Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 117 (5), 220225, 2010, ISSN 1861-3829.

Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart

The efficacy of different spraying programs against two fungal pathogens in organic grape production
Die Wirksamkeit verschiedener Spritzprogramme gegenber zwei pilzlichen Erregern in der biologischen Traubenproduktion
I. elina1, A. kvarc 1, D. Rusjan2 & S. Trdan3,* 1 Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia, Nova Gorica Institute for Agriculture and Forestry, Nova Gorica, Slovenia 2 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Dept. of Agronomy, Chair for Horticulture, Ljubljana, Slovenia 3 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Dept. of Agronomy, Chair of Phytomedicine, Agricultural Engineering, Crop Production, Grassland and Pasture Management Ljubljana, Slovenia * Corresponding author, e-mail stanislav.trdan@bf.uni-lj.si Received 19 February 2010; accepted 10 June 2010

Abstract
Regarding the continual increase of organic grape production in Europe, seven different spraying programs were formed and tested in Slovenian vineyards against grape powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) and grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in 2007 and 2008. An Eco spraying program (Myco-Sin + Basfoliar Aktiv + Champ formula 2 FLO + Kumulus DF + potassium waterglass + Fennel extract) showed the highest (87%) efficacy against grape powdery mildew on grape bunches in 2007, while almost total efficacy in controlling grape downy mildew on leaves was established in 2008 with the same program and with a Basfoliar Aktiv + potassium waterglass + Fennel extract spraying program. Satisfactory efficacy (> 83%) in controlling grape downy mildew on grape bunches in 2008 was achieved with the following programs: Eco, Basfoliar Aktiv + potassium waterglass + Fennel extract, and Champ formula 2 FLO + Vitisan + Fennel extract. In the control treatment the infection was high in both years, what made the tested programs highly applicable. Key words: grape, organic production, Plasmopara viticola, spraying programs, Uncinula necator, Vitis vinifera

Zusammenfassung
In Anbetracht der kontinuierlich steigenden biologischen Traubenproduktion in Europa wurden sieben verschiedene Spritzprogramme entwickelt und ihre Wirksamkeit gegenber dem Echten (Uncinula necator) und Falschen Mehltau der Weinrebe (Plasmopara viticola) in slowenischen Weinbauregionen in den Jahren 2007 und 2008 getestet. Ein biologisches Spritzprogramm (Myco-Sin + Basfoliar Aktiv + Champ formula 2 FLO + Kumulus DF + Kaliwasserglas + Fenchelextrakt) zeigte die hchste (87%) Wirksamkeit gegenber dem Echten Mehltau an Weintrauben im Jahr 2007. Im darauf folgenden Jahr wirkte dasselbe Programm ebenso wie das Spritzprogramm mit Basfoliar Aktiv + Kaliwasserglas + Fenchelextrakt nahezu vollstndig an Weinblttern. Eine zufreiedenstellende Wirkung (83%) wurde mit folgenden Programmen erreicht: Eco, Basfoliar Aktiv + Kaliwasserglas + Fenchelextrakt, und Champ formula 2 FLO + Vitisan + Fenchelextrakt. In der Kontrolle waren die Infektionsraten in beiden Jahren hoch, was die Praxistauglichkeit der getesteten Spritzprogramme gewhrleistete. Stichwrter: biologischer Anbau, Plasmopara viticola, Spritzverfahren, Uncinula necator, Vitis vinifera, Weintraube

Introduction

The increase of environmental pollution, intensive agricultural practices, globalisation of trade, and knowledge of human

health invoke changes in food production, especially in areas where intensive agricultural food production continues over many decades. Recently, many grape producers and wine makers all around the world have shown an interest in organic agricultural production techniques. This interest may be influenced by concerns about long-term ecological health and crop viability, where the desire to decrease the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers is alive. Growers may also view organic production as a marketing tool to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers (LATACZ-LOHMANN and FOSTER 1997; DIMITRI and GREENE 2007). Due to the intensity and great influence of external factors, organic plant production is demanding and requires an extremely cautious, integrated approach. One of the most important principles of organic plant production is the use of natural methods for plant disease, pest, and weed control where the life system soil/plants/animals/humans must not be interrupted (ANTONACCI and SIMEONE 2001). Grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola [Berk. & M.A. Curtis] Berl. & De Toni) and grape powdery mildew (Uncinula necator [Schwein.] Burrill) made their first appearances in European vineyards in the middle of the 19th century, and still represent the most serious diseases of the common grape vine (Vitis vinifera L.) because both fungi affect both the foliage and berries. The intensity of the infection with the fungi mentioned influences grape quality and quantity, directly and indirectly. They develop on the surface of the leaves, then on the green berries in the form of a whitish mycelium that gradually invades the whole bunch (AGRIOS 2005). According to the Directive of Organic Production (Official Gazette 2003) treatments using sulphur against grape powdery mildew and using copper against grape downy mildew are approved, although there are many negative effects on predaceous mites (DIANE and SHERMAN 2004; GENT et al. 2009), and as well on grapevine physiology and biochemistry have been recorded (RUSJAN et al. 2004, 2005). The use of sulphur and copper is therefore not a common practice among many organic growers, but might be used as an alternative disease control measure following years of severe disease pressure. According to REGNER et al. (2009) the demand for the reduction of sulphur increases, especially in organic grape production, although its positive effect on the yield of some vegetables and efficacy in controlling powdery mildews and Alternaria black spot was confirmed (TRDAN et al. 2004; TRDAN et al. 2008). Due to an increasing demand for organically produced food in Europe and the interest of the markets, several trials determining the effect of the ecologically sound substances on various diseases and pests have been conducted in the last few years (KUNZ et al. 2008; NARDI et al. 2008; TRAPMAN 2008). The natural conditions in Slovenia offer a good possibility for the further development of the organic agriculture, especially because of less intensive and less polluted agricultural areas (RUSJAN et al. 2006, 2007). Since viticulture is an imporJ.Plant Dis.Protect. 5/2010

elina et al.: The efficacy of different spraying programs against two fungal pathogens in organic grape production
tant agricultural branch in Slovenia, the trials have involved the evaluations of efficacy of several authorised agents to be used in the organic agriculture (REPIC et al. 2005; OZIMIC et al. 2007). In addition to the agents that proved to be efficient according to the data gained in similar trials abroad (TRDAN et al. 2004, 2008), those having no current scientific data to prove their efficacy were chosen as well (DELATE and FRIEDRICH 2004; TORRE et al. 2005; REGNER et al. 2009). The aim of the research was to study the efficacy and the actual applicability of some spraying programs in the organic protection of grapevine against grape powdery mildew and grape downy mildew.

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downy mildew according to the listed preparations in catalogues of the authorised agents for the organic agriculture (REPIC et al. 2005; OZIMIC et al. 2007). The formed programs are given in Table 1 and 2 forr each year.

2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Treatments. Spraying was performed manually with a

knapsac-sprayer (STIHL SR 420) where water consumption was around 700 l ha-1. The trial was set in the form of four plots on an area of approx. 0.06 ha. Each plot involved seven random treatments (with each treatment representing a different grapevine protection program to be used in the growing season). Each treatment included 10 vines. During the trial, no other crop protection products were used. The whole trial was performed in compliance with the EPPO standards (EPPO, 2004). Dates of the spraying according to the program are given in Table 3 and 4 for each year. The spraying terms for application were adapted to the climatic conditions suitable for infections by both disease agents. Due to specific meteorological conditions, it was merely possible to evaluate the efficacy of the tested agents against grape powdery mildew control in 2007 and against grape downy mildew control in 2008, only.

2 Materials and methods 2.1 Materials 2.1.1 Experimental site. The experiment was performed in the
5 year old, terraced vineyard (4551'N, 1354'E) with the grape variety Rebula (Vitis vinifera L.; Ribolla gialla) from the Vipavska dolina winegrowing district, a sub-Mediterranean part of Slovenia in years 2007 and 2008. The variety is grafted on rootstock SO4 (Vitis berlandieri Vitis riparia) and the Double Guyot training system is used. Vines are planted on the marl soil with distances 0.9 m between vines in a row and 2.4 m interlinear, which means 4.630 vines per hectare. The vineyard has permanent sod (uncultivated) as a mixture of different grasses (Poaceae) and clovers (Fabaceae) from 3 years old. The vineyards was dunged only in stock with organic (10 t per hectare) and mineral fertilizers (PK 15-15; 300 kg per hectare) before deep ploughing.

2.2.2 Estimation of fungal infection and spraying programs efficacy. The infections with grape powdery mildew and with
grape downy mildew were ranged according to Unterstenhfer scale from a range of 0 to 5, from an uninfected to more than 50% infected, respectively (STOJANOVIC et al. 1971). The level of infection was evaluated according to TOWSEND and HEUBERGER (1943), but the efficacy of the spraying programs

2.1.2 Spraying programs. Seven different spraying programs were performed against grape powdery mildew and grape

Table 1: Spraying programs with main characteristics (phytopharmaceutical agent, active substance, concentration, reference) tested in year 2007
Program Abbreviation 1 2 Control Cha + Kum Agent Champ formula 2 FLO1 Kumulus DF2 Myco-Sin3 Basfoliar Aktiv4 Champ formula 2 FLO1 Kumulus DF2 Potassium waterglass5 HF-Pilzvorge6 4 My + Kum + Alg Myco-Sin3 Kumulus DF2 Algovital plus7 Basf + Viti Basfoliar Aktiv4 Vitisan8 Basf + Algop Basfoliar Aktiv4 Algoplasmin9 Ka + Cha + Kum Kanne Brottrunk10 Champ formula 2 FLO Kumulus DF Concentration 1.5 l ha-1 3.0 kg ha-1 4.0 kg ha-1 3.0 l ha-1 2.0 l ha-1 3.0 kg ha-1 2.0-3.0 l ha-1 2.5 l ha-1 4.0-5.0 kg ha-1 3.0 kg ha-1 4.0-5.0 l ha-1 3.0 l ha-1 10.0-14.0 kg ha-1 3.0 l ha-1 3.0-4.0 kg ha-1 12.0 l ha-1 1.0 l ha-1 3.0 kg ha-1 Active substance
1Copper (II) hydroxide (CuOH ; 24.4% 6.0) (manufacturer: 2

Eco

Nufarm) 2Sulphur (80.0% 4) (manufacturer: BASF) 3Mixture of stone flour and argil, moistened in vegetal oils (10-12% Al-, 80% Si- and 2% Ti-oxidises) (manufacturer: BIOFA)

4Organic-mineral fertilizer made from green maritime algae (Ecklo-

nia maxima); for foliar application (manufacturer: Metrob)

5Potassium waterglass (8.5% K O, 20% SiO ); for strengthening of 2 2

cuticula on leaves (manufacturer: Metrob)

6Extract from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) as ethereal oils;

strengthening of entire plant (manufacturer: BIOFA) 7Natural biostimulator for increase the strengthening of whole plant; made from maritime algae (Ascphyllum nodosum) (manufacturer: Metrob)
8Based on potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO ; E 501); for 3 increase strengthening of leaves (manufacturer: Metrob) 9Natural mixture of very thin red maritime algae and sediment minerals; biostimulator, for increase strengthening of entire plant (manufacturer: Metrob) 10Liquid ferment from cereals; for increase strengthening of entire plant (manufacturer: Kanne Brottrunk)

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elina et al.: The efficacy of different spraying programs against two fungal pathogens in organic grape production 3 Results

Table 2: Spraying programs tested in year 2008

Program Abbreviation Agent, concentration, and active substance see Table 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Control Cha + Kum Eco My + Kum + Alg Cha + Viti + Fen Basf + Algop Basf + Kaq + Fen

The efficacy of the tested preparations used against grape powdery mildew and grape downy mildew in organic grape production was quite different. Results regarding the efficacy of the above-stated preparations against both fungal diseases showed several possibilities that could be used in organic grape production.

3.1 Efficacy of spraying programs in 2007

According to the climatic conditions in 2007 the efficacy of formed spraying programs was evaluated against grape powdery mildew only. Due to the lack of infection pressure and the subsequent possibility of grape downy mildew infection, the evaluation of efficacy of preparations against this fungal pathogen was not possible. The best efficacy against the grape powdery mildew was achieved with the combination of agents in the Eco program, followed by the combination of My + Kum + Alg, which both average efficacy was higher than 80% (Table 5). A positive effect (around 77%) against the aforementioned fungal disease was registered also at the second treatment involving the combination of copper and sulphur preparations. Furthermore, a satisfactory effect of Vitisan in combination with Basfoliar Aktiv was registered. This combination, however, showed a sign of phytotoxicity on the grapevine leaves. Neither the combination of Basfoliar Aktiv and Algoplasmin, nor the combination of liquid cereal ferment and sulphur preparation proved to be sufficiently efficient for the practical use in the protection of grapevine against grape powdery mildew.

by method used by ABBOTT (1925). In both years the evaluation of the infection was carried out four times. The efficacy of the tested preparations against grape powdery mildew was evaluated on 10th August 2007, while for the preparations used against grape downy mildew this was done on 2nd July 2008. In 2007, grape powdery mildew infections were tested on approximately 100 grape bunches sampled from different parts of the grapevines per each of the seven treatments within an individual plot. In 2008, grape downy mildew infections were tested in a similar way, i.e. on approximately 100 bunches and 100 leaves of the central vines.

2.2.3 Data analysis. An ANOVA was conducted in order to establish the differences among the average percentage of infection of different spraying programs (treatments). Before analysis each variable was tested for homogeneity of treatment variances. If variances were non-homogeneous, the data was transformed to log (Y) before conducting the ANOVA. Duncans multiple range test (P 0.05) was used to separate mean differences among the studied parameters in all treatments. All statistical analyses were performed with the Statgraphics Plus for Windows 4.0 computer program.

3.2 Efficacy of spraying programs in 2008

The efficacy of spraying program against grape downy mildew control in 2008 was evaluated only, because severe infection pressure and early infections with P. viticola reduced the grape yield as early as in the control treatment. This is why it was not

Table 3: Dates of spraying according to individual agents during the growth season 2007
Program Control Cha + Kum Eco Agent 11st May 25th May 2nd June Date of spraying 8th June 18th June 29th June 17th July

X X X

X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X

X X

X X X X X X X X X X X

My + Kum + Alg

See Table 1

Cha + Viti + Fen Basf + Algop Ka + Cha + Kum

X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

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elina et al.: The efficacy of different spraying programs against two fungal pathogens in organic grape production Table 4: Dates of spraying according to individual agents during the growth season 2008
Program Control Cha + Kum Eco Agent 19th May Date of spraying 27th May 10th June 20th June

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27th June

X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

My + Kum + Alg See Table 1 Cha + Viti + Fen

X X X X X X X X X X

Basf + Algop Basf + Kaq + Fen

Table 5: The percentage of infection of grape bunches with grape powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) in 2007 and with grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in 2008 for both years the efficacy of spraying programs are evaluated
Spraying program Uncinula necator Average 49.24 19.43 c 11.42 4.41 ab 6.46 2.32 a 7.48 3.29 a 19.78 5.07 b 40.61 11.02 c 34.39 8.39 c Infection (%) on bunches Efficacy (%) / 76.81 86.88 84.81 59.83 17.53 30.16 Plasmopara viticola Average Efficacy (%) 83.04 6.14 e / 30.10 4.61 b 63.75 13.92 1.04 a 83.24 57.17 6.46 d 31.15 11.31 1.82 a 86.38 43.29 6.26 c 47.87 12.42 0.55 a 85.04

Control Cha + Kum Eco My + Kum + Alg Basf + Viti Basf + Algop Ka + Cha + Kum

possible to evaluate the efficacy of the formed programs against grape powdery mildew. The efficacy of some preparations against grape downy mildew occurring on the grapevine was unexpectedly good in three treatments, i.e. in the fifth treatment where the combination of the Champ 2 FLO formula and fennel extract was used (the Vitisan preparation was used only once), in the seventh treatment where the combination of Basfoliar Aktiv, potassium waterglass, and fennel extract was used and, at least the Eco program. In all the aforementioned treatments, the efficacy of the spraying programs was more than 80% (Table 5). The combination of copper and sulphur preparations proved to be quite efficient once again where the evaluated efficacy reached almost 64%. A somewhat smaller efficacy of preparations against grape downy mildew was registered in the programs Basf + Algop and Myc + Kum + Alg. The best results in control of grape downy mildew were achieved in the program Basf + Kaq + Fen, which proved to be 99.5% effective (Table 6). The combination of agents in the Eco program and the combination of Champ 2 FLO formula and fennel extract (the Vitisan preparation was used only once) were also very effective. With more than 80% efficacy, the combination of Basfoliar Aktiv and Algoplasmin proved to
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work well against grape downy mildew occurring on the leaves. Program My + Kum + Alg showed the worst effect and hardly reached 31% efficacy.

Table 6: Percentage of leaf infection with grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and the efficacy of spraying programs in 2008
Spraying program Infection (%) on leaves Average Efficacy (%) 65.59 31.29 2.66 45.41 7.18 12.89 0.33 3.76 g 2.32 e 0.75 b 5.47 f 2.47 c 3.09 d 0.22 a / 52.29 95.94 30.77 89.05 80.35 99.50

Control Cha + Kum Eco My + Kum + Alg Basf + Viti Basf + Algop Ka + Cha + Kum

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elina et al.: The efficacy of different spraying programs against two fungal pathogens in organic grape production
the control treatment. On average more than 65% of the leaves and as much as 83% of grape bunches were infected by grape downy mildew. Copper-based agents are still the most widely-used agents in organic grape production (HASSALL et al. 2005). To reduce the accumulation of copper in the soil (DAGOSTIN et al. 2006; RUSJAN et al. 2006, 2007), however, scientists are trying to find a substitute in new formulations with a smaller copper content or in other agents (JANSONIUS et al. 2000). A comparable research conducted abroad showed that new state-of-the-art formulation of preparations on the basis of copper hydroxide offered a good protection against grape downy mildew for the medium strong infection pressure of fungal diseases (HOFMANN et al. 2008). The efficacy of copper preparation proved to be satisfactory even with the high grape downy mildew infection potential in 2008. The preparation reached about 52% at leaf protection and about 64% efficacy at grape bunch. Higher efficacy was evaluated at program Cha + Viti + Fen with combination of copper preparation and fennel extract, where an almost 90% efficacy at the leaf and grape control was recorded. This was mostly due to fennel extract. Vitisan was used in the aforementioned combination merely once, i.e. during the first spraying. Due to the visible occurrence of chloroses and necroses on the variety Rebula, it was later replaced by fennel extract. According to the data gained from the other comparable trials involving different plant species, Vitisan itself or in combination with other agents can cause the occurrence of necroses or defoliation (TRAPMAN 2008). It is possible to conclude that, before a preparation is to be used on any grapevine variety, it needs to be tested on a smaller number of grapevines. Also in 2008 the program Eco proved a very efficient protection against P. viticola, but also Basfoliar Aktiv preparation showed a high efficacy. In formed combinations, the influence of fennel extract should not be underestimated despite it being used only in the last two sprayings. In order to confirm this assumption, we can state that the efficacy of the Basfoliar Aktiv and fennel extract combination continually used from the beginning of the spraying was unexpectedly effective. It proved to be 85% on bunches and 99.5% efficient in the leaf control. REGNER et al. (2009) alleged the systemics of Basfoliar Aktiv is more pronounced on leaves than on grape bunches, and was also confirmed in our experiment. Also in combination of Basfoliar Aktiv and Algoplasmin the efficiencies of 80% on the leaves and a slightly less of 50% on the bunches control were recorded. The combination of My + Kum + Alg showed a lowest efficacy, therefore we have to keep additional attention on grape downy mildew control with that program. Moreover, results of similar trials arranged by REGNER et al. (2009) clearly show that some preparations are not sufficiently efficient in the event of a stronger infection pressure. The trials discussed in this article proved that the organic production of healthy high-quality grapes without any major risks and reduction of the yield was possible even in the years when the infection pressure of some plant diseases (powdery mildew and downy mildew) was very strong.

4 Discussion
The represented trials involved the studying of inorganic plant protection products (PPP) on the basis of copper and sulphur, as well as various preparations that are not listed like PPP, but can be used in organic grape production. The aim of the research was to test the efficacy of formed spraying programs against grape powdery mildew (U. necator) and grape downy mildew (P. viticola) in 2007 and 2008. Due to unfavourable environmental conditions (drought and a low infectious potential), grape downy mildew did not occur in 2007, so the evaluation of efficacy against it was not possible. On the other hand, meteorological conditions were favourable for the occurrence of grape powdery mildew (high relative atmospheric humidity, high infectious potential). The differences in the efficacy of individual spraying program against grape powdery mildew were considerable. According to the average degree of infection at the control treatment (49%), the calculated values regarding the efficacy of individual variants against grape powdery mildew were applicable. Spraying according to the grapevine care plan for the organic viticulture assigned as Eco program provided greatest efficacy (87%). Each individual spraying involved a combination of wettable sulphur, potassium waterglass, and fennel extract in the period when conditions for the occurrence of grape powdery mildew were most favourable (from the middle of the June until the end of July). Also the program My + Kum + Alg showed effective control (85%) against grape powdery mildew in 2007. Contrary to the results of DAGOSTIN et al. (2006) and REGNER et al. (2009), and in accordance with the results of TRDAN et al. (2004) sulphur remains an important agent against grape powdery mildew in organic grape production, which efficacy in combination with Champ 2 FLO formula was evaluated as quite high, around 77%. A similar variant with wettable sulphur and the Kanne Brottrunk liquid cereal ferment, on the other hand, achieved a lowest efficacy (30%). The higher efficacy of the combination of wettable sulphur and copper agent in grape powdery mildew control compared to the combination of the first with the liquid cereal is hardly explainable. A synergistic effect is possible as partial effect of copper agents against grape powdery mildew has been proved (MCFADDEN-SMITH 2008). Cell walls with a large quantity of chitin, however, are poorly permeable in terms of soluble active substances. Some comparable trials have already been mentioned by NARDI et al. (2008) which proved also a good effect of sulphur preparations against grape powdery mildew. It is possible to conclude that the Kanne Brottrunk liquid cereal ferment is not very effective plant strengthener to be used in the grape powdery mildew control. The combination of Basfoliar Aktiv and Algoplasmin had actually no effect against grape powdery mildew (it was about 18% efficient). We presume that Algoplasmin may act as a biostimulator, but cannot greatly affect the occurrence of grape powdery mildew. This view is a little bit different of TRDANs et al. (2004), who concluded that soya lecithin may act as foliar fertilizer and antifungal agent. Despite its 60% efficacy, the Vitisan preparation combined with Basfoliar Aktiv proved to be unsuitable at the grapevine variety Rebula protection. Where used, the leaves demonstrated severe chloroses and necrosis, consequently the significantly reducing in grape quality and quantity was expected (TAGLIAVINI and ROMBOLA 2001). Basfoliar Aktiv proved good properties as a leaf fertilizer; the grapevines treated with this agent were more vigorous and less tolerant than untreated. The results, however, show that Basfoliar Aktiv did not affect grape powdery mildew in any program in 2007. Results regarding the efficacy of spraying programs against grape downy mildew in 2008 were even more convincing, compared to year 2007. In 2008, the grape downy mildew infection pressure was very high, which was confirmed with a high percentage of the infection on the bunches and leaves in

Acknowledgements
We would like to express our gratitude to Metrob d.o.o. enterprise (www.metrob.si), Za cret, Ljube cna, Slovenia for providing us with the samples of various agents to be tested in the experiment.

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