Grid Code Requirements For Wind EnergyFacilities Connected To Distribution or Transmission System in South Africa - Version 5 - 4

GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR WIND ENERGY FACILITIES CONNECTED TO DISTRIBUTION OR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Version 5.4 July 2012
Issued by: The RSA Grid Code Secretariat Attention: Mr. Target Mchunu / Mr. Bernard Magoro Eskom Transmission Division P.O Box 103, Germiston 1400 Tell: +27 (0)11 871 3076 / 2774 Fax: +27 (0)86 663 8418 Email: target.mchunu@eskom.co.za or magorotb@eskom.co.za
Page 2 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
Content 1. 2. 3. 4.
Page
Objective ................................................................................................. 4 Scope ....................................................................................................... 4 Definitions and Abbreviations ............................................................... 4 WEF Connection Requirements at the POC ......................................... 7
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Tolerance of Frequency and Voltage Deviations .................................... 7
Normal operating conditions .............................................................................. 7 Abnormal operating conditions .......................................................................... 9 4.1.1 4.1.2
Power Quality .......................................................................................... 12 Control and Monitoring functions .......................................................... 12

Frequency response control ............................................................................ 13 Reactive power and voltage control functions ................................................. 15
4.3.1 4.3.2
Reactive power control requirements ................................................... 18 Active Power Curtailment ....................................................................... 21 Ramp Rates ............................................................................................. 21
5. 6.
Provision of Data and Electrical Dynamic Simulation Models.......... 21 Signals, Communications & Control................................................... 23
6.1 Signals from the WEF to SO ................................................................... 23
Signals List #1 ................................................................................................. 23 Signals List #2 ................................................................................................. 24 Signals List #3 ................................................................................................. 24 Signals List #4 ................................................................................................. 24 Signals List #5 ................................................................................................. 24 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5
6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Update Rates ........................................................................................... 25 Control Signals Sent from SO to the WEF ............................................. 25
Connection Point Circuit Breaker Trip facility .................................................. 25
6.3.3
MW Forecast ............................................................................................ 26 Data Communications Specifications ................................................... 26
7. 8. 9.
Protection facilities............................................................................... 26 Compliance Monitoring ........................................................................ 27 Reporting ............................................................................................... 27
APPENDIX A WEF COMPLIANCE TESTING ........................................... 28
1. Objective
(1) The primary objective of this document is to specify grid connection conditions for wind energy facilities (WEFs) connected to or seeking connection to the South African electricity transmission system (TS) or the distribution system (DS). It sets out rules and obligations to which participants must comply in order to connect WEFs to the TS or the DS.
(2) This document shall be used together with other applicable sections of the Grid Code and the Distribution Code as compliance criteria applicable to WEFs in South Africa.
(3) WEF generators shall demonstrate compliance to the requirements of this document and any other applicable codes or standard approved by NERSA before being allowed to connect to the DS or the TS and operate commercially.
2. Scope
(1) The requirements in this document are applicable to a WEF connected or seeking connection to the DS or TS in South Africa as well as the respective DS and TS network service providers (NSPs).
(2) Any replacement of and/or major modification to an existing WEF shall also be required to demonstrate compliance to these requirement before commercial operation.
(3) Matters relating to wind energy procurement and applicable tariffs are excluded from this document.
3. Definitions and Abbreviations

(1) Unless otherwise indicated, words and terminology in this document shall have the same meaning as those in the RSA Grid Code and Distribution Code. The following definitions and abbreviations are used in this document.
Available Active Power The amount of Active Power (MegaWatts) that the WEF could produce based on current wind conditions.
Curtailed Active Power
The amount of Active Power that the WEF is permitted to generate by the SO or other Network Operator subject to network or system constrains.
Distribution System (DS) As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section
Droop The ratio of the per unit steady state change in speed, or in frequency to the per unit steady state change in power output.
Generator As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section
High voltage (HV) The set of nominal voltage levels greater than 33 KV and up to and including 220 kV.
High voltage ride through (HVRT) Capability of the WEF to stay connected to the network following voltage peaks caused by switching or disturbances on any or all phases in the TS or DS.
Low voltage (LV) Nominal voltage levels from 0 up to 1 kV. [SANS 1019]
Low voltage ride through (LVRT) Capability of the WEF to stay connected to the network following voltage dips caused by a short-circuit or disturbances on any or all phases in the TS or DS.
Maximum Export Capacity (MEC) The contracted highest active power (in MW), measured at the POC, which the WEF is licensed to supply in accordance with the WEF generators connection agreement.
Medium voltage (MV) The set of nominal voltage levels greater than 1 kV and up to and including 33 kV.
Active Power Curtailment The reduction of Active Power output from WEF in response to an instruction from the SO or another Network Operator
MW Curtailment Set-point Page 5 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
The limit set by the SO or another Network Operator for the amount of Active Power that the WEF is permitted to generate. This instruction may be issued manual or automatically via a tele-control facility.
National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) The legal entity established in terms of the National Energy Regulator Act, 2004 (Act 40 of 2004), as amended.
National Transmission Company (NTC) As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section
Network Service Provider (NSP) A legal entity that is licensed, by the NERSA to own, operate and maintain a network on the TS or the DS
Point of Common Coupling (PCC) As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section
Point of Connection (POC) As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section
Power Quality Characteristics of the electricity at a given point on an electrical system, evaluated against a set of reference technical parameters. These characteristics include: voltage quality, i.e. voltage regulation (magnitude), voltage harmonics, voltage flicker, voltage unbalance; voltage events, i.e. voltage dips, voltage swells, voltage transients; (supply) interruptions; frequency of supply.
System Operator (SO) As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section
Transmission System (TS) As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section
Voltage Quality Subset of power quality referring to steady-state voltage quality, i.e. voltage regulation (magnitude), voltage harmonics, voltage flicker, voltage unbalance. The current drawn from or injected into the POC is the driving factor for voltage quality deviations. Page 6 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
Wind Energy Facility (WEF) A single wind turbine connected to the distribution or transmission system or a group of several wind turbines with associated equipment with common connection(s) to the distribution or transmission system.
WEF generator The legal entity that establishes the WEF and requests a grid connection.
4. WEF Connection Requirements at the POC

(1) All wind turbine units within the WEF shall comply with the requirements of IEC Technical Specification Series, TS 61400. However, provisions of this document and the RSA Grid Code and Distribution Code shall take precedence whenever there is a conflict.
(2) The requirements outlined in this code are to be considered as minimum design requirements.
4.1 Tolerance of Frequency and Voltage Deviations
(1) A WEF shall be able to withstand frequency and voltage deviations at the POC under normal and abnormal operating conditions while reducing the active power as little as possible.
(2) Normal operating conditions and abnormal operating conditions are described in section 4.1.1 and section 4.1.2, respectively. 4.1.1 Normal operating conditions
(1) The WEF shall be designed to be capable of operating within the voltage range of 10% around the nominal voltage at the POC. The actual operating voltage differs from location to location, and this shall be decided by the network service provider (NSP) in consultation with affected customers (including the WEF generator), and implemented by the WEF generator.
(2) The WEF shall be designed to operate within the network frequency range of 47.00 Hz to 52.00 Hz, subject to clause (3) below.
(3) The WEF, when in operation, shall be capable of operation for specific periods as a function of system frequency in accordance with Figure 1 and Figure 2 below.
System Frequency [Hz]
53 52 51
H2 H1
Nominal [50 Hz]
50 49
MINIMUM OPERATING RANGE FOR WEFs

L1 L2 L3 L4
Continuous Operating range (49.0 Hz to 51.0 Hz)
48 47 46 200ms 0.001 0.01
80min
0.1
10
100
1000 10000
Time (Minutes) Figure 1: Minimum frequency operating range of a WEF (Cumulative over the life of the WEF)
52 51
Frequency, Hz
50
MINIMUM OPERATING RANGE FOR WEFs
Continuous operating range (49.0 Hz to 51.0 Hz)
49 48 47 46 0.1
200ms
10
60
100
1000
Duration of the incident, Seconds
Figure 2: Minimum frequency operating range of a WEF (during a system frequency disturbance)
(4) The WEF shall remain connected to the DS or TS during rate of change of frequency of values up to and including 0,5 Hz per second, provided the network frequency is still within the continuous frequency characteristic.
(5) Automatic connection of a WEF can at the earliest take place three seconds after the voltage has come to lie within the normal operating voltage range and the frequency lies within 47.00 and 52.00 Hz. The setting of the frequency limits is determined by the SO and the NSP upon commissioning. 4.1.2 Abnormal operating conditions
(1) The WEF shall be designed to withstand voltage drops and peaks, as shown in Figure 3, and supply and absorb reactive current as shown in Figure 4 without disconnecting or reducing its output.
(2) The WEF shall be able to withstand voltage drops down to 0% of the voltage at the POC over a period of minimum 0.150 s (line-to-line voltages for the 50 Hz component) without disconnecting, as shown in Figure 3.
(3) At the POC a WEF shall be able to withstand voltage peaks up to 120% of nominal voltage at the POC over a minimum period of 2seconds (line-to-line voltages for the 50 Hz component) without disconnecting, as shown in Figure 3. (4) Figure 3 shall apply to all types of faults (symmetrical as well as asymmetrical) and the bold line shall represent the minimum voltage of all the phases.
Figure 3: Fault Ride Through Capability for the WEF
(5) The following requirements shall be complied with in the event of symmetrical as well as asymmetrical faults, i.e. the requirements shall apply in case of faults in one, two or three phases: Page 9 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
Area A (Figure 3 and 4): The WEF shall stay connected to the network and uphold normal production.
Area B (Figure 3 and 4): The WEF shall stay connected to the network. The WEF shall provide maximum voltage support by supplying a controlled amount of reactive current so as to ensure that the WEF helps to stabilise the voltage, see Figure 4.
Area C (Figure 3): Disconnecting the WEF is allowed. Area C (Figure 4): Once the voltage at the POC is below 20%, the WEF shall continue to supply reactive current within its technical design limitations so as to ensure that the WEF helps to stabilise the voltage. Disconnection is only allowed after the conditions of figure 3 have been fulfilled.
Area D (Figure 3 and 4): The WEF shall stay connected to the network. The WEF shall provide maximum voltage support by absorbing a controlled amount of reactive current so as to ensure that the WEF helps to stabilise the voltage within the design capability offered by the WEF, see Figure 4.
(6) If the voltage U reverts to area A during a fault sequence, subsequent voltage drops shall be regarded as a new fault situation. If several successive fault sequences occur within area B and evolve into area C, disconnection is allowed.
(7) In connection with symmetrical faults in area B, the WEF shall have a control function capable of controlling the reactive current injection, according to Figure 4.
Area D
Area A
Area B
Area C
Figure 4: Requirements for Reactive Power Support, IQ, during voltage drops or surges at the POC
(8) Control shall follow Figure 4 so that the reactive current injection follows the control characteristic with a tolerance of 20% after 100 milliseconds.
(9) The supply of reactive power has first priority in area B, while the supply of active power has second priority.
(10) If possible, active power shall be maintained during voltage drops, but a reduction in active power within the WEF's design specifications is acceptable.
4.2 Power Quality

(1) An assessment of the impact of the WEF on power quality shall be done by the NSP concerning the following disturbances at the POC: voltage fluctuations: a. rapid voltage changes b. flicker high-frequency currents and voltages: a. harmonics b. inter-harmonics c. disturbances greater than 2 kHz.
unbalanced currents and voltages: a. deviation in magnitude between three phases b. deviation in angle separation from 120 between three phases.
WEF will generally follow the supply network frequency: a. Any attempt by the WEF to change the supply frequency may result in severe distortion of the voltage at the POC, PCC and other points in the network.
(2) Voltage regulation impact shall be monitored at the POC.
(3) Voltage and current quality distortion levels emitted by the WEF at the POC shall not exceed the apportioned levels as supplied by the relevant distribution or transmission NSP.
(4) The calculation of these emission levels shall be based on internationally recognised and acceptable practice (e.g. relevant parts of IEC 61000-series) and / or local industry practice (as described in NRS 048-4). The allocation methodology shall be fair and transparent. (5) The WEF generator shall ensure that the WEF is designed, configured and implemented in such a way that the specified emission limit values are not exceeded.
(6) The maximum allowable voltage change at the POC after a switching operation (compensation devices) by the WEF shall not be greater than 2%.
4.3 Control and Monitoring functions

(1) This section describes the design capability requirement of the WEF. The actual operating mode and settings of the WEF shall be agreed between the WEF generator and the SO, NSP and / or the local network operator.
(2) All control functions mentioned in the following sections refer to the POC.
(3) It shall be possible to activate/deactivate all the control functions and set them using external signals, as described in section 6. The actual settings shall be agreed with the NSP before the WEF can be connected to the TS and DS.
(4) After a WEF has been disconnected due to a fault in the TS and DS, the WEF shall be automatically connected after three seconds after the voltage and the frequency have settled within the limits stated in section 4.1. A WEF which has been disconnected by an external signal prior to a fault occurring in the TS or DS shall not be connected until the external signal has been eliminated, and the voltage and the frequency have once again come to lie within the normal operational conditions limits stated in section 4.1. 4.3.1 Frequency response control
(1) The WEF shall remain connected to the DS or TS and all wind turbines shall remain connected during rate of change of frequency of values up to and including 0,5 Hz per second, provided the network frequency is still within the continuous frequency characteristic.
(2) The WEF shall include a Frequency Response System. The Frequency Response System shall provide the response as illustrated in figure 5 below.
(3) The Frequency Response System shall be designed to be capable of regulating power output as displayed in the Power-Frequency Response Curve.
Figure 5: Power-Frequency Control Curve
(4) A frequency dead-band setting (B-C) capable of being set between 0 and 500mHz shall be provided with each WEF. The actual setting to be implemented by the WEF shall be as specified by the SO or in the RSA Grid Code.
(5) Under continuous operation frequency range as shown in figure 1, the WEF shall be capable of operating continuously at a power output level of 95% available active power and above. The actual operating point shall be agreed with the SO.
(6) If the frequency rises to a level above 50.15Hz, then the WEF shall act to ramp down the WEFs active power output. The response rate of each available online WEF shall be a minimum of 1% of WEF rated capacity per second (MW/second). (7) When the frequency is below the normal range and is recovering back towards the normal range, the Frequency Response System shall act to ramp down the WEF Active Power output in accordance with the Frequency/Active Power characteristic defined by the line A-B.
(8) Once the frequency rises to a level above point C, the Frequency Response System shall act to ramp down the WEF Active Power output in accordance with the Frequency/Active Power characteristic defined by the line C-D-E.
(9) Points A, B, C, D and E shall depend on a combination of the frequency, Active Power and MW curtailment set-point settings. These settings may be different for each WEF depending on system conditions and WEF location. These settings are defined in Table 2, and expected to change according to system requirements.
Table 2: Frequency and % Available Active Power Settings for the Points A, B, C, D and E
Point
Frequency
Wind Energy Facility Power output (% of available active power)
A B
FA FB
PA Minimum of : PB or MW Curtailment set-point (Converted to a % of Available active Power)
FC
Minimum of : PC or MW Curtailment set-point (Converted to a % of Available active Power)
FD
Minimum of : PD or MW Curtailment set-point (Converted to a % of Available active Power)
FE
PE = 0% Page 14
Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa
Rev. 5.4 July 2012
(10) Settings for each of FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, PA, PB, PC, PD and PE shall be specified by the SO. WEF shall be responsible for implementing the appropriate settings during commissioning. Alterations to the MW Curtailment Set-point shall be sent in real-time by the SO and these alterations shall be implemented by the WEF within one minute of receipt of the appropriate signal or instruction from the SO (operational limits and feedback response to the signal will be provided).
(11) Alterations to the WEF Active Power output, triggered by frequency changes outside the dead-band, shall be achieved by proportionately altering the Active Power output of all available wind turbines as opposed to switching individual WEF on or off, in so far as possible.
(12) No time delay other that those necessarily inherent in the design of the Frequency Response System shall be introduced. The response rate of each available online wind turbine shall be a minimum of 1% of wind turbine rated capacity per second (MW/second). The frequency Response System shall continuously monitor the frequency in order to continuously determine the WEF appropriate Active Power output by taking account of the WEF Available Active Power and Curtailed Active Power.
(13) If the frequency rises to a level above the line D-E, as defined by the Power-Frequency Response Curve, SO recognises that WEFs may cease to generate. Any WEF which has ceased generation shall be brought back on load provided both the frequency and voltage are back to normal operating conditions for longer than 3 seconds.
(14) After a failure in the local network where the WEF exists, the WEF shall be returned to service as soon as the conditions allow. Where manual reset of the WEF is required by the WEF generator, this shall be achieved without undue delay.
(15) The SO shall give the WEF generator a minimum of 2 weeks written notice if changes to any of the curves parameters (i.e. FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, PA, PB, PC, PD or PE) are required. The WEF generator shall confirm in writing to the SO that requested changes have been implemented within two weeks of receiving the SOs request. 4.3.2 Reactive power and voltage control functions
(1) A WEF shall be equipped with reactive power control functions capable of controlling the reactive power supplied by a WEF at the POC as well as a voltage control function capable of controlling the voltage at the POC via orders using setpoints and gradients.
(2) The WEF shall be equipped with the following reactive power and voltage control functions. These functions are mutually exclusive, which means that only one of the three functions can be activated at a time. Q-control Power Factorcontrol Voltage-control
(3) The applied parameter settings for reactive power and voltage control functions shall be determined before commissioning by the NSP in collaboration with the SO. Each of the control functions shall be described in the following sub-sections.
4.3.2.1
Q - Control
(1) Q control is a control function controlling the reactive power independently of the active power and the voltage at the POC. This control function is illustrated on Figure 6 as a vertical line.
(2) If the Q control setpoint is to be changed, such change shall be commenced within two seconds and completed not later than 30 seconds after receipt of an order to change the setpoint. The accuracy of the control performed and of the setpoint shall not deviate by more than 2% of the setpoint value or by 0.5% of the rated power, depending on which yields the highest tolerance.
(3) A WEF shall be able to receive a Q setpoint with an accuracy of 1 kvar.
4.3.2.2
Power Factor Control
(1) Power factor control is a control function controlling the reactive power proportionally to the active power at the POC, which is illustrated on Figure 6 by a line with a constant gradient. The gradient of the line is known as the power factor.
(2) The WEF shall be able to receive a power factor setpoint with an accuracy of 0.001 kvar.
Figure 6: Reactive Power control for WEF
(3) If the power factor setpoint is to be changed, such change shall be commenced within two seconds and completed not later than 30 seconds after receipt of an order to change the setpoint. The accuracy of the control performed and of the setpoint shall not deviate by more than 2% of the setpoint value or by 0.5% of the rated power, depending on which yields the highest tolerance.
4.3.2.3
Voltage control
(1) Voltage control is a control function with primary aim of regulating the voltage at the voltage reference point by controlling the reactive power imported or exported from the WEF. Voltage control shall have a setting range within minimum to maximum limits, as indicated in Figure 7.
(2) If the voltage setpoint is to be changed, such change shall be commenced within two seconds and completed not later than 10 seconds after receipt of an order to change the setpoint. The accuracy of the control performed and of the setpoint shall not deviate by more than 2% of the setpoint value or by 0.5% of the rated power, depending on which yields the highest tolerance.
(3) The WEF shall be able to receive a setpoint with an accuracy of 0.1 kV.
(4) It shall be possible to set the droop in such a way that each individual voltage controller is able to perform control autonomously. The individual WEF shall be able to perform the
control within its dynamic range and voltage limit with the droop configured. In this context, droop is the voltage change (p.u.) caused by a change in reactive power (p.u.).
(5) When the voltage control has reached the WEF's dynamic design limits, the control function shall await possible overall control from the tap changer or other voltage control functions.
(6) Overall voltage coordination is handled by the NSP in collaboration with the SO.
Figure 7: Voltage control for WEF
4.4 Reactive power control requirements

4.4.1 WEFs of MEC less than 20MW (1) The WEF with MEC less than 20MW shall be designed and operated to supply constant reactive power output (in Mvar) equivalent to not less than 0.975 lagging and 0.975 leading calculated at rated active power output (MW), available at the POC under all operating conditions. Power factor readings shall refer to the POC. This reactive power shall be available from minimum generation of 20% to full rated active power output.
(2) Figure 8 and Figure 9 illustrate requirement for a WEF with MEC less than 20MW. Point A is equivalent (in MVar) to 5% rated MW output. Point B is equivalent (in MVar) to 5% rated MW output.
Figure 8: Reactive power requirement for WEF with MEC less than 20MW
Figure 9 Requirements for voltage control range for WEF with MEC less than 20MW
4.4.2 WEFs of MEC equal or greater than 20MW
(1) The WEF with MEC equal to or greater than 20MW shall be designed to achieve a constant reactive power limit (in Mvar) of not less than 0.95 lagging and 0.95 leading calculated at rated MW output, available at the POC under all operating conditions. This reactive power shall be available from minimum generation of 20% to full rated active power output.
(2) Figure 9 and Figure 10 illustrate reactive power and voltage control capability requirement of a WEF with MEC equal to or greater than 20MW. Point A is equivalent (in MVar) to -5% rated MW output. Point B is equivalent (in MVar) to 5% rated MW output.
- 0,480
- 0,410
- 0,330
- 0,228
0,228
0,330
0,410
Figure 9: Reactive power requirement for WEF with MEC equal to or greater than 20MW
Figure 10 Requirements for voltage control range for WEF with MEC equal to or greater than 20MW
(3)
No WEF wind turbine will consume (import) reactive power from the network in
excess of Q/Pmax > 0.05 for more than 5 seconds in order for it to start up
4.5 Active Power Curtailment

(1) For system security reasons it may also be necessary for the SO or another network operator to curtail the WEF active power output.
(2) The WEF shall be capable of:
operating the WEF at a reduced level if active power has been curtailed by the SO for system security reasons. receiving a telemetered MW Curtailment set-point sent from the SO and/or another network operator. If another operator is implementing power curtailment, this shall be in agreement with all the parties involved.
4.6 Ramp Rates

(1) The WEF control system shall be capable of controlling the ramp rate of its active power output with a maximum MW per minute ramp rate set by SO.
(2) These ramp rate settings shall be applicable for all ranges of operation including positive ramp rate during start up, positive ramp rate only during normal operation and negative ramp rate during controlled shut down. They shall not apply to frequency regulation.
5. Provision of Data and Electrical Dynamic Simulation Models

(1) The SO and NSPs require suitable and accurate dynamic models, in the template specified by the requesting party, in order to assess reliably the impact of the WEF proposed installation on the dynamic performance and security and stability of the power system.
(2) The required dynamic models must operate under EMT simulation to replicate the performance of the WEF facility or individual turbines for analysis of the following network aspects: a. WEF impact on network voltage stability Page 21 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
b. WEF impact on QOS at POC c. WEF switching transients impact on network performance
d. WEF impact on breakers TRV e. WEF impact on network insulation co-ordination requirements f. WEF impact on network protection co-ordination
g. WEF fault-ride-through capability for different types of faults and positions h. WEF response to various system phenomena such as: (i) (ii) switching on the network power swings
(iii) small signal instabilities
(3) WEF data exchange shall be a time-based process. First stage (during the application for connection)
(a) The following information shall be submitted by the WEF to the SO and NSP, as applicable:
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)
Physical location of WEF (including the GPS coordinates) Site Plan Number of wind turbines to be connected MW output per turbine Initial phase MW value Final phase MW value and timelines Any other information that the service provider may reasonably require
(b) The NSP shall, in return, provide the WEF generator with information such as:
(i) (ii)
possible suitable voltage level for connection adequacy of network to absorb the power
Second stage (after detailed WEF designs have been completed but before commissioning the WEF).
(a) During this stage, the WEF is compelled to provide information on:
(i) Selected wind turbine technology data. (ii) LVTR capability and harmonic studies test report (iii) Generic test model and dynamic modelling data per wind turbine as from the type approval and tests result Page 22 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
Third stage (after commissioning and optimisation of the WEF)
(a) During this stage, the WEF is compelled to provide information on:
(i) A validated WEF electrical dynamic simulation model using commissioning test data and measurements (ii) Test measurement data in the format agreed between the WEF and the NSP or SO, as applicable.
(4) The dynamic modelling data shall be provided preferably in DigSilent Power Factory latest format, or any such other format as may be agreed between the WEF and the NSP or SO, as applicable.
(5) In addition, the WEF shall provide the SO with operational data as prescribed in section 6.
6. Signals, Communications & Control

6.1 Signals from the WEF to SO
(1) Signals from the WEF to the SO or another network operator shall be broken up into a number of logical groups. There are different requirements for WEF depending on the WEFs maximum sent out capacity or functionality.
(2) The following groups shall apply:
(a) Signals List #1 - applies to all WEFs. In addition, the WEF shall be required to provide certain signals from Signals Lists 2, 3, 4 and 5. These lists relate to: (b) Signals List #2 - Wind Energy facility Availability Estimate; (c) Signals List #3 - Wind Energy facility MW Curtailment Data; (d) Signals List #4 - Frequency Response System Settings; (e) Signals List #5 - Wind Energy facility Meteorological Data. 6.1.1 Signals List #1
(1) The WEF generator shall make the following signals available at a NSP designated communication gateway facility located at the WEF site: Available MegaWatt sent-out (MW) at the POC Available Active Power Estimate (MW) at the POC Page 23 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
Available Reactive Power Import/Export (+/-Mvar) at the POC On/off status indications for all Reactive Power devices exceeding 5 Mvar; Ramp rate of the entire WEF Signals List #2
6.1.2
(1) WEF shall make available the following signals at a NSP designated communication gateway facility located at the WEF site: Available MW and forecast MW for the next 6 hours updated hourly on the hour. Signals List #3
6.1.3
(1) The WEF shall make the following signals available at a designated communication gateway facility located at the WEF site: WEF MW Curtailment facility status indication (ON/OFF) as a double bit point. WEF MW Curtailment Set-point value (MW- feedback) as a double bit point. Signals List #4
6.1.4
(1) The WEF shall make the following signals available at a NSP designated communication gateway facility located at the WEF site: Frequency Response System mode status indication (ON/OFF) as a double bit point Signals List #5
6.1.5
(1) WEF shall make the following signals available at a NSP designated communication gateway facility located at the WEF site:
Wind speed (within 75% of the hub height) measured signal in meters/second; Wind direction within 75% of the hub height measured signal in degrees from true north (0-359); Air temperature- measured signal in degrees centigrade (-20 to 50); Air pressure- measured signal in millibar (800 to 1400).
(2) The meteorological data signals shall be provided by a dedicated Meteorological Mast located at the WEF site or, where possible and preferable to do so, data from a means of the same or better accuracy. For WEF where the wind turbines are widely dispersed over a large geographical area and rather different weather patterns are expected for different sections of the WEF, the meteorological data shall be provided from a number of individual Meteorological Masts, or where possible and preferable to do so, data from a source of the Page 24 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
same or better reliability for groups of wind turbines. It is expected that wind turbines within an individual group shall demonstrate a high degree of correlation in Active Power output at any given time. The actual signals required shall be specified by the SO.
6.2 Update Rates

(1) Signals shall be updated at the following rates:
Analog Signals at a rate of 2 seconds Digital Signals at the rate of 1 second.
6.3 Control Signals Sent from SO to the WEF

(1) The control signals described below shall be sent from SO to the WEF. The WEF shall be capable of receiving these signals and acting accordingly.
6.3.1
MW Curtailment Set-point
(1) A telemetered MW Curtailment set-point shall be sent from the SO and/or another network operator. If another operator is implementing power curtailment, this shall be in agreement with all the parties involved.
(2) Feedback from the MW Curtailment set-point shall be updated within 2 seconds of reception of the new value.
6.3.2
Ramp Rates
(1) A telemetered Ramp rate shall be sent to the WEF from the SO and/or another network operator. If another operator is implementing power curtailment, this shall be in agreement with all the parties involved.
(2) Feedback from the MW Curtailment set-point shall be updated within 2 seconds of reception of the new value. 6.3.3 Connection Point Circuit Breaker Trip facility
(1) A facility shall be provided by the NSP to facilitate the disconnection of the WEF. It shall be possible for SO or another network operator to send a trip signal to the circuit breaker at the HV side of WEF POC Page 25 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
6.4 MW Forecast
(1) MW forecasts shall be provided by WEF generator. These forecasts shall be provided at 10:00 a.m. on a daily basis for the following 48 hours for each 1 hour time-period, by means of an electronic interface in accordance with the reasonable requirements of SOs data system.
6.5 Data Communications Specifications

(1) The WEF shall have an external communication gateway facility that can communicate with a minimum of three simultaneous SCADA Masters, independently from what is done inside the WEF.
(2) The location of the communication gateway facility shall be agreed between affected participants in the connection agreement.
(3) The necessary communications links, communications protocol and the requirement for analogue or digital signals shall be specified by the SO as appropriate before a connection agreement is signed between the WEF generator and the NSP.
(4)
Active Power Curtailment, Frequency Response or Voltage Regulation facilities at the
WEF will be tested once a month. It is essential that facilities exist to allow the testing of the functionality without tripping the actual equipment.
(5) Where signals or indications required to be provided by the WEF become unavailable or do not comply with applicable standards due to failure of the WEF equipment or any other reason under the control of the WEF, the WEF generator shall restore or correct the signals and/or indications within 24 hours.
7. Protection facilities
(1) Protection functions shall be available to protect the WEF and to ensure a stable TS and DS.
(2) The WEF generator is responsible for ensuring that a WEF is dimensioned and equipped with the necessary protection functions so that the WEF is protected against damage due to faults and incidents in the TS and DS.
(3) The NSP or the SO is entitled to request that the set values for protection functions be changed following commissioning if it is deemed to be of importance to the operation of the TS and DS. However, such change shall not result in the WEF being exposed to impacts from the TS and DS lying outside of the design requirements specified in section 4.1.2. (4) The NSP shall state the highest and lowest short-circuit current that can be expected at the POC as well as any other information about the TS and DS as may be necessary to define the WEF's protection functions.
8. Compliance Monitoring
(1) The WEF shall be required, prior to commercial operation, to demonstrate to the SO and the relevant NSP full compliance to all requirements of this code and related sections in the Distribution Code and the Grid Code.
(2) While in operation the WEF generator shall report any material deviation from the requirement of this code to the SO and the local network operator within 2 days after being aware of such deviation.
9. Reporting
(1) The WEF operator shall maintain records of and provide to the NERSA on a monthly basis in electronic spreadsheet format the following: Non-renewable/supplementary fuel used by the power plant as outlined under Supplementary Fuel Specification schedule of the power purchase agreement (PPA) during the month. Day ahead forecast hourly availability, sent out energy, gross energy and wind speed. Actual hourly availability sent out energy, gross energy and wind speed. Direct monthly emissions per unit of electricity generated by the WEF (tCO2/kWh). Any curtailed energy during the month.
APPENDIX A WEF COMPLIANCE TESTING

1. INTRODUCTION
This section specifies the preferred connection process WEFs should follow to achieve Commercial Operation (CO). CO is required to allow WEF to synchronise and export power onto the TS or DS. In addition the document describes in greater detail technical studies and testing which demonstrate compliance with the Connection Conditions section of the Grid Code.
1.1 Ongoing monitoring of a units performance

WEF generators shall monitor each of their WEF during normal service to confirm ongoing compliance with the applicable parts of this code. Any material deviations detected must be reported to the relevant NSP and/ or System Operator within five working days.
WEF generators shall keep records relating to the compliance by each of their WEF with each section of this code applicable to that WEF, setting out such information as the System Operator or NSP reasonably requires for assessing power system performance (including actual WEF performance during abnormal conditions).
1.2 Scheduling of Grid Code compliance testing

Contact details are to be exchanged between the designated contacts from Transmission or Distribution and the WEF generator prior to the scheduling of Grid Code compliance testing. These designated contacts will be the primary points of contact between the IPP and Transmission or Distribution throughout the Grid Code compliance process, from scheduling of testing to the carrying out of testing, unless otherwise indicated by either party.
When the WEF generator is satisfied that the WEF is fully compliant with the Grid Code with the exception of any exemptions or derogations approved by NERSA, a request should be sent to SO and the relevant Transmission Network Service Provider (TNSP) or Distributor to schedule a date for Grid Code compliance testing of the WEF. This should be sent no later than three weeks prior to the proposed date of the test.
Along with the test request, the following information should be provided by the WEF generator:
1) Overall single line diagram of the WEF 2) Technical data including reactive power capability curve for the WEF 3) Directions to the WEF 4) Site map for the WEF 5) Contact details of appropriate personnel on site (if different from designated WEF generator contact) SO and the relevant TNSP or Distributor will consult with the relevant parties to ensure that the personnel required for testing will be available on the date requested. However, if the necessary personnel are not available on the date requested by the WEF generator, parties shall agree on the most appropriate date which is convenient to all. A testing start time is to be agreed with the SO and the relevant TNSP or Distributor one week prior to the scheduled day of testing.
Verification of the wind conditions a week prior to, and a day prior to the scheduled date of Grid Code compliance testing is required to be carried out by the WEF generator and communicated to the SO and the relevant TNSP or Distributor. Insufficient wind conditions may lead to the cancellations of testing up to 1 day prior to testing. Note that at any time prior to, or during Grid Code compliance testing, the SO and the relevant TNSP or Distributor reserve the right to cancel or postpone testing for system security reasons.
1.3 Day of Grid Code Compliance Testing:

The relevant TNSP or Distributor representative shall witness testing on site, unless otherwise agreed. The TNSP or Distributor representative shall liaise with the SO, in particular the National Control operators and personnel on site to coordinate testing.
Results of the tests consisting of data and graphs should be provided by the WEF generator test coordinator to the SO and the relevant TNSP or Distributor representative in both hard copy and electronic file format.
In addition, the WEF generator is required to prepare a report for tests on the WEF which shall include all tests carried out and the data results collected during testing, along with the raw data from which the data results were extracted. A copy of the WEF generators report shall be made available to SO at which point SO will assess compliance in a timely manner.
1.4 Format of Data

WEF generators are requested to submit all data in standard formats for incorporation into SOs information management system and forward to the relevant TS/ DS.
Unless otherwise agreed submissions should be in the following file formats.
1) Specifications, Agreements and Technical Reports in PDF format 2) Signed Documents in scanned PDF format. 3) Test result data points in XLS format (e.g. Excel ) 4) Performance Charts/Plots PDF and/or XLS format. 5) Drawings in PDF format. 6) Simulation Models in the form of transfer function block diagrams (using PDF)
Where documents and diagrams are provided as supporting information, they should be legible and should include all relevant data assumptions (for example generator base, p.u., percentage values etc).
Where testing and monitoring results are provided they should be legible, appropriately sized, scaled and labelled.
1.5 Available Signals

The WEF should ensure that the following signals are available and are terminated at a single location for the purpose of connecting TS/ DSs and the WEFs own recording equipment. 1) Total MW 2) Total MVAr 3) Point of connection line-line Voltage (kV) 4) System frequency (Hz) 5) Injected signal (Hz / Volts as appropriate) or test logic signal 6) Available power (MW) 7) Power source speed (e.g. wind speed m/s) 8) Power source direction (degrees) 9) WEF site voltage (kV) 10) Any other signals as agreed between the WEF and NSP/ SO.
As a minimum, signals 1-4 should be available as dc voltages for NSP/ SO to monitor on site. In some cases the remaining signals may only be available from the WEF control systems as a download once the testing has been completed. NSP/SO will agree to this provided the full test results can be provided within 5 working days to SO with all data at Page 30 Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa Rev. 5.4 July 2012
the appropriate resolution depending on the type of test. This solution should not unreasonably add a significant delay between tests or impede the volume of testing which can take place on the day.
2. COMPLIANCE TEST 2.1 TEST 1: Reactive Capability

WEF Compliance Testing / Monitoring Title of Test: Reactive Capability Test Number: 1
Description & Purpose of Test:

The WEF shall demonstrate its technical capability to operate to the limits of the applicable reactive power capability curves as indicated in section 4.4 of the wind grid code. The test shall be undertaken for both leading (consumption) and lagging
(production) reactive power to the WEF. This test should be undertaken at different levels of active power to confirm that the range is within the capability characteristic at the given level of power. The test should be undertaken at the Voltage slope setting of 4%. The grid voltage set-point should be under the control of SO or the relevant Network Operator. Verification of reactive power capability can be achieved by operation of the Power Park Module at following load points for the specified durations.
Test 1.1) Operation in excess of 50% Rated MW and maximum lagging reactive power for 60 minutes. Test 1.2) Operation in excess of 50% Rated MW and maximum leading reactive power for 60 minutes. Test 1.3) Operation at 20% Rated MW and maximum leading reactive power for 5 minutes. Test 1.4) Operation at 20% Rated MW and maximum lagging reactive power for 5 minutes. Test 1.5) Operation at less than 20% Rated MW and unity power factor for 5 minutes This test only applies to systems which do not offer voltage control below 20% of rated power.
Results Required:
As a minimum the following data for each test must be recorded and submitted to NSP/ SO with the appropriate resolution specified by relevant NSP or SO. MW - Active power at the applicable measurement point. MVAr - Reactive power at the applicable measurement point. System Voltage at POC.
Test Assessment
The test results will be assessed against: Section 4.4 of the Wind Grid Code
Criteria of Assessment
The tests will be regarded as supporting compliance if: The reactive power required in each test is achieved within a tolerance of 5%. The tests will record and verify the performance chart of the overall WEF submitted to NSP or SO.
2.2 TEST 2: Voltage Control

WEF Compliance Testing / Monitoring Title of Test: Voltage Control Test Number: 2

The WEF shall demonstrate the technical capability to regulate the grid voltage at the connection point to a value set by SO or relevant Network Operator. Such regulation shall be within the capability of the WEF to regulate the voltage at this point taking account of the short circuit level at the connection point, regulation of the grid connected transformer, the voltage slope (droop) applied to the WEF and the reactive capability of the WEF.
Results Required:
As a minimum the following data for each test must be recorded and submitted to NSP/ SO with the appropriate resolution specified by relevant NSP or SO.
MW - Active power at the applicable measurement point. MVAr - Reactive power at the applicable measurement point. Voltage at controlled busbar, usually the POC. Power System Stabilizer (if fitted) Internal PSS Control Signal Intermittent Power Resource (e.g. wind speed) Power Available Other signals relevant to the control action of the voltage controller as specified by NSP or SO.
Test Assessment
The test results will be assessed against: Section 4.3.2.3 of the Wind Grid Code
The tests will be regarded as supporting compliance if: An appropriate proportion of the full reactive capability of the WEF is delivered within 1 second. The change in reactive output commences within 0.2s of the application of the step injection Any oscillations settle, to within 5% of the change in steady state reactive power within 2 seconds of the application of the step injection. The final steady state reactive value according to the slope characteristic is achieved within 5 seconds of the step application.
Adjustable slope characteristic, 2 to 7%. NB The slope is calculated in terms of rated Power Factor, for example a 4% droop should result in a 4% change in volts when moving from unity PF to 0.95 exporting or importing.
2.3 TEST 3: Frequency response performance

WEF Compliance Testing / Monitoring Title of Test: Frequency response performance Test Number: 3

The WEF shall demonstrate the technical capability to continuously modulate active power to contribute to frequency control; validate the frequency controller model submitted to NSP or SO, assess dead-band, incremental droop, steady state/dynamic stability of the frequency controller and demonstrate the robustness of the control system. Where a WEF (or a number of WEFs) has been Type Registered for frequency controller response performance, a reduced set of compliance tests may apply provided NSP/ SO deems the data held in the Type Register to be appropriate. In this case only the following confirmatory tests need be completed;
1) A +0.8Hz ramp over 30 seconds with the WEF in Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode from maximum available power 2) A +0.5Hz ramp over 10 seconds with the WEF in Frequency Sensitive Mode from a sufficient de-load point to allow unconstrained operation 3) A -0.5Hz ramp over 10 seconds with the WEF in Frequency Sensitive Mode from a sufficient de-load point to allow unconstrained operation
If these tests do not correspond to the performance demonstrated in the data held in the Type Register then a full set of compliance tests will have to be conducted as outlined by NSP/ SO.
Results Required:
As a minimum the following data for each test must be recorded and submitted to NSP/ SO with the appropriate resolution specified by relevant NSP or SO. MW - Active power at the applicable measurement point. Injected signal MVAr - Reactive power at the applicable measurement point. Voltage at controlled busbar, usually the POC. Power System Stabilizer (if fitted) Internal PSS Control Signal Intermittent Power Resource (e.g. wind speed) Power Available Other signals relevant to the control action of the voltage controller as specified by NSP or SO.
Test Assessment
The test results will be assessed against:
Section 4.4 of the Wind Grid Code
The tests will be regarded as supporting compliance if: The reactive power required in each test is achieved within a tolerance of 5%. The tests will record and verify the performance chart of the overall WEF submitted to NSP or SO.
2.4 TEST 4: VOLTAGE AND CURRENT EMISSIONS TEST

WEF Compliance Testing / Monitoring Title of Test: Voltage and Current emission test Test Number: 4

The purpose of this test is to confirm the ability of the WEF to operate within the limits specified by the TNSP or the relevant Distributor. This test shall take place while other grid code compliance tests are being undertaken which are within the normal operating parameters of the WEF. Such measurements shall be undertaken at both WEF voltage and at grid voltage and will be referred to collectively as power quality tests.
Results Required:
voltage fluctuations: a. rapid voltage changes b. flicker high-frequency currents and voltages: a. harmonics b. inter-harmonics c. disturbances greater than 2 kHz.
Test Assessment
The test results will be assessed against: Section 4.2 of the Wind Grid Code
The test results will be regarded as supporting compliance if:
The emissions are within limits allocated by the TNSP or the relevant Distributor.
2.5 TEST 5: Fault Ride Through, fault Contribution and Power Recovery
WEF Compliance Testing / Monitoring Title of Test: Fault Ride Through, Fault Test Number: 5
Contribution and Power Recovery

NSP/ SO requires verification by using a simulation model that the WEF has the capability to ride through faults on the TS or DS within limits stated in section 4.1.3 and 4.1.4.
Results Required:
WEF Model Validation study
Test Assessment
The simulation results will be assessed against: Section 4.1.3 and 4.1.4 of the Wind Grid Code
The simulation regarded as supporting compliance if:
WEF stays connected to TS/ DS within the limits stated in 4.1.3. WEF prioritises the supply of reactive power over the supply of active power. WEF maintains the active power within the design limits stated WEF cuts off the grid connection when the limits stated are exceeded

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GRID CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR WIND ENERGY FACILITIES CONNECTED TO DISTRIBUTION OR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Version 5.4 July 2012

Power Quality .......................................................................................... 12 Control and Monitoring functions .......................................................... 12

6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

MW Forecast ............................................................................................ 26 Data Communications Specifications ................................................... 26

APPENDIX A WEF COMPLIANCE TESTING ........................................... 28

3. Definitions and Abbreviations

Curtailed Active Power

Generator As defined in the RSA Grid Code, Preamble section

4. WEF Connection Requirements at the POC

4.1 Tolerance of Frequency and Voltage Deviations

System Frequency [Hz]

Nominal [50 Hz]

MINIMUM OPERATING RANGE FOR WEFs

Continuous Operating range (49.0 Hz to 51.0 Hz)

48 47 46 200ms 0.001 0.01

MINIMUM OPERATING RANGE FOR WEFs

Continuous operating range (49.0 Hz to 51.0 Hz)

Duration of the incident, Seconds

Figure 3: Fault Ride Through Capability for the WEF

4.2 Power Quality

(2) Voltage regulation impact shall be monitored at the POC.

4.3 Control and Monitoring functions

Figure 5: Power-Frequency Control Curve

Wind Energy Facility Power output (% of available active power)

PA Minimum of : PB or MW Curtailment set-point (Converted to a % of Available active Power)

Minimum of : PC or MW Curtailment set-point (Converted to a % of Available active Power)

Minimum of : PD or MW Curtailment set-point (Converted to a % of Available active Power)

Grid Code Requirements for Connecting WEFs in South Africa

Rev. 5.4 July 2012

(3) A WEF shall be able to receive a Q setpoint with an accuracy of 1 kvar.

Power Factor Control

Figure 6: Reactive Power control for WEF

Figure 7: Voltage control for WEF

4.4 Reactive power control requirements

4.4.2 WEFs of MEC equal or greater than 20MW

4.5 Active Power Curtailment

(2) The WEF shall be capable of:

4.6 Ramp Rates

5. Provision of Data and Electrical Dynamic Simulation Models

(iii) small signal instabilities

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

Third stage (after commissioning and optimisation of the WEF)

6. Signals, Communications & Control

(2) The following groups shall apply:

6.2 Update Rates

Analog Signals at a rate of 2 seconds Digital Signals at the rate of 1 second.

6.3 Control Signals Sent from SO to the WEF

6.5 Data Communications Specifications

Active Power Curtailment, Frequency Response or Voltage Regulation facilities at the

APPENDIX A WEF COMPLIANCE TESTING

1.1 Ongoing monitoring of a units performance

1.2 Scheduling of Grid Code compliance testing

1.3 Day of Grid Code Compliance Testing:

1.4 Format of Data

Unless otherwise agreed submissions should be in the following file formats.

1.5 Available Signals

2. COMPLIANCE TEST 2.1 TEST 1: Reactive Capability

Description & Purpose of Test:

2.2 TEST 2: Voltage Control

Description & Purpose of Test:

2.3 TEST 3: Frequency response performance