BBMP 1103 Matrix Chapter

BBMP 1103
Matematik Pengurusan
Chapter:2 Matrix
Prepared by
Richard Ng
BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)
Page 1 of 47
1. Introduction to Matrix
Matrix consists of data arranged in the form of rows and

columns
Examples:
[1
3]
1x2 Matrix
1
5

2
3x1 Matrix
3
2

2 4
1 5
2x1 Matrix
2x2 Matrix
3 1 0
5 2 1
1 2 3
0 1 5
7 2 3
2x3 Matrix
3x3 Matrix
Page 2 of 47
2. Elements of a 3 x 3 Matrix
a
a
11
21
22
31
32
12
a
a
a
13
23
33
a11 is located at row one and column one

a12 is located at row one and column two
a13 is located at row one and column three
a21 is located at row two and column one
a22 is located at row two and column two
a32 is located at row three and column two
aij is located at row i and column j
Page 3 of 47
3. Classifications of Matrices
Column Matrix (Column Vector): has only 1 column

2
1
2

3

0
1
2

0
1

Column Matrix
2x1
Column Matrix
Column Matrix
3x1
4x1
Row Matrix (Row Vector): has only 1 row
[1
2]
[2
0 1]
[3
1 0 4]
Row Matrix
Row Matrix
Row Matrix
1x2
1x3
1x4
Page 4 of 47
Zero Matrix (Null Matrix): all elements are zero
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Square Matrix: number rows = number of columns
1 2
3 4
2 1 5
3 4 8
1 2 0
2x2 Matrix
3x3 Matrix
Page 5 of 47
Main Diagonal
1 2
(i) 3 4
(ii)
2 1 5
3 4 8
1 2 0
a
a
(iii)
a
11
21
22
31
32
a
a
12
13
23
33
Elements located on the main diagonal in a square

matrix are elements which have the same row
and column number. Examples:
In example (i): a11 = 1 and a22 = 4 hence the elements

on the main diagonal are 1 and 4
In example (ii): a11 = 2, a22 = 4 dan a33 = 0 hence

the elements on the main diagonal are 2, 4 dan 0
Page 6 of 47
Identity Matrix
An Identity matrix is a square matrix where all the

elements on the main diagonal = 1 and the rest = 0
Example:
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0
0 1
Page 7 of 47
4. Matrix Operations
Transpose
Elements in a row elements in a column

Elements in a column elements in a row
Example: 1
If
1 0 3
A=
2 4 1
1 2
T
Then A = 0 4
3 1
Example: 2
If
1 2 3
B = 4 5 6
7 8 9
1 4 7
T
Then B = 2 5 8
3 6 9
Page 8 of 47
Matrix Addition
Addition in a matrix involves elements at the same position

and same type of matrix only
Example: 3
1 2 2 0
3 2
3 4 + 1 3 = 4 7
Example: 4
1 3 2 1
0 1 + 1 3
2 0 4 2
3 4
= 1 4
6 2
Page 9 of 47
Matrix Subtraction
Subtraction in a matrix involves elements at the same

position and same type of matrix only
Example: 5
1 2 2 0
1 2
=
3 4 1 3
2 1
Example: 6
1 3 2 1
0 1 1 3
2 0 4 2
1 2
= 1 2
2 2
Page 10 of 47
Matrix Multiplication
Scalar multiplication when a matrix is multiplied by a

scalar, every element must be multiplied with that scalar
Example: 7
1 2
A=
3 4
If
1 2 2 4
=
3 4 6 8
Then 2A = 2
Example: 8
1 0 2
1 0 2 3 0 6
B = 2 1 4 Then 3B = 32 1 4 = 6 3 12
3 1 0
3 1 0 9 3 0
If
Page 11 of 47
Multiplication of Matrices
Multiplication of Matrices is only possible when the number

of rows in the 1st matrix = number of columns in the 2nd
Matrix
Tips:
Matrix
2x1
Matrix
1x2
Matrix
2x2
Matrix
2x3
Matrix
3x3
Matrix
2x3
Page 12 of 47
Example: 9
2 1 1 2 2 + 0 4 + 1 2 5
3 4 0 1 = 3 + 0 6 + 4 = 3 10
Example: 10
2
2 0
2 0 2 0
1 3 = 1 3 1 3 =
Example: 11
1 3 2 2 + 3 5
2 4 1 = 4 + 4 = 8
4 + 0 0 + 0 4 0
2 + 3 0 + 9 = 5 9
Example: 12
1 3 1 2 3 2 2 + 9 + 1 3 + 0 + 1 2 + 9 + 0 12 4 11
0 1 2 3 0 3 = 0 + 3 + 2 0 + 0 + 2 0 + 3 + 0 = 5 2 3
2 0 1 1 1 0 4 + 0 + 1 6 + 0 + 1 4 + 0 + 0 5 7 4
Page 13 of 47
5. Determinant
Is defined only for square matrices
Is used to find the invertible matrix
Finding determinant using cross multiplication
a) For a 2 x 2 Matrix
If A =
2 1
4 3
Hence the determinant of A = |A| = (2)(3) (4)(1)

=64
=2
Page 14 of 47
b) For a 3 x 3 Matrix
If B =
2 1 3
0 3 1
4 2 0
Hence |B| = 0
3 2
1 0
0 4
1
3
2
1
3
2
= [(2)(3)(0)+(1)(1)(4)+(3)(0)(2)][(4)(3)(3)+(2)(1)(2)+(0)(0)(1)]
= [0 + 4 + 0][36 + 4 + 0]
= -36
Page 15 of 47
Example: 13
If A =
0 1
2 4
1 2
and B =
0 1
a) |A|
b) |B|
e) |A||B|
f) |B||A|
Find:
c) |AB|
d) |BA|
Answer:
0 1
4
a) A = 2
Hence |A|= (0)(4) (2)(-1)

= 0 (-2)
=2
Page 16 of 47
1 2
b) B =
0 1
Hence |B|= (1)(1) (0)(2)

=10
=1
0 1 1
4 0
c) AB = 2
2
0 + 0 0 + (1)
=
1
4 + 4
2 + 0
0 1
=
2 8
0 1
Hence |AB|=
2 8
= (0)(8) (2)(-1)
= 0 (-2) = 2
Page 17 of 47
0 + 4
1 2 0 1
d) BA =
2 4 = 0 + 2
0 1
1 + 8
0 + 4
4 7
2 4
4 7
Hence |BA| =
2 4
= (4)(4) (2)(7)
= 16 14
=2
Page 18 of 47
e) From (a) dan (b):

|A| = 2
|B| = 1
Hence |A||B| = (2)(1) = 2
f) From (a) dan (b):

|A| = 2
|B| = 1
Hence |B||A| = (1)(2) = 2
Page 19 of 47
Finding determinant using Cofactor Method

Example: 14
1 2
Given P =
3 4
Step: 1 Find the matrix minor of P:
Minor of P:
a
= 11
a21
1 2
a11 =
3 4
4 3
a12
=
2 1
a22
=4
1 2
a21 =
=2
3
4
1 2
a12 =
=3
3
4
1 2
a22 =
3 4
=1
Page 20 of 47
Step: 2 Find the cofactor of P:

Element in a cofactor = element in minor x (-1)(i+j)
4 (1) (1+1) 3 (1) (1+ 2 )

Hence cofactor of P =
( 2 +1)
1 (1) ( 2+ 2 )
2 (1)
4 (1) ( 2 ) 3 (1) ( 3)
=
( 3)
1 (1) ( 4 )
2 (1)
4 3
=
1
2
Page 21 of 47
Step: 3 Find the determinant:

Determinant = Product of elements in the original matrix
and elements of the cofactor of a row
1 2
Original matrix P =
3 4
4 3
1
2
Cofactor of P =
Choose first row to find the determinant:

Determinant = (1)(4) + (2)(-3)
= 4 + (-6)
= -2
1 2 4 3
3 4 2
1

Page 22 of 47
Example: 15
2 1 3
Given that Q = 0 3 1
4 2 0
Using the second row to find the determinant, then:
Step: 1 Find the elements in the 2nd row of Minor Q:
2 1 3
a21 = 0 3 1
4 2 0
= (1)(0) (2)(3) = 0 6 = - 6
Page 23 of 47
2 1 3
a22 = 0 3 1 = (2)(0) (4)(3) = 0 12 = - 12
4 2 0
2 1 3
a23 = 0 3 1 = (2)(2) (4)(1) = 4 4 = 0
4 2 0
Step: 2 Find elements in the 2nd row of cofactor Q:
a21 = (6)(1) ( 2+1) = (6)(1) = 6
a22 = (12)(1) ( 2+ 2 ) = (12)(1) = 12

a23 = (0)(1) ( 2+3) = (0)(1) = 0
Page 24 of 47
Step: 3 Find the determinant:

Determinant = Product of elements in the original matrix
and elements of the cofactor of a row
2 1 3
0 3 1
4 2 0
6 -12
Determinant = (0)(6) + (3)(-12) + (1)(0)

= 0 + (-36) + (0)
= -36
Page 25 of 47
6. Inverse Matrix
Finding the Inverse Matrix of the type 2x2
Example: 16
Let A =
2 1
4 3
Step: 1 Find the determinant

|A| =
2 1
4 3
= (2)(3) (4)(1)
=64
=2
Page 26 of 47
Step: 2 Find the adjoint of A
3 1
4 2
2 1
4 3
Elements of Main Diagonal

Change position
Elements Second Diagonal
Change sign
Step: 3 Find the inverse matrix of A = A-1
A 1 =
1
x[Adjo int A ]
|A|
1
2
A-1 = | A | x 4
1 3
= 2 x 4
= 2
1
2
1

2
1
Page 27 of 47
Finding the Inverse Matrix of the type 3x3

Example: 17
Let A =
1 4
0 2
2 3
1
0
3
Step: 1 Find the determinant of A
|A| =
1 4
0 2
2 3
1
0
3
0 2
2 3
= [6+0+0] [4+0+0]
=64
=2
Page 28 of 47
Step: 2 Find the Minor for matrix A
1 4
a11 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (2)(3) (-3)(0) = 6 0 = 6
3
1 4
a12 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (0)(3) (2)(0) = 0 0 = 0
3
1 4
a13 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (0)(-3) (2)(2) = 0 4 = -4
3
Page 29 of 47
1 4
a21 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (4)(3) (-3)(1) = 12 + 3 = 15
3
1 4
a22 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (1)(3) (2)(1) = 3 2 = 1
3
1 4
a23 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (1)(-3) (2)(4) = -3 8 = -11
3
Page 30 of 47
1 4
a31 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (4)(0) (2)(1) = 0 - 2 = -2
3
1 4
a32 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (1)(0) (0)(1) = 0 0 = 0
3
1 4
a33 = 0 2
2 3
1
0 = (1)(2) (0)(4) = 2 0 = 2
3
Matrix Minor A =
Page 31 of 47
6
15
0 4
1 11
0
2
Step: 3 Find the cofactor of A
Matrix cofactor A =
6
15
2
6
= 15
2
0 4 +
1 11
0
2 +
+

+
0 4
1 11
0 2
Page 32 of 47

Adjoint A = [Cofactor A]T
6
15
0 4
1 11
0 2
6
0
15
1
11
2
0
2
Step: 5 Find A-1

A-1 =
6 15 2
1
0
1
0
| A|
4 11 2
6 15 2
= 0 1 0 = 0
2
2
4 11 2
15
2
1
2
11
2
Page 33 of 47
7. Solving Simultaneous Equations

Inverse Matrix Method
Example:18
Find the value of x and y for the following equations:
x+y=2
2x y = 1
Step: 1 Change the equations in the form AX = B

1 1 x 2
x+y=2
2 1 y = 1
2x y = 1

1 1
2 1
Let A =
Hence |A| = (-1) (2) = -3

Page 34 of 47
Step: 3 Find the adjoint matrix A

1
2
1 1
2 1
1
1
Step: 4 Find the inverse matrix of A

1 1
A-1 =
| A | 2
1
1 1
=
1
-3 2
1
3
3
= 2 1
Step: 5 Multiply B with the inverse matrix

1
1
x 3
3 2
y = 2
1 1

3
3
Page 35 of 47
2 + 1 3
x
1

Hence = 3 3 = 3 =
y 4 1 3 1

3 3 3
Thus x =1 and y = 1
Check:
x + y = 2 (a)
2x y = 1 (b)
(a) + (b) =>

Then
3x = 3
x=1
Substitute
Then
and
x = 1 into (a)
1+y=2
y=1
Page 36 of 47
Example: 19
Solve the following equations:
x + 4y + z = 1
2y = 3
2x 3y + 3z = 0
x + 4y + z = 1
2y = 3
2x 3y + 3z = 0
1 4
0 2
2 3
1
0
3
x
y

z
1
3

0

Dari ms 28:
|A| = 2
Page 37 of 47
Step: 3 Find the minor of A

6
From slide 32: Minor A = 15 1 11
Step: 4 Find the cofactor of A

6
From slide 32: Cofactor A = 15

2
0 4
1 11
0 2

6
From slide 33: Adjoint A = 0
4
15
1
11
2
0
2
Page 38 of 47
Step: 6 Find the inverse matrix A-1

15
3 2
1
Inverse A = 0
2
2 11
From slide 33:
Step: 7 Solve the equations
x Inverse 1
y = Matrix 3

z A 0
15
2
x
1
y = 0

2
z
2 11
Page 39 of 47
45
1
1
3 + 2 + 0 19

2
1

1
3
0 3 = 0 + + 0 = 1
2
2
33
1

2 + + 0 14
1
Hence the value of x = 19

y=1
1
2
and z = 14
1
2
1
2
Page 40 of 47
Cramers Rule Method
Example: 20
Solve the equations:
x + 2y = 0
2x y = 5
Step: 1 Change the equation in the form AX = B
1 2 x 0
2 1 y = 5

Step: 2 Find |A|, |A1| dan |A2|
Let A =
1 2
2 1
|A| = (-1) (4) = -5
Let A1 =
0 2
5 1
Let A2 =
1
2
0
5
Page 41 of 47
|A1| = (0) (10) = -10
|A2| = (5) (0) = 5
Step: 3 Find the value of x and y

x=
| A1 |
|A|
y=
| A2 |
5
=
|A|
-5
= - 10 = 2
-5
= -1
Page 42 of 47
Example: 21
Solve the equations:
2 x y + 3z = 3
x + 2y z = 4
2x 2z = 0
2 1
1 2
2 0
3 x 3
1 y = 4
2 z 0
Page 43 of 47
Step: 2 Find |A|, |A1|, |A2| dan |A3|

Let A =
2 1
1 2
2 0
3 2
1 1
2 2
1
2
0
Hence |A| = [-8+2+0] [12+0+2] = -6 14 = -20
Let A1 =
3 1
4 2
0 0
3 3 1
1 4 2
2 0 0
Hence |A1| = [-12+0+0] [0+0+8] = -12 8 = -20
Page 44 of 47
Let A2 =
2 3 3 2
1 4 1 1
2 0 2 2
3
4
0
Hence |A2| = [-16+(-6)+0] [24+0+(-6)] = -22 18 = -40
Let A3 =
2 1
1 2
2 0
3 2 1
4 1 2
0 2 0
Hence |A3| = [0+(-8)+0] [12+0+0] = -8 12 = -20
Page 45 of 47
Step: 3 Find the value of x, y and z
20
= 1
20
x=
| A1 |
|A|
y=
40
| A2 |
=
= 2
|A|
20
z=
| A3 |
20
=
= 1
| A|
20
Page 46 of 47
End of
Chapter
2
Page 47 of 47

BBMP 1103 Matrix Chapter

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BBMP 1103

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Matrix consists of data arranged in the form of rows and

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

a11 is located at row one and column one

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Column Matrix (Column Vector): has only 1 column

Row Matrix (Row Vector): has only 1 row

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Zero Matrix (Null Matrix): all elements are zero

Square Matrix: number rows = number of columns

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Elements located on the main diagonal in a square

In example (i): a11 = 1 and a22 = 4 hence the elements

In example (ii): a11 = 2, a22 = 4 dan a33 = 0 hence

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

An Identity matrix is a square matrix where all the

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Elements in a row elements in a column

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Addition in a matrix involves elements at the same position

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Subtraction in a matrix involves elements at the same

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Scalar multiplication when a matrix is multiplied by a

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Multiplication of Matrices is only possible when the number

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Finding determinant using cross multiplication

Hence the determinant of A = |A| = (2)(3) (4)(1)

Hence |A|= (0)(4) (2)(-1)

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Hence |B|= (1)(1) (0)(2)

e) From (a) dan (b):

Hence |A||B| = (2)(1) = 2

f) From (a) dan (b):

Hence |B||A| = (1)(2) = 2

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Finding determinant using Cofactor Method

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Step: 2 Find the cofactor of P:

4 (1) (1+1) 3 (1) (1+ 2 )

Step: 3 Find the determinant:

Choose first row to find the determinant:

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

a21 = (6)(1) ( 2+1) = (6)(1) = 6

a22 = (12)(1) ( 2+ 2 ) = (12)(1) = 12

Step: 3 Find the determinant:

Determinant = (0)(6) + (3)(-12) + (1)(0)

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Finding the Inverse Matrix of the type 2x2

Step: 1 Find the determinant

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Step: 2 Find the adjoint of A

Elements of Main Diagonal

Step: 3 Find the inverse matrix of A = A-1

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Finding the Inverse Matrix of the type 3x3

Step: 1 Find the determinant of A

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)

Step: 2 Find the Minor for matrix A

BBMP1103 Chapter 2 - Richard Ng (2008)