3.

1 Understanding pressure A student is able to:

F

Define pressure and state that P = A Describe applications of pressure Solve problems involving pressure

1. What is meant by pressure? . Force over a unit area 2. Choose ( ) the examples that apply the concept of pressure? ( ) Toothpaste ( ) Larger and wider seat belt ( 3. ) Ship ( ) Nail ( ) Knife ( ) Aerofoil

Diagram 3 A girl is going to take a walk at a field. There are two types of shoes as shown in Diagram 3. Which type of shoes should she wear? Diagram 3b

4. Diagram 4 shows a cuboid of 2 kg on a table. Calculate the pressure exerted on the table by the cuboid. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

0.1 m 0.4 m Diagram 4 ( ) 0.8 N m-2 ( ) 50 N m-2 ( ) 200 N m-2 () 500 N m-2

5. Diagram 5 shows different situations of a cuboid of 5 kg on a table. Circle the diagram in which the cuboid exerts the least pressure on the table.

Diagram 5

3.2 Understanding pressure in liquids A student is able to: relate depth to pressure in a liquid relate density to pressure in a liquid explain pressure in a liquid and state that P = h g describe applications of pressure in liquids.

1. What is the relationship between depth of liquid and pressure? The more the depth of liquid the more the pressure at the lowest point of liquid. 2. What is the relationship between density of liquid and pressure? The higher the density of liquid the higher the pressure at the lowest point of liquid. 3.

Diagram 4 Diagram 4 shows a container of oil.

Point ( X , Y ) has the highest pressure?

4. The relationship of pressure in liquid is, P =hg What is represented by h, and g respectively?

h = depth of liquid

= density of liquid

g = gravitational acceleration

5. State one application of pressure in liquid. Water tank is placed at a higher altitude/ any acceptable answer. 6.

Diagram 6 Diagram 6 shows a glass full of alcohol. What is the pressure at P? Tick a ( )correct answer. [ Density of alcohol = 800 kg m-3 ] ( ) 1600 Pa ( ) 16 000 Pa ( ) 160 000 Pa ( ) 1 600 000 Pa Solution: P = h g = 20/100 x 800 x 10

= 1600 Pa

3.3 Understanding gas pressure and atmospheric pressure A student is able to: explain gas pressure explain atmospheric pressure describe applications of atmospheric pressure

1. A student wrote several statements to explain the gas pressure. However they were in the wrong order. Rearrange the statements in sequence to explain the gas pressure. Sequence 3 1 4 Statements Collisions of gas particles in the container occur very frequently. The gas is made up of gas particles. The collisions of gas particles on the wall of container give rise to gas pressure 2 The gas particles move randomly with high speed.

2. Gas pressure = ( 24 10 ) + 76 = 86 cm Hg 3. Level of mercury meniscus of mercury column Y increases. 4. The ( weight , mass ) of air on the earths surface caused the atmospheric pressure. 5. A mountain terrain has a ( higher , lower ) atmospheric pressure than at the sea-side because the air at the mountain terrain is ( thicker , thinner ).

6. It is found that a Fortin barometer reads 74 cm Hg at a highland whereas the reading is 76 cm Hg at the sea side. Based on the statement, tick ( ) the correct choice. i. a correct inference ii. a correct hypothesis i ( ) The atmospheric pressure is influenced by the altitude ( ) The atmospheric pressure is influenced by the type of barometer

ii. ( ) The higher the altitude from sea level the lower the atmospheric pressure ( ) The lower the altitude from sea level the lower the atmospheric pressure

7. Fortin barometer X reads 74 cmHg whereas Fortin barometer Y reads 76 cmHg. Which of the following statements correctly explain the difference of atmospheric pressure in the terms of altitude? Mark ( ) at the correct statements.

The Fortin barometer X measured the atmospheric pressure at lower altitude. The Fortin barometer X measured the atmospheric pressure at higher altitude. The Fortin barometer Y measured the atmospheric pressure at lower altitude. The Fortin barometer Y measured the atmospheric pressure at higher altitude.

8. List two apparatus that apply the atmospheric pressure. I . Siphon /sucking drinking water by using straw ii. Syringe / any acceptable answer

3.4 : Appling Pascals Principle A student is able to: state Pascals principle. Explain hydraulic system Describe applications of Pascals principle. Solve problems involving Pascals principle.

Answer 1. Pascals Principle states an external pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equal to every point. 2. 3. Some examples of the application of the Pascals Principle are hydraulic lift, jack, brake system. Diagram 3 shows an application of Pascals Principle.

Diagram 3 State the relationship between F1, F2, A1 and A2. F1/A1 = F2/A2

4. The diagram show one application where pressure is transmitted equally through an oil. Name the system: hydraulic brake.

Diagram 4 5. Diagram 5 shows toothpaste being squeezed out from the tube. The principle that explains the situation below is Pascal Principle .

Diagram 5 6. Diagram 6 shows a hydraulic jack.

Diagram 6

7. Diagram 7 shows a simple hydraulic system. A1 and A2 are cross section area of the piston. A1 = 5 cm2 and A2 = 10 cm2.

Diagram 7 (a) What is the minimum force F1 which can lift a load of 100 kg ? 500 N/ 50kg. (b) What will happen to the hydraulic jack if the force F1 is less than the value found in 7(a)? Does not move/ piston A2 move downward and piston A1 move upward (c) Give one reason for your answer The force F1 500 N. Thus, the pressure produced is less than the minimum pressure required to support/lift the load.

3.5 Applying Archimedes Principle A student is able to: Explain buoyant force Relate buoyant force to the weight of the liquid displaced State Archimedes principle. Describe applications of Archimedes principle Solve problems involving Archimedes principle

Instruction : Answer all question in this section. 1. Buoyant force is the upward force exerted on an object immersed in a fluid. 2. Archimedes' Principle states that if an object is partly or wholly submerged in a fluid, it experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. ( Weight in air Weight in fluid = Upthrust) 3. The examples of application of Archimedes's Principle are: Submarines, hydrometers, hot-air balloons, ship, surfing. 4. What is the relationship between the buoyant force and the weight of displaced water? Equal.

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5.

Diagram 5 shows a spring balance supporting a metal block K in three situations.

Diagram 5 (a) Compare the readings of the spring balance in Diagram 5A and Diagram 5B. Reading in Diagram 5A is greater than reading in Diagram 5B

(b)

Name three forces that act on K when it is partially or totally immersed in water. Spring tension, buoyant force, weight of metal block.

(c) State and explain the relationship between the forces in (b). Buoyant force = weight of metal block apparent weight of metal block in water. (d) Name the principle involved in question (c). Archimedes Principle (e) (i) What will happen to the spring balance in Diagram 5C if the water is replaced with salt solution? Reading of spring balance will decrease. (ii) Give one reason for your answer.

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Buoyant force increases as the density of liquid increases.

6.

A submarine can sail on the sea surface and under the sea. Explain how a submarine on the surface submerges. a) The submarine has a ballast tank. b) Water is filled in the ballast tank. c) The submarine sinks into the water when its density is equal / more than the density of the water and its weight is equal /more than the upthrust.

7. A fisherman finds that his boat is at different levels in the sea and in the river,
although the boat carries the same load. Diagram 7A and 7B below illustrate the situation of the boat in the sea and in the river.

Diagram 7 Compare the levels of the boat and the volumes of water displaced by the boat. Relating the mass of the boat with its load, the volume of water displaced and the density of the water, deduce a relevant physics concept. a) The boat sinks more in the river than in the sea. b) Sea water is denser than river water. c) The mass / weight of the boat and its load is the same when it is in the sea and in the river. d) The boat floats because it is being balanced up by the upthrust. e) The upthrust is equal to the weight of displaced water. f) More water will be replaced when the density is lower.

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The boat sinks more when the water density is lower. 8. Diagram A and B illustrate the working principle of a hydrometer. The depth to which the test tube sinks depends on its surrounding liquid.

Diagram 8 Explain how you would design a hydrometer that can determine a wide range of densities of liquid, using the idea of the working principle of hydrometer shown in diagram 8A and diagram 8B. Draw a diagram that shows the design of your hydrometer and in your explanation. Emphasize the following aspects: - the stability of the hydrometer, - the sensitivity of the hydrometer, - the ability to measure a wide range of densities of liquids, - the calibration of the hydrometer. a) Draw a correct design of the hydrometer.__________________ b) Put plumbum / steel balls in the glass bulb to ensure the hydrometer is upright. c) Use a small stem, to have a bigger interval of the scale. d) Use a suitable big bulb and a longer stem. The hydrometer does not sink fully in low density liquid. e) Float the hydrometer into a paraffin oil / alcohol. The scale and the level of liquid at the stem will show the density of paraffin oil / alcohol. This is to make calibration for liquid of low density.

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f) Floats the hydrometer into a carbon tetrachloride solution. This is the calibration for liquid of high density. Make the scale at the stem using the upper and the lower level of density. Learning Objective 3.6 Understanding Bernoullis principle. Learning Outcomes A student is able to: State Bernoullis principle Explain that resultant force exists due to a difference in fluid pressure Describe applications of Bernoullis principle Solve problems involving Bernoullis principle

Instruction : Answer all questions in this section. 1. Bernoulli's Principle states that the pressure exerted by a fluid decreases as its velocity increases. 2. The examples application of the Bernoulli's Principle are : Aerofoil, bunser burner, carburetor, sprayer, the curve ball. 3. Diagram 3 shows a piece of paper hanging from a retort stand. When air flows from the nozzle of an air pump, the paper changes its position as shown in Diagram 3B.

Diagram 3 (a) Compare the position of the paper in Diagram 3A and Diagram 3B. In Diagram 3B the paper is pushed upward.

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(b) F is a force that causes the paper to change its position. In box X, on Diagram B, indicate and label the direction of F that acts on the paper.

(c)

Explain how F is produced. The pressure around the upper part of the paper is lower as air flows faster. Force acts from higher pressure area to lower pressure area

(d)

(i) Compared to the position of the paper in Diagram B, how does the position of paper change when the air flows faster ? The paper will be pushed higher up (ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d)(i). The pressure decreases when the air flow faster (e) Name the principle that causes the observation in Diagram B. Bernoullis Principle 4. Diagram A below shows the situation of a sheet of paper before and when air is blown. Diagram B shows the situation of canopy before the lorry moves and when the lorry moves at high speed.

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Diagram 4 (a) Based on Diagram 4A and Diagram 4B : (i) State two similarities for the situations in Diagram A and Diagram B. No air movement, the paper and the canopy will not lift up. Paper and canopy lift up when the air moves. (ii) Compare the air pressure above and below the paper when air is blown. Air pressure above the paper is lower than that below the paper (iii) Relate the speed of the air to the pressure of the air. The higher speed of air produces low air pressure (b) Name the principle involved in (a)(iii). Bernoullis Principle 5. Diagram 5 shows an instrument used to measure the speed of air.

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Diagram 5 In Diagram 5A shows the level of coloured water in the U-tube is the same before air flows. (a) Compare the speeds of air at P and at Q after air flows at diagram 5B. the speed of air at P is higher (b) Mark the water level in the U-tube in Diagram 5B when air flows. show the water level correctly

6.

Diagram 6 shows a cross-section of a wing of a moving aero plane. The wing of the aero plane experiences a lift force.

Diagram 6 (a) Name the shape of the cross-section in Diagram 6. Aerofoil (b) Explain why the lift force acts on the wing of the aeroplane. Higher velocity on the upper surface. Lower pressure on the upper surface. Lift force = difference in pressure x area of surface

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7.

Diagram below shows a model of an aeroplane.

You are required to give some suggestions to design an aeroplane which can travel faster and more stable. Using the knowledge on motion, forces and the properties of materials, explain the suggestion based on the following aspects: a) b) c) d) e) the surface of the plane the shape of the plane material used for the plane position of the wing the size of the wing

Smooth. To reduce air friction between aeroplane and air. Streamline shape. To reduce air friction also. Low density material. To reduce the weight and easy to fly. Position of the wings are higher up above the body of the aeroplane. More stable Wide / Big / Bigger. To increase the uplift (force).

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