SCFM

LbO
2
day
1
OTE 24.84
=
OTE = Oxygen Transfer
Efficiency at site
conditions, as a decimal
SCFM
average
0.335 mgd
OTE
ppmBOD
removed
1.1 ppmNH
3converted
4.6 + ( ) =
OTE varies considerably based on wastewater type and temperature, diffuser type and arrangement, depth of
diffuser submergence, and mixed liquor DO level. Typical site OTE is of clean water values. Manufacturer's
data should be consulted for specifics, but for approximations use 0.05 for coarse bubble diffusers and 0.10
for fine bubble diffusers. OTE @ Standard Conditions is approx. 0.75% per foot submergence for coarse and
1.5% per foot submergence for fine bubble. Mixing CFM Coarse = 15 to 20 CFM/ThCuFt, Mixing CFM Fine =
0.12 CFM/sq ft.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Estimating Diffuser Performance:
OTE
actual
OTE
standard

C
sw
C
ML

9.09
|

\
|
.

T 20 ( )
=
C
sw
0.967 Pbar 0.419 DiffuserDepth
Ft
+ T
Pbar
54.647
DiffuserDepth
Ft
126.18
+
|

\
|
.
=

= Ratio of standard to site mass transfer

Typical value = 0.80 coarse, 0.60 fine bubble
C
sw
= In situ oxygen saturation level, ppm
C
ML
= Mixed liquor DO concentration, ppm

= Relative oxygen saturation factor

Typical value = 0.95
T
= Mixed liquor temperature, C

= Temperature correction factor = 1.024

OTE
= Oxygen Transfer Efficiency
_______________________________________________________________________________
DISCLAIMER: All information herein is believed to be accurate. It is intended as a general guideline, and each application must be analyzed
with site specific data. ESCOR is not reponsible for consequential damages resulting from the application of this information.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Energy Strategies Corporation - 4324 W. Bradley Road - Milwaukee, WI 53223
Phone (414) 354-9902 - FAX (414) 354-9903
Useful Formulas and Data
Aeration Calculations
Copyright ESCOR 2003
_______________________________________________________________________________
Estimating Aeration Blower Power Consumption:
ICFM = inlet cubic feet per minute at actual inlet
temperature (R) and pressure (psia)
Pin = inlet pressure, psia
Pdis = discharge pressure, psia
bhp = blower shaft brake horsepower
Density of Air @ 68F and 14.7 psia = 0.075 Lbs/CuFt
SG = Specific Gravity, Air = SG of 1.0
eb = efficiency of blower, as a decimal. Blower efficiencies
vary widely depending on blower type, capacity, and
range. For typical aeration system configurations, the
following values may be used:
Positive Displacement (PD) 0.64
Multi-Stage Centrifugal 0.67
Single Stage Centrifugal 0.73
bhp
ICFM
eb 64.85
Pin
0.717
Pdis
0.283

( )
Pin

=
Density
air
Lbs
CuFt
2.7 psia
R
= ,
SG
2.7 psia
R 0.075
=
ICFM
SCFM R 0.075
2.7 Pin
=
SCFM
SG
=
R F 460 + = psia psig 14.7 + =
Pbar = Barometric Pressure, psia at any elevation
Pbar psia 14.7
Elev
Ft
2000
= ,
Typical Combined Inlet Loss = 0.3 psi for centrifugals
= 0.5 psi for PDs
Pin Pbar P
filter
P
piping
=
Typical Piping Loss = 0.2 psi centrifugals
= 0.4 psi PDs
Typical Diffuser Loss = 0.3 psi coarse bubble
= 0.5 fine bubble
Pdis Pbar
DiffuserDepth
Ft
2.31
+ P
piping
+ P
diffuser
+ =
1 kg/sq cm = 14.223 psi 1 cu m/hr = 0.59 CFM
_______________________________________________________________________________
Estimating Air Requirements:
Oxygen required
for BOD Removal
Oxygen required
for Ammonia Conversion
UtilO
2.BOD
1.1
LbO
2
Lb
BOD
= UtilO
2.NH
3
4.6
LbO
2
Lb
NH
3
=
Lb
day
mgd ppm 8.33 =
ppm = mg/l
Therms
BTU
100000
=
BTU
hour
kw 3412 =
BTU
hour
horsepower 2544 =
Approximate internal combustion engine heating value utilization is 1/3 as shaft power,1/3 heat rejected to
jacket water, 1/3 heat rejected through exhaust.
Estimating the Cost of a Natural Gas Fueled Engine at 33% Engine Efficiency:
ApproximateAnnualCost
horsepower
Average
13.1
Cost
Therm
8760
hours
year
=
Estimating the Fuel Consumption of Digester Gas (65% Methane) :
DigesterGasUsage
CuFt
day
horsepower
Average
282 =
_______________________________________________________________________________
To Calculate Simple Payback Period for Energy Conservation Systems:
YearsPayback
TotalCost
AnnualSavings
=
Most municipalities look for two to four year payback periods
to justify expenditures.
To Calculate Net Present Worth of Energy Savings:
NPW = Net Present Worth, > 0 if the project is justified
R = Annual discount (interest) rate, as decimal
I = Annual inflation rate, as decimal
n = Number of years used to evaluate the savings
NPW PWF AnnualSavings CapitalCost =
PWF
1 r + ( )
n
1
r 1 r + ( )
n

= r
R I
1 I +
=
_______________________________________________________________________________
Energy Strategies Corporation - 4324 W. Bradley Road - Milwaukee, WI 53223
Phone (414) 354-9902 - FAX (414) 354-9903
Useful Formulas and Data
Energy Cost Calculations
_______________________________________________________________________________
Estimating Annual Energy Cost if Average Electrical Cost is Known:
Cost
Cost
kwh
kw
Average
8760
hours
year
= At a typical Cost/kwh of $0.06
Approx. $400/year/hp = $500/year/kw
Estimating Annual Energy Cost if Time of Day Rates, Demand and Power Factor Charges are known:
OnPeakCost
OnPeakCost
kwh
kw 60
hours
onpeak
week
52
weeks
year
=
Typical On Peak Cost/kwh = $0.035
OffPeakCost
OffPeakCost
kwh
kw 108
hours
offpeak
week
52
weeks
year
=
Typical Off Peak Cost/kwh = $0.025
DemandCost kw
Peak
DemandCharge
kw
12
months
year
=
Typical Demand Charge/kw = $9.00
PowerFactorCost 0.65 PF
Actual
PF
Target
( ) kw
Peak

DemandCharge
kw
12
months
year
=
Typical Target Power Factor = 0.85
Power Factor billing methods vary, but most utilities use the peak demand kw and the power factor at the time
of peak demand for calculating penalties. Some utilities offer credit for power factors above the target. The
penalty factor of 0.65 also varies.
_______________________________________________________________________________
Estimating the Cost of Natural Gas Usage:
Cost ThermsUsed
Cost
Therm
=
Typical Cost/Therm = $0.50
Typical natural gas heating value is 1,000 BTU/CuFt Dry Gas
Typical digester gas heating value is 650 BTU/CuFt Dry Gas
Density of natural gas = 0.046 Lb/CuFt (60 F and 14.7 psia) SG = 0.6
Density of digester gas = 0.066 lb/CuFt. SG = 0.86 (SG Air = 1.0 )
rpm
synchronous
120 Hz
NoPoles
=
Typical Synchronous (or nominal) Speeds are 3600, 1800, 1200, and 900 rpm
at 60 Hz (US standard frequency)
slip
rpm
synchronous
rpm
actual

rpm
synchronous
=
Typical full load slip = 3%
Acceleration time is in seconds. Allow 20 to 30 seconds maximum
for starting NEMA Design B motors with full voltage starters.
WK = rotational inertial load at motor, lb-ft
Tave = acceleration torque, lb-ft
For NEMA Design B motors approx. Tave = 1.66 x Full Load Torque
Time
acceleration
WK
2
rpm
308 T
ave

=
WK
2
motor WK
2
= , load
rpm
load
rpm
motor
|

\
|
.
2
,
Torque, lb-ft:
T
hp 5252
rpm
= hp
T rpm
5252
=
Torque, lb-in:
T
hp 63025
rpm
= hp
T rpm
63025
=
_______________________________________________________________________________
Estimating Pump Power Consumption:
SG = Specific Gravity (water = 1.0)
bhp = pump shaft brake horsepower
bhp
GPM Head
feet
SG
3960 ep
=
GPM psi
1713 ep
= bhp
2
bhp
1
rpm
2
rpm
1
|

\
|
.
3
=
ep = pump efficiency, as a decimal
Efficiencies vary widely depending on
pump type, capacity, and range.
Typical values are 0.60 to 0.80
Ret_Time = basin retention time, hours
Vol = basin volume, cubic feet
gpd = flow to basin, gallons per day
Ret_Time Vol
177.6
gpd
=
GPM mgd 694.4 = CuFt
Gallons
7.48
= liters Gallons 3.785 =
Head
feet
psi
2.309
SG
= Lbs
Water
Gallons 8.33 = Lbs
Water
CuFt 62.4 =
_______________________________________________________________________________
Energy Strategies Corporation - 4324 W. Bradley Road - Milwaukee, WI 53223
Phone (414) 354-9902 - FAX (414) 354-9903
Useful Formulas and Data
Power Calculations
_______________________________________________________________________________
Power conversion calculations:
PF = Power Factor, as decimal
I = Current, Amps
V = Voltage
eff = Efficiency, as decimal (0.95 Typical)hp
= horsepower = 746 watts
kw = kilowatts
R = Resistance, Ohms
kVA = Apparent Power,
klovolt-amperes
60 Volt:FLA = 1.25 A/hp
hp
motor
kw 1.34 eff =
kw
hp
motor
eff
0.746 =
DC Loads and Single Phase Resistive AC Loads Only:
V I R = kw
I
2
R
1000
=
V I
1000
= I
kw 1000
V
= hp
I V eff
746
=
Calculations for single phase power:
I
hp 746
V eff PF
= I
kw 1000
V PF
= kVA
I V
1000
= kw
I V PF
1000
= PF
kw
kVA
= hp
I V eff PF
746
=
Calculations for three phase power:
I
hp 746
V 1.73 eff PF
= I
kw 1000
V 1.73 PF
= kVA
I V 1.73
1000
= kw
I V 1.73 PF
1000
= PF
kw
kVA
= hp
I V 1.73 eff PF
746
=
_______________________________________________________________________________
Induction (Squirrel Cage) Motor Characteristics: