4BC3 edition of ime ma$aFine Dr 9inseyLs manuscript Se8ual 'ehavior in the Human 9emale was published in 4BC3 Ri$ht: !merican actress Darilyn Donroe 8:une 4" 4B6?5!u$ust C" 4B?6< appears on the front cover of the inau$ural December 4BC3 edition of Klayboy ma$aFine

$he Be%innin% of &ietna' War & $he (#n"epen"ence) of Rho"esia

4B?C: #ear of the /nake

Ho+ering K... Army heli-o#ters #our ma-hine gun fire into a tree line to -o+er the ad+an-e of .outh )ietnamese ground troo#s in an atta-k on a )iet (ong -am# &C miles north of !ay Dinh, north,est of .aigon near the (am9odian 9order, in )ietnam on Mar-h &9B . ?AP PhotoPHorst Faas@

Keople ask me who my heroes are ) have only one 2 *itler ) admire *itler because he has pulled his country to$ether when it was in a terrible state in the early thirties 'ut the situation here is so desperate now that one man would not be enou$h 6e need four or fi5e Hitlers in <ietnam.1 2 General N$uyen 0ao 9y" Krime Dinister of the Republic of ;ietnam" in an interview with the :ondon Sunday %irror" :uly 43" 4B?C

3nFured )ietnamese re-ei+e aid as they lie on the street after a 9om9 e2#losion outside the K... *m9assy in .aigon, )ietnam on Mar-h A:, &9B . .moke rises from ,re-kage in 9a-kground. At least t,o Ameri-ans and se+eral )ietnamese ,ere killed in the 9om9ing. ?AP PhotoPHorst Faas@

$emonstrators in Berkeley, (alifornia mar-h against the ,ar in .outh )ietnam in $e-em9er &9B . ?AP Photo@

K... Am9assador to .outh )ietnam Ma2,ell $. !aylor ?-enter@ ,at-hes %en. William (. Westmoreland ?right@ shake hands ,ith Dational .e-urity Ad+isor M-%eorge Bundy ?a mem#er of 1-ull < 4o'es@ in .aigon, .outh )ietnam on Fe9ruary E, &9B . !aylor, Westmoreland, and Bundy ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?Photo: KP3PBettmann@ ?.our-e: *rand E/%ectations6 7he ;nited States, 1 <=01 !< 9y >ames !. Patterson@

Henry (a9ot Lodge ?left@, K... Am9assador to .outh )ietnam, greets .outh )ietnamTs Prime Minister, Air )i-e Marshal Dguyen (ao 8y. Lodge ,as on a fa-t finding tri# for President >ohnson in >uly &9B . ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

President Lyndon B. >ohnson meets ,ith his ad+isers at a meeting on >uly '&, &9B . (lo-k,ise from LB>: .e-. "o9ert M-Damara, (yrus )an-e ?hands only +isi9le@, (arl "o,an, M-%eorge Bundy, (hester (oo#er, Am9. Henry (a9ot Lodge, Adm. William "a9orn, "i-hard Helms, >a-k )alenti, Hora-e Bus9y ?9ehind )alenti@, Leonard Knger, William Bundy, %eorge W. Ball, .e-. $ean "usk. *+eryone e2-e#t for LB>, "o,an, "a9orn, and Bus9y ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?Photo: Frank WolfePLyndon B. >ohnson Presidential Li9rary@

With President Lyndon B. >ohnson looking on, Henry (a9ot Lodge >r. is s,orn in as K... Am9assador to .outh )ietnam 9y .e-retary of .tate $ean "usk in a White House "ose %arden -eremony on August &', &9B . )isi9le in 9a-kground are Mrs. Lodge and .e-retary of $efense "o9ert M-Damara. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Army (hief of .taff %en. Harold 8. >ohnson, .e-retary of the Army .tanley "esor, Dational .e-urity Ad+isor M-%eorge Bundy, President Lyndon B. >ohnson, and .e-retary of $efense "o9ert M-Damara meet to dis-uss the )ietnam War on >uly '', &9B . 1ta'ley 3esor a') McGeorge 4u')y ,ere .ale gra)uates2 ?Photo: Lyndon B. >ohnson Presidential Li9rary@

+he confused nature of this conflict cannot mask the fact that it is the new face of an old enemy Over this war 55 and all !sia 55 is another reality: the deepenin$ shadow of 0ommunist 0hina +he rulers in *anoi are ur$ed on by Kekin$ +his is a re$ime which has destroyed freedom in +ibet" which has attacked )ndia" and has been condemned by the ,nited Nations for a$$ression in 9orea )t is a nation which is helpin$ the forces of violence in almost every continent +he contest in ;ietnam is part of a wider pattern of a$$ressive purposes &hy are these realities our concern% 6h! are ;e in South <ietnamG 6e are there be1ause ;e ha5e a promise to keep. Sin1e )@48 e5er! 0meri1an #resident has offered support to the people of South <ietnam. 6e ha5e helped to build, and ;e ha5e helped to defend. Thus, o5er man! !ears, ;e ha5e made a national pledge to help South <ietnam defend its independen1e. 0nd I intend to keep that promise. To dishonor that pledge, to abandon this small and bra5e nation to its enemies, and to the terror that must follo;, ;ould be an unforgi5able ;rong. 6e are also there to strengthen ;orld order. !round the $lobe" from 'erlin to +hailand" are people whose well5bein$ rests" in part" on the belief that they can count on us if they are attacked +o leave ;ietnam to its fate would shake the confidence of all these people in the value of an !merican commitment and in the value of !merica-s word +he result would be increased unrest and instability" and even wider war &e are also there because there are $reat stakes in the balance Let no one think for a moment that retreat from ;ietnam would brin$ an end to conflict +he battle would be renewed in one country and then another +he central lesson of our time is that the appetite of a$$ression is never satisfied +o withdraw from one battlefield means only to prepare for the neHt &e must say in southeast !sia 55 as we did in .urope 55 in the words of the 'ible: O*itherto shalt thou come" but no further OV !nd we do this to convince the leaders of North ;ietnam 55 and all who seek to share their conMuest 55 of a very simple fact: 6e ;ill not be defeated. 6e ;ill not gro; tired. 6e ;ill not ;ithdra;, either openl! or under the 1loak of a meaningless agreement.1 2 , / Kresident Lyndon 'aines :ohnson" in his Address at ;ohns Ho"(ins )niversity5 Peace 6ithout Conquest " !pril A" 4B?C

, / Kresident Lyndon ' :ohnson 8ri$ht< meets with Federal Reserve 0hairman &illiam Dc0hesney Dartin :r 8second from left<" !ssistant /ecretary of 0ommerce for .conomic !ffairs Dr !ndrew F 'rimmer 8third from ri$ht<" and ,nder /ecretary of /tate Geor$e & 'all 8second from ri$ht< durin$ a 'alance of Kayments Deetin$ in the 0abinet Room at the &hite *ouse in &ashin$ton" D 0 " , / ! on /eptember 6>" 4B?C 8Khoto: #oichi R OkamotoPLyndon ' :ohnson Kresidential Library<

&9B I9ituaries

.ir Winston (hur-hill ?9orn Do+. A:, &C;EL died >anuary 'E, &9B @ Prime Minister of %reat Britain ?&9E:6&9E , &9 &6&9 @

Leo#old Figl ?9orn I-to9er ', &9:'L died May 9, &9B @ (han-ellor of Austria ?&9E 6&9 A@

8ing Farouk 3 of *gy#t ?9orn Fe9. &&, &9':L died Mar-h &C, &9B @ 8ing of *gy#t ?reign, 'C A#ril &9ABR 'B >uly &9 '@

Moshe .harett ?9orn I-t. &B, &C9EL died >uly ;, &9B @ Foreign Minister of 3srael ?&9EC6&9 B@

$r. .yngman "hee ?9orn Mar-h 'B, &C; L died >uly &9, &9B @ President of .outh 8orea ?&9EC6&9B:@L died in Honolulu, Ha,aii, K...A. on >uly &9, &9B

Mal-olm ^ ?9orn May &9, &9' L died Fe9. '&, &9B @ Ameri-an #oliti-al a-ti+istL Assassinated 9y a Glone gunmanH in De, Nork (ity on Fe9ruary '&, &9B

Feli2 Frankfurter ?9orn Do+. & , &CC'L died Fe9. '', &9B @ K... .u#reme (ourt >usti-e ?&9A96&9B'@

*d,ard ". Murro, ?9orn A#ril ' , &9:CL died A#ril ';, &9B @
(B. ,ar -orres#ondent ?&9A96&9E @

Bernard M. Baru-h ?9orn August &9, &C;:L died >une ':, &9B @ Ameri-an >e,ish finan-ier

Adlai *. .te+enson ?9orn Fe9. , &9::L died >uly &E, &9B @ K... "e#resentati+e to the Knited Dations ?&9B&6&9B @L %o+ernor of 3llinois ?&9E96&9 A@

De, Nork ?(ity@ #oli-e offi-ers remo+e the 9ody of -i+il rights a-ti+ist Mal-olm ^ from the Audu9on Ballroom in Harlem in De, Nork (ity after Mal-olm ^ ,as assassinated 9y a Glone gunmanH Fust 9efore deli+ering a s#ee-h on Fe9ruary '&, &9B . Mal-olm ^ ,as #ronoun-ed dead on Fe#ruary 21, 1&65. ?X BettmannP(I"B3.@

$r. Martin Luther 8ing >r. ?-enter@ leads thousands of -i+il rights demonstrators out on the last leg of their .elma to Montgomery :6mile hike in Ala9ama on March 26, 1&65. Ithers identifia9le in the front ro, in-lude >ohn $a+is ?'nd from left@ of .D((, 8ingVs aide "e+erend "al#h A9ernathy ?Ard from left@, $r. "al#h Bun-he ? th from left@, Mrs. 8ing ?ne2t to her hus9and@ and "e+erend Hosea Williams ?-arrying little girl, right@. $r. "al#h Bun-he ,as a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations, a #ri+ate organi4ation in De, Nork (ity, in &9B . ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Ala9ama #oli-emen outside of .elma, Ala9ama -onfront -i+il rights a-ti+ists on .unday, March , 1&65. ?Photo: Frank $andridge P L3F*@

Ala9ama #oli-emen assault and arrest -i+il rights a-ti+ists in .elma, Ala9ama on .unday, Mar-h ;, &9B .

A #oli-e offi-er aims his re+ol+er at a 9uilding from ,hi-h a sni#er ,as taking #otshots at #assing -ars during rioting in the Bla-k -ommunity of Watts in Los Angeles, (alifornia, K...A. on August 15, 1&65. A-ross the street, other #oli-e offi-ers -rou-h 9ehind -ars as they mo+e in -loser. Moments later Dational %uardsmen arri+ed on the s-ene and re#orted they had hit the sni#er ,ith return fire. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Looters loot a li/uor store at the -orner of .anta Bar9ara .treet and A+alon .treet in the riot6#lagued Watts distri-t of Los Angeles on August 16, 1&65. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Prin-e Bernhard of the Detherlands ?left@ meets ,ith K... President Lyndon Baines >ohnson at the White House in Washington, $.(., K...A. on April 1%, 1&65. Prin-e Bernhard of the Detherlands attended the &9B Bilder9erg Meetings held in (erno99io, 3taly from '6E A#ril &9B . ?AP Photo@

<ueen >uliana of the Detherlands ?right@ and her hus9and Prin-e Bernhard of the Detherlands ?left@ -hat ,ith $r. Martin Luther 8ing >r. at the (on-ert Hall in Amsterdam on :cto#er 2$, 1&65. !he Prin-e ,as a,arded an honorary degree in e-onomi-s 9y the Free Kni+ersity ,hile $r. 8ing re-ei+ed an honorary degree in the so-ial s-ien-es. Prin-e Bernhard of the Detherlands ,as the (hairman of the Bilder9erg Meetings from &9 E to &9; . ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

K... President Lyndon Baines >ohnson ?front, left@ and .outh 8oreaTs President Park (hung6hee ?-enter@ re+ie, the troo#s in Washington, $.(., in May &9B . .outh 8orea sent an estimated A::,::: troo#s to )ietnam during the )ietnam War. ?Photo: Fran-is MillerP!ime Life@

Left #hoto: .outh 8oreaTs President Park (hung6hee signs the 8orea6>a#an Basi- !reaty on >une '', &9B . Follo,ing this deal, the Park go+ernment #ursued its se-ond fi+e6year e-onomi- de+elo#ment #lan ?&9B;6&9;'@ ,ith more -onfiden-e. ?Photo: 8orea !imes@ "ight #hoto: ;o'e Gu'ma' or *atsyJ: Hassan6Ali Mansur, Prime Minister of 3ran ?Mar-h ;, &9BE R>anuary 'B, &9B @, ,as assassinated in !ehran, 3ran 9y a Glone gunmanH R 3ranian terrorist Mohammad Bokharaii R on >anuary '', &9B L Hassan6Ali Mansur died on >anuary ';, &9B .

/hah Dohammad ReFa Kahlavi of )ran 8left< meets with ,nder /ecretary of /tate for Kolitical !ffairs !verell *arriman in +ehran" )ran on :anuary 3" 4B?C !verell *arriman was a member of /kull N 'ones" a secret society at #ale ,niversity 8!K &irephoto<

!merican politician 'arry Goldwater 8left<" a ,nited /tates /enator representin$ the state of !riFona" shakes hands with /painLs lon$time dictator Generalissimo Francisco Franco at FrancoLs home in Dadrid" /pain on !pril 6@" 4B?C 8!K &irephoto<

<ueen *li4a9eth 33 of %reat Britain, Prin-e Phili# of Wales, West Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt, and West %ermanyTs (han-ellor Lud,ig *rhard ride in an o#en motor-ade in front of the Branden9urg %ate in West Berlin, West %ermany on May ';, &9B .

President Lyndon B. >ohnson dis-usses #oli-y ,ith K... .enator >. William Ful9right on >uly 'C, &9B . ?Photo 9y Noi-hi IkamotoPLyndon B. >ohnson Presidential Li9rary@

*gy#tTs President %amal A9del Dasser ?right@ sits a-ross from .o+iet leaders ?left to right@ Leonid Bre4hne+, Ale2ei 8osygin, Anastas Mikoyan, at a 8remlin meeting in Mos-o,, .o+iet Knion on August 'C, &9B ?X BettmannP(I"B3.@

(ommunist (hinaVs Premier (hou *n6Lai ?left@ looks at the sights during a -ruise on the Dile "i+er near (airo, *gy#t on >uly B, &9B ,hile his -om#anion President .ukarno of 3ndonesia -he-ks the time. Both men ,ere in *gy#t a,aiting the o#ening of the Afro6Asian (onferen-e, ,hi-h ,as to 9e held in Algiers, Algeria. (hou stayed on in the *gy#tian -a#ital after the -onferen-e ,as #ost#oned. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

Krime Dinister of Great 'ritain *arold &ilson 8center< honors +he 'eatles with the award of D'. in 4B?C

'ritish rock band +he Rollin$ /tones pose for a $roup portrait in France on !pril 4?" 4B?C Left to ri$ht: lead $uitarist 9eith Richards" $uitarist 'rian :ones" bassist 'ill &yman" lead sin$er Dick :a$$er" and drummer 0harlie &atts 8)ma$e: W !pisP/y$maP0orbis<

Prin-ess Margaret, (ountess of .no,don, and her hus9and Lord .no,don ?right, fa-e hidden@ +isit the Beatles in London on >uly A:, &9B . !he Beatles, from left to right: "ingo .tarr, %eorge Harrison, Paul M-(artney and >ohn Lennon. ?Photo: X BettmannP(I"B3.@

Left: British #oli-emen struggle to restrain young Beatles fans outside Bu-kingham Pala-e in London in I-to9er &9B as !he Beatles re-ei+e their MB*s ?Mem9er of the British *m#ire@ in &9B . >ohn Lennon later returned his MB* in .e#tem9er &9B9, in #rotest against British #oliti-s. ?Photo: X Hulton6$euts-h (olle-tionP(I"B3.@ "ight: >imi Hendri2 a##ears ,ith (urtis 8night and the ./uires in De, Nork (ity in &9B . (lo-k,ise from front -enter: (urtis 8night, >imi Hendri2 ?on left@, Marion Booker ?to#@ and A-e Hall ?on right@. ?Photo: X Mi-hael I-hs Ar-hi+esP(or9is@

, / Kresident Lyndon 'aines :ohnson visits Liberty )sland near New #ork 0ity on October 3" 4B?C to si$n the )mmi$ration !ct of 4B?C 8Khoto: #oichi R OkamotoPLyndon 'aines :ohnson Kresidential Library<

, / Kresident Lyndon ' :ohnson" seated at a table with his childhood schoolteacher Ds 9ate Deadrich Loney" delivers a speech at a si$nin$ ceremony for the .lementar! and Se1ondar! .du1ation 01t of )@*4 at the Former :unction .lementary /chool in :ohnson 0ity" +eHas" , / ! on 0pril )), )@*4 8Khoto: Frank &olfePLyndon 'aines :ohnson Kresidential Library<

Former President Harry .. !ruman ?right, seated@ ,at-hes President Lyndon B. >ohnson sign the Me)icare 4ill at the Harry .. !ruman Li9rary in 3nde#enden-e, Missouri on +uly %$, 1&65. !he follo,ing indi+iduals stand in the 9a-kground ?from left to right@: .enator *d,ard ). Long, an unidentified man, Lady Bird >ohnson, .enator Mike Mansfield, )i-e President Hu9ert Hum#hrey, and Bess !ruman. ?Photo: Lyndon B. >ohnson Presidential Li9rary@

President Lyndon B. >ohnson and former President Harry .. !ruman shake hands at the signing -eremony of the Medi-are legislation at the Harry .. !ruman Li9rary in 3nde#enden-e, Missouri on >uly A:, &9B . )i-e President Hu9ert H. Hum#hrey is standing in the 9a-kground. ?White House Press Iffi-e@

, / !rmy Gen &illiam 0 &estmoreland 8left" February 4B" 4B?C< and DcGeor$e 'undy 8ri$ht" :une 6C" 4B?C" , / Kresident Lyndon ' :ohnsonLs National /ecurity !dvisor" appear on the front cover of ime ma$aFine

North ;ietnamLs 0ommissar *o 0hi Dinh 8left" :uly 4?" 4B?C< and , / Kresident Lyndon ' :ohnson 8ri$ht" !u$ust ?" 4B?C< appear on the front cover of ime ma$aFine

)an /mith and &hite1 Rhodesia: ! Faustian 'ar$ain%

The Rhodesia Herald, )+ =o5ember )@*4: the front pa$e of the newspaper announced the previous dayLs ,nilateral Declaration of )ndependence" as well as the introduction of state censorship Note the blank sections of the pa$e )an /mith" the Krime Dinister of Rhodesia 8present5day =imbabwe in !frica< from November 44" 4B?C to :une 4" 4BAB" declared RhodesiaLs independence from Great 'ritain on November 44" 4B?C 8!rmistice Day< Rhodesia received no diplomatic reco$nition and remained unreco$niFed until Rhodesia became known as =imbabwe in !pril 4B@>

"hodesian go+ernment offi-ials ,at-h 3an .mith, the Prime Minister of "hodesia, sign a unilateral de-laration of inde#enden-e ?K$3@ in .alis9ury, "hodesia ?#resent6day Harare, Sim9a9,e@ on Do+em9er &&, &9B . 3an .mith and other "hodesian go+ernment offi-ials de-lared their #oliti-al inde#enden-e from %reat Britain after refusing to agree to GmaFority ruleH R #oliti-al #arti-i#ation of all nati+e Afri-ans in #oliti-s, in-luding Afri-an -ommunists R in "hodesia. An estimated ';:,::: British6des-ent "hodesians li+ed in "hodesia in &9;:L an estimated million #eo#le ?9EZ nati+e Afri-an@ li+ed in "hodesia in &9;:. ?Photo: X BettmannP(I"B3.@

Left: A -o#y of "hodesiaTs &9B Knilateral $e-laration of 3nde#enden-e "ight: 3an .mith, a British -olonist ,ho go+erned the former British -olony of "hodesia in southern Afri-a, a##ears on the front -o+er of the Do+em9er , &9B issue of 7ime maga4ine.

Soviet !*tente Shah of #ran Star Wars & Satur"a+ ,i%ht -ever

4BAA: #ear of the /nake

From 3ussia Fith ;o"eJ S9ignie, Br4e4inski, the Poland69orn Dational .e-urity Ad+isor and a founding mem9er of the !rilateral (ommission, toasts Anatoly $o9rynin ?left@, the .o+iet "ussian Am9assador to the Knited .tates of Ameri-a, at S9ignie, Br4e4inskiTs offi-e in the White House in Washington, $.(., K...A. in >une &9;;. ?Photo: .o+er and .rinci%le 9y S9ignie, Br4e4inski@

President >immy (arter ?left@ shares a toast ,ith .hah Mohammad "e4a Pahla+i of 3ran at the .tate $inner in !ehran, 3ran on $e-em9er A&, &9;;. ?Photo: >immy (arter Li9rary@

K... President >immy (arter a##ears ,ith 8ing Hussein of >ordan, .hah Mohammad "e4a Pahla+i of 3ran and the .hah9anou of 3ran ?.hahTs ,ife@ in !ehran, 3ran on $e-em9er A&, &9;;.

Ameri-an President >immy (arter smiles as Dational .e-urity Ad+isor S9ignie, Br4e4inski shakes hands ,ith .hah Mohammad "e4a Pahla+i of 3ran in Washington $.(. on Do+em9er & , &9;;.

President >immy (arter attends a meeting ,ith .hah Mohammad "e4a Pahla+i of 3ran at the White House in Washington, $.(. on Do+em9er & , &9;;. Dational .e-urity Ad+isor S9ignie, Br4e4inski sits on (arterTs left and .e-retary of .tate (yrus )an-e sits on (arterTs right.

.e-retary of .tate (yrus )an-e ?left@ -hats ,ith .o+iet Foreign Minister Andrei %romyko ?-enter@ in .e#tem9er &9;;. ?Wally M-DameeP(I"B3.@

Left #hoto: Knited Dations .e-retary6%eneral 8urt Waldheim #oses ,ith President >immy (arter and First Lady "osalynn (arter during a #residential +isit to Knited Dations Head/uarters in De, Nork (ity on I-to9er E, &9;;. ?Photo 9y Wally M-DameeP(I"B3.@ "ight #hoto: (3A $ire-tor .tansfield !urner, Dational .e-urity Ad+isor S9ignie, Br4e4inski, and )i-e President Walter Mondale meet #ri+ately in the I+al Iffi-e on A#ril ':, &9;;. All three men are mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?Wally M-DameeP(I"B3.@

K... )i-e President Delson "o-kefeller, former %o+ernor of !e2as >ohn (onnally, former %o+ernor of (alifornia "onald "eagan, and K... President %erald Ford laugh together in the White House in Washington, $.(., K...A. on >anuary , &9;;. Delson "o-kefeller and %erald Ford ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?Photo 9y $a+id Hume 8ennerlyP %etty 3mages@

K... President >immy (arter listens to former K... .e-retary of .tate Henry 8issinger at the White House on August & , &9;;. Henry 8issinger ,as a dire-tor of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations and a mem9er of the !rilateral (ommission in &9;;.

!hree former dire-tors of the (entral 3ntelligen-e Agen-y attend the s,earing6in of Adm. .tansfield !urner as the ne, (3A -hief in Washington, $.(. on Mar-h 9, &9;;. From left to right: "i-hard Helms, %eorge H.W. Bush, and >ames ". .-hlesinger. ?BettmannP(I"B3.@

President >immy (arter ?right@ goes o+er ma# of 3srael and dis-usses 9order #ro9lems ,ith (3A $ire-tor .tansfield !urner ?left@, $efense .e-retary Harold Bro,n ?rear@, and Dational .e-urity Ad+iser S9ignie, Br4e4inski ?9a-k to -amera@ in Washington, $.(. in -ir-a s#ring &9;;. !his rarely seen lo-ation is the #atio outside the PresidentVs hide6a,ay offi-e in the West Wing of the White House, and the greenish tint to the #i-ture is -aused 9y the +ie, through 9ullet6#roof glass in the door. ?Wally M-DameeP(I"B3.@

K... President >immy (arter ?left@ talks to Dational .e-urity Ad+isor S9ignie, Br4e4inski ?-enter@ and .e-retary of .tate (yrus )an-e at the White House in August &9;;. ?.our-e: .o+er and .rinci%le 9y S9ignie, Br4e4inski@

Henry 8issinger em9ra-es Prime Minister of 3srael Mena-hem Begin in Washington $.(. on >uly ':, &9;;. Mena-hem Begin ,as a mem9er of the Likud Party and a mem9er of the 3rgun S+ai Leumi ?3SL@. ?Photo: >aa-o+ .aar, %PI@

, / Kresident :immy 0arter appears with Jueen .liFabeth of Great 'ritain 8left< and her husband Krince Khilip" Duke of .dinbur$h 8center< at 'uckin$ham Kalace in London" ,nited 9in$dom on Day A" 4BAA 8Khoto: K!<

Kresident of 0hile Gen !u$usto Kinochet 8left< chats with , / Kresident :immy 0arter in the &hite *ouse Oval Office in &ashin$ton" D 0 " , / ! on /eptember ?" 4BAA 8Khoto: W 'ettmannP0OR')/<

Ameri-an s#e-ial en+oy *lls,orth Bunker ?-enter, 9a-kground@ ,at-hes K... President >immy (arter ?left@ and PanamaTs ruler %eneral Imar !orriFos ?right@ sign the Panama (anal !reaty at the Irgani4ation of Ameri-an .tates in Washington, $.(. on .e#tem9er ;, &9;;. .eated in the -enter is AleFandro Irfila, IA. .e-retary %eneral. .tanding at rear left are Ameri-an treaty negotiators .ol Lino,it4 ?left, fa-e o9s-ured@ and *lls,orth Bunker ?standing, -enter@. At right rear is Panamanian treaty negotiator Aristedes "oyo.

Ameri-an treaty negotiators .ol Lino,it4 ?rear, left@ and *lls,orth Bunker ?-enter@, the former K... Am9assador to .outh )ietnam, a##lauds as K... President >immy (arter ?left@ shakes hands ,ith PanamaTs ruler %eneral Imar !orriFos after signing the Panama (anal !reaty in Washington, $.(. on .e#tem9er ;, &9;;. .ol Lino,it4 and *lls,orth Bunker ,ere mem9ers of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations. ?White House #hoto@

Andre, Noung, the first Bla-k Ameri-an to 9e a##ointed Knited .tates Am9assador to the Knited Dations, meets the British foreign se-retary $a+id I,en in London, %reat Britain in May &9;;. ?Photo: X Hulton6$euts-h (olle-tionP(I"B3.@

*thio#ian Army soldiers mar-h in a #arade on La9or $ay in Addis A9a9a, *thio#ia in May &9;;. ?Photo: X William (am#9ellP.ygmaP(or9is@

*ast %ermanyTs (ommissar *ri-h Hone-ker ?left@ greets (u9aTs Premier Fidel (astro in *ast Berlin, *ast %ermany on A#ril ', &9;;. ?Photo: BettmannP(I"B3.@

.o+iet (ommunist %eneral .e-retary Leonid Bre4hne+ ?left@ ,el-omes (u9an Premier Fidel (astro u#on his arri+al at )nuko+o Air#ort in Mos-o,, .o+iet "ussia on A#ril E, &9;;. ?Photo: BettmannP(I"B3.@

.o+iet leader Leonid Bre4hne+ ?left@ es-orts Nugosla+iaTs #resident >osi# Bro4 !ito as they re+ie, troo#s u#on !itoVs arri+al in Mos-o,, .o+iet Knion on August &B, &9;;. ?X BettmannP(I"B3.@

Nugosla+iaTs President >osi# Bro4 !ito re-ei+ed Margaret !hat-her, leader of the British (onser+ati+e Party, in Belgrade, Nugosla+ia on $e-em9er B, &9;;. ?X BettmannP(I"B3.@

K... President >immy (arter deli+ers a s#ee-h during a dinner at the White House in Washington, $.(., K...A. in Mar-h &9;;. Andre, Noung, the K... "e#resentati+e to the Knited Dations, is seated third from left. .e-retary of .tate (yrus )an-e is seated se-ond from right. Prime Minister of 3srael Nit4hak "a9in is seated to the left of President >immy (arter. ?.our-e: 3it>ha2 Rabin, 1 2201 = 9y $o+ B. Ben6Meir@

K... President >immy (arter ?-enter@ and Dational .e-urity Ad+isor S9ignie, Br4e4inski ?left@ meet ,ith former Prime Minister of 3srael %olda Meir in &9;;. ?DA"AP>immy (arter Presidential L39rary@

Kresident of .$ypt !nwar /adat 8left< appears with , / Kresident :immy 0arter 8ri$ht< at the &hite *ouse in &ashin$ton" D 0 " , / ! on !pril 7" 4BAA 8Khoto: W 'ettmannP0OR')/<

Doshe Dayan" the Forei$n Dinister of )srael" addresses the ,nited Nations in New #ork 0ity on October 4>" 4BAA 8Khoto: W 'ettmannP0OR')/<

Foreign Minister of 3srael Moshe $ayan ?left@ re-ei+es Ameri-an .e-retary of .tate (yrus )an-e ?right@ in >erusalem, 3srael on August 9, &9;; to re+ie, the Middle *ast #ea-e #ro-ess for the (am# $a+id A--ords 9et,een 3srael and *gy#t. ?Photo: X William 8arelP.ygmaP(or9is@

3sraeli and *gy#tian ministers attend #ea-e negotiations in 3smailia, *gy#t on $e-em9er ' , &9;;. In the left side of the ta9le, *gy#tTs en+oy Hosni Mu9arak talks to President of *gy#t An,ar al6.adat. In the right ta9le, $efense Minister of 3srael *4er Wei4man, Prime Minister of 3srael Mena-hem Begin and Foreign Minister of 3srael Moshe $ayan #re#are for negotiations. ?Photo: X William 8arelP.ygmaP(or9is@

*gy#tTs #resident An,ar .adat ?-enter@ -ele9rates ,ith Mena-hem Begin ?left@ and Moshe $ayan at a #arty in >erusalem on Do+em9er &9, &9;;.

Prime Minister of 3srael Mena-hem Begin ,el-omes President of *gy#t An,ar .adat ?left@ to >erusalem in Do+em9er &9;;. ?!om 8eller 6 %ammaPLiaison@

Left #hoto: President of .yria Hafe4 al6Assad and President of Ameri-a >immy (arter a##ear at a #ress -onferen-e in %ene+a, .,it4erland on May &:, &9;;. ?Photo: Wally M-DameeP(I"B3.@ "ight #hoto: 3sraelTs Foreign Minister Moshe $ayan ?left@ meets ,ith West %ermanyTs (han-ellor Helmut .-hmidt in &9;;.

&9;; I9ituaries

Marie' !goua#i ?$e-. A&, &9AC6Mar-h &C, &9;;@ -ommunist President of the 5Peo#leTs7 "e#u9li- of the (ongo ?>anuary &, &9B96Mar-h &C, &9;;@L Assassinated 9y a lone gunman on Mar-h &C, &9;;

3o#ert A'tho'y E)e' ?&st *arl of A+on@ ?>une &', &C9;6>an. &E, &9;;@ Prime Minister of the Knited 8ingdom of %reat Britain ?&9 6&9 ;@

;ouis +oseph Maria 4eel ?A#ril &', &9:'RFe9. &&, &9;;@ %o+ernor6%eneral of the $ut-h *ast 3ndies ?I-t. '9, &9ECRMay &C, &9E9@L Prime Minister of the Detherlands ?&9EB6&9EC, &9 C6&9 9@

Ma-arios DDD ?Mi-hail (hristodolou Mouskos@ ?August &A, &9&A6 August A, &9;;@ first President of the "e#u9li- of (y#rus ?&9B:6&9;E, &9;E6&9;;@

8arroll Kuigley ?Do+em9er 9, &9&:6 >anuary A, &9;;@ Professor of History at %eorgeto,n Kni+ersity ?&9E;6 &9;B@L Author of 7ragedy and &o%e

Ge'2 8harles 9art,ell 4o'esteel DDD ?.e#tem9er 'B, &9:96 I-to9er &', &9;;@ (ommander of K... Cth Army 58orea7 and Knited Dations (ommand 8orea ?&9BB6&9B9@L a "hodes .-holar

/a"i) (2E2 4ruce ?Fe9ruary &', &C9C6 $e-em9er , &9;;@ K... Am9assador to %reat Britain ?&9B&6&9B9@

1ir 8harles 1pe'cer L8harlieL 8hapli' ?A#ril &B, &CC96 $e-em9er ' , &9;;@ (omedian

.yriaTs President Hafe4 al6Assad ?left@ and Li9yaTs ruler Muammar al6<addafi Foin Ara9 #oliti-al leaders from Algeria, the Palestine Li9eration Irgani4ation and .outh Nemen in !ri#oli, Li9ya on $e-em9er ', &9;; during a summit for the -reation of the =Firmness Front=. ?Photo: Alain DoguesP.ygmaP(or9is@

K... .e-retary of .tate (yrus )an-e meets ,ith .yriaTs President Hafe4 *l Assad in $amas-us, .yria on $e-em9er &A, &9;;. (yrus )an-e ,as a mem9er of the (oun-il on Foreign "elations and a mem9er of the !rilateral (ommission. ?(laude .alhaniP.ygmaP(or9is@

Ara9 terrorists from Li9ya, Algeria, .yria, .outh Nemen and the Palestine Li9eration Irgani4ation gather in !ri#oli, Li9ya on $e-em9er E, &9;; during a summit for the -reation of the =Firmness Front=. Attending from left: Nasser Arafat of the Palestine Li9eration Irgani4ation, Muammar <addafi of Li9ya, Dayef Ha,atmeh of the $emo-rati- Front for the Li9eration of Palestine and %eorge Ha9ash of the Peo#lesT Front for the Li9eration of Palestine. ?Photo: Alain DoguesP.ygmaP(or9is@

Nasser Arafat ?left@ and Muammar <addafi ?right@ smile for the -amera during a meeting in &9;;.

Ara9 terrorist Nasser Arafat ?left@ meets ,ith *gy#tTs President An,ar .adat in >uly &9;;. ?KP3PBettmann@
?.our-e: 4rafat6 #n 7he Eyes of 7he 5eholder 9y >anet Walla-h and >ohn Walla-h@

K... .e-retary of .tate (yrus )an-e ?left@ and President of *gy#t An,ar Al .adat laugh together at a #ress -onferen-e in (airo, *gy#t on Fe9ruary &;, &9;;. ?(laude .alhaniP.ygmaP(or9is@

Star Wars is an !merican epic space opera franchise conceived by Geor$e Lucas +he first film in the franchise was ori$inally released by 6>th 0entury FoH on Day 6C" 4BAA

.lvis Kresley" the $yratin$" hip5swin$in$ 9in$ of Rock and Roll" performs at a concert in Lincoln" Nebraska" , / ! on :une 6>" 4BAA .lvis Kresley" 76" died of respiratory failure at 'aptist *ospital in Demphis" +ennessee" , / ! on 0ugust )*, )@,, 8Khoto: 'ettmannP0OR')/<

:ohn +ravolta and 9aren Lynn Gorney 8wearin$ a red dress< star in Saturday 3ight 9ever" a movie that was released on December 47" 4BAA