Economics & Ethics

Responsible
LIABLE TO BE CALLED ON TO ANSWER; LIABLE TO LEGAL REVIEW OR IN CASE OF FAULT TO PENALTIES ABLE TO ANSWER FOR ONES CONDUCT AND OBLIGATIONS; ABLE TO CHOOSE FOR ONESELF BETWEEN RIGHT AND WRONG... (WEBSTERS DICTIONARY)

Legal responsibilities: Not to cause harm To compensate when harm is caused To practice in accord with Engineering Practices Act

Moral responsibilities: To recognize and discharge our duties and obligations Understand and adhere to a Code of Ethics

Responsibilities of engineers

Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse

3rd floor walkway across a hotel atrium collapsed during a party, killing 114 people

the material used was of a lower strength material than specified

Gillum and Duncan were charged with gross negligence by the licensing board and their

licenses were revoked

even though criminal charges had not been filed against them.

Who is responsible for the accident?

WHAT TYPE OF CAUSED HARM CAN BE OBSERVED?

What are the responsibilities of the professional engineer?

SERVE THE PUBLIC INTEREST--MEANS WHAT?

Sustainable Advantage
CAN BE DEFINED AS THE BENEFICIARY FACTOR THAT DETERMINE THE LONG EXPRESSION OBJECTIVES OF AN ORGANIZATION IN WHICH OBJECTIVES WOULD BE THE FINANCIAL IMPROVEMENT THAT GENERATES WEALTH AND MEETS THE NEEDS OF THE EXISTING ERA ALTHOUGH SAVING THE ATMOSPHERE SO LONG TERM ERA CAN MEET THEIR NEEDS AS WELL.

3 Theories of Causes of Harm

Intentional Negligent
Recklessness

Intentionally caused harm is done knowingly and deliberately.

Intentional

Negligently caused harm is not knowingly done without due care.

Agent should have known better.

Negligent

Recklessly caused harm is not done intentionally (harming other is not one of its aims), but done in conscious awareness that harm is likely to result.

Recklessness

Professional Responsibility
THE AREA OF LEGAL PRACTICE THAT ENCOMPASSES THE DUTIES OF ATTORNEYS TO ACT IN A PROFESSIONAL MANNER, OBEY THE LAW, AVOID CONFLICTS OF INTEREST, AND PUT THE INTERESTS OF CLIENTS AHEAD OF THEIR OWN INTERESTS.

Professional Responsibility

Malpractice Model Reasonable Care Model

Good Works Model

Professionals have a duty to conform to the standard operating procedures of their profession They are morally and legally responsible for harms caused by their failure to fulfill this duty. It is not always adequate.

Standard operating procedures are typically minimalist and specifying only minimally acceptable standards.

Malpractice or Minimalist Model

 Engineers only have two duties: to conform to accepted practice, fulfil basic duties prescribed by terms of employment. Those who would follow this model might be most

concerned with not doing anything wrong.

Thats not my responsibility, someone else will take care of that.

The engineer is expected to take reasonable precautions or care in the practice of his profession. The model strives to prevent harm, and it appeals to a "standard of reasonableness as seen by a normal, prudent nonprofessional."

Reasonable Care Model

 Adhere to accepted standards of practice

Take reasonable care to ensure that mistakes are

prevented and the public welfare is protected Exercise and apply skill, ability and judgement reasonably and without neglect

keep abreast of evolving changes in knowledge and practice recognize when minimal standards of practice might not be sufficient to prevent a harm, and take additional actions to prevent such a harm in those cases

Characteristics of the Reasonable Care model

Concern for preventing harm, rather than just trying

not to cause harm Oriented towards the future, toward avoiding problems and protecting the public Attitude of concern or caring

...above and beyond the call of duty.

Example: A local engineer offers to design and assemble a local area network for a school at her cost, with no charge for her own time.

Good Works Model of Responsibility

Where do our responsibilities lie?

The reasonable care model may actually be the

minimal standard for an engineer. Engineering codes of ethics demand it:

accept responsibility in making engineering decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment --IEEE Code of Ethics

Public expects it Principle of Proportional Care: When people have a greater ability to harm, they have a greater obligation to prevent harm.

Impediments of responsibility
Self-interest Fear Self-deception Ignorance Egocentric tendencies Microscopic vision Uncritical acceptance of authority Antagonism toward outside regulation Groupthink Cumbersome business organizations

Technology is never inherently good or bad; it is the intentions of the people who use it.

Business in Medicine
THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IS AN ART, NOT A TRADE; A CALLING, NOT A BUSINESS; A CALLING IN WHICH YOUR HEART WILL BE EXERCISED EQUALLY WITH YOUR HEAD. -WILLIAM OSLER

Advancements:
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

Stem Cell Research Gene Therapy

No Genetic Disorder

Sex
Skin,Hair and Eye Color intelligence

Beauty

Height

DESIGNER BABY

A baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization (union of a sperm and an egg cell outside the body of a woman) to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics

Sperm Cell

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Unfertilized Egg Cell

Zygote (earliest developmental stage of the embryo)

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

Disorders/ Diseases are found

Process must be repeated

Fertilized egg will not be implanted

Designer Baby

Selected Baby

...Preventing the disease by preventing the childs existence.

One Round of IVF= $9, 000 or 385, 000 php PGD= $4000 to 7500 or 170, 000- 320, 000 php

FERTILITY PILLS: $150/CYCLE OR 6,300PHP

If it takes 3 trials for the parents to be satisfied...

$49, 000 or 2,110,000 php for IVF and PGD

Successful pregnancy: 1035%

Repeating the Process= More money will be spent

U.S. has the largest IVF industry in the world

Human IVF is a $3 billion/year industry

126 Billion php

In the Philippines,IVF or PGD are offered in only these hospitals

Asian Hospital and Medical Center

Manila Doctors Hospital

St. Luke's Medical Center

The Medical City

Multiple eggs will be implanted into the mothers womb

4-7 embryos 4-7 fetuses

Crowding in the uterus

Pregnancy Reduction Or Reduction Procedure

Weaker fetuses will be ABORTED

Under scan control, a gauge 20 needle placed on the heart of the fetus

Injects potassium chloride (causing a heart attack)

What happens to the embryos which are not selected?

More than 300, 000 embryos are left over in IVF clinics

Destroyed

Use in Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Stem cells are extracted from human embryo possessing the capacity to be come and develop into various specific types of cells for possible use to repair damaged tissues and organs

Extracting stem cells= embryo is killed

Peel away the trophoblast (the skin of the embryo)

Discharge the contents of the embryo into a petri dish

Trophoblast is required for the implantation of the embryo into the uterus

Why do scientists prefer Embryonic Stem Cells over other stem cell?

Even though it is believe to less likely to initiate rejection after transplantation since stem cells are derived from patients own adult stem cells, adult stem cells have restricted differentiation potential.

Although Embryonic Stem Cell tend to be more versatile than adult stem cells, other sources (such as umbilical cord) have proven to be just as versatile. Embryonic stem cells are also incompatible to some patient since the embryos used are not from someone with the same genetic make-up as the patient.

Whats the real reason why scientist prefer Embryonic Stem Cells Research/Therapy over other stem cell research/therapies?

A lot of excess embryos

Adult stem cells are difficult to obtain

Cost of Stem Cell Therapy

$10,000- $40,000 or 420,000 php- 1.7 M php

Could cost up to $400,000 or 16.8 Million pesos

Organ Transplant: 5.5 Million pesos

In the Philippines,Stem Cell therapy is offered in only 3 hospitals

Asian Hospital and Medical Center

St. Luke's Medical Center

Metropolitan Medical Center

Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research

Embryos are killed for Stem Cell Research

Pro-ESCR says that these embryos are going to get killed anyway. They might as well have their stem cells extracted so that they can be of some used to humanity.

An evil act done for a good motive does not become good. To destroy an innocent life so as to save another life is not morally justified.

Stem Cell Research puts us on the road to growing humans for body parts

Adam was conceived, not just to be a son, but a medical treatment.

What if Molly was healthy? Would Adam exist?

Gene Therapy
A PROCESS WHEREIN THE FAULTY GENES ARE REPLACED BY THE CORRECT SEQUENCE OF GENES

Good gene

Viral Vector

Viruses are efficient in targeting cells and delivering information

Injected into the body

Virus infects the cell and inserts its genetic code directly into the chromosome of the host cell

Change the cells defective genes with the new substituted genes

It is POSSIBLE that the new good genes will take over the chosen cells

Gene therapy is still in its experimental phase

Tested on humans

Jesse Gelsingers Case

Dr. Wilson and Dr. Batshaw

Informed Consent Which should contain all the risks and benefits of the medical procedure

Informed Consent
Dr. Wilson didnt mention that some test animals died due to severe immune response to the virus during the animal testing

Reason why FDA allowed them to perform human trials

Dr. Wilson
Head of the institute for gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania
Owns a private company called GENOVO INC.

Genevo Inc.
Has the rights to any discoveries made by Dr. Wilson at his University of Pennsylvania Laboratory
University of Pennsylvania Laboratory

(because hes the head) let him run clinical trails prior to deciding to invest

BIOGEN
Cambridge- based biotechnology company Paid Genovo Inc. $37 million for the rights to market any liver and lung related therapies developed by Genovo

When the doctors start acting like businessmen, who do the people turn to for doctors?
-And the Band Played On

LOOK AT THESE STUFF

ISNT IT NEAT?

WOULDNT YOU THINK MY COLLECTIONS COMPLETE?

WOULDNT YOU THINK IM THE GIRL

THE GIRL WHO HAS EVERYTHING

LOOK AT THIS TROVE

TREASURES UNTOLD

HOW MANY WONDERS

CAN ONE CAVERN HOLD?

LOOKING AROUND HERE YOU THINK

SURE, SHES GOT EVERYTING

IVE GOT GADGETS

AND GIZMOS A-PLENTY

IVE GOT WHOZITS

AND WHATZITS GALORE

YOU WANT THINGAMABOBS?

I GOT TWENTY!

BUT WHO CARES, NO BIG DEAL

I WANT MORE

I WANNA BE WHERE THE PEOPLE ARE

I GOT MY CIVIC

TO DRIVE WHERE I WANT TO

ROLLING IN THIS DUAL-FUEL CAR

WHAT YOU CALL EM? OH, HYBRID!

CALLING MY FRIENDS

WONT GET ME THAT FAR

iPad HAS FaceTime

FOR TALKING, CHATTING

STROLLING AROUND THE BUSINESS AREA

THAT PLACE AGAIN? SILICON VALLEY

UP TO GOOGLEPLEX

UP TO AMD

UP TO INTEL

FACEBOOK

AND ADOBE

WANDERIN FREE

IM GLAD TO BE PART OF THIS WORLD

WHAT WOULD I GIVE IF I COULD LIVE WITH ALL THEIR PRODUCTS?

WHAT WOULD I PAY TO SPEND ALL DAYS POPULAR IN TOWN?

BETCHA MY DAD, HED UNDERSTAND

BUY ALL THE WISHES AND WANTS OF HIS DAUGHTER

ALL PHONES AND GADGETS

CARS AND THE WIDGETS

READY IN STORE

I WANT ALL OF THE PEOPLE TO KNOW

TELL THEM THAT WE GOT HIGH PURCHASING POWER

WHAT ELSE TO WORRY?

NOTHING, NOTHING BUT ETHICAL MYSTERY

NOW IT IS MY TURN, WOULDNT I LOVE

LOVE TO EXPLORE THE WORLD UP ABOVE

AND NOW YOU SEE

IM GLAD TO BE

PART OF THIS WORLD

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science and Technology as BUSINESS

MARKET / CONSUMERS ASPECT

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ONLINE MARKETPLACE (eCommerce Marketplace)

Primary type of multichannel ecommerce site

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Merchants

Consumers

New channels Increased sales

Variety Convenience

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SELECTION

AVAILABILITY

PRICES

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Southern part of San

Francisco Bay Area

Home to the worlds larget

technology corporations

American High-Tech Sector

The Valley of Hearts

Delight

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

APPLE

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CISCO SYSTEMS

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

eBay

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Hewlett-Packard

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Yahoo!

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

YouTube

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Purchasing Power

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MONETARY INCOME

PRICE LEVEL

PURCHASING POWER

Real income

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCT HOARDIN G

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCT HOARDING

1024 x 768 pixel display

9.5 M iPads

2048 x 1536 pixel display

1.5 M iPad3

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ECONOMIC & ETHICAL IMPACTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Digital Signature

Now it is my turn

Wouldnt I love

Love to explore the world up above

Now you see, Im glad to be part of this world

Products: Agricultural and vegetable seeds Plant biotechnology traits Crop protection chemicals Globally: 21,035 employees 404 facilities in 66 countries

Monsantos Past

PFIZER
2000 Pharmacia Corp. 1997 Monsanto Corp. Pharmacea & Upjohn
1901-1997 Monsanto Corp.

2003 MONSANTO

MEETING THE NEEDS OF TODAY WHILE PRESERVING

THE PLANET
FOR

TOMORROW..
-MONSANTO

 On May 23, 2003, President

Bush proposed an Initiative to End Hunger in Africa

(IEHA)
Monsanto was one of the biotech companies whom supported the program.

 Monsanto re-invests more

than $2.6 million per day in research and development

as of August 2010, we have net

sales revenue of about 11 billion dollars and

about 47% change in the Net

Income Attributable.

Do GM Crops Increase Yield?

GM crops generally

have higher yields due to both breeding and biotechnology.

250 million acres

globally are now planted with transgenic crops.

Do GM Crops Increase Yield?

Analysis by PG Economics also show that

GM crops are credited with:

decreasing pesticide and fuel use with facilitating conservation tillage practices improve carbon retention lower greenhouse gas emissions.

 Mexico - yield increases with herbicide tolerant soybean of

9 percent.

Romania yield increases with herbicide tolerant

soybeans have averaged 31 percent. herbicide tolerant corn.

Philippines average yield increase of 15 percent with

Philippines average yield increase of 24 percent with

insect resistant corn.

Hawaii virus resistant papaya has increased yields by an

average of 40 percent.

India insect resistant cotton has led to yield increases on

average more than 50 percent.

Source: PG Economics

Agent Orange
U.S. military used Agent Orange from 1961 to 1971 to save the

lives of U.S. and allied soldiers by defoliating dense vegetation in the Vietnamese jungles.
Manufacturing companies included:

Diamond Shamrock Corporation Dow Chemical Company, Hercules, Inc. T-H Agricultural & Nutrition Company Thompson Chemicals Corporation Uniroyal Inc. Monsanto Company

Toxic Agent Orange!

Agent Orange is an approximately 1:1 mixture of two

phenoxyl herbicides:

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)

But was contaminated with a dioxin, 2,3,7,8-

tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), causing adverse health effects.

Toxic Agent Orange!

The Vietnam Red Cross reported as many as:

3 -4.8 million Vietnamese people have been affected, including at least 150,000 children born with birth defects and at least 400,000 people being killed or maimed.

About 17.8% (3,100,000 ha) of the total forested area of Vietnam was

sprayed during the war, which dramatically disrupted ecological equilibrium.

resulted in bioconcentration and biomagnification within the areas affected

Terminator Technology
In June 2007, Monsanto acquired Delta & Pine Land

Company, a company that had patented a seed technology nicknamed Terminators.

produces plants that have sterile seeds so they do not flower

or grow fruit after the initial planting.

Terminator Technology
By using this technology it could

increase farmers' dependency on seed suppliers.

However, Monsanto made a commitment

not to commercialize sterile seed technology in food crops.