Causes of hyponatremia S/S of hyponatremia

CHF, excessive intake of water, decreased aldosterone, loss of bile, vomiting CNS and neuromuscular changes, confusion and altered LOC, anxiety, decreased BP and shallow RR, diminished deep tendon reflexes

nursing interventions for Restrict water for pts with CHF, increase sodium in diet, administer IV hyponatremia fluids, give a diuretic (Lasix), 3% Saline Causes of hypernatremia Fever, Resp. infection, watery diarrhea, inadequate water intake, excessive sweating, failure of kidneys S/S of hypernatremia Dry mm, intense thirst, fever, weakness, lethargy, and decreased urine output

nursing interventions for Encourage fluid intake, give water between tube feedings, restrict hypernatremia sodium, oral or IV water intake, NS or 5% Dextrose in 1/2NS solution Causes of hypokalemia S/S for hypokalemia Nursing interventions for hypokalemia Causes of hyperkalemia S/S of hyperkalemia Nursing interventions for hyperkalemia Causes of hypocalemia S/S of hypocalcemia Vomiting, using diuretics, overuse of gastric suctioning, metabolic alkalosis Abdominal pain,cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, lethargy, paralytic ileus Increase potassium, give potassium chloride if ordered, Assess renal function, Diarrhea, Addison's disease, metabolic acidosis, diabetes mellitus, burns or tissue damage, taking potassium supplements Decreased HR, explosive diarrhea; muscle cramps and weakness, paresthesia, Cardiac dysrhythmias. Kayexelate when renal failure, IV calcium gluconate, DO NOT LET FLOW RATE GO BELOW 10 mEq/hr, glucose plus insulin mix Diarrhea, overuse of laxatives containing phosphorus, Hypoparathyroidism, Not enough sunshine, GI wound drainage paresthesia around the mouth, seizures, muscle spasms, tetany, Chvostek's or Trousseaus's signs, cardiac dysrhythmias, laryngeal spasms Initiate seizure precautions, monitor for fractures, increase foods that have dairy and soy, calcium gluconate and D5W

Nursing interventions for hypocalcemia

Causes of hypercalcemia Excessive intake of calcium, hyperparathyroidism, Excess intake of vitamin D, bone tumors, multiple fracturs, immobility S/S of hypercalcemia Nursing interventions for hypercalcemia Muscular weakness, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, renal calculi, bone pain Administer diuretics, encourage high fluid intake, 0.9% Saline