UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION

CONTROL ENGINEERING
AZIMUTH ANTENNA CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN

NAME & ID. : Arnold Gabriel Ruhumbika

INTAKE

: UC2F1105-TE

LECTURER

: Mr Nasrodin Mustaffa

DATE

: 20 FEB 2012


Contents
Table of figures ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1

Control systems ........................................................................................................................... 5

2.0 Azimuth Antenna Control system .......................................................................................................... 7

3.0 System Parameters ................................................................................................................................. 8
4.0 System Diagram .................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1 Block Diagram ....................................................................................................................................... 9
4.12 Schematic Diagram ............................................................................................................................ 10
4.13 Simplified Diagram ........................................................................................................................... 10
5.0 Modeling .............................................................................................................................................. 11
5.1 Subsystem 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 11
5.12 Subsystem 2 ................................................................................................................................... 11
5.13 Subsystem 3 ................................................................................................................................... 11
5.14 Subsystem 4 ................................................................................................................................... 12
6.0 Plot Of The System Response ............................................................................................................. 16
6.1 Step response of the closed loop system .......................................................................................... 16
7.0 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 17
7.1 Response of the system when the gear attached to the antenna is increased ................................... 17
7.12 Plot of the System Response after an Increased Gear Diameter .................................................... 19
7.13 If the System is assured to be always stable and that steady state error is zero ............................. 20
7.14 Plot of the stable system with steady state error zero .................................................................... 21
7.15 Wind striking across the surface of the plate ................................................................................. 22
7.16 Plot of the system when wind strikes unequally across the surface of the plate ............................ 25
7.17 Plot of the system when wind strikes equally across the surface of the plate ................................ 26
8.0 Control Design and Analysis ............................................................................................................... 27
8.1 PD Controller Design ...................................................................................................................... 28
8.12 Plot of the Compensated system vs the Original System ............................................................... 33
9.0 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 35

10.0 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 35

11.0 Reference ........................................................................................................................................... 36
Books ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
12.0 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 37
12.1 Mat lab code for closed loop system ............................................................................................. 37
12.12 Mat lab code for wind striking unequally ( increased load inertia) ............................................. 37
12.13 Mat lab code for wind striking equally ( increased load damping) .............................................. 38
12.14 Mat lab code for increased gear diameter .................................................................................... 38
12.15 Matlab code for steady state error to zero .................................................................................... 39
12.16 Matlab code for compensated system vs original system ............................................................ 40
12.17 Matlab code when settling time is 6 seconds ............................................................................... 41

Table of figures
Figure 1 control system description ............................................................................................................ 5
Figure 2 Antenna Azimuth Diagram ............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3 System Block Diagram ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4 Schematic Diagram ...................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5 Simplified Diagram ....................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 6 Motor Electreic Field .................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 7 Step response of the closed loop system .................................................................................... 16
Figure 8, system response of the increased gear diameter ....................................................................... 19
Figure 9, Stable system .............................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 10, Unequally wind striking ............................................................................................................ 25
Figure 11, Equally wind striking ................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 12, Controllers Constants table ...................................................................................................... 27
Figure 13, Plot of the original system vs the compensated system .......................................................... 33

Acknowledgements
I would like to give my sincere thanks to Mr Nasrodin Mustapha for his time listening and
making me understand this assignment in very deep, without him I would have not achieved the
results I achieved in this report.
I would like also to give thanks to my class mates for their time trying to trouble shoot some
errors faced in this assignment, and for their humble coordination from the beginning till the end
of this assignment.

1 Introduction
Currently the modern world is integrated with control systems. Numerous applications
surrounding us use the concepts of control systems. Such applications include the rockets fire
and the space shuttle lifts of to earth, automatic lifts, cars hydraulic pistons, robotics, and other
many real world applications.
Living apart man made control systems; these systems also exist in nature. This include
numerous body organs in our body, example of these internal organ systems are, pancreas which
regulates our blood sugar, heart which pumps blood through all parts of the body, brain which
controls electric pulses through our back bone and so on.
Therefore control systems application are almost everywhere, we are surrounded by technologies
cultivated from scientific innovation. One would have heard moving vehicles without operator,
an air craft flying in auto mode, an antenna which navigates maximum auto signal strength and
the list goes on. All this applications are the pillars of control systems.

1.1 Control systems

Control system is a system that is designed for the purpose of obtaining desired characteristics of
a process. A control system consists of subsystems and processes assembled for the purpose of
obtaining a desired output with desired performance (Norman S. Nise, 2011). Below is the
example of a control system.

Figure 1 control system description

Figure 1, control system description (Norman S. Nise, 2011).

While designing a control system three considerations are to be kept in mind, these
considerations are, input, output and input-output relation (process or plant). Sometimes a system

constitutes of subsystems (processes) so when designing one must consider all the systems
together to form a simplified complete system.
When designing a control system, sometimes our system response does not satisfy the ideal
requirement needed for transient response and steady state response. Therefore another system
must be designed to compensate the original system. They are several compensators to be
designed to compensate a system which does not full fill the requirements needed. Lag
compensator, lead compensator, PD controller, PI controller and PID controller are some of the
known compensators.

2.0 Azimuth Antenna Control system

Azimuth antenna is a control system which works by changing positions to different desired
positions as a way of catching signals. The angular positions displaced by the antenna are due to
system mechanism which makes it able to change positions to desired positions. The system
operation of an azimuth antenna works as follows.
An antenna changes its position to a new position by turning a potentiometer to a desired input
angle. The angular displacement produced is converted by the potentiometer to a voltage. The
antenna is connected to another potentiometer; this is the output potentiometer which converts
the angular displacement produced by the antenna to voltage which then serves as a feedback of
the system.
The voltage difference between two potentiometers is then amplified into two amplifying stages
to produce an appropriate voltage level to a motor driving the antenna. The first stage is the pre
amplifier which its purpose is to take the input voltage and output voltage that the power
amplifier can use. The second amplifying stage is the power amplifier; the purpose of this
amplifier is to take the output voltage from the pre amplifier and converts it to a voltage that is
useable by the motor.
The system is designed to normally operate to drive the error to zero, when the input and output
voltages produced through the potentiometers are equal, the error will be zero and this will make
the motor to receive no voltage and stops to drive the antenna.
In order to analyze this control system, six steps are required to be applied so as to model the
system to desired output.
The steps are given below as following:

Block diagram
Schematic Diagram
Simplified Diagram
The transfer function of the system
The plots of the system responses

3.0 System Parameters

Parameter
V
N
K
K1
a
Ra
Ja
Da
Kb
Kt
N1
N2
N3
JL
DL
Parameter
K pot in
K pot out
K1
a
Km
am

Configuration
-
-
2
100
50
10
0.03
0.02
1
1
40
200
250
4
2
Configuration
2
1.5
100
50
0.5263
1.053

Kg1
Kg2

0.2
0.8

Table 1, System parameters

4.0 System Diagram

Figure 2 Antenna Azimuth Diagram

Figure 2, System Diagram (Norman S. Nise, 2011).

4.1 Block Diagram

Below is the block diagram of the full closed loop system, the diagram shows interconnections of
each block diagram, from the input to the output.

Figure 3 System Block Diagram

4.12 Schematic Diagram

Below is the visual schematic representation of the azimuth antenna system, from this diagram
an electric field of the motor is represented.

Figure 4 Schematic Diagram

4.13 Simplified Diagram

Below is the closed loop system simplified Diagram

Figure 5 Simplified Diagram

5.0 Modeling
5.1 Subsystem 1

The first subsystem is given as the ratio of voltage produced after conversion of angular displacement
made by the potential meter, and the value is recorded as potential meter input gain.

!" !
!" !

= = 2 ...................... (1)

5.12 Subsystem 2

The second subsystem is taken as a ratio of input voltage and output voltage which further can be
used by the power amplifier, the result is given as differential amplifier gain
!" !
! !"

= (2)

5.13 Subsystem 3

The third subsystem is given as a ratio of the voltage which is going to be used by the motor with
the output voltage produced from the pre amplifier, this voltage produced will be used to drive
the motor

!" !
!" !

!!

!""

= !!! = !!!"..(3)

5.14 Subsystem 4

It is from this stage where the value of motor and load gain and motor and load pole is going to
be determined. In this stage there is an electric field surrounding the motor, and from this field
the values of inertia and damping are going to be obtained in relation to load and rotor.

Figure 6 Motor Electreic Field

From the circuit above one can see that there is an armature current flowing through the system,
so by Kirchhoffs voltage low, the following equations are derived.

!"
!"

+ = 0 (4)

One can see that the equation above is in time domain, so by applying Laplace transform the
system is converted to frequency domain.

() + + = (5)

From the Equation above we relate the term back emf constant to a term relating it to derivative
of speed. Refer to the Equations below.
= .. (6)

Armarture current is not given so we relate it to motor torque and motor Torque constant.
= (s)..( 6)
=

!" !
!"

.. (7)

Motor torque can be related to inertia parameters and damping parameter these terms together
represent motor speed, Refer to the equation below.
= ! + (8)

!! ! !!"# !"!!"# ! !
!!

+ = ().(9)

[ ! + + )/ () = .(11)
From the equation above we can derive the motor transfer function, refer below to the equation.
!
!" !

!"
!"#

=[
! !!

!"#$!

!"!#
!"#

].(12)

One can see that the Equation above is of the same form with the motor transfer function show
on the block diagram, there for by relating the two transfer function the values of km and am are
obtained as shown below.

Then ,
=

= + 1

40
= 0.03 + 4
200

= 0.19
= 10
=

1
0.19 10

Then Value of
= 0.526

1
= +
2

= 0.02 + 2 0.2

= 0.1,
=

0.1 10 + 1 1
0.19 10

= 1.0526.

Open loop transfer function is given by,

=22

+ 50
+ 1.0526

0.2

42.108
+ 50 + 1.053

Closed Loop transfer function is given by..

1

+
1

+
=
1

1+

1 2
+ +

21.052

+ 50 + 1.053
=2
21.052

1 + 1.5 0.8
+ 50 + 1.053

Therefore the transfer function of the full closed loop system is given below.

42.104
= !

+ 51.053 ! + 52.65 + 25.2624

6.0 Plot Of The System Response

6.1 Step response of the closed loop system

Figure 7 Step response of the closed loop system

From the graph one can observe the two important responses required when designing a system,
these responses are transient response and steady state response.
From the graph the system is observed to have an overshoot of 3.38%, rise time of 3.14 seconds,
settling time of about 8.27 seconds and a steady state value of 1.67. The values of the system are
pretty satisfying; However when designing many things must be considered, example what will
happen when the gear diameter is increased, or what if the system is assured to be always stable
and that steady state error is kept at zero what changes do we expect. The system face is of

concave surface so it is likely to be affected by wind, so one can consider what will the system
respond if the wind strikes equally or un equally across the face of the antenna. All these
conditions are discussed below with the aid of calculations and diagrams.

7.0 Discussion

7.1 Response of the system when the gear attached to the antenna is increased

Gear diameter is proportional to gear teeth; therefore increased gear diameter means increased
number of teeth. Inertia and damping parameters are dependent of gear ratio. Gear attached to
the antenna is gear 2. Thus means if the diameter of the gear 2 increases inertia and damping
parameters will decrease leading to a slower system due to reduced motor speed which is
dependent to inertia and damping. Therefore an increase in gear diameter attached to the antenna
is expected to produce a slower system response. This information is proved below by
calculation and graphs of system response.

!! =

!
40
=
= 0.1
! 400

= ! + ! !! !
= 0.03 + 4(0.1)! = 0.07
! =

!

!

! =

1
= 1.429
0.0710

 = ! + ! !! !
= 0.02 + 2(0.1)! = 0.04


! =

! ! + ! !

!

! =

0.0410 + (11)
= 2
0.0710

!
!
!"#$%

!!
! ()
+
+ !
=

!
! () 1 + !
!! !!
+
+ !

100
1.429
22

0.1
! ()
( + 50) ( + 2)

=

! () 1 + 2 100 1.429 0.11.61.5
( + 50) ( + 2)

! ()
57.16
= !

!
! () + 52 + 100 + 68.592

As our expectation form the above discussion, one can observe that both inertia and damping
parameter to be reduced compared the original system, this technically means the motor speed
will reduce since it is dependent to these parameters, this will lead to a slower system and a
reduced overshoot. Below is the plot of the system response under this condition.

7.12 Plot of the System Response after an Increased Gear Diameter

Figure 8, system response of the increased gear diameter

In general, fast response is accompanied by larger overshoot and consequently shorter time for
the process to SETTLE OUT. Conversely, if the response is slower, the process tends to slide
into the final value with little or no overshoot. The requirements of the system dictate which
action is desired.
From the graph we observe that the system has a low overshoot meaning that the system takes
time to reach the desired value, proving the expectations we expected for an increased gear
diameter. In this test the gear teeth is assumed to increase by a hundred percent from 200 to 400
teeth.

7.13 If the System is assured to be always stable and that steady state error is zero

For a steady state error to be zero some of the systems parameters are needed to be changed, our
system does not give a unit feedback thats why the steady state error is not zero. By reduce the
potentiometer to a gain of one and by making the feedback system to unity, one can observe the
system to have a steady state error at zero and a reduced overshoot. Below is the mathematical
derivation of a unit potentiometer gain with a unit feedback system.
!
!
!!"#$

!!
! ()
+
+ !
=

!
! () 1 + !
!! !!
+
+ !

Kpotin= 1 (assumed)
Kg2*kpotout=1 unit feedback (assumed)

! ()
=
! ()

21.052
+ 50 + 1.053
21.052
1+1
+ 50 + 1.053

21.052
= !
!

+ 51.053 + 52.65 + 21.052

7.14 Plot of the stable system with steady state error zero

Figure 9, Stable system

From the above graph one can see that the system is fall at a steady state value meaning that the
error have been reduced to zero for a step system with a unit feedback as shown above.
Furthermore the graphs show the settling time is almost the same to the original system and that
the overshoot of the original system have been reduced to half. This response is obtained after
the input potentiometer gain is reduced to one and the feedback system is reduced to a unit
feedback.

7.15 Wind striking across the surface of the plate

In this case they are two possibilities which can happen. The first possibility is that, if the wind

is striking unequally across the surface of the plate, and the second is, if the wind is striking
equally across the surface of the plate.
They are assumption made for all these two scenarios and relevant results are expected. For the
first case, it is assumed that the wind is coming from the east and strikes at the west face of the
concave surface while the east face there is negligible wind force, when this happens the it is
expected the system response to be first because the antenna direction is clockwise and that the
wind is adding more force to it to continue moving a same direction making the load inertia to
increase. Motor speed is a term related to inertia and damping hence if one of the parameters
increase, the motor speed also increases, therefore the system is assumed to give a fast output
response.
The second scenario is when the wind force is striking equally at the surface of the concave face,
in this case the load at the top of the antenna is increasing due to wind force, and this will result
to an increase of load damping, as a scientific proof when damping across the two objects
increases, speed is decreased. Therefore the damping in this scenario is assumed to increase
hence the system speed is expected to give a slow system response. Below are mathematical
derivations for each case.

When load inertia increases to a hundred percent,

!! =

!
40
=
= 0.2
! 200

!! =

! 200
=
= 0.8
! 250

= ! + ! !! = 0.03 + 8(0.2)! = 0.35

! =

!
1
=
= 0.2857
! (0.35)(10)

! = ! + ! !! ! = 0.02 + 2 0.2! = 0.1

! =

! ! + ! !
0.1 10 + (1)(1)
=
= 0.5714
!
(0.35)(10)

!
!"# !" !

! ()
+ ( + ! ) !!
=

!
! () 1 + !
!! !! !"# !"
+ ( + ! )
100
0.2857
22

0.2
! ()
+ 50 ( + 0.5714)
=

0.2857
! () 1 + 2 100
0.20.81.5
+ 50 ( + 0.5714)
22.856
! ()
( + 50)()( + 0.5714)
=

13.7136
! ()
1+
( + 50)()( + 0.5714)
22.856
! ()
( + 50)()( + 0.5714)
=

+ 50 + 0.5714 + 13.7136
! ()
( + 50)()( + 0.5714)
! ()
22.856
=

! ()
+ 50 + 0.5714 + 13.7136
! ()
22.856
= !

! ()
+ 50 + 0.5714 + 13.7136
! ()
22.856
= !

!
! () + 0.5714 + 50 ! + 28.57 + 13.7136
! ()
22.856
= !
!
! () + 50.5714 + 28.57 + 13.7136

Above is the transfer function of the system when load inertia is increased.

When load damping is increased by a hundred percent,

!! =

!
40
=
= 0.2
! 200

!! =

! 200
=
= 0.8
! 250

= ! + ! !! = 0.03 + 4(0.2)! = 0.19

! =

!
1
=
= 0.5263
! (0.19)(10)

! = ! + ! !! ! = 0.02 + 4 0.2! = 0.18

! =

! ! + ! !
0.18 10 + (1)(1)
=
= 1.4737
!
(0.19)(10)

!
!"# !" !

! ()
+ ( + ! ) !!
=

!
! () 1 + !

+ ( + ! ) !! !! !"# !"
100
0.5263
22

0.2
! ()
+ 50 ( + 1.4737)
=

0.5263
! () 1 + 2 100
0.20.81.5
+ 50 ( + 1.4737)
! ()
42.11
= !

!
! () + 51.47 + 73.68 + 25.26

Above is the system transfer function when load damping is increased.

7.16 Plot of the system when wind strikes unequally across the surface of the plate

Figure 10, Unequally wind striking

From the above the overshoot of the system is very high compared to the original system, this
shows that the system provides a faster response as expected from above discussion. Note that
the inertia is assumed to increase by a hundred percent from 4 to 8.

7.17 Plot of the system when wind strikes equally across the surface of the plate

Figure 11, Equally wind striking

From the above one can observe that the system has a zero overshoot meaning that the system
responds very slowly, as for our expectation discussed above a slow system was expected to be
the output response when the load damping is increased. Note that the load damping is increased
by a hundred percent from 2 to 4.

8.0 Control Design and Analysis

Compensator or controller is an additional system which is added to the plant or original system
so as it can compensate the original system to the required values. They are a lot controllers used
in compensating different systems. They are two methods which these controllers use, the bode
plot method and the root locus method.
Selection of the method depends with the input of the system and which parameters are needed
to be satisfied. Root locus method is based on time response and satisfying transient response
and steady state response, whereas the bode plot method focuses on frequency response and
satisfying parameters such as phase margin and peak margin.
The requirements of our system is based on transient response, where it is required to design a
compensator which can reduce the original overshoot by half and settling time reduced to about
3 seconds or near.
For the conditions above, root locus method which involves pulling the dominant pole to the
desired value will be the best choice for this requirement. However they are many controllers
which use root locus method, some of the controllers are PD controller, PID controller and PI
controller.
Below is the table which shows controller constants and what parameters they can compensate.

Figure 12, Controllers Constants table

From the table above one can see that the only constants we require is proportional constant and
derivative constant, due to this a PD controller will be useful to satisfy the required requirements.

8.1 PD Controller Design

Below is the equation for a compensator design. Note that the value of settling time is taken as
five seconds and overshoot as 1.68 half of the original overshoot. In order to find the values of
kp and kp the open loop transfer function below is used.
Open loop transfer function
! ()
42.108
=
! ()
+ 50 + 1.053

Ts= 5seconds
Overshoot= 1.68

!"
!""
!"
!! !(!" )!
!""

! !"

1.68
100

1.68 !
!
+ (
)
100
ln

ln 0.0618
! + (0.0618)!
ln 0.0618
! + (4.086)!
ln 0.0618
! + 16.69)
ln 0.0618
26.56)

ln 0.0618

5.15

4.0863

5.15

 = 0.79

TS=

!
!"#

=
=

!
!!.!"

=1.01

= + 1 !
= (0.79 1.01) + 1.01 1 0.79!
= (0.79 1.01) + 1.01 1 0.6241

= (0.79 1.01) + 1.01 0.3759
= 0.79 1.01 + 1.01 0.613
= 0.79 1.01 + 0.619

= 0.797 + 0.619
=

(.797)! + (0.619)!

(0.64 + 0.3831)

= 1.65
= 1.0114
= 180 !! (

0.619
)
0.79

= 180 !! (0.78)
= 180 38.08
= 142


() =

42.08

(0.79 + 0.619)(0.79 + 0.619 + 1.053)(0.79 + 0.619 + 50)

() =

42.08

(0.79 + 0.619)(0.253 + 0.619)(49.2 + 0.619)

42.08
(

(0.79)!

(0.619)!

(0.253)! + (0.619)! (49.2)! + (0.619)!

42.08

(1.011)(0.668)(49.20)

42.08

33.22

= 1.26


=

10

0.619
0.619
0.619
!!
!!
!!

0.79
0.253
49.2

= 142.27 67.76 0.72
= 210.75
=

sin ( + )

sin (142 210.75)

1.26148

sin (68.75)

1.26148

0.932

0.775

= 1.201
=

sin

sin (210.75)

1.26 1.011142

sin (210.75)

1.27142

0.511

0.78

= 0.655

After getting the values of kp and kd above the controller transfer function is multiplied with the
original transfer function so as to get the compensated transfer function of the system.

= + = (

+ )

= 1.201 + 0.655

Closed loop transfer function with unity feedback

42.108
! + 51.0523 ! + 52.65

=
42.108
1+ !
1.2
+ 51.0523 ! + 52.65
=
42.108
! + 51.0523 ! + 52.65

=
1.201 + 0.655
42.108
1+ !
1.2
+ 51.0523 ! + 52.65

27.5124 + 50.53808
! + 51.05 ! + 79.802 + 50.53808

The result above is the transfer function of the compensated system

8.12 Plot of the Compensated system vs the Original System

Figure 13, Plot of the original system vs the compensated system

Above are the results of the compensated system in relation to the original system, settling time
used in this PD controller is 5 seconds and with an overshoot of 1.68, from the graph we observe
the original value of overshoot is 3.38 and has been reduced to 2.2% which is very near to half of
it, whereas settling time has been reduced to 4.76 from 8.27 a value almost half of the original
settling time. One can also observe that the compensated system is settling at a magnitude of one,
meaning that the steady state final value is one which emphasize that the steady state error is
zero to the compensated system, thus the compensated system is stable.

The settling time used in this design is 5 seconds, by using the settling time of 3 seconds the
overshoot becomes higher because the system response is very fast, therefore it is decided to use
a settling time higher than 3 seconds so as to compensate the overshoot to a lower value and to
reduce the settling time around 5 seconds. However when settling time is increased more the
system overshoot decreases more, below is the system response when the settling time is
increase to 6 seconds.

Figure 14, system response under 6 seconds settling time

Above is the compensated system response when settling time is 6 seconds, one can observe that
the overshoot has slightly reduced.

9.0 Discussion
By referring above, all mathematical explanation and discussion one each result and response above,
everything is stated above.
The beginning of the project the closed loop differential equations and calculations are obtained and the
system response is plotted and discussed above.
The three cases above are also well analyzed using mathematical equations and graphical representation
and all the results are well discussed.
The last part was the controller, and this was the entertaining part and challenging part of this project, as
observed the PD controller is designed by using an overshoot of 1.68 and settling time of five seconds,
this is because increasing settling time the overshoot is more smoothed than reducing settling time, at first
the settling time of 3 seconds was used and the system responded with an overshoot of 5.14%, so sine the
overshoot was very high it was discussed to increase the settling time to 5seconds and 6 seconds as shown
above from the graphs and the overshoot was observed to reduce by a higher percent up to 2.2% and
1.83% respectively.

10.0 Conclusion

As per requirements of this assignment, all requirements needed are well full filled with potential
outputs, the plot of the closed loop response is satisfied, the three cases are well analyzed and
satisfied with potential outputs and each result is well discussed.
The controller is well designed and it is acceptable design since the product of the absolute of
compensator and our system gives the value one as the answer. The overshoot requirement is
well satisfied together with the settling time.
To sum up a lot of knowledge is learnt in this assignment and how the systems behave in
different conditions, example what happens when overshoot increases, it obvious the system will
respond faster.

11.0 Reference
Books
Norman S. Nise, Control System Engineering.

12.0 Appendix

12.1 Mat lab code for closed loop system

%%%%%%%%%%%%% Program Designed By ARNOLD GABRIEL%%%%%%%%%%%
%closed loop system
N1=40;
N2=200
N3=250;
Ja=0.03
JL=4
Da=0.02
DL=2
Kt=1;
Ra=10;
Kb=1;
kg1=(N1/N2);
kg2=(N2/N3);
J=Ja+JL*(kg1)^2
Dm=Da+DL*(kg1)^2
a=50;
k=2;
k1=100;
kpotout=1.5;
kpotin=2;
km=Kt/(J*Ra)
am=(Dm*Ra+Kb*Kt)/(J*Ra)
G=(kpotin*k*k1*km*kg1);
C=tf([G],conv([1 0],conv([1 am],[1 a])));
F=tf([kpotout*kg2/kpotin],[1]);
closedloop=feedback(C,F,-1)
step(closedloop)

12.12 Mat lab code for wind striking unequally ( increased load inertia)
%%%%%%%%%%%%% Program Designed By ARNOLD GABRIEL%%%%%%%%%%%
%closed loop system
N1=40;
N2=200
N3=250;
Ja=0.03
JL=8
Da=0.02
DL=2
Kt=1;
Ra=10;
Kb=1;
kg1=(N1/N2);
kg2=(N2/N3);
J=Ja+JL*(kg1)^2
Dm=Da+DL*(kg1)^2
a=50;

k=2;
k1=100;
kpotout=1.5;
kpotin=2;
km=Kt/(J*Ra)
am=(Dm*Ra+Kb*Kt)/(J*Ra)
G=(kpotin*k*k1*km*kg1);
C=tf([G],conv([1 0],conv([1 am],[1 a])));
F=tf([kpotout*kg2/kpotin],[1]);
closedloop=feedback(C,F,-1)
step(closedloop)

12.13 Mat lab code for wind striking equally ( increased load damping)
%%%%%%%%%%%%% Program Designed By ARNOLD GABRIEL%%%%%%%%%%%
%closed loop system
N1=40;
N2=200
N3=250;
Ja=0.03
JL=4
Da=0.02
DL=4
Kt=1;
Ra=10;
Kb=1;
kg1=(N1/N2);
kg2=(N2/N3);
J=Ja+JL*(kg1)^2
Dm=Da+DL*(kg1)^2
a=50;
k=2;
k1=100;
kpotout=1.5;
kpotin=2;
km=Kt/(J*Ra)
am=(Dm*Ra+Kb*Kt)/(J*Ra)
G=(kpotin*k*k1*km*kg1);
C=tf([G],conv([1 0],conv([1 am],[1 a])));
F=tf([kpotout*kg2/kpotin],[1]);
closedloop=feedback(C,F,-1)
step(closedloop)

12.14 Mat lab code for increased gear diameter

%%%%%%%%%%%%% Program Designed By ARNOLD GABRIEL%%%%%%%%%%%
%closed loop system
N1=40;
N2=400
N3=250;
Ja=0.03
JL=4

Da=0.02
DL=2
Kt=1;
Ra=10;
Kb=1;
kg1=(N1/N2);
kg2=(N2/N3);
J=Ja+JL*(kg1)^2
Dm=Da+DL*(kg1)^2
a=50;
k=2;
k1=100;
kpotout=1.5;
kpotin=2;
km=Kt/(J*Ra)
am=(Dm*Ra+Kb*Kt)/(J*Ra)
G=(kpotin*k*k1*km*kg1);
C=tf([G],conv([1 0],conv([1 am],[1 a])));
F=tf([kpotout*kg2/kpotin],[1]);
closedloop=feedback(C,F,-1)
step(closedloop)

12.15 Matlab code for steady state error to zero

%%%%%%%%%%%%% Program Designed By ARNOLD GABRIEL%%%%%%%%%%%
%closed loop system
N1=40;
N2=200
N3=200;
Ja=0.03
JL=4
Da=0.02
DL=2
Kt=1;
Ra=10;
Kb=1;
kg1=(N1/N2);
kg2=(N2/N3);
J=Ja+JL*(kg1)^2
Dm=Da+DL*(kg1)^2
a=50;
k=2;
k1=100;
kpotout=1;
kpotin=1;
km=Kt/(J*Ra)
am=(Dm*Ra+Kb*Kt)/(J*Ra)
G=(kpotin*k*k1*km*kg1);
C=tf([G],conv([1 0],conv([1 am],[1 a])));
F=tf([kpotout*kg2/kpotin],[1]);
closedloop=feedback(C,F,-1)
step(closedloop)

12.16 Matlab code for compensated system vs original system

%%%%%%%%%%%%% Program Designed By ARNOLD GABRIEL%%%%%%%%%%%
%closed loop system
N1=40;
N2=200
N3=250;
Ja=0.03
JL=4
Da=0.02
DL=2
Kt=1;
Ra=10;
Kb=1;
kg1=(N1/N2);
kg2=(N2/N3);
J=Ja+JL*(kg1)^2
Dm=Da+DL*(kg1)^2
a=50;
k=2;
k1=100;
kpotout=1.5;
kpotin=2;
km=Kt/(J*Ra)
am=(Dm*Ra+Kb*Kt)/(J*Ra)
G=(kpotin*k*k1*km*kg1);
C=tf([G],conv([1 0],conv([1 am],[1 a])));
F=tf([kpotout*kg2/kpotin],[1]);
closedloop=feedback(C,F,-1)
%step(closedloop)
%parameters ouwww hell of a life
Os=1.68;
% over shoot
Ts=5; % settling time
pi=3.141592654; % pi
x1=Os*0.01;
zt=-1*log(x1)/((pi*pi)+(log(x1)^2))^0.5 % zeta
wn=4/(Ts*zt)
% natural frequency
sd=complex(-zt*wn,wn*(1-zt^2)^0.5) % dominant pole
D=abs(sd)
% absolute value of dominant pole
E=sd+am
% value of the denominator of gsd
E1=0.2526;
% real value of E
y1=0.6150;
% imaginary value of sd and all other roots
F=sd+a
% second value of the denominator of sd
F1=49.2;
% real value of F
EE=(atand(y1/E1)); % finding angle of E
FF=(atand(y1/F1));
% finding angle of F
beta=180-(atand(wn*(1-zt^2)^0.5/(zt*wn))) % the value of phase angle
Ad=G/((D)*abs(E)*abs(F)) % magnitude
OD=0-beta-EE-FF
kp= -1*sind( beta+ OD)/(Ad*sind(beta)) % the value of kp
kd=sind(OD)/(Ad*D*sind(beta))
% the value of kd
sdkp=sd+(kp/kd);
sdkpabs=abs(sdkp);
GCSGSD=kd*sdkpabs*Ad
% proving that the point is a root locus

%PD controller, this is entertaining it had me sweat...

figure(1)
CC=tf(G*[kd kp],conv([1 0],conv([1 1.053],[1 50])));
Fd=tf([1],[1]);
T=feedback(CC,Fd,-1)
step (T,closedloop);

12.17 Matlab code when settling time is 6 seconds

%%%%%%%%%%%%% Program Designed By ARNOLD GABRIEL%%%%%%%%%%%
%closed loop system
N1=40;
N2=200
N3=250;
Ja=0.03
JL=4
Da=0.02
DL=2
Kt=1;
Ra=10;
Kb=1;
kg1=(N1/N2);
kg2=(N2/N3);
J=Ja+JL*(kg1)^2
Dm=Da+DL*(kg1)^2
a=50;
k=2;
k1=100;
kpotout=1.5;
kpotin=2;
km=Kt/(J*Ra)
am=(Dm*Ra+Kb*Kt)/(J*Ra)
G=(kpotin*k*k1*km*kg1);
C=tf([G],conv([1 0],conv([1 am],[1 a])));
F=tf([kpotout*kg2/kpotin],[1]);
closedloop=feedback(C,F,-1)
step(closedloop)
%parameters ouwww hell of a life
Os=1.68;
% over shoot
Ts=6; % settling time
pi=3.141592654; % pi
x1=Os*0.01;
zt=-1*log(x1)/((pi*pi)+(log(x1)^2))^0.5 % zeta
wn=4/(Ts*zt)
% natural frequency
sd=complex(-zt*wn,wn*(1-zt^2)^0.5) % dominant pole
D=abs(sd)
% absolute value of dominant pole
E=sd+am
% value of the denominator of gsd
E1=0.3860;
% real value of E
y1=0.5125;
% imaginary value of sd and all other roots
F=sd+a
% second value of the denominator of sd
F1=49.3333;
% real value of F
EE=(atand(y1/E1)); % finding angle of E

FF=(atand(y1/F1));
% finding angle of F
beta=180-(atand(wn*(1-zt^2)^0.5/(zt*wn))) % the value of phase angle
Ad=G/((D)*abs(E)*abs(F)) % magnitude
OD=0-beta-EE-FF
kp= -1*sind( beta+ OD)/(Ad*sind(beta)) % the value of kp
kd=sind(OD)/(Ad*D*sind(beta))
% the value of kd
sdkp=sd+(kp/kd);
sdkpabs=abs(sdkp);
GCSGSD=kd*sdkpabs*Ad
% proving that the point is a root locus
%PD controller, this is entertaining it had me sweat...
figure(1)
CC=tf(G*[kd kp],conv([1 0],conv([1 1.053],[1 50])));
Fd=tf([1],[1]);
T=feedback(CC,Fd,-1)
step (T,closedloop);