Electrical Power Quality of Iron and Steel Industry in Turkey

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO.
1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010
Electrical Power Quality of Iron and Steel Industry in Turkey

zgl Salor, Member, IEEE, Burhan Gltekin, Student Member, IEEE, Serkan Buhan, Burak Boyrazo lu, g Tolga Inan, Tevhid Atalk, Adnan Ak, Alper Terciyanl, Student Member, IEEE, zgr nsar, Student Member, IEEE, Erin Altnta, Yener Akkaya, Ercment zdemirci, s Ik adrc, Member, IEEE, and Muammer Ermi, Member, IEEE s s
AbstractThe iron and steel industry has been growing increasingly in Turkey in the last decade. Today, its electricity demand is nearly one tenth of the installed generation capability of 40 GW in the country. In this paper, power quality (PQ) investigations based on the arc furnace installations of the iron and steel plants using eld measurements according to the international standard IEC 61000-4-30 are documented. Interharmonics and voltage icker problems occurring both at the common-coupling points of those plants and at the arc furnace and static var compensator (SVC) systems of the plants themselves are determined with the use of GPS receiver synchronization modules attached to the mobile PQ measurement systems. It has been observed that icker and interharmonic problems are dominant at the points of common
Paper PID-2009-04, presented at the 2007 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, September 2327, and approved for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Metals Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript submitted for review November 30, 2007 and released for publication June 22, 2009. This work was supported by the Public Research Grant Committee (KAMAG) of The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK). . Salor and A. Ak are with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: ozgul. salor@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr; adnan.acik@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). B. Gltekin, T. Inan, and A. Terciyanl are with the Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey, and also with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: burhan.gultekin@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr; tolga.inan@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr; alper.terciyanli@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). S. Buhan and I. adrc are with Hacettepe University, 06532 Ankara, Turkey, and also with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: serkan.buhan@uzay.tubitak.gov. tr; isik.cadirci@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). B. Boyrazo lu is with Renaissance Constructions, Moscow, Russia (e-mail: g burak.boyrazoglu@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). T. Atalk is with Bakent University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey, and also with s the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: tevhid.atalik@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). . nsar is with Hacettepe University, 06532 Ankara, Turkey, and also with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), 06100 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: ozgur.unsar@yahoo.com.tr). E. Altnta is with the Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, s Turkey, and also with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), 06100 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: erincaltintas@gmail.com). Y. Akkaya and E. zdemirci are with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), 06100 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: yener.akkaya@teias. gov.tr; ercument.ozdemici@teias.gov.tr). M. Ermi is with the Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, s Turkey (e-mail: ermis@metu.edu.tr). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIA.2009.2036547
couplings where arc furnace installations are supplied. Based on the eld measurements obtained with collaborative work of ve arc furnace plants, it is possible to say that contemporary SVC systems cause interharmonic amplication problems around the second harmonic, and novel methods are required to solve this problem. Index TermsArc furnace, icker, group harmonic, interharmonicicker relation, interharmonics, iron and steel industry, ladle furnace, power quality (PQ), single-line harmonic, subgroup harmonic.
I. I NTRODUCTION HE iron and steel industry has been growing increasingly in Turkey in the last decade. Today, its electricity demand is nearly one-tenth of the installed generation capability of 40 GW in the country. Steel production in Turkey is based on extensive use of arc and ladle furnaces in most of the plants, which is the cause of power quality (PQ) problems at those locations of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System. PQ of electric arc furnaces (EAF) has been investigated previously by some other researchers [1][5]. Arc furnace characterization of one plant has been achieved in [1] in terms of PQ parameters given in the IEC standard 61000-4-30 [6]. In [2], different phases of EAF operation connected to the 13.5-kV voltage level have been considered for obtaining a single-phase equivalent circuit of the EAF. In [3], the compatibility between the PQ disturbance levels and the Argentinean regulations for EAF operation has been considered. Measuring system accuracy for PQ of EAF installations has been investigated in [4]. In [5], icker propagation in the network based on interharmonic analysis on arc furnaces is introduced. In this paper, we present very detailed and extensive investigations and results obtained from the PQ of arc furnace installations in Turkey. The main focus is the investigation of the PQ problems caused by the iron and steel industry plants connected directly to the Turkish Electricity Transmission System. The critical points of the transmission system are being monitored by the mobile PQ monitoring systems developed through the National Power Quality Monitoring Project [7]. By taking oneweek snapshots of all PQ parameters specied in IEC 610004-30 [6], PQ of the iron and steel plants has been assessed. Based on this assessment, detailed investigation on the selected ve plants supplied from the same busbar has been carried out. Raw data of voltage and current waveforms have been
0093-9994/$26.00 2010 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010
Fig. 1. Location of iron and steel plants on the Turkish Electricity Transmission System.
collected for approximately 2 h at each plant based on a measurement schedule. This schedule requires collaborative work of all plants, since the arc furnace operation at the plants other than the measured one was stopped for 15 min. Contribution of the icker and harmonics of each plant could be observed using these measurements, while it is also possible to evaluate the effectiveness or inefciencies of the static-var-compensator (SVC)-type icker compensation systems. It has been shown that, with the common practices of compensation systems, it is not possible to solve the icker problem at the point of common coupling (PCC) from where arc furnaces are supplied. Section II presents the general overview of the PQ of the iron and steel plants in Turkey. In Section III, description of the selected plants is given for detailed investigation. Measurement scenarios at those plants are presented in Section IV. In Section V, observations on the harmonic content of the EAFs on the electric network are given. Sections VI and VII summarize the harmonic computation methods used based on IEC 610004-30, and ickerinterharmonic relationship observations are presented, respectively, from theoretical and experimental perspectives. Assessment of the performance of SVC-type icker compensation systems installed at EAF plants in terms of reactive power compensation, harmonic ltering performance, and icker compensation performance is explained in detail in Section VIII. Section IX presents the PQ interaction of EAFs in multifurnace operations. II. C OUNTRYWIDE PQ S NAPSHOT OF I RON AND S TEEL P LANTS Major iron and steel plants are marked on the map of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System in Fig. 1. Steel production in only four of these plants is based on blast furnaces. At three points or regions of the Turkish Electricity System, multifurnace operation takes place. PQ of all of those plants has been investigated based on the eld measurements carried out according to IEC 61000-4-30 for Class B performance by using the mobile monitoring systems [7]. By the end of year 2008, the National Power Quality Monitoring Center started to operate for remote monitoring of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System and its customers by permanent monitors designed through the National Power Quality Project [8]. This system will monitor the feeders of heavy industry, including iron and steel plants, continuously. The PQ measurements have been carried out at 400 kV, and 154-kV PCCs for iron and steel plants. From the results of
Fig. 2. Long- and short-term icker cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 400 kV.
the continuous PQ measurements lasting seven days at major transformer substations supplying power to arc furnace plants, the following problems have been identied. 1) Although almost all of the plants are equipped with modern SVC systems, measured icker and current total demand distortion (current TDD) values exceed the limits specied in the Turkish Electricity Transmission System Supply Reliability and Quality Regulation [9], which complies with the IEEE Std. 519-1992 [10]. The problem is more serious at transformer substations or busbars supplying multiple arc furnaces as shown in Figs. 214. Cumulative probability function CPF(x) in the gures indicates the percentage of the total measurement time for which the measured parameter is below a value x, given in the horizontal axis. All harmonic analyses have been carried out using the single-line harmonic components directly in this part of the work. Single-line harmonic frequency concept is presented in IEC 61000-4-7 [11]. Different harmonic analysis techniques given in [11] are summarized in Section VI. Since the power system frequency in Turkey is 50 Hz, ten-cycle Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) computation is used as suggested in IEC 61000-4-30 [6]. 2) In all arc furnace installations, the second harmonic current component at the PCC exceeds the limit values even after ltration. Current waveforms of arc furnaces are rich in interharmonics at low frequencies, particularly in melting state. For instance, the dominant icker modulation frequency of 8.8 Hz causes interharmonics in line current
SALOR et al.: ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY OF IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN TURKEY
Fig. 6. Fourth harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
Fig. 3. Long- and short-term icker cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV. Fig. 7. Fifth harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
Fig. 4. Second harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV. Fig. 8. Primary current TDD cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
Fig. 5. Third harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
waveforms at frequencies of f = 50k 8.8 Hz, where k = 1, 2, 3, . . .. This fact has also been pointed out by some other researchers [14], [15]. Some of these lowfrequency interharmonic components in the line currents are obviously amplied when attempted to be ltered out by C-type second harmonic and second-order third harmonic lters. On this occasion, the causes of undesirably high values of voltage icker, and current harmonics and interharmonics at PCC have been investigated not only for multi-furnace installations but also for single EAF operation. The ndings and the related discussion will be reported in the following sections. Mitigation methods will be discussed within the scope of another paper.
Fig. 9. Primary current TDD cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 154-kV PCC.
Fig. 12. Fourth cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
Fig. 10. Second harmonic cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
Fig. 13. Fifth harmonic cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
Fig. 11. Third harmonic cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
III. D ESCRIPTION OF S ELECTED P LANTS FOR D ETAILED I NVESTIGATION As a result of these observations, ve plants with arc furnace installations which are supplied from the same busbar of the transmission system are selected for further investigations on the PQ parameters. These ve plants are those on the western side of Turkey ( Izmir/Alia a region), as shown on the map in g Fig. 1. Single-line diagram of the ve plants is shown in Fig. 15. IV. M EASUREMENT S CENARIOS AT THE S ELECTED P LANTS The measurements at the ve selected plants were organized with a collaborative effort of all plants. At each plant, raw
data of currents and voltages are recorded for approximately 2 h. During this 2-h period, other four plants were organized such that they stop furnace operation and their SVC systems for 15 min at the same time. Three-phase current and voltage measurements are collected at both the supply side and the plant side. Arc furnaces, ladle furnaces, where applicable, and SVC unit currents and voltages are recorded separately. All measurements are synchronized by a GPS receiver module. This measurement process is repeated at each one of the ve selected plants. Measurement points are as shown in Fig. 16. The 15-min off period of the other plants connected to the same bus guarantees that, during this period, if any current harmonics or interharmonics are observed at the SVC unit
Fig. 15. Single-line diagram of the selected ve plants.
Power (UHP) EAF, together with its icker compensation system, are shown in Fig. 17 over one tap-to-tap period. Furnace charging, boring, melting, and rening periods are apparent from these records. Seven-day icker and current TDD variations of the same EAF + SVC installation (36 kV) are shown in Fig. 18. IEC 61000-4-30 gives the ten-cycle (for 50-Hz systems) gapless harmonic and interharmonic subgroup measurement, denoted in IEC 61000-4-7 as the basic measurements for classA performance. In IEC-61000-4-7, however, three different methods of harmonic and interharmonic computation practices are given. In the case of uctuating harmonics and interharmonics, these three methods give close but different results, which may affect the performance of spectrum estimations signicantly for different cases of harmonic and interharmonic contents of the signal. These three computation methods are summarized briey in the following. 1) Harmonic and interharmonic groups: Harmonic group denoted by Gg,n is the square root of the sum of the squares of a harmonic and the spectral components adjacent to it within the time window, such that G2 = g,n
4 2 C2 Ck5 2 + Ck+i + k+5 2 2 i=4
Fig. 16. Synchronous measurement points at a typical EAF plant.
(Measurement Point 3) or the supply side of the plant (Measurement Point 1), those harmonics and interharmonics are mainly the result of the EAF operation only at the measured plant. This type of measurement can be used to understand whether the plant is a harmonic source or a harmonic sink on the electricity transmission network, when the frequency spectra of the currents recorded with all plants in operation and with four of them out of operation are compared. It is also possible to detect any ineffectiveness of the SVCs at the measured plant using the same comparison. In order to observe the effectiveness of the SVC system, SVC of the current plants is turned off and on during the 15-min idle period of other plants and also when other plants are in operation. This brings out four cases of measurements at every plant: other plants on, SVC on; other plants on, SVC off; other plants off, SVC on; and other plants off, SVC off. The measurement periods are summarized in Table I. When there are more than one arc furnace and ladle furnace at a plant, arc furnaces and their SVCs other than the measured arc furnace were turned off during the periods when other plants were off. This measurement scenario has been a very costly practice, since the plants had to be turned off four times for a 15-min period, 1 h in total, while data were collected at every one of the other four plants. Moreover, turning off the SVC of the measured plant was required twice: rst while the other plants are operative and second while they are inoperative. Moreover, turning off the SVCs causes inefciencies of the EAF operation, which brings additional expenses. V. ARC F URNACES AS H ARMONIC S OURCES ON THE N ETWORK EAF is the most problematic load on the electric network. Active and reactive power consumptions of an Ultra High
(1)
for 50-Hz power systems, where Ck is the rms of amplitude of the (k)th spectral component obtained from the DFT for the (n = k/10)th harmonic component. (Since the resolution is 5 Hz and the system frequency is 50 Hz, every 10th DFT sample corresponds to a harmonic, i.e., 10th is the fundamental, 20th is the second harmonic, and so on.) Similarly, interharmonic group is dened as
9 2 Cig,n = i=1 2 Ck+i
(2)
for 50-Hz power systems, where Ck+i is the (k + i)th DFT sample, and they are the DFT samples between the (n)th and the (n + 1)th harmonics (for example, nine adjacent DFT samples between 55 and 95 Hz for the interharmonics between second and third harmonics). 2) Harmonic and interharmonic subgroups: The harmonic grouping considers only the previous and the next DFT components around the harmonic component itself
1
G2 = sg,n
i=1
2 Ck+i .
(3)
In the interharmonic subgroup case, the effects of uctuations of harmonic amplitudes and phases are partially reduced by excluding the components immediately adjacent to the harmonic frequencies
8 2 Cisg,n = i=2 2 Ck+i .
(4)
TABLE I M EASUREMENT S CHEDULE (P HASES OF THE EAF: CC HARGING , BB ORING , MM ELTING , AND RR EFINING )
Fig. 17. Active and reactive power consumptions of a UHP EAF together with its icker compensation system in one tap-to-tap period (1-s averages).
3) Single-line harmonic frequency: This is the single-line measurement of the current or voltage frequency amplitude component obtained directly from the 5-Hz-resolution DFT samples according to IEC 61000-4-7. The spectra in Figs. 1921 are calculated from the current data measured in boring, melting, and rening periods, respectively. Fig. 22 shows a pictorial explanation of the harmonic and interharmonic group and subgroup concepts. The spectrum in the gure is taken from the current spectrum of the boring phase shown in Fig. 19. The harmonic and interharmonic group and subgroup values obtained from the current waveform in Fig. 19 are given in Table II. As observed from Table II, there is a drastic difference between single line and subgroup, as well as single line and group harmonic current components particularly for the second harmonic. However, IEEE Std 519-1992 and Turkish Std 2004 [9] are not dened in the given current harmonic penalty limits whether these are calculated as subgroup, group, or singleline components. This is the case for most of the research papers given in the literature, as well. Therefore, the standards mentioned earlier need to be revised so as to dene the limit
Fig. 18. Seven-day (a) current TDD, (b) short-term icker (Pst ), and (c) longterm icker (Plt ) variations of UHP EAF.
values according to IEC 61000-4-7 as harmonic subgroups. On the other hand, in the design and performance assessment of SVC-type icker compensation systems applied to the EAFs, it
Fig. 19. Ten-cycle waveform of the line current of the EAF during boring phase and its DFT with 5-Hz resolution.
Fig. 22. Illustration of the harmonic and interharmonic group and subgroup computations. TABLE II H ARMONIC AND I NTERHARMONIC C OMPUTATIONS FOR L INE C URRENT OF EAF IN B ORING P HASE S HOWN IN F IG . 21
Fig. 20. Ten-cycle waveform of the line current of the EAF during melting phase and its DFT with 5-Hz resolution.
in the denition of harmonic limits brings together serious difculties in the design and performance evaluation of passive shunt second and third harmonic lters of SVC-type icker compensation systems as will be discussed in Section VIII. Measurements obtained at MP2 in Fig. 16 show that harmonic contents of EAFs are very rich. Particularly low order current harmonics such as second and third are observed to be signicant. Sample results for boring, melting, and rening periods of a High Power (HP) EAF are shown in Fig. 23. The richest harmonic content and TDD have been obtained for boring period. Since electric arc is highly stable during rening, the best harmonic content and TDD values have been obtained for the rening period.
Fig. 21. Ten-cycle waveform of the line current of the EAF during rening phase and its DFT with 5-Hz resolution.
is important to consider whether interharmonics and associated harmonic components injected to the supply side are calculated as single line or subgroup. The rich interharmonic content between fundamental and second single-line harmonic frequency, and the lack of clarity
VI. H ARMONIC C ONTENT C OMPUTATION BASED ON IEC 61000-4-7 The mobile systems collecting the voltage and current waveform data are sampling the data at a frequency of 3200 Hz. This sampling rate corresponds to 64 samples per cycle; however,
Fig. 23. Sample results for boring, melting, and rening periods of an HP EAF (harmonic subgroups, ten-cycle averages with ve-cycle overlapping windows).
when the supply frequency deviates from 50 Hz, a single cycle of the waveform is covered by more or less than 64 samples. This loss of synchronization causes leakage on the DFT samples due to the picket fence effect [17]. According to IEC 61000-4-30, harmonics and interharmonics should be analyzed in ten-cycle windows which correspond to a frequency resolu-
tion of 5 Hz. With a constant sampling rate of 3200 Hz, the tenth DFT sample represents the 50-Hz component. When the system frequency is 49.5 Hz, for example, a leakage occurs from the tenth DFT sample toward the ninth DFT sample. This causes an interharmonic to appear, although it does not exist in the supply frequency. In this paper, a resampling process through
Fig. 24. Block diagram of the resampling process to sample ten cycles at 640 equally spaced points.
interpolation is therefore achieved at every ten-cycle to prevent the leakage. The algorithm is summarized in Fig. 24. Power cycles are detected using a low-pass lter with a cutoff frequency at 75 Hz followed by a zero-crossing detection block. By using the zero-crossing points, data are split into ten-cycle blocks with rectangular windows. The ten-cycle blocks are resampled through cubic-spline interpolation such that each ten-cycle data blocks are sampled with a frequency of 64 samples/cycle. Each 640-sample block is the input to the DFT block, which outputs a 640-sample DFT output. In this case, the frequency resolution of the DFT samples changes from the rate of 5 Hz to 64 fs /640 = fs /10, where fs is the supply frequency. The 10th DFT sample again corresponds to the rst harmonic frequency, which is fs , and 20th DFT sample corresponds to the second harmonic. No leakage occurs from the harmonic frequencies to the neighborhood interharmonic frequencies in this case. This approach is used to obtain the harmonic and interharmonic analyses of the voltage and current waveforms presented in Section VIII. VII. F LICKER I NTERHARMONIC R ELATIONSHIP The relationship between icker and interharmonics has been investigated previously, and it has been shown that icker and interharmonics are the causes of each other [14][16]. Light icker occurs when the voltage amplitude uctuates in time. Therefore, icker can be modeled as an amplitude-modulated (AM) signal whose carrier frequency is the 50-Hz supply frequency as given in IEC 61000-4-15 [18] y(t) = (A + m(t)) c(t) = (A + M cos(wm t + )) sin(wc t) (5)
Fig. 25. Time waveform of (9) with A = 1, M = 0.1, and the same 50-Hz signal with 45- and 55-Hz interharmonics.
appear in the frequency spectrum of v(t) as shown in (6). In the case of any harmonics existing in the power system, interharmonics also appear around the harmonics as shown in the example for a second harmonic in (7) and (8). For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the fundamental and the second harmonic are in phase in (7) and (8). y(t) = (A+M cos(wm t+)) [sin(wc t)+M2 sin(2wc t)] (7)
where AM2 product is the amplitude of the second harmonic component. y(t) can also be expressed as y(t) = A sin(wc t) + M [sin ((wc +wm )t+)+sin ((wc wm )t+)] 2 M M2 +AM2 sin(2wc t) 2 [sin ((2wc +wm )t+)+sin ((2wc wm )t+)] . . . . (8) This shows that any voltage uctuation, which can be approximated as an AM, creates interharmonics around the fundamental and around the harmonics, if they exist. The reverse is also true, i.e., if there are interharmonics close to the fundamental or the harmonics, they result in uctuations in the signal amplitude. In the case of any interharmonics occurring on only one side of the fundamental or the harmonics, signal amplitude uctuation also occurs. A single interharmonic at 55 Hz given can be represented as an AM signal plus a low-amplitude additive signal at 45 Hz, as explained in the following equation: y(t) = A sin(250t) + M sin(255t) = (A + M cos(25t)) sin(250t) M sin(255t). (9) Time waveforms of the 50-Hz signal with amplitude 1 with additive 10% 55-Hz interharmonic and with additive 45-Hz
where m(t) is the message signal, M is the amplitude of icker, wm is the icker frequency, wc is the power system frequency, and A is its amplitude. y(t) can also be expressed as y(t) = A sin(wc t) + M [sin ((wc + wm )t + ) 2 + sin ((wc wm )t + )] . (6)
The uctuation of the voltage amplitude shown in (5) causes the interharmonic frequencies (wc + wm ) and (wc wm ) to
10
Fig. 26. Sensitivity curve of the eyebrain set as a function of the frequency of icker.
interharmonic are shown in Fig. 25 up and down, respectively. Both interharmonics create similar voltage amplitude uctuations. According to IEC 61000-4-15, human eye is the most sensitive to the voltage uctuations around 8.8 Hz. The sensitivity is reduced as the icker frequency deviates up and down from 8.8 Hz, as shown in Fig. 26 [19]. Hence, interharmonics approximately 10 Hz apart from the fundamental and also from the harmonics give the highest contribution to the light icker problem. Since experimentation on systems consisting of multi-EAFs is very expensive and icker calculations need long-term measurements (one point for Pst needs 10 min and one point for Plt needs 2 h), a close correlation between current and voltage interharmonics in the range of 6090 Hz (subgroup interharmonic1), which is the main cause of icker, will be very useful. This correlation permits indirect estimation of voltage icker from the current interharmonic data collected for a short time period. From the short-term current interharmonic data, one can comment on the existence of icker and also on the variation of it. As it can be observed from Figs. 19 and 20, interharmonics around the fundamental are the most dominant ones. Interharmonics around the second and third harmonics are also signicant. Therefore, the variations in voltage interharmonics between the rst and second components (6090 Hz) against current interharmonics can give us an idea about the mentioned correlation and, hence, the status of the icker. For various EAFs, voltage and current data are simultaneously collected on the Medium Voltage (MV) side of the furnace transformer (at MP1 in Fig. 16), and a sample interharmonic scattered diagram for Plant-5 is shown in Fig. 27. The bar charts of current interharmonic, voltage interharmonic, and short-term icker as a function of time at Plant-5 are shown in Fig. 28. These plots show that there is a good correlation between voltage and current interharmonics, and therefore, the variations in current interharmonic content can be used as a good indicator in estimating the state of the icker. For proper design of SVC-type icker compensation systems, the presence of these interharmonics should be taken into consideration, particularly in the performance evaluation of existing passive shunt second- and third-order harmonic lters, as to be discussed in Section VIII. In the evaluation of icker contribution of each plant in multiarc furnace operation, the harmonic and interharmonic
Fig. 27. Voltage interharmonic subgroup-1 versus current interharmonic subgroup-1 (same data as in Fig. 28).
Fig. 28. (a) Current interharmonic subgroup-1 (10-min averages), (b) voltage interharmonic subgroup-1 (10-min averages), and (c) short-term icker (10-min averages) for Plant-5 during the whole measurement period.
spectra will be obtained for each plant separately for a time duration of 10 min (for short-term icker computation Pst ) when all other plants are off.
11
Fig. 29. Common harmonic lter topologies for SVC-type icker compensation systems. (a) SVC Type-1. (b) SVC Type-2. (c) SVC Type-3.
VIII. A SSESSMENT OF THE P ERFORMANCE OF SVC-T YPE F LICKER C OMPENSATION S YSTEMS Practices of multinational SVC manufacturers can be summarized in three basic topologies shown in Fig. 29(a)(c). The basic difference between SVCs in Fig. 29(a) and (b) is in the type of second harmonic lter. However, the SVC in Fig. 29(c) does not include any second harmonic lter. These three common practices of SVC-type icker compensation systems will be investigated in this section in terms of reactive power performance, harmonic ltering performance, and icker compensation performance by using synchronous data collected in Plants 2, 3, and 5 according to the scenarios described in Section IV. A. Reactive Power Compensation Performance It has been observed that SVC-type icker compensation systems perfectly compensate rapidly changing reactive power demand of EAFs. The mean power factor (PF) of an EAF can be kept at nearly unity by a well-designed SVC. B. Harmonic Filtering Performance First, frequency characteristics of passive shunt harmonic lters in Fig. 29 are obtained by using parameters given in design documents of SVC manufacturers for Plants 2, 3, and 5. For this purpose, 1-A harmonic frequency is injected from the
Fig. 30. (a) Common-practice Type-1 model. (b) Frequency response of the SVC. (c) Field data frequency spectra of the EAF and supply currents of ten cycles from boring phase of EAF.
EAF side, and the corresponding harmonic current component reected to the supply side is computed [see Figs. 30(a), 36(a), and 43(a)]. The current harmonic injected by EAF varies from 50 to 400 Hz in 63 104 steps. The resulting frequency characteristics, as an example, the one in Fig. 30(b), should be interpreted in the following manner. 1) For harmonic frequencies fn , the magnitude greater than 1 A in the supply side means an amplication, and less than 1 A means attenuation. These lter characteristics may be subjected to minor changes in time because of drift in capacitance values owing to aging. 2) For each SVC type, sample harmonic contents of line currents on both EAF side (MP2) and supply side (MP1) are calculated for ten-cycle window from synchronously collected data. The black-colored harmonic and interharmonic bars (5-Hz resolution) show the EAF side, and the gray (or red) colored bars show the supply side. Therefore, for any harmonic frequency, if the gray-colored bar is greater than the black-colored bar, the associated harmonic is said to be amplied by SVC.
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Fig. 31. Second harmonic single-line component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on.
3) The raw data are calculated for a short period as dened in Section IV when the other EAFs are off. Since the most problematic harmonic is the second harmonic component for all SVC types, single-line harmonic, harmonic subgroup, and harmonic group computations for the second harmonic component are given in three different forms. In the rst group of plots, their variations are given against time in the form of 1-s average data. Here, again, the black-colored curves correspond to the EAF-side current (MP2), and the gray-colored curves correspond to the supply-side current (MP1). In the second group of characteristics, scattered diagrams for single line, harmonic subgroup, and harmonic group for the second harmonic component are given. Each point in a scattered diagram corresponds to a ten-cycle window. For the harmonic component higher than second (i.e., third, fourth, and fth), the ltering performances of SVCs are illustrated by the curves in which the variations in each harmonic subgroup are given against time. Here, again, the blackcolored curves stand for EAF side, and the gray (or red) colored curves for supply side. Below are the detailed analyses on the different SVC types given in Fig. 29. 1) SVC Type-1: As it can be observed from Fig. 30(b), SVC Type-1 amplies all harmonics and interharmonics in the range from 50 to 120 Hz. These expectations are conrmed from the experimental data in Fig. 30(c) and Figs. 3135. In scattered diagrams, the diagonal of the graph, marked by a dashed line, shows the case in which EAF harmonic is neither amplied nor attenuated. Scattered points appearing densely above the
Fig. 32. Second harmonic subgroup component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on.
Fig. 33. Second harmonic group component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on.
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Fig. 34. Third harmonic subgroup component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on.
Fig. 35. Fourth harmonic subgroup component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on.
diagonal mean that ltering performance of the harmonic under investigation is ineffective; that is, it amplies EAF harmonics to an extent observed from the associated scattered diagram. As it can be seen from Figs. 34 and 35, SVC Type-1 lters out the third and fourth harmonics, particularly the third one. 2) SVC Type-2: As it can be observed from Fig. 36(b), the ranges of 5095 Hz, 105125 Hz, and 160175 Hz, all interharmonics are amplied by the SVC. This is veried by the eld data shown in Fig. 36(c) and Figs. 3739. It is observed that the single-line harmonic points at 100 Hz are scattered equally around the diagonal, which shows that this component is usually not amplied. On the other hand, the subgroup and group harmonic computations show that a 100-Hz component is amplied. This is due to the fact that, in subgroup and group computations, interharmonics around 100 Hz are also considered. As it can be seen from Figs. 4042, SVC Type-2 lters out the third, fourth, and fth harmonic components, successfully. 3) SVC Type-3: As it can be observed from Fig. 43(b), SVC Type-3 amplies all harmonics and interharmonics in the range of 50130 Hz. A drastic amplication of second harmonic occurs. This is the undesirable effect of the secondorder undamped third harmonic lter. This fact is veried by
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Fig. 42. Fifth harmonic subgroup component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on.
the experimental data shown in Figs. 4446 for all harmonic computation types (single line, harmonic subgroup, and harmonic group). Third, fourth, and fth harmonic components are ltered out as it can be seen in Figs. 4749, respectively. Table III summarizes the harmonic ltering performance of SVC-type icker compensation systems according to the data collected in the eld. The existing common practice for SVCs cannot lter out the second harmonic subgroup, but amplies it. However, harmonic subgroup higher than second can be ltered out successfully by a properly designed SVC. One should never forget the effects of Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) on the aforementioned harmonic curves. An SVC operating in the steady state (at constant ring angle ) creates only odd harmonics, excluding third and its powers, and the magnitudes of these harmonics are normally very low. However, in the transient states, i.e., in boring and melting periods, signicant low harmonic components will also arise because of asymmetrical consecutive half current cycles and also unbalanced third harmonic components. In summary, TCR harmonics are not necessarily in phase with EAF harmonics. When they are superimposed, a higher or a lower harmonic content than those of EAF may be obtained at all harmonic and interharmonic frequencies. In the previous harmonic characteristics and waveforms, TCR harmonics were not taken into account. Experimental points scattered more than the expected one may be attributed to the TCR harmonics. During the eld tests, it was not possible to disconnect only the TCR part of SVC from the network.
C. Flicker Compensation Performance In Section VII, it has been shown that current and voltage interharmonics are correlated, i.e., if there are current interharmonics, then there are voltage interharmonics, and this leads to light icker. Since all three common practices of SVC-type icker compensation systems amplify the frequencies around second harmonics as shown in Figs. 30(b), 36(b), and 43(b), a icker problem exists in all busbars supplying arc furnaces. The amplication of interharmonics by the SVC system is shown in Figs. 50 and 51. In this particular experiment, the SVC system of Plant-2 is turned off, while the other plants are off. Ten-cycle rst interharmonics of both voltage and current (at MP1) are computed for this interval to observe the effect of the SVC on the interharmonics and, hence, the light icker. Although the SVC-type icker compensation system is originally designed to reduce the icker level, due to the improper design of the harmonic lters, (particularly the second harmonic lter), the SVC systems amplify the interharmonics around the second harmonic, which causes the light icker effect. This phenomenon has been observed for all three common practices. It is obvious that a novel design approach is required for ltering the second harmonic components. IX. PQ I NTERACTION B ETWEEN EAFs IN M ULTIFURNACE O PERATIONS In order not to face a signicant PQ problem, during the operation of EAF and multi-EAFs, among the site selection
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criteria in the planning and design phase of EAF installation(s), one of the most important criteria is the suitability and adequacy of the grid to which the EAF(s) is going to be connected. The well-known criteria in the selection of connection point to the grid are as follows.
A. SCVD Method Short-circuit voltage depression (SCVD) is usually expressed as the percentage voltage drop at PCC when EAF goes from open circuit to short circuit on all three phases. In order not to present a icker problem, SCVD should be 2% at voltages 132 kV and 1.6% at higher voltages (> 132 kV) [20]. SVCD value is directly proportional to the sum of source impedance, impedances of power transformer and EAF transformer, feeder impedance, reactance of series reactor if present, and EAF secondary circuit impedance. In the planning phase, the most important contribution to the reduction of SCVD value is to connect EAF to one of the strongest points of utility grid at the highest possible voltage level.
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B. SCM V Amin /M V AEAF Ratio In the literature, it is recommended by some researchers that the ratio of SCM V Amin (minimum value of Short Circuit Mega Volt-Ampere) to the total arc furnace Mega Volt-Ampere (MVA) rating should not be lower than 80, while some others suggest that it should not be lower than 50, in order not to cause icker, or to make the icker problem solvable economically [12], [13]. For the multifurnace system shown in Fig. 15, these calculations have been made, and SCVD values are roughly estimated to be as follows: 1) 1.74% SCVD if only the largest EAF is short circuited; 2) 3.4% SCVD if two EAFs are simultaneously short circuited; 3) 6.6% SCVD if three EAFs are simultaneously short circuited; 4) 8.4% SCVD if all EAFs are simultaneously short circuited. It is shown that the recommended SCVD values will be exceeded in the case when more than one EAF are supplied from the same point. SCM V Amin /M V AEAF ratio is found to be 70 even for the smallest EAF. When all EAFs are considered, this ratio drops to a dramatic value of 8. It is seen that a wrong planning has obviously been made for iron and steel plants site containing multifurnaces. On this occasion, it is not possible to solve the icker problem at PCC even to reduce it by the use of SVCtype icker compensation systems because of the interactions
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Fig. 50. Interharmonic subgroup-1 of the voltage waveform from melting phase of Plant-2 (ten-cycle averages with ve-cycle overlaps).
Fig. 51. Interharmonic subgroup-1 of the current waveform from melting phase of Plant-2 (ten-cycle averages with ve-cycle overlaps).
Fig. 49. Fifth harmonic subgroup component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on. TABLE III H ARMONIC F ILTERING P ERFORMANCES OF T HREE C OMMON P RACTICES (F: F ILTERED , A: A MPLIFIED )
between EAFs and amplications of interharmonics by existing second harmonic or third lter as discussed in Section VIII. The experimental results obtained from these plants prove these propositions indeed. Sample short-term (Pst ) and longterm (Plt ) icker values collected for seven-day time periods for multifurnace operation are shown in Fig. 52. Obviously, Pst and Plt values are much higher than the limit values given in the associated standards [9]. It is worth noting that the SVC-type icker compensation systems designed by multinational companies have been in operation during the measurement period. Despite these facts, these EAFs are operating and producing millions of tones of steel every year. This problem cannot be solved with current technology, but it can be made less serious by reorganizing the structure of EAF power
Fig. 52. Seven-day icker variation at PCC supplying multi-EAFs: (a) Pst and (b) Plt .
system in this region. That is, nine EAFs in ve iron and steel plants can be subdivided in the three groups for connection to three different points of the utility grid. Furthermore, transmission voltage level at PCCs should be upgraded from 154 to 400 kV. One further countermeasure is needed in reducing
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icker. That is, a new power plant installation with 1000-MW installed capacity seems to be inevitable in addition to the existing two thermal plants and one natural gas plant located around this region. X. C ONCLUSION The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of intensive experimental work carried out in the eld on both single-furnace and multifurnace plants. 1) In order to avoid icker, the most critical step is the planning stage of EAF installations. For the candidate connection point of EAF(s) to utility grid, rst, simple calculations of SCVD and SCM V Amin /M V AEAF ratio are to be carried out. These values should be safely lower than the recommended values, because after installation of SVC-type icker compensation systems, icker will normally be increased. 2) An SVC-type icker compensation system can compensate satisfactorily the rapidly changing reactive power demand of EAFs and keep the PF nearly at unity. 3) Passive shunt lters of carefully designed SVCs can successfully lter out harmonic current components produced by EAFs except second harmonic. The widely applied passive shunt lter topologies are experimentally proven to lead to amplication of second harmonic subgroup and groups even to the amplication of single-line second harmonic component for many cases. In SVCtype icker compensation systems, second harmonic lter seems to be integrated into the system not for the purpose of attenuation of the second harmonic component but to limit its magnitude owing to the third harmonic lter magnication. 4) In EAF installations, the major cause of the light icker is interharmonics around the existing harmonics. Therefore, interharmonics primarily between fundamental and second harmonic components, secondarily between second and third harmonic components, are the causes of icker. Since interharmonics between fundamental and second harmonic components are signicantly amplied by all widely used passive lters, the operation of the SVCtype icker compensation system is shown to increase the icker level at PCC. Therefore, one can conclude that the known SVC-type icker compensation systems cannot be a solution to an existing icker problem of single and multi-EAF installations. 5) Because of the interaction between several SVCs and EAFs during multifurnace operation light icker, interharmonics and second harmonic subgroup are more complex and usually more drastic in comparison with single EAF operation. The best approach to solve these problems is to avoid or minimize these risks in the planning phase by selecting the most proper connection point in the utility grid for EAF installation. To solve icker, interharmonics, and second harmonic problems of the existing EAF installations, new active devices such as active-power-lter D-STATCOM systems should be exercised.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the arc furnace plant authorities in the Izmir/Alia a region of Turkey for supplying g the opportunity of eld measurements and their collaborative work of making the PCC measurements during various operating conditions of the plants. This research and technology development work is carried out as a subproject of the National Power Quality Project of Turkey. R EFERENCES
[1] J. G. Mayordomo, E. Prieto, A. Hernandez, and L. F. Beites, Arc furnace characterization from an off-line analysis of measurements, in Proc. IEEE 9th Int. Conf. Harmonics Quality Power, Orlando, FL, Oct. 2000, pp. 10731078. [2] P. E. Issouribehere, F. Issouribehere, and G. A. Barbera, Power quality and operating characteristics of electric arc furnaces, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, 2005, pp. 784791. [3] P. E. Issouribehere, J. C. Barbero, G. A. Barbera, and F. Issouribehere, Compatibility between disturbance emission and Argentinian power quality regulations in iron and steel industries, in Proc. IEEE/PES, TDC (Latin America), pp. 16. [4] B. Boulet, J. Wikston, and L. Kadar, The effect of measuring system accuracy on power quality measurements in electric arc furnaces, in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1997, pp. 21512155. [5] A. Hernandez, J. G. Mayordomo, R. Asensi, and L. F. Beites, A method based on interharmonics for icker propagation applied to arc furnaces, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 23342342, Jul. 2005. [6] Testing and Measurement Techniques-Power Quality Measurement Methods, IEC 61000-4-30, 2003. [7] E. zdemirci, Y. Akkaya, B. Boyrazoglu, S. Buhan, A. Terciyanli, O. Unsar, E. Altintas, B. Haliloglu, A. Acik, T. Atalik, . Salor, T. Demirci, I. Cadirci, and M. Ermis, Mobile monitoring system to take PQ snapshots of Turkish electricity transmission system, in Proc. IEEE IMTC, Warsaw, Poland, 2007, pp. 16. [8] T. Demirci, A. Kalayco lu, . Salor, S. Pakhuylu, M. Dagh, g T. Kara, H. S. Aksuyek, C. Topcu, B. Polat, S. Bilgen, S. Umut, I. Cadirci, and M. Ermis, National PQ monitoring network for Turkish electricity transmission system, in Proc. IEEE IMTC, Warsaw, Poland, 2007, pp. 16. [9] Turkish Electricity Transmission System Supply Reliability and Quality Regulation, 2004. Last accessed on December 12, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.teias.gov.tr/yonetmelikler/supply.doc [10] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std. 519-1992, 1992. [11] Testing and Measurement TechniquesGeneral Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation, for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto, IEC 61000-4-7, 2002. [12] B. Bharat, Arc furnace icker measurement and control, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 400410, Jan. 1993. [13] S. R. Mendis, M. T. Bishop, and J. F. Witte, Investigations of voltage icker in electric arc furnace power systems, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2838, Jan./Feb. 1996. [14] T. Keppler, N. R. Watson, J. Arrillaga, and S. Chen, Theoretical assessment of light icker caused by sub- and interharmonic frequencies, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 329333, Jan. 2003. [15] T. Tayjasanant, W. Wang, and C. Li, Interharmonic-icker curves, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 10171024, Apr. 2005. [16] J. A. Pomilio and S. M. Deckman, Flicker produced by harmonics modulation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 2, p. 67, Apr. 2003. [17] A. Testa, D. Gallo, and R. Langella, On the processing of harmonics and interharmonics: Using Hanning window in standard framework, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 2834, Jan. 2004. [18] Testing and Measurement Techniques-Flickermeter- Functional and Design Specications, IEC 61000-4-15, 1998. [19] G. Diez, L. I. Eguiluz, M. Manana, J. C. Lavandero, and A. Ortiz, Instrumentation and methodology for revision of European icker threshold, in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Harmonics Quality Power, 2002, pp. 262265. [20] T. J. E. Miller, Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems. NewYork: Wiley-Interscience, 1982.
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zgl Salor (S98M05) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1997, 1999, and 2005, respectively. From 2001 to 2003, she was a Professional Researcher at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Since 2006, she has been with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara, where she is currently a Chief Senior Researcher. She is also a parttime Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara. Her research interests are speech-signal processing and signal processing for power quality.
Tevhid Atalk received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Uluda University, Bursa, Turkey, in 2000, and the M.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2003. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at Bakent Univers sity, Ankara. He is currently a Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include power quality analysis and hardware design.
Burhan Gltekin (S03) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2000 and 2003, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree. He is currently a Chief Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research are in reactive power compensation systems and power quality issues.
Adnan Ak received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1995 and 1998, respectively. He is currently a Chief Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His main areas of research are in power quality and switch-mode power supplies.
Serkan Buhan received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2005, where he is currently working toward the M.Sc. degree in power quality. He is currently a Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include power quality analysis using wavelets.
Alper Terciyanl (S03) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2001 and 2003, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in medium-voltage ac motor drives. He is currently a Chief Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include reactive power compensation systems and power quality issues.
Burak Boyrazo lu received the B.Sc. degree in g electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2005. From 2006 to 2008, he was a Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. Currently, he is with Renaissance Constructions, Moscow, Russia.
zgr nsar (S07) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2006. He is currently working toward the M.Sc. degree at Hacettepe University, Ankara. He is currently a Researcher with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara. His current areas of research include power quality measurement and analysis.
Tolga Inan received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2000 and 2003, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in 3-D face recognition. He is currently a Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include pattern recognition, computer vision, machine learning, and power quality analysis.
Erin Altnta received the B.Sc. degree in elecs trical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2006, where he is currently working toward the M.Sc. degree. He is currently a Researcher with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara. His current areas of research include power quality measurement and analysis.
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Yener Akkaya received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1989, and completed the Public Administration Master Program at TODAIE, Ankara, Turkey, in 1997. Since 1989, he has been with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara, where he was with the Administration and Maintenance Department and has been the Director of the Research and Development Department since 2003. His current research interests are power quality and transmission system planning.
Ik adrc (M98) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., s and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1987, 1988, and 1994, respectively. She is currently a Professor of electrical engineering at Hacettepe University, Ankara, and also the Head of the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. Her areas of interest include electric motor drives, switch-mode power supplies, and power quality. Dr. adrc received the 2000 Committee Prize Paper Award from the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society and also the IEEE Industry Applications Magazine Prize Paper Award, Third Prize, in 2007.
Ercment zdemirci received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from Frat University, Elaz, Turkey, in 1998 and 2001, respectively. From 1998 to 2003, he was with the Department of Load Dispatch, Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara, Turkey, where he is currently in the Department of Transmission Planning. His current research interests are power quality, load-frequency control, and transmission system planning.
Muammer Ermi (M99) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., s and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey, in 1972, 1976, and 1982, respectively, and the M.BA. degree in production management from Ankara Academy of Commercial and Economic Sciences, Ankara, in 1974. He is currently a Professor of electrical engineering at METU. He is also currently the Manager of the National Power Quality Project of Turkey. His current research interest is electric power quality. Dr. Ermi received the The Overseas Premium paper award from the s Institution of Electrical Engineers, U.K., in 1992, and the 2000 Committee Prize Paper Award from the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. He was the recipient of the 2003 IEEE PES Chapter Outstanding Engineer Award.
Electrical Power Quality of Iron and Steel Industry in Turkey

zgl Salor, Member, IEEE, Burhan Gltekin, Student Member, IEEE, Serkan Buhan, Burak Boyrazo lu, g Tolga Inan, Tevhid Atalk, Adnan Ak, Alper Terciyanl, Student Member, IEEE, zgr nsar, Student Member, IEEE, Erin Altnta, Yener Akkaya, Ercment zdemirci, s Ik adrc, Member, IEEE, and Muammer Ermi, Member, IEEE s s
AbstractThe iron and steel industry has been growing increasingly in Turkey in the last decade. Today, its electricity demand is nearly one tenth of the installed generation capability of 40 GW in the country. In this paper, power quality (PQ) investigations based on the arc furnace installations of the iron and steel plants using eld measurements according to the international standard IEC 61000-4-30 are documented. Interharmonics and voltage icker problems occurring both at the common-coupling points of those plants and at the arc furnace and static var compensator (SVC) systems of the plants themselves are determined with the use of GPS receiver synchronization modules attached to the mobile PQ measurement systems. It has been observed that icker and interharmonic problems are dominant at the points of common
Paper PID-2009-04, presented at the 2007 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, September 2327, and approved for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Metals Industry Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. Manuscript submitted for review November 30, 2007 and released for publication June 22, 2009. This work was supported by the Public Research Grant Committee (KAMAG) of The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK). . Salor and A. Ak are with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: ozgul. salor@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr; adnan.acik@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). B. Gltekin, T. Inan, and A. Terciyanl are with the Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey, and also with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: burhan.gultekin@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr; tolga.inan@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr; alper.terciyanli@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). S. Buhan and I. adrc are with Hacettepe University, 06532 Ankara, Turkey, and also with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: serkan.buhan@uzay.tubitak.gov. tr; isik.cadirci@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). B. Boyrazo lu is with Renaissance Constructions, Moscow, Russia (e-mail: g burak.boyrazoglu@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). T. Atalk is with Bakent University, 06530 Ankara, Turkey, and also with s the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), 06531 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: tevhid.atalik@uzay.tubitak.gov.tr). . nsar is with Hacettepe University, 06532 Ankara, Turkey, and also with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), 06100 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: ozgur.unsar@yahoo.com.tr). E. Altnta is with the Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, s Turkey, and also with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), 06100 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: erincaltintas@gmail.com). Y. Akkaya and E. zdemirci are with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), 06100 Ankara, Turkey (e-mail: yener.akkaya@teias. gov.tr; ercument.ozdemici@teias.gov.tr). M. Ermi is with the Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, s Turkey (e-mail: ermis@metu.edu.tr). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIA.2009.2036547
couplings where arc furnace installations are supplied. Based on the eld measurements obtained with collaborative work of ve arc furnace plants, it is possible to say that contemporary SVC systems cause interharmonic amplication problems around the second harmonic, and novel methods are required to solve this problem. Index TermsArc furnace, icker, group harmonic, interharmonicicker relation, interharmonics, iron and steel industry, ladle furnace, power quality (PQ), single-line harmonic, subgroup harmonic.
I. I NTRODUCTION HE iron and steel industry has been growing increasingly in Turkey in the last decade. Today, its electricity demand is nearly one-tenth of the installed generation capability of 40 GW in the country. Steel production in Turkey is based on extensive use of arc and ladle furnaces in most of the plants, which is the cause of power quality (PQ) problems at those locations of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System. PQ of electric arc furnaces (EAF) has been investigated previously by some other researchers [1][5]. Arc furnace characterization of one plant has been achieved in [1] in terms of PQ parameters given in the IEC standard 61000-4-30 [6]. In [2], different phases of EAF operation connected to the 13.5-kV voltage level have been considered for obtaining a single-phase equivalent circuit of the EAF. In [3], the compatibility between the PQ disturbance levels and the Argentinean regulations for EAF operation has been considered. Measuring system accuracy for PQ of EAF installations has been investigated in [4]. In [5], icker propagation in the network based on interharmonic analysis on arc furnaces is introduced. In this paper, we present very detailed and extensive investigations and results obtained from the PQ of arc furnace installations in Turkey. The main focus is the investigation of the PQ problems caused by the iron and steel industry plants connected directly to the Turkish Electricity Transmission System. The critical points of the transmission system are being monitored by the mobile PQ monitoring systems developed through the National Power Quality Monitoring Project [7]. By taking oneweek snapshots of all PQ parameters specied in IEC 610004-30 [6], PQ of the iron and steel plants has been assessed. Based on this assessment, detailed investigation on the selected ve plants supplied from the same busbar has been carried out. Raw data of voltage and current waveforms have been
0093-9994/$26.00 2010 IEEE
Fig. 1. Location of iron and steel plants on the Turkish Electricity Transmission System.
collected for approximately 2 h at each plant based on a measurement schedule. This schedule requires collaborative work of all plants, since the arc furnace operation at the plants other than the measured one was stopped for 15 min. Contribution of the icker and harmonics of each plant could be observed using these measurements, while it is also possible to evaluate the effectiveness or inefciencies of the static-var-compensator (SVC)-type icker compensation systems. It has been shown that, with the common practices of compensation systems, it is not possible to solve the icker problem at the point of common coupling (PCC) from where arc furnaces are supplied. Section II presents the general overview of the PQ of the iron and steel plants in Turkey. In Section III, description of the selected plants is given for detailed investigation. Measurement scenarios at those plants are presented in Section IV. In Section V, observations on the harmonic content of the EAFs on the electric network are given. Sections VI and VII summarize the harmonic computation methods used based on IEC 610004-30, and ickerinterharmonic relationship observations are presented, respectively, from theoretical and experimental perspectives. Assessment of the performance of SVC-type icker compensation systems installed at EAF plants in terms of reactive power compensation, harmonic ltering performance, and icker compensation performance is explained in detail in Section VIII. Section IX presents the PQ interaction of EAFs in multifurnace operations. II. C OUNTRYWIDE PQ S NAPSHOT OF I RON AND S TEEL P LANTS Major iron and steel plants are marked on the map of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System in Fig. 1. Steel production in only four of these plants is based on blast furnaces. At three points or regions of the Turkish Electricity System, multifurnace operation takes place. PQ of all of those plants has been investigated based on the eld measurements carried out according to IEC 61000-4-30 for Class B performance by using the mobile monitoring systems [7]. By the end of year 2008, the National Power Quality Monitoring Center started to operate for remote monitoring of the Turkish Electricity Transmission System and its customers by permanent monitors designed through the National Power Quality Project [8]. This system will monitor the feeders of heavy industry, including iron and steel plants, continuously. The PQ measurements have been carried out at 400 kV, and 154-kV PCCs for iron and steel plants. From the results of
Fig. 2. Long- and short-term icker cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 400 kV.
the continuous PQ measurements lasting seven days at major transformer substations supplying power to arc furnace plants, the following problems have been identied. 1) Although almost all of the plants are equipped with modern SVC systems, measured icker and current total demand distortion (current TDD) values exceed the limits specied in the Turkish Electricity Transmission System Supply Reliability and Quality Regulation [9], which complies with the IEEE Std. 519-1992 [10]. The problem is more serious at transformer substations or busbars supplying multiple arc furnaces as shown in Figs. 214. Cumulative probability function CPF(x) in the gures indicates the percentage of the total measurement time for which the measured parameter is below a value x, given in the horizontal axis. All harmonic analyses have been carried out using the single-line harmonic components directly in this part of the work. Single-line harmonic frequency concept is presented in IEC 61000-4-7 [11]. Different harmonic analysis techniques given in [11] are summarized in Section VI. Since the power system frequency in Turkey is 50 Hz, ten-cycle Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) computation is used as suggested in IEC 61000-4-30 [6]. 2) In all arc furnace installations, the second harmonic current component at the PCC exceeds the limit values even after ltration. Current waveforms of arc furnaces are rich in interharmonics at low frequencies, particularly in melting state. For instance, the dominant icker modulation frequency of 8.8 Hz causes interharmonics in line current
Fig. 6. Fourth harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
Fig. 3. Long- and short-term icker cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV. Fig. 7. Fifth harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
Fig. 4. Second harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV. Fig. 8. Primary current TDD cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
Fig. 5. Third harmonic cumulative probability function for some plants connected to different PCCs at 154 kV.
waveforms at frequencies of f = 50k 8.8 Hz, where k = 1, 2, 3, . . .. This fact has also been pointed out by some other researchers [14], [15]. Some of these lowfrequency interharmonic components in the line currents are obviously amplied when attempted to be ltered out by C-type second harmonic and second-order third harmonic lters. On this occasion, the causes of undesirably high values of voltage icker, and current harmonics and interharmonics at PCC have been investigated not only for multi-furnace installations but also for single EAF operation. The ndings and the related discussion will be reported in the following sections. Mitigation methods will be discussed within the scope of another paper.
Fig. 12. Fourth cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
Fig. 10. Second harmonic cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
Fig. 13. Fifth harmonic cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
Fig. 11. Third harmonic cumulative probability function for a plant connected to a 400-kV PCC.
III. D ESCRIPTION OF S ELECTED P LANTS FOR D ETAILED I NVESTIGATION As a result of these observations, ve plants with arc furnace installations which are supplied from the same busbar of the transmission system are selected for further investigations on the PQ parameters. These ve plants are those on the western side of Turkey ( Izmir/Alia a region), as shown on the map in g Fig. 1. Single-line diagram of the ve plants is shown in Fig. 15. IV. M EASUREMENT S CENARIOS AT THE S ELECTED P LANTS The measurements at the ve selected plants were organized with a collaborative effort of all plants. At each plant, raw
data of currents and voltages are recorded for approximately 2 h. During this 2-h period, other four plants were organized such that they stop furnace operation and their SVC systems for 15 min at the same time. Three-phase current and voltage measurements are collected at both the supply side and the plant side. Arc furnaces, ladle furnaces, where applicable, and SVC unit currents and voltages are recorded separately. All measurements are synchronized by a GPS receiver module. This measurement process is repeated at each one of the ve selected plants. Measurement points are as shown in Fig. 16. The 15-min off period of the other plants connected to the same bus guarantees that, during this period, if any current harmonics or interharmonics are observed at the SVC unit
Fig. 15. Single-line diagram of the selected ve plants.
Power (UHP) EAF, together with its icker compensation system, are shown in Fig. 17 over one tap-to-tap period. Furnace charging, boring, melting, and rening periods are apparent from these records. Seven-day icker and current TDD variations of the same EAF + SVC installation (36 kV) are shown in Fig. 18. IEC 61000-4-30 gives the ten-cycle (for 50-Hz systems) gapless harmonic and interharmonic subgroup measurement, denoted in IEC 61000-4-7 as the basic measurements for classA performance. In IEC-61000-4-7, however, three different methods of harmonic and interharmonic computation practices are given. In the case of uctuating harmonics and interharmonics, these three methods give close but different results, which may affect the performance of spectrum estimations signicantly for different cases of harmonic and interharmonic contents of the signal. These three computation methods are summarized briey in the following. 1) Harmonic and interharmonic groups: Harmonic group denoted by Gg,n is the square root of the sum of the squares of a harmonic and the spectral components adjacent to it within the time window, such that G2 = g,n
4 2 C2 Ck5 2 + Ck+i + k+5 2 2 i=4
Fig. 16. Synchronous measurement points at a typical EAF plant.
(Measurement Point 3) or the supply side of the plant (Measurement Point 1), those harmonics and interharmonics are mainly the result of the EAF operation only at the measured plant. This type of measurement can be used to understand whether the plant is a harmonic source or a harmonic sink on the electricity transmission network, when the frequency spectra of the currents recorded with all plants in operation and with four of them out of operation are compared. It is also possible to detect any ineffectiveness of the SVCs at the measured plant using the same comparison. In order to observe the effectiveness of the SVC system, SVC of the current plants is turned off and on during the 15-min idle period of other plants and also when other plants are in operation. This brings out four cases of measurements at every plant: other plants on, SVC on; other plants on, SVC off; other plants off, SVC on; and other plants off, SVC off. The measurement periods are summarized in Table I. When there are more than one arc furnace and ladle furnace at a plant, arc furnaces and their SVCs other than the measured arc furnace were turned off during the periods when other plants were off. This measurement scenario has been a very costly practice, since the plants had to be turned off four times for a 15-min period, 1 h in total, while data were collected at every one of the other four plants. Moreover, turning off the SVC of the measured plant was required twice: rst while the other plants are operative and second while they are inoperative. Moreover, turning off the SVCs causes inefciencies of the EAF operation, which brings additional expenses. V. ARC F URNACES AS H ARMONIC S OURCES ON THE N ETWORK EAF is the most problematic load on the electric network. Active and reactive power consumptions of an Ultra High
(1)
for 50-Hz power systems, where Ck is the rms of amplitude of the (k)th spectral component obtained from the DFT for the (n = k/10)th harmonic component. (Since the resolution is 5 Hz and the system frequency is 50 Hz, every 10th DFT sample corresponds to a harmonic, i.e., 10th is the fundamental, 20th is the second harmonic, and so on.) Similarly, interharmonic group is dened as
9 2 Cig,n = i=1 2 Ck+i
(2)
for 50-Hz power systems, where Ck+i is the (k + i)th DFT sample, and they are the DFT samples between the (n)th and the (n + 1)th harmonics (for example, nine adjacent DFT samples between 55 and 95 Hz for the interharmonics between second and third harmonics). 2) Harmonic and interharmonic subgroups: The harmonic grouping considers only the previous and the next DFT components around the harmonic component itself
1
G2 = sg,n
i=1
2 Ck+i .
(3)
In the interharmonic subgroup case, the effects of uctuations of harmonic amplitudes and phases are partially reduced by excluding the components immediately adjacent to the harmonic frequencies
8 2 Cisg,n = i=2 2 Ck+i .
(4)
TABLE I M EASUREMENT S CHEDULE (P HASES OF THE EAF: CC HARGING , BB ORING , MM ELTING , AND RR EFINING )
Fig. 17. Active and reactive power consumptions of a UHP EAF together with its icker compensation system in one tap-to-tap period (1-s averages).
3) Single-line harmonic frequency: This is the single-line measurement of the current or voltage frequency amplitude component obtained directly from the 5-Hz-resolution DFT samples according to IEC 61000-4-7. The spectra in Figs. 1921 are calculated from the current data measured in boring, melting, and rening periods, respectively. Fig. 22 shows a pictorial explanation of the harmonic and interharmonic group and subgroup concepts. The spectrum in the gure is taken from the current spectrum of the boring phase shown in Fig. 19. The harmonic and interharmonic group and subgroup values obtained from the current waveform in Fig. 19 are given in Table II. As observed from Table II, there is a drastic difference between single line and subgroup, as well as single line and group harmonic current components particularly for the second harmonic. However, IEEE Std 519-1992 and Turkish Std 2004 [9] are not dened in the given current harmonic penalty limits whether these are calculated as subgroup, group, or singleline components. This is the case for most of the research papers given in the literature, as well. Therefore, the standards mentioned earlier need to be revised so as to dene the limit
Fig. 18. Seven-day (a) current TDD, (b) short-term icker (Pst ), and (c) longterm icker (Plt ) variations of UHP EAF.
values according to IEC 61000-4-7 as harmonic subgroups. On the other hand, in the design and performance assessment of SVC-type icker compensation systems applied to the EAFs, it
Fig. 19. Ten-cycle waveform of the line current of the EAF during boring phase and its DFT with 5-Hz resolution.
Fig. 22. Illustration of the harmonic and interharmonic group and subgroup computations. TABLE II H ARMONIC AND I NTERHARMONIC C OMPUTATIONS FOR L INE C URRENT OF EAF IN B ORING P HASE S HOWN IN F IG . 21
Fig. 20. Ten-cycle waveform of the line current of the EAF during melting phase and its DFT with 5-Hz resolution.
in the denition of harmonic limits brings together serious difculties in the design and performance evaluation of passive shunt second and third harmonic lters of SVC-type icker compensation systems as will be discussed in Section VIII. Measurements obtained at MP2 in Fig. 16 show that harmonic contents of EAFs are very rich. Particularly low order current harmonics such as second and third are observed to be signicant. Sample results for boring, melting, and rening periods of a High Power (HP) EAF are shown in Fig. 23. The richest harmonic content and TDD have been obtained for boring period. Since electric arc is highly stable during rening, the best harmonic content and TDD values have been obtained for the rening period.
Fig. 21. Ten-cycle waveform of the line current of the EAF during rening phase and its DFT with 5-Hz resolution.
is important to consider whether interharmonics and associated harmonic components injected to the supply side are calculated as single line or subgroup. The rich interharmonic content between fundamental and second single-line harmonic frequency, and the lack of clarity
VI. H ARMONIC C ONTENT C OMPUTATION BASED ON IEC 61000-4-7 The mobile systems collecting the voltage and current waveform data are sampling the data at a frequency of 3200 Hz. This sampling rate corresponds to 64 samples per cycle; however,
Fig. 23. Sample results for boring, melting, and rening periods of an HP EAF (harmonic subgroups, ten-cycle averages with ve-cycle overlapping windows).
when the supply frequency deviates from 50 Hz, a single cycle of the waveform is covered by more or less than 64 samples. This loss of synchronization causes leakage on the DFT samples due to the picket fence effect [17]. According to IEC 61000-4-30, harmonics and interharmonics should be analyzed in ten-cycle windows which correspond to a frequency resolu-
tion of 5 Hz. With a constant sampling rate of 3200 Hz, the tenth DFT sample represents the 50-Hz component. When the system frequency is 49.5 Hz, for example, a leakage occurs from the tenth DFT sample toward the ninth DFT sample. This causes an interharmonic to appear, although it does not exist in the supply frequency. In this paper, a resampling process through
Fig. 24. Block diagram of the resampling process to sample ten cycles at 640 equally spaced points.
interpolation is therefore achieved at every ten-cycle to prevent the leakage. The algorithm is summarized in Fig. 24. Power cycles are detected using a low-pass lter with a cutoff frequency at 75 Hz followed by a zero-crossing detection block. By using the zero-crossing points, data are split into ten-cycle blocks with rectangular windows. The ten-cycle blocks are resampled through cubic-spline interpolation such that each ten-cycle data blocks are sampled with a frequency of 64 samples/cycle. Each 640-sample block is the input to the DFT block, which outputs a 640-sample DFT output. In this case, the frequency resolution of the DFT samples changes from the rate of 5 Hz to 64 fs /640 = fs /10, where fs is the supply frequency. The 10th DFT sample again corresponds to the rst harmonic frequency, which is fs , and 20th DFT sample corresponds to the second harmonic. No leakage occurs from the harmonic frequencies to the neighborhood interharmonic frequencies in this case. This approach is used to obtain the harmonic and interharmonic analyses of the voltage and current waveforms presented in Section VIII. VII. F LICKER I NTERHARMONIC R ELATIONSHIP The relationship between icker and interharmonics has been investigated previously, and it has been shown that icker and interharmonics are the causes of each other [14][16]. Light icker occurs when the voltage amplitude uctuates in time. Therefore, icker can be modeled as an amplitude-modulated (AM) signal whose carrier frequency is the 50-Hz supply frequency as given in IEC 61000-4-15 [18] y(t) = (A + m(t)) c(t) = (A + M cos(wm t + )) sin(wc t) (5)
Fig. 25. Time waveform of (9) with A = 1, M = 0.1, and the same 50-Hz signal with 45- and 55-Hz interharmonics.
appear in the frequency spectrum of v(t) as shown in (6). In the case of any harmonics existing in the power system, interharmonics also appear around the harmonics as shown in the example for a second harmonic in (7) and (8). For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the fundamental and the second harmonic are in phase in (7) and (8). y(t) = (A+M cos(wm t+)) [sin(wc t)+M2 sin(2wc t)] (7)
where AM2 product is the amplitude of the second harmonic component. y(t) can also be expressed as y(t) = A sin(wc t) + M [sin ((wc +wm )t+)+sin ((wc wm )t+)] 2 M M2 +AM2 sin(2wc t) 2 [sin ((2wc +wm )t+)+sin ((2wc wm )t+)] . . . . (8) This shows that any voltage uctuation, which can be approximated as an AM, creates interharmonics around the fundamental and around the harmonics, if they exist. The reverse is also true, i.e., if there are interharmonics close to the fundamental or the harmonics, they result in uctuations in the signal amplitude. In the case of any interharmonics occurring on only one side of the fundamental or the harmonics, signal amplitude uctuation also occurs. A single interharmonic at 55 Hz given can be represented as an AM signal plus a low-amplitude additive signal at 45 Hz, as explained in the following equation: y(t) = A sin(250t) + M sin(255t) = (A + M cos(25t)) sin(250t) M sin(255t). (9) Time waveforms of the 50-Hz signal with amplitude 1 with additive 10% 55-Hz interharmonic and with additive 45-Hz
where m(t) is the message signal, M is the amplitude of icker, wm is the icker frequency, wc is the power system frequency, and A is its amplitude. y(t) can also be expressed as y(t) = A sin(wc t) + M [sin ((wc + wm )t + ) 2 + sin ((wc wm )t + )] . (6)
The uctuation of the voltage amplitude shown in (5) causes the interharmonic frequencies (wc + wm ) and (wc wm ) to
10
Fig. 26. Sensitivity curve of the eyebrain set as a function of the frequency of icker.
interharmonic are shown in Fig. 25 up and down, respectively. Both interharmonics create similar voltage amplitude uctuations. According to IEC 61000-4-15, human eye is the most sensitive to the voltage uctuations around 8.8 Hz. The sensitivity is reduced as the icker frequency deviates up and down from 8.8 Hz, as shown in Fig. 26 [19]. Hence, interharmonics approximately 10 Hz apart from the fundamental and also from the harmonics give the highest contribution to the light icker problem. Since experimentation on systems consisting of multi-EAFs is very expensive and icker calculations need long-term measurements (one point for Pst needs 10 min and one point for Plt needs 2 h), a close correlation between current and voltage interharmonics in the range of 6090 Hz (subgroup interharmonic1), which is the main cause of icker, will be very useful. This correlation permits indirect estimation of voltage icker from the current interharmonic data collected for a short time period. From the short-term current interharmonic data, one can comment on the existence of icker and also on the variation of it. As it can be observed from Figs. 19 and 20, interharmonics around the fundamental are the most dominant ones. Interharmonics around the second and third harmonics are also signicant. Therefore, the variations in voltage interharmonics between the rst and second components (6090 Hz) against current interharmonics can give us an idea about the mentioned correlation and, hence, the status of the icker. For various EAFs, voltage and current data are simultaneously collected on the Medium Voltage (MV) side of the furnace transformer (at MP1 in Fig. 16), and a sample interharmonic scattered diagram for Plant-5 is shown in Fig. 27. The bar charts of current interharmonic, voltage interharmonic, and short-term icker as a function of time at Plant-5 are shown in Fig. 28. These plots show that there is a good correlation between voltage and current interharmonics, and therefore, the variations in current interharmonic content can be used as a good indicator in estimating the state of the icker. For proper design of SVC-type icker compensation systems, the presence of these interharmonics should be taken into consideration, particularly in the performance evaluation of existing passive shunt second- and third-order harmonic lters, as to be discussed in Section VIII. In the evaluation of icker contribution of each plant in multiarc furnace operation, the harmonic and interharmonic
Fig. 27. Voltage interharmonic subgroup-1 versus current interharmonic subgroup-1 (same data as in Fig. 28).
Fig. 28. (a) Current interharmonic subgroup-1 (10-min averages), (b) voltage interharmonic subgroup-1 (10-min averages), and (c) short-term icker (10-min averages) for Plant-5 during the whole measurement period.
spectra will be obtained for each plant separately for a time duration of 10 min (for short-term icker computation Pst ) when all other plants are off.
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Fig. 29. Common harmonic lter topologies for SVC-type icker compensation systems. (a) SVC Type-1. (b) SVC Type-2. (c) SVC Type-3.
VIII. A SSESSMENT OF THE P ERFORMANCE OF SVC-T YPE F LICKER C OMPENSATION S YSTEMS Practices of multinational SVC manufacturers can be summarized in three basic topologies shown in Fig. 29(a)(c). The basic difference between SVCs in Fig. 29(a) and (b) is in the type of second harmonic lter. However, the SVC in Fig. 29(c) does not include any second harmonic lter. These three common practices of SVC-type icker compensation systems will be investigated in this section in terms of reactive power performance, harmonic ltering performance, and icker compensation performance by using synchronous data collected in Plants 2, 3, and 5 according to the scenarios described in Section IV. A. Reactive Power Compensation Performance It has been observed that SVC-type icker compensation systems perfectly compensate rapidly changing reactive power demand of EAFs. The mean power factor (PF) of an EAF can be kept at nearly unity by a well-designed SVC. B. Harmonic Filtering Performance First, frequency characteristics of passive shunt harmonic lters in Fig. 29 are obtained by using parameters given in design documents of SVC manufacturers for Plants 2, 3, and 5. For this purpose, 1-A harmonic frequency is injected from the
EAF side, and the corresponding harmonic current component reected to the supply side is computed [see Figs. 30(a), 36(a), and 43(a)]. The current harmonic injected by EAF varies from 50 to 400 Hz in 63 104 steps. The resulting frequency characteristics, as an example, the one in Fig. 30(b), should be interpreted in the following manner. 1) For harmonic frequencies fn , the magnitude greater than 1 A in the supply side means an amplication, and less than 1 A means attenuation. These lter characteristics may be subjected to minor changes in time because of drift in capacitance values owing to aging. 2) For each SVC type, sample harmonic contents of line currents on both EAF side (MP2) and supply side (MP1) are calculated for ten-cycle window from synchronously collected data. The black-colored harmonic and interharmonic bars (5-Hz resolution) show the EAF side, and the gray (or red) colored bars show the supply side. Therefore, for any harmonic frequency, if the gray-colored bar is greater than the black-colored bar, the associated harmonic is said to be amplied by SVC.
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3) The raw data are calculated for a short period as dened in Section IV when the other EAFs are off. Since the most problematic harmonic is the second harmonic component for all SVC types, single-line harmonic, harmonic subgroup, and harmonic group computations for the second harmonic component are given in three different forms. In the rst group of plots, their variations are given against time in the form of 1-s average data. Here, again, the black-colored curves correspond to the EAF-side current (MP2), and the gray-colored curves correspond to the supply-side current (MP1). In the second group of characteristics, scattered diagrams for single line, harmonic subgroup, and harmonic group for the second harmonic component are given. Each point in a scattered diagram corresponds to a ten-cycle window. For the harmonic component higher than second (i.e., third, fourth, and fth), the ltering performances of SVCs are illustrated by the curves in which the variations in each harmonic subgroup are given against time. Here, again, the blackcolored curves stand for EAF side, and the gray (or red) colored curves for supply side. Below are the detailed analyses on the different SVC types given in Fig. 29. 1) SVC Type-1: As it can be observed from Fig. 30(b), SVC Type-1 amplies all harmonics and interharmonics in the range from 50 to 120 Hz. These expectations are conrmed from the experimental data in Fig. 30(c) and Figs. 3135. In scattered diagrams, the diagonal of the graph, marked by a dashed line, shows the case in which EAF harmonic is neither amplied nor attenuated. Scattered points appearing densely above the
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diagonal mean that ltering performance of the harmonic under investigation is ineffective; that is, it amplies EAF harmonics to an extent observed from the associated scattered diagram. As it can be seen from Figs. 34 and 35, SVC Type-1 lters out the third and fourth harmonics, particularly the third one. 2) SVC Type-2: As it can be observed from Fig. 36(b), the ranges of 5095 Hz, 105125 Hz, and 160175 Hz, all interharmonics are amplied by the SVC. This is veried by the eld data shown in Fig. 36(c) and Figs. 3739. It is observed that the single-line harmonic points at 100 Hz are scattered equally around the diagonal, which shows that this component is usually not amplied. On the other hand, the subgroup and group harmonic computations show that a 100-Hz component is amplied. This is due to the fact that, in subgroup and group computations, interharmonics around 100 Hz are also considered. As it can be seen from Figs. 4042, SVC Type-2 lters out the third, fourth, and fth harmonic components, successfully. 3) SVC Type-3: As it can be observed from Fig. 43(b), SVC Type-3 amplies all harmonics and interharmonics in the range of 50130 Hz. A drastic amplication of second harmonic occurs. This is the undesirable effect of the secondorder undamped third harmonic lter. This fact is veried by
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15
Fig. 42. Fifth harmonic subgroup component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on.
the experimental data shown in Figs. 4446 for all harmonic computation types (single line, harmonic subgroup, and harmonic group). Third, fourth, and fth harmonic components are ltered out as it can be seen in Figs. 4749, respectively. Table III summarizes the harmonic ltering performance of SVC-type icker compensation systems according to the data collected in the eld. The existing common practice for SVCs cannot lter out the second harmonic subgroup, but amplies it. However, harmonic subgroup higher than second can be ltered out successfully by a properly designed SVC. One should never forget the effects of Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) on the aforementioned harmonic curves. An SVC operating in the steady state (at constant ring angle ) creates only odd harmonics, excluding third and its powers, and the magnitudes of these harmonics are normally very low. However, in the transient states, i.e., in boring and melting periods, signicant low harmonic components will also arise because of asymmetrical consecutive half current cycles and also unbalanced third harmonic components. In summary, TCR harmonics are not necessarily in phase with EAF harmonics. When they are superimposed, a higher or a lower harmonic content than those of EAF may be obtained at all harmonic and interharmonic frequencies. In the previous harmonic characteristics and waveforms, TCR harmonics were not taken into account. Experimental points scattered more than the expected one may be attributed to the TCR harmonics. During the eld tests, it was not possible to disconnect only the TCR part of SVC from the network.
C. Flicker Compensation Performance In Section VII, it has been shown that current and voltage interharmonics are correlated, i.e., if there are current interharmonics, then there are voltage interharmonics, and this leads to light icker. Since all three common practices of SVC-type icker compensation systems amplify the frequencies around second harmonics as shown in Figs. 30(b), 36(b), and 43(b), a icker problem exists in all busbars supplying arc furnaces. The amplication of interharmonics by the SVC system is shown in Figs. 50 and 51. In this particular experiment, the SVC system of Plant-2 is turned off, while the other plants are off. Ten-cycle rst interharmonics of both voltage and current (at MP1) are computed for this interval to observe the effect of the SVC on the interharmonics and, hence, the light icker. Although the SVC-type icker compensation system is originally designed to reduce the icker level, due to the improper design of the harmonic lters, (particularly the second harmonic lter), the SVC systems amplify the interharmonics around the second harmonic, which causes the light icker effect. This phenomenon has been observed for all three common practices. It is obvious that a novel design approach is required for ltering the second harmonic components. IX. PQ I NTERACTION B ETWEEN EAFs IN M ULTIFURNACE O PERATIONS In order not to face a signicant PQ problem, during the operation of EAF and multi-EAFs, among the site selection
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criteria in the planning and design phase of EAF installation(s), one of the most important criteria is the suitability and adequacy of the grid to which the EAF(s) is going to be connected. The well-known criteria in the selection of connection point to the grid are as follows.
A. SCVD Method Short-circuit voltage depression (SCVD) is usually expressed as the percentage voltage drop at PCC when EAF goes from open circuit to short circuit on all three phases. In order not to present a icker problem, SCVD should be 2% at voltages 132 kV and 1.6% at higher voltages (> 132 kV) [20]. SVCD value is directly proportional to the sum of source impedance, impedances of power transformer and EAF transformer, feeder impedance, reactance of series reactor if present, and EAF secondary circuit impedance. In the planning phase, the most important contribution to the reduction of SCVD value is to connect EAF to one of the strongest points of utility grid at the highest possible voltage level.
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B. SCM V Amin /M V AEAF Ratio In the literature, it is recommended by some researchers that the ratio of SCM V Amin (minimum value of Short Circuit Mega Volt-Ampere) to the total arc furnace Mega Volt-Ampere (MVA) rating should not be lower than 80, while some others suggest that it should not be lower than 50, in order not to cause icker, or to make the icker problem solvable economically [12], [13]. For the multifurnace system shown in Fig. 15, these calculations have been made, and SCVD values are roughly estimated to be as follows: 1) 1.74% SCVD if only the largest EAF is short circuited; 2) 3.4% SCVD if two EAFs are simultaneously short circuited; 3) 6.6% SCVD if three EAFs are simultaneously short circuited; 4) 8.4% SCVD if all EAFs are simultaneously short circuited. It is shown that the recommended SCVD values will be exceeded in the case when more than one EAF are supplied from the same point. SCM V Amin /M V AEAF ratio is found to be 70 even for the smallest EAF. When all EAFs are considered, this ratio drops to a dramatic value of 8. It is seen that a wrong planning has obviously been made for iron and steel plants site containing multifurnaces. On this occasion, it is not possible to solve the icker problem at PCC even to reduce it by the use of SVCtype icker compensation systems because of the interactions
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Fig. 50. Interharmonic subgroup-1 of the voltage waveform from melting phase of Plant-2 (ten-cycle averages with ve-cycle overlaps).
Fig. 51. Interharmonic subgroup-1 of the current waveform from melting phase of Plant-2 (ten-cycle averages with ve-cycle overlaps).
Fig. 49. Fifth harmonic subgroup component EAF (IEAF ) versus supply (IS ) currents, when other plants are off and SVC of the plant is on. TABLE III H ARMONIC F ILTERING P ERFORMANCES OF T HREE C OMMON P RACTICES (F: F ILTERED , A: A MPLIFIED )
between EAFs and amplications of interharmonics by existing second harmonic or third lter as discussed in Section VIII. The experimental results obtained from these plants prove these propositions indeed. Sample short-term (Pst ) and longterm (Plt ) icker values collected for seven-day time periods for multifurnace operation are shown in Fig. 52. Obviously, Pst and Plt values are much higher than the limit values given in the associated standards [9]. It is worth noting that the SVC-type icker compensation systems designed by multinational companies have been in operation during the measurement period. Despite these facts, these EAFs are operating and producing millions of tones of steel every year. This problem cannot be solved with current technology, but it can be made less serious by reorganizing the structure of EAF power
Fig. 52. Seven-day icker variation at PCC supplying multi-EAFs: (a) Pst and (b) Plt .
system in this region. That is, nine EAFs in ve iron and steel plants can be subdivided in the three groups for connection to three different points of the utility grid. Furthermore, transmission voltage level at PCCs should be upgraded from 154 to 400 kV. One further countermeasure is needed in reducing
19
icker. That is, a new power plant installation with 1000-MW installed capacity seems to be inevitable in addition to the existing two thermal plants and one natural gas plant located around this region. X. C ONCLUSION The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of intensive experimental work carried out in the eld on both single-furnace and multifurnace plants. 1) In order to avoid icker, the most critical step is the planning stage of EAF installations. For the candidate connection point of EAF(s) to utility grid, rst, simple calculations of SCVD and SCM V Amin /M V AEAF ratio are to be carried out. These values should be safely lower than the recommended values, because after installation of SVC-type icker compensation systems, icker will normally be increased. 2) An SVC-type icker compensation system can compensate satisfactorily the rapidly changing reactive power demand of EAFs and keep the PF nearly at unity. 3) Passive shunt lters of carefully designed SVCs can successfully lter out harmonic current components produced by EAFs except second harmonic. The widely applied passive shunt lter topologies are experimentally proven to lead to amplication of second harmonic subgroup and groups even to the amplication of single-line second harmonic component for many cases. In SVCtype icker compensation systems, second harmonic lter seems to be integrated into the system not for the purpose of attenuation of the second harmonic component but to limit its magnitude owing to the third harmonic lter magnication. 4) In EAF installations, the major cause of the light icker is interharmonics around the existing harmonics. Therefore, interharmonics primarily between fundamental and second harmonic components, secondarily between second and third harmonic components, are the causes of icker. Since interharmonics between fundamental and second harmonic components are signicantly amplied by all widely used passive lters, the operation of the SVCtype icker compensation system is shown to increase the icker level at PCC. Therefore, one can conclude that the known SVC-type icker compensation systems cannot be a solution to an existing icker problem of single and multi-EAF installations. 5) Because of the interaction between several SVCs and EAFs during multifurnace operation light icker, interharmonics and second harmonic subgroup are more complex and usually more drastic in comparison with single EAF operation. The best approach to solve these problems is to avoid or minimize these risks in the planning phase by selecting the most proper connection point in the utility grid for EAF installation. To solve icker, interharmonics, and second harmonic problems of the existing EAF installations, new active devices such as active-power-lter D-STATCOM systems should be exercised.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the arc furnace plant authorities in the Izmir/Alia a region of Turkey for supplying g the opportunity of eld measurements and their collaborative work of making the PCC measurements during various operating conditions of the plants. This research and technology development work is carried out as a subproject of the National Power Quality Project of Turkey. R EFERENCES
[1] J. G. Mayordomo, E. Prieto, A. Hernandez, and L. F. Beites, Arc furnace characterization from an off-line analysis of measurements, in Proc. IEEE 9th Int. Conf. Harmonics Quality Power, Orlando, FL, Oct. 2000, pp. 10731078. [2] P. E. Issouribehere, F. Issouribehere, and G. A. Barbera, Power quality and operating characteristics of electric arc furnaces, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General Meeting, 2005, pp. 784791. [3] P. E. Issouribehere, J. C. Barbero, G. A. Barbera, and F. Issouribehere, Compatibility between disturbance emission and Argentinian power quality regulations in iron and steel industries, in Proc. IEEE/PES, TDC (Latin America), pp. 16. [4] B. Boulet, J. Wikston, and L. Kadar, The effect of measuring system accuracy on power quality measurements in electric arc furnaces, in Conf. Rec. IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting, 1997, pp. 21512155. [5] A. Hernandez, J. G. Mayordomo, R. Asensi, and L. F. Beites, A method based on interharmonics for icker propagation applied to arc furnaces, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 23342342, Jul. 2005. [6] Testing and Measurement Techniques-Power Quality Measurement Methods, IEC 61000-4-30, 2003. [7] E. zdemirci, Y. Akkaya, B. Boyrazoglu, S. Buhan, A. Terciyanli, O. Unsar, E. Altintas, B. Haliloglu, A. Acik, T. Atalik, . Salor, T. Demirci, I. Cadirci, and M. Ermis, Mobile monitoring system to take PQ snapshots of Turkish electricity transmission system, in Proc. IEEE IMTC, Warsaw, Poland, 2007, pp. 16. [8] T. Demirci, A. Kalayco lu, . Salor, S. Pakhuylu, M. Dagh, g T. Kara, H. S. Aksuyek, C. Topcu, B. Polat, S. Bilgen, S. Umut, I. Cadirci, and M. Ermis, National PQ monitoring network for Turkish electricity transmission system, in Proc. IEEE IMTC, Warsaw, Poland, 2007, pp. 16. [9] Turkish Electricity Transmission System Supply Reliability and Quality Regulation, 2004. Last accessed on December 12, 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.teias.gov.tr/yonetmelikler/supply.doc [10] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, IEEE Std. 519-1992, 1992. [11] Testing and Measurement TechniquesGeneral Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation, for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto, IEC 61000-4-7, 2002. [12] B. Bharat, Arc furnace icker measurement and control, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 400410, Jan. 1993. [13] S. R. Mendis, M. T. Bishop, and J. F. Witte, Investigations of voltage icker in electric arc furnace power systems, IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2838, Jan./Feb. 1996. [14] T. Keppler, N. R. Watson, J. Arrillaga, and S. Chen, Theoretical assessment of light icker caused by sub- and interharmonic frequencies, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 329333, Jan. 2003. [15] T. Tayjasanant, W. Wang, and C. Li, Interharmonic-icker curves, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 10171024, Apr. 2005. [16] J. A. Pomilio and S. M. Deckman, Flicker produced by harmonics modulation, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 2, p. 67, Apr. 2003. [17] A. Testa, D. Gallo, and R. Langella, On the processing of harmonics and interharmonics: Using Hanning window in standard framework, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 2834, Jan. 2004. [18] Testing and Measurement Techniques-Flickermeter- Functional and Design Specications, IEC 61000-4-15, 1998. [19] G. Diez, L. I. Eguiluz, M. Manana, J. C. Lavandero, and A. Ortiz, Instrumentation and methodology for revision of European icker threshold, in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Harmonics Quality Power, 2002, pp. 262265. [20] T. J. E. Miller, Reactive Power Control in Electric Systems. NewYork: Wiley-Interscience, 1982.
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zgl Salor (S98M05) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1997, 1999, and 2005, respectively. From 2001 to 2003, she was a Professional Researcher at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Since 2006, she has been with the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara, where she is currently a Chief Senior Researcher. She is also a parttime Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara. Her research interests are speech-signal processing and signal processing for power quality.
Tevhid Atalk received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Uluda University, Bursa, Turkey, in 2000, and the M.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2003. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree at Bakent Univers sity, Ankara. He is currently a Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include power quality analysis and hardware design.
Burhan Gltekin (S03) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2000 and 2003, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree. He is currently a Chief Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research are in reactive power compensation systems and power quality issues.
Adnan Ak received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1995 and 1998, respectively. He is currently a Chief Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His main areas of research are in power quality and switch-mode power supplies.
Serkan Buhan received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2005, where he is currently working toward the M.Sc. degree in power quality. He is currently a Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include power quality analysis using wavelets.
Alper Terciyanl (S03) received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2001 and 2003, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in medium-voltage ac motor drives. He is currently a Chief Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include reactive power compensation systems and power quality issues.
Burak Boyrazo lu received the B.Sc. degree in g electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2005. From 2006 to 2008, he was a Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. Currently, he is with Renaissance Constructions, Moscow, Russia.
zgr nsar (S07) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2006. He is currently working toward the M.Sc. degree at Hacettepe University, Ankara. He is currently a Researcher with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara. His current areas of research include power quality measurement and analysis.
Tolga Inan received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2000 and 2003, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in 3-D face recognition. He is currently a Senior Researcher in the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. His areas of research include pattern recognition, computer vision, machine learning, and power quality analysis.
Erin Altnta received the B.Sc. degree in elecs trical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 2006, where he is currently working toward the M.Sc. degree. He is currently a Researcher with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara. His current areas of research include power quality measurement and analysis.
21
Yener Akkaya received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1989, and completed the Public Administration Master Program at TODAIE, Ankara, Turkey, in 1997. Since 1989, he has been with the Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara, where he was with the Administration and Maintenance Department and has been the Director of the Research and Development Department since 2003. His current research interests are power quality and transmission system planning.
Ik adrc (M98) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., s and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, in 1987, 1988, and 1994, respectively. She is currently a Professor of electrical engineering at Hacettepe University, Ankara, and also the Head of the Power Electronics Department, TB ITAK UZAY Research Institute, The Scientic and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TB ITAK), Ankara. Her areas of interest include electric motor drives, switch-mode power supplies, and power quality. Dr. adrc received the 2000 Committee Prize Paper Award from the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society and also the IEEE Industry Applications Magazine Prize Paper Award, Third Prize, in 2007.
Ercment zdemirci received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and electronics engineering from Frat University, Elaz, Turkey, in 1998 and 2001, respectively. From 1998 to 2003, he was with the Department of Load Dispatch, Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation (TEIAS), Ankara, Turkey, where he is currently in the Department of Transmission Planning. His current research interests are power quality, load-frequency control, and transmission system planning.
Muammer Ermi (M99) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., s and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey, in 1972, 1976, and 1982, respectively, and the M.BA. degree in production management from Ankara Academy of Commercial and Economic Sciences, Ankara, in 1974. He is currently a Professor of electrical engineering at METU. He is also currently the Manager of the National Power Quality Project of Turkey. His current research interest is electric power quality. Dr. Ermi received the The Overseas Premium paper award from the s Institution of Electrical Engineers, U.K., in 1992, and the 2000 Committee Prize Paper Award from the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. He was the recipient of the 2003 IEEE PES Chapter Outstanding Engineer Award.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO.

Electrical Power Quality of Iron and Steel Industry in Turkey

0093-9994/$26.00 2010 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

Fig. 15. Single-line diagram of the selected ve plants.

Fig. 16. Synchronous measurement points at a typical EAF plant.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

Electrical Power Quality of Iron and Steel Industry in Turkey

0093-9994/$26.00 2010 IEEE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

Fig. 15. Single-line diagram of the selected ve plants.

Fig. 16. Synchronous measurement points at a typical EAF plant.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 46, NO. 1, JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2010

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