Indus & Vedic Civilization

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDUS & VEDIC CIVILIZATIONS

The history of ancient India is a glorious one; unfortunately we have very little information on this rich culture. The history divided between civilizations mark their differences as well as the progress /digress of ancient society. As said in Vedic Age; pg.100 Inspite of its seeming diversity there was a large measure of cultural unity and the goal of political union was never lost sight of. This unity in diversity is the keynote of the tangled history of India and forms the background against which the seemingly complex developments in various aspects of Indian civilization must be viewed. Civilization can be studied based on the salient features of its periodicity, societal arrangement, its cultural representation, political aspirations, religious beliefs and its rise or decline. On these broad classifications, we can study two major civilizations of India Indus and Vedic. These two civilizations have not only played a major role in the development of ancient India, but have also left a lineage that still continues to shape our present Indian culture. PERIODICTY: Till 20th century, historians thought that the Vedic society was the earliest civilization of India. However study done by 2 archaeologistsDayaram Sahani and Raakhaldas Banerjee proved that Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, though 1400

Indus & Vedic Civilization

kms apart, were a part of one civilization older than Vedic. Since the region spanned India across the coastal western belt and along the Indus River, the civilization was called Indus Civilization. Indus civilization was at its peak around 2500 B.C.E. After the decline of Indus Civilization, a new civilization grew which was dominated by the Aryans and came to be known as the Vedic Civilization. The period extended from 1500 B.C.E to 500 B.C.E. REGIONAL SPREAD: The Indus civilization was spread across the Indus valley (river Sindhu). It spread in the North from Harappa in Punjab province (Pakistan) to Bhogtrar in South Gujarat (1400 kms). In the east, there was Alamgir (Meerut) and to its West was Sutkagen Dor in Baluchistan, next to Iran (1600 kms). Thus, the Indus valley spread across 12.15 lac sq.km. The Vedic period marked the entry of Aryans on Indian soil. There has been a huge debate on the origin of Aryans. Various scholars have postulated theories which are either supported or debated. North Pole: Bal Gangadhar Tilak proposed that the Aryans came from North Pole. However there is no concrete evidence for this theory.

Indus & Vedic Civilization

Asia: Scholars like Max Muller suggested Middle Asia could be the place of Aryans, whereas Rhodes thought it should be Bactria and Edward Meyer postulated the plateau of Pamir (Iran). Europe: Penka and Hirt thought Germany as the base of Aryans. South Russia: Based on archaeological, historical and linguistic study, Meyer, Peek and Gordon Childes postulated that South Russia should be the home of Aryans. Archaeological excavations in Russia unearthed horse skeletons, potteries, earthen wares which were strikingly similar to Aryans.

URBAN DEVLOPMENT: The cities of Indus civilization were well planned and built with baked bricks of equal sizes. The streets were at right angle to each other with an elaborate drainage

Indus & Vedic Civilization

system. The localities were divided for higher and lower strata of society. There were public buildings, vast granaries and the Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro. Production of several metals like copper, bronze, lead and tin was carried out. The discovery of kilns proves that bricks were extensively used for domestic and public buildings. SOCIETY: The social life of Indus Civilization was that of a happy, satisfied society. The society by large was female dominated and family was a central force. Though the society was divided into 4 groups as per the occupation, it does not prove that there could be any discrimination since the housing structure proves that irrespective of the occupation, people lived in each others vicinity. Compared to the Indus civilization, the early Vedic period civilization was male dominated. Though the women were known as better half, they were not allowed in politics and did not get share in family property. The caste system of 4 varnas became prominent to such an extent that even the burial grounds were segregated. The Brahmins and Kshatriyas fought for superior position, Vaishas did business and paid taxes whereas Shudras were considered to be slaves of all the 3 varnas. The womans position was much degraded compared to the early Vedic period. In fact the Aitreya Brahmana

Indus & Vedic Civilization

states that having a girl is a worry and in Atharveda the girl is considered unlucky. In Maitreya Upanishad, the womans position is equaled to wine and dice. The people of Indus Civilization were vegetarian as well as non-vegetarian. Diet usually consisted of wheat, jowar, rice, sesame seed, dal, vegetables, milk and fruits. Meat of sheep, goat, pig, hen, duck as well as fish was consumed. The people of Vedic civilization also followed vegetarian as well as nonvegetarian diet. Milk and milk products were an important part of diet along with vegetables and meat. People drank som ras and played dice. Horse race, chariot race, music, dance were the favorite pastime. Excavations reveal that women of Indus valley liked to wear ornaments made of gold, precious stones, silver and copper. Men kept long hair, sported moustache and beard whereas women tied their hair in a bun. They also wore bangles made of glass and metal ware. In the Vedic civilization, metals like gold, silver, copper, tin, glass were in use. Iron utensils and equipments were also made during this period. OCCUPATION: The main occupation of Indus Civilization was agriculture. Wheat, jowar, sesame seed, bajra were grown. Animal farming was also carried out. They

Indus & Vedic Civilization

also grew cotton and wore clothes. Trade was also another occupation and each merchant family had their own seal. Trading was usually done with neighboring regions of India, Persian Gulf and Iran. The Vedic period people were rural oriented and had agriculture as main occupation. They ploughed sowed and reaped various crops like wheat, jowar, rice, moong dal, udad, sesame. They also reared animals like cows, bulls, horses, goats, donkeys, sheep, pigs and dogs. It is during this period that elephant was first domesticated. ART, ARCHITECTURE & CULTURE: Indus Civilization had mastered the art of using metals, mud, wood, glass for making ornaments, architecture and various forms. They made terracotta vessels with decorative colors and design. They made toys, household utensils, agriculture equipments and ornamental things. The people of Indus Civilization were good sculptors carving wood and stone in the form of relief architecture, statues and articles. Statues of various birds and animals were also found along with men, women and mother goddess. In the Vedic civilization, metals like gold, copper, silver, tin were used to prepare various artifacts. This period contributed to the Vedic literature namely Samhitas (Samved, Yajurved, Atharvaved, Rigved), Brahmanas, Aranyaks and Upanishads.

Indus & Vedic Civilization

After the composition of Upanishads (around 600 BC), there was a direct conflict with the practice of yagnas, anushthan, single god Bramha and blind faith which initiated people towards philosophy. Upanishads spoke of only 3 ashrams bramhachariya, grihsthashram & vanprasthashram. Later on, sanyas was added as a fourth ashram. RELIGIOUS ACTIVITY: The Indus Civilization people worshipped gods and goddesses. The figures found in excavation reveal some rituals and ceremonies. Various terracotta statues of Mother Goddess have been discovered from various sites which prove that she was worshipped in nearly every home. Many seal depicting rhinoceros, bull, leopard, elephant, ox were found suggesting that the Indus valley people revered them. The religious dogmas increased during the Vedic period and old gods (multiple nature gods like wind, water, fire, etc.) were replaced with new formed gods. Prajapati, Vishnu & Rudra Shiva became the new gods. It was during this period that animal sacrifice became rampant. Some large scale yagnas like Rajsuyagna, Vajpeya and Ashwamedh were performed. The belief in soul, magic, tantra increased and people succumbed to blind faith. The only difference was that the Vedic gods were immortal whereas the human beings were not.

Indus & Vedic Civilization

One major reason cited by scholars for the decline of Indus Civilization is the constant flooding of Indus and other rivers. The excavations carried out in various sites confirm that the Indus cities have been renovated many times. To avoid flooding, people would have shifted to higher areas. Apart from the theory of constant flooding, various scholars have postulated theories for the decline of Indus Civilization. MAJOR DIFFERENCES OF INDUS & VEDIC CIVILIZATIONS: Some of the major differences that can be pointed out between these two civilizations are: Indus civilization was more urban and was business oriented, whereas Vedic civilization was rural and agriculture based. Indus valley people used baked bricks for construction whereas that of Vedic people was made of bamboo and grass. Indus valley people made equipments of stone, copper; however they were unaware of iron. Vedic valley people were aware of iron and made various equipments with it.

Indus & Vedic Civilization

Indus valley people worshipped mother goddess, Shiva, lingam and figurines. The Vedic people yagna worshippers and created various gods. They opposed linga puja and statue worship. Indus valley knew about tiger and elephants; whereas Vedic people were fond of horses. They did not know about tiger or elephants. Indus people respected oxen whereas Vedic people worshipped the cow. Indus valley people had designed their own script, whereas Vedic people did not have any script and practiced oral tradition.

Atul Bhosekar M.A (I) - Buddhist Studies

References: 1. Prachin Bharat ka Itihass tatha Sanskriti, K.C.Srivastava 2. Darshan Digdarshan, Rahul Sankrutyayan 3. Culture & Civilization of Ancient India, D.D.Kosambi