National History Day Sources

Primary: 1. "A N.W. View of the State House in Philadelphia Taken 1778." A N.W. View of the State House in Philadelphia Taken 1778. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.30579/>. This is a painting of the Pennsylvania Statehouse. On September 17, 1787 the Constitution was written in this building. This resource helped me by giving me an idea of where the Constitution was produced. 2. Washington, George. Diaries of George Washington. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgwd>. In the diary that George Washington kept, he wrote entries about meeting at the Pennsylvania State house for the Constitutional Convention. He talked about what states were being represented and when they would continue to meet. 3. "Words and Deeds in American History." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2012. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mcc>. In the notes of a member of the Constitutional Convention, Alexander Hamilton, he wrote a speech that he recited at the Statehouse. The speech dealt with his philosophy of government, which is similar to the way it is today. 4. "George Washington Papers." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw4>. On this website, I found what is basically a rough draft of the Constitution. George Washington had made notes on parts that he thought had be changed. This site helped me realize that the constitution was made though a lot of hard work, patience, and time. 5. "The Foundation of American Government." The Foundation of American Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/93504023/>. This source had a painting of George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and other delegates signing the United States Constitution. I thought it was interesting to see where and how the signing took place. 6. "Scene at Signing of the Constitution of the United States." Scene at Signing of the Constitution of the United States. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsc.00181/>. This is another picture of the delegates signing the Constitution. You can see how many men there really was. From this picture, I also get a better idea of what the inside of the Philadelphia Statehouse looks like. 7. "The Thomas Jefferson Papers." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1>. Even though Thomas Jefferson did not sign the Constitution, he made a list of state votes on the Constitution. This is interesting because you can see which states were for the Constitution, and which were against it. 8. "The Thomas Jefferson Papers." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1>.

Thomas Jefferson wasn't one of the people who signed the Constitution, but he had notes on it, including requirements for war. This shows all of the ideas that were contributed into making the US Constitution. 9. "America Singing." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amss>. After the Constitution was written, this song was composed and sang. It talks about how the Constitution is our guide, which many people still believe it is today. It also shows the Constitution as a positive document. So that tells me that many people were happy about the Constitution being written. 10. "Circular Letter of the Secretary of Congress Transmitting Copy of the Constitution to Governors." Circular Letter of the Secretary of Congress Transmitting Copy of the Constitution to Governors. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/circlet.asp>. Because the Constitution was being written secretly, no one knew about it. So when it was released, it spread like wildfire. This site has a letter sent to the Governors about the creation of the Constitution. 11. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/596314/detail?menu=closed>. After the Constitution was written, amendments kept getting added onto it. This is the document ratifies the 19th amendment that gives women the right to vote. 12. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." [Virginia Plan] State of Resolutions Submitted to the Consideration of the House by the Honorable Mr. Randolph as Altered, Amended, and Agreed to in a Committee of the Whole House. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/5730363/detail?menu=closed>. Before the writing of the Constitution, the colonists had to choose between the New York Plan and the Virginia Plan. The Virginia Plan was chosen. This is the actual document of the Virginia Plan. 13. "Primary Sources." Primary Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. <http://www.animatedatlas.com/ushistory2/ushistsourceframe.html>. This site has a list of all 27 amendments. I learned that as time went on, the amendments were added on to the Constitution. 14. "Primary Documents in American History." United States Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress). N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Constitution.html>. This site gave me a lot more detailed information. I was able to find out that after meeting for 4 months in secret, the Constitution was signed of September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The need to have this Constitution revolved around wanting to have a strong central government. 15. "Constitution of the United States - Official." Constitution of the United States - Official. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution.html>. On this website I was able to see the actual US Constitution document which was written 1787. 16. "Bill of Rights." Bill of Rights. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights.html>.

I learned that the Bill of Rights is actually the first 10 amendments of the United States Constitution. This is a primary because it is a picture of the actual document. 17. "The James Madison Papers." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm>. The Constitution focused a lot on government. They wanted a new type of government unlike the one they just broke away from. This document has James Madison's ideas about what type of government should be formed. 18. "Debates in the Federal Convention." American Memory. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mjm>. The US Constitution was based on compromise. It took many months to write the Constitution because of the compromising. This document written by James Madison is a debate on which government we should have. 19. "The Looking Glass for 1787. A House Divided against Itself Cannot Stand. Mat. Chap. 13th Verse 26." The Looking Glass for 1787. A House Divided against Itself Cannot Stand. Mat. Chap. 13th Verse 26. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b42510/>. This is a drawing about the Federalists and Anti Federalists in 1787. After the Constitution was written, it had to be ratified by each state. The Anti Federalist states did not want to ratify the Constitution, but the Federalist states did. So the drawing shows the 2 groups. 20. "Title: Articles of Confederation." Articles of Confederation. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2717/>. Before the Constitution was written, America was run by the Articles of Confederation. The articles were leading the states into anarchy. The founding fathers knew that it had to be changed; they could either modify the Articles or get rid of it completely. They decided to get rid of it, and from there, started on the making of the Constitution. 21. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Delaware's Ratification of the U.S. Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1503374/detail?menu=closed>. After the Constitution was written, 9 out of the 13 states have to ratify, or approve it in order for it to take effect. This is the document of Delaware's ratification. 22. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Senate Revisions to House Proposed Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/3535588/detail?menu=closed>. James Madison gave a copy of the US Constitution to the Senate. They had some revisions that they'd like to take into effect. This shows how the Constitution was basically a document of compromise. 23. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1415809/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 26th amendment which is allows citizens to vote at the age of 18. 24. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Certification of the 27th Amendment. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1512313/detail?menu=closed>.

The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the certification of the 27th amendment which allows congress's salary to change in the next term if they are reelected. 25. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1408764/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal to the 13th amendment which abolishes slavery. 26. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1408966/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 17th amendment which allows people to vote for state Senators. 27. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." HJ Res 184, Proposing a Constitutional Amendment Limiting Child Labor. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/5678181/detail?menu=closed>. The constitution can be changed by the amendment process. But, changing it is not easy. Many proposals get denied like this one which limits child labor. 28. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1408913/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 14th amendment which allows all former slaves to be granted U.S. citizenship and have all the rights and privileges as any other citizen. 29. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/299797/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 15th amendment which allows any citizen to vote regardless of race or previous condition of servitude. 30. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-First Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/596379/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the Joint Resolution document of the 21st amendment which proposes that the 18th amendment be reposed. 31. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1408918/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 16th amendment which allows taxing on citizen's income.

32. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1411872/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 24th amendment which says you can't pay a tax to vote. 33. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-Third Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1411868/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 23rd amendment which grants representation of the Electoral College in D.C. 34. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/596355/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 18th amendment which prohibits alcohol. 35. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1415077/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 25th amendment which allows the Vice President to take over if the President is unable to. 36. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1407979/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 12th amendment which provides separate votes for President and Vice President. 37. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1407972/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the proposal of the 11th amendment which states that a state can only be sued by a citizen of that state. 38. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Joint Resolution Proposing the Twenty-Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/1411867/detail?menu=closed>. The Founding Fathers knew that over time the Constitution would need to be changed. The only way you can change it is through the amendment process. This is the document that proposed the 22nd amendment which establishes the terms in office a President can have. 39. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." James Madison. Waist Length, Seated. Copy of Painting by Gilbert Stuart. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/532836/detail?menu=closed>. One of the Founding Fathers of our Country and the Constitution was James Madison. I was able to find this portrait of him. He is also known as the father of the constitution.

40. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." George Washington. Copy of Painting by Gilbert Stuart. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/532888/detail?menu=closed>. This is a portrait of George Washington. Even though he did not write the United States Constitution, he was there while it was being written. In addition, he was the leader of the Constitutional Convention. 41. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "Firearms are second only to the Constitution in importance; they are the peoples' liberty's teeth." This is a quote made by George Washington about the second amendment in the Bill of Rights. 42. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "We the people are the rightful masters of both Congress and the courts, not to overthrow the Constitution but to overthrow the men who pervert the Constitution." This quote was made by Abraham Lincoln basically stating that the Constitution is important and should be followed. 43. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "Don't interfere with anything in the Constitution. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our liberties." This is a quote also made by Abraham Lincoln that tells the people that the US Constitution is a sanctuary for our rights and liberties. 44. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "The U. S. Constitution doesn't guarantee happiness, only the pursuit of it. You have to catch up with it yourself." This quote made by Benjamin Franklin says that the Constitution doesn't guarantee happiness, but it allows you to find it. This makes me think that people assumed they would have happiness when the Constitution was created. 45. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "The Constitution only gives people the right to pursue happiness. You have to catch it yourself." This is another quote made by Benjamin Franklin that basically states that the Constitution does not guarantee happiness. 46. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other." This quote made by John Adams is explaining how he feels that our Constitution is for people who have morals and religion. 47. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "All the perplexities, confusion and distress in America arise, not from defects in their Constitution or Confederation, not from want of honor or virtue, so much as from the downright ignorance of the nature of coin, credit and circulation." This quote was made by John Adams. I believe he is directing this at the people who thought the Constitution was a problem for the United States.

48. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "I look upon death to be as necessary to our constitution as sleep. We shall rise refreshed in the morning." This quote made by Benjamin Franklin shows me how much of a need there was for a Constitution. 49. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "All the rights secured to the citizens under the Constitution are worth nothing, and a mere bubble, except guaranteed to them by an independent and virtuous Judiciary." I think Andrew Jackson is trying to say that our rights are guaranteed by our independence. 50. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "The liberties of our country, the freedom of our civil constitution, are worth defending against all hazards: And it is our duty to defend them against all attacks." In this quote made by Samuel Adams, I think he is trying to explain that our liberties and freedom are worth fighting for. 51. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "Do not separate text from historical background. If you do, you will have perverted and subverted the Constitution, which can only end in a distorted, bastardized form of illegitimate government." I think that James Madison is trying to say that if the Constitution is not followed, then we can become illegitimate. 52. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "The Constitution shall never be construed... to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms." In this quote, Samuel Adams is referring to the second amendment of the Bill of Rights. 53. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. The Constitution preserves the advantage of being armed which Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation where the governments are afraid to trust the people with arms." According to James Madison, the United States has the second amendment because we can be trusted. 54. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "The constitution vests the power of declaring war in Congress; therefore no offensive expedition of importance can be undertaken until after they shall have deliberated upon the subject and authorized such a measure." George Washington was stating how only Congress has the power to declare war according to the Constitution. 55. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "The Constitution is the guide which I never will abandon." According to George Washington, the Constitution serves as a guide for our country. 56. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>.

"The Constitution and the laws are supreme and the Union indissoluble." According to Andrew Jackson, the Constitution and its laws are supreme. Today, the Constitution is known as the supreme law of the land. 57. "Constitution Quotes." BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/constitution.html>. "The happy Union of these States is a wonder; their Constitution a miracle; their example the hope of Liberty throughout the world." James Madison believed that by the making of our Constitution would set an example for other countries and hopefully have justice all around the world. 58. "Quotes About Constitution." (54 Quotes). N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/constitution>. I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society but the people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them but to inform their discretion by education. This is the true corrective of abuses of Constitutional power. According to Thomas Jefferson, the Constitution can be abused. 59. "Quotes About Constitution." (54 Quotes). N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/constitution>. We the people are the rightful masters of both Congress and the courts, not to overthrow the Constitution but to overthrow the men who pervert the Constitution. Abraham Lincoln says that people shouldn't want to overthrow the Constitution, but the people who abuse it. 60. "Quotes About Constitution." (54 Quotes). N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. <http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/constitution>. The dead should not rule the living The Founding Fathers knew that over time, things would change. So in this quote made by Thomas Jefferson, he makes it clear that the dead can't control the living. So therefore, the Constitution can be changed. 61. "The National Archives Experience: DocsTeach." Articles of Confederation. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://docsteach.org/documents/301687/detail?menu=closed>. On this website, I was able to find the document of the Articles of Confederation. This was an important factor to the making of the Constitution. The Articles of Confederation led to chaos and without it, the need for a constitution wouldn't have happened. 62. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "The jaws of power are always open to devour, and her arm is always stretched out, if possible, to destroy the freedom of thinking, speaking, and writing." In this quote by John Adams, he is saying about how power will destroy everything. So that's why the constitution limits power. 63. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "Remember, democracy never lasts long. It soon wastes, exhausts, and murders itself." In this quote by John Adams, he is saying how democracy never works. Before the Constitution was established, democracy never seemed to be effective. 64. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "We have no government armed with power capable of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and religion. Avarice, ambition, revenge, or gallantry, would break the strongest cords of our Constitution as a whale goes through a net. Our Constitution was made

only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other." John Adams is saying in this quote how strong our Constitution is. 65. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "If ye love wealth greater than liberty, the tranquility of servitude greater than the animating contest for freedom, go home from us in peace. We seek not your counsel, nor your arms. Crouch down and lick the hand that feeds you; and may posterity forget that ye were our countrymen." In this quote made by Sam Adams, he is saying that people who love wealth more than liberty need to leave. 66. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "He therefore is the truest friend to the liberty of this country who tries most to promote its virtue, and who, so far as his power and influence extend, will not suffer a man to be chosen into any office of power and trust who is not a wise and virtuous man....The sum of all is, if we would most truly enjoy this gift of Heaven, let us become a virtuous people." In this quote, Sam Adams is talking about the liberty and the leaders of our country. 67. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "If ever time should come, when vain and aspiring men shall possess the highest seats in Government, our country will stand in need of its experienced patriots to prevent its ruin." Sam Adams is saying in this quote that if vain people run our country, it will ruin itself. 68. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "They who would give up an essential liberty for temporary security deserve neither liberty or security." In this quote made by Benjamin Franklin, he is saying that people who give up on liberty don't deserve to have any. 69. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch. Liberty is a well-armed lamb contesting the vote!" This is a quote made by Benjamin Franklin about democracy before the Constitution. 70. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "Freedom is not a gift bestowed upon us by other men, but a right that belongs to us by the laws of God and nature." You can tell by this Quote that Ben Franklin believes that a Constitution shouldnt give you freedom, but that you should be born with it. 71. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. Ben Franklin felt that "Man will ultimately be governed by God or by tyrants." So when contributing ideas to the Constitution, he had this in mind. 72. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "The Constitution is not an instrument for the government to restrain the people, it is an instrument for the people to restrain the government -- lest it come to dominate our lives and interests." In this quote made by Patrick Henry he states that the Constitution limits the

government, not the people, which made me think that people thought they were going to be controlled by the Constitution. 73. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "History, in general, only informs us what bad government is." Thomas Jefferson made this quote. I think he was referring to the Articles of Confederation before the Constitution was written. 74. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be." Thomas Jefferson made this statement because without a Constitution we will be ignorant. 75. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. Abraham Lincoln said "America will never be destroyed from the outside. If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will be because we destroyed ourselves." So without freedom, America will destroy itself. 76. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "I believe there are more instances of the abridgement of the freedom of the people by the gradual and silent encroachment of those in power, than by violent and sudden usurpation." James Madison is saying that people lose their freedoms more from the people in power than by being violent. So the Constitution limits the power of the government. 77. "My Favorite Quotes." - Founding Fathers and Presidents. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cancertutor.com/Quotes/Quotes_Presidents.html>. "It is the duty of the patriot to protect his country from its government." Thomas Paine said this quote and not only should a patriot protect, but the Constitution protects as well. 78. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/g/george_washington.html>. "It is impossible to rightly govern a nation without God and the Bible." George Washington, one of the founding fathers, believed that a nation couldn't be governed without God and the Bible. 79. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/g/george_washington.html>. "Government is not reason; it is not eloquent; it is force. Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master." By this statement I can tell that George Washington felt like the government was a force. So when the Constitution was written, it limited that force. 80. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/g/george_washington.html>. "Over grown military establishments are under any form of government inauspicious to liberty, and are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty." George Washington made this statement about the government. He felt as if it was hostile. So in the Constitution the government was limited so that it couldn't be hostile. Secondary: 1. Adler, Jerry. "The Genius of the People." Newsweek 25 May 1987: 46-47. Print.

In the article "The Genius of the People", it is stated that the Constitution is the most successful document of its kind. It also adds that the Constitution is the most businesslike document in political history. The article then questions why there isn't a national holiday for the Constitution like there is for Independence Day, considering it is just as important, or even more so. 2. McGrath, Peter, and Ann McDaniel. "In Order to Form A More Perfect Union." Newsweek 25 May 1987: 50-52. Print. In this article, it is said that the Separation of Powers is the most distinctive contribution to the theory and practice of government. In addition, it is stated that the Constitution has shaped the evolution of American politics ever since it was written. I also learned from this article that the Constitution encourages dispersing power among the branches. This article also taught me the 3 different branches and what their purpose is. 3. Kaus, Mickey. "Nobody's Perfect." Newsweek 25 May 1987: 56. Print. In this article, the author is stating the 55 men who wrote the Constitution made mistakes with some of the amendments. The article points of some of the dubious amendments, but then says it's okay because nobody's perfect. Mainly, this article informed me about some of the less important amendments. 4. McGrath, Peter. "An Assembly of Demigods." Newsweek 25 May 1987: 58-60. Print. In this article, it shows how the Framers wanted a democracy. They used the British Constitution as a fabric, but as Americans, needed a different type of government. James Madison's solution was to split up the government into 3 branches, but not by social statuses like Britain's. He then came up with the judicial, executive, and legislative branches. 5. Anderson, Harry. "Architect of a Nation." Newsweek 25 May 1987: 60. Print. The constitution reflected the work of 55 different people, but James Madison's influences and proposals are in 9 of the 10 amendments that make up the Bill of Rights. This article also told me that James Madison was the last living framer. 6. Alter, Jonathan. "A Failure of Nerve?" Newsweek 25 May 1987: 65. Print. In this article, it is stated that the Constitution sacrificed "moral principles for self-interest." At the time it was written, abolitionism had not come yet. People thought that the Constitution should have stricter limits on slavery. 7. Press, Aric. "The Blessings of Liberty." Newsweek 25 May 1987: 66-67. Print. The constitution is basically a document that limits the government's power. Most of the individual liberties stated in the Constitution are the first 10 (Bill of Rights). The Bill of Rights had a flaw; it did not protect citizens against the encroachment by the state government. This article also told me what the first 10 amendments are about. 8. Mount, Steve. "The United States Constitution." The U.S. Constitution Online. N.p., 06 Mar. 2011. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html>. On this website, I found the actual United States Constitution. It lists the 4 articles: The Legislative Branch, The Executive Branch, The Judicial Branch, and The States. It then lists all 27 amendments. 9. Shimpi, Gaurav. "Who Signed The US Constitution." Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/who-signed-the-usconstitution.html>. On this website, I found out that 70 delegates were chosen to attend the constitutional convention. Out of those 70, only 55 people actually attended the sessions although only 39 people signed the Constitution. This site also gave me the names of all the men who signed the constitution and the states they were from.

10. Borade, Gaynor. "The Purpose of the US Constitution." Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 02 July 2012. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-the-purpose-of-theconstitution-of-united-states.html>. After reading this website, I found out that the Constitution is the supreme law of the nation. Since it was written in 1787, it has been revised 27 times. I also learned that the US Constitution is the shortest (4,400 words) and one of the oldest constitutions on history. The Constitution is basically a framework of our nation's law and order. 11. "US Constitution Facts | The United States Constitution." US Constitution Facts | The United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.wintersoldiers.com/us-constitution-facts.html>. This website gave me the basic information on the US Constitution. It was able to inform me with who wrote it, where it was written, why it was written, how the constitution can be changed, and when it was written. 12. Mount, Steve. "The Constitution for Kids (8th-12th Grade) - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net." The Constitution for Kids (8th-12th Grade) - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.usconstitution.net/constkids.html>. Along with the basics of what the Constitution is, the website was able to give me background history as well. In addition, this site was able to inform me how the constitution works today. I also learned that there were originally 10 amendments and the other 17 were added on later. This source also gave me information on the 14th and 19th amendment. 13. "The 27 Amendments to the United States Constitution." To the Moon. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://markcole.wordpress.com/2007/07/09/the-27-amendments-to-theunited-states-constitution/>. On this webpage I found all 27 amendments. I knew from previous searches that there were 27 but I wasn't sure what each one was about. This site was able to inform me of what exactly all 27 amendments are for. 14. "The Legislative Branch." The White House. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/legislative-branch>. The 1st Article of the US Constitution established the Legislative branch. This webpage informed me what exactly this branch does and what the powers of congress are. 15. "The Executive Branch." The White House. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch>. The Executive branch is established in the 2nd Article of the US Constitution. This branch is in charge of day-to-day enforcement of federal laws. The President, Vice President, Cabinet, and the 15 departments are also a part of the Executive branch. 16. "The Making of the Constitution Part 1: Problems with the Articles." The Making of the Constitution Part 1: Problems with the Articles. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/ushistory/makingoftheconstitution1.htm>. This website was very helpful. It explained why a constitution was needed. I learned about why the Articles of Confederation failed, and based off of that, our Constitution was written. 17. "American Revolution." American Revolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.harlingen.isd.tenet.edu/coakhist/amrev.html>.

With this website, I gained the knowledge of everything that happened in the American Revolution. I learned why America revolted, and what it caused. One of the things the revolution led up to was the making of the United States Constitution. 18. "The Purpose Of The Constitution." Purpose of the Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://constitutionality.info/TheConstitution.html>. On this website I found out what the purpose of the Constitution is. It also told me about the different parts that are included in the Constitution and why they are important to our government. 19. "Articles of Confederation vs. the Constitution." Articles of Confederation vs. the Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/chart.art.html>. The United States Constitution was written because the Articles of Confederation would have led the country into anarchy. So the Constitution was written so that wouldn't happen. This website showed me the differences there were between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation. 20. "The Constitutional Convention." The Constitutional Convention. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h368.html>. This website is about the Constitutional Convention. It tells me about who was a part of the convention, when the convention was held, and what the purpose of having the Constitutional Convention was. Ultimately, the convention led up to the making of the Constitution. 21. "How Does Our Constitution Affect Our Lives?" The Constitutional Centre of Western Australia -. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.ccentre.wa.gov.au/ForSchools/Backgroundinformation/CommonwealthofA ustraliaConstitution/Pages/HowdoesourConstitutionaffectourlives.aspx>. Before I read this website, I was unsure about how the Constitution affects our lives today. This site was able to answer that question for me and tell me how and why the Constitution affects us. 22. "17.4 How Can Power Be Limited By The Constitution? The Role Of A Constitution by Doctor Mark Cooray." How Can the Constitution Limit Government Power? N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.ourcivilisation.com/cooray/btof/chap174.htm>. Most of the Constitution involves our government. So I was wondering how exactly the Constitution limits our government. This website tells me how the power of the government is limited and how power is divided. 23. "Learn About the United States (U.S.) Constitution & More | Constitution Facts." Learn About the United States (U.S.) Constitution & More | Constitution Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.constitutionfacts.com/?section=constitution>. This website gave me extra interesting information about the constitution and the people who wrote it. 24. "The United States Constitution." The United States Constitution. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.soskids.arkansas.gov/civics_curriculum/5th_Grade/Lesson-5-2/5-2Att1-US-Constitution.pdf>. I found this website to be really useful. It told me about what the Constitution was about in a nutshell. It broke down each part of the Constitution and explained it thoroughly. 25. "U.S. Constitution - Information, Facts, and Links." Enotes.com. Enotes.com, n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. <http://www.enotes.com/topics/u-s-constitution>.

This website was able to give me a lot of information about the United States Constitution. It explained what why we have one, and the purpose of it. It also included fun facts which I thought were interesting. 26. "Who Signed the US Constitution?" WikiAnswers. Answers, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2012. This website was able to give me the knowledge of which 39 people signed the United States Constitution.