INFLUENCE OF A SYSTEM

OF SLIPPAGE OF PARALLEL

O F A G A S ON T H E CYLINDERS AT

RESISTANCE SMALL

REYNOLDS

NUMBERS Stechkina, UDC 533.722

A. A. K i r s h , I. B . a n d N. A. F u k s

We p r e s e n t the r e s u l t s of an experimental and theoretical study of the r e s i s t a n c e as a function of the Knudsen number for the simplest model of a f i l a m e n t a r y filter consisting of p a r a l lel cylinders placed perpendicular to the flow.

1. F o r a viscous flow past a lattice of parallel cylinders with axes perpendicular to the flow d i r e c tion the complex velocity of the flow at small Reynolds n u m b e r s may be written in the f o r m of a s e r i e s [1]: w ~ [d2~-,cth~ 9 (~:.p~..d2~cth~]+~_~ b2 d .... cth~ --=a0[ln(2sh~)+ln(2sh~*)-(~+~')cth~]ao + ~l,~ = , a~ d~...... - - - ' ~ ~ ) - - - ~ - - J ~=, d~....

(1.1)

where w = u x - iuy is the complex velocity of the flow, u 0 is the velocity of the flow at infinity, ~ = (lr/2h) 9 (x + iy) is a complex variable, and 2h is the distance between the cylinder axes. The coefficients a2n and b2n may be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the boundary conditions on the s u r f a c e of a cylinder and at infinity and may be e x p r e s s e d in the f o r m of a s e r i e s in the dimensionless p a r a m e t e r t = 7ra/2h, where a is the radius of the cylinder. When slippage at the cylinder s u r f a c e s is taken into account, the boundary conditions for the velocity of the flow at small Knudsen n u m b e r s have the f o r m

upl' =i=O, u0

ao] a0 0=l

TK i__:Oao] a0 dp ~=~

4xa0Ksin0,

]~0]

(p~o~)

(1.2)

Here Up and u 0 are the radial and tangential components of the flow velocity, p and 0 are d i m e n s i o n less polar coordinates, K = h/a is the Knudsen number, X is the free-path length of the gas m o l e c u l e s , and T is a coefficient of o r d e r unity. The boundary conditions (1.2) for the complex velocity, written in a s y s t e m of coordinates in which the liquid is at r e s t at infinity, have the f o r m

=--2TaoK

I --t,

[w[-+0

([~[-~)

(1.3)

We obtain the f i r s t coefficients of the s e r i e s (1.1) f r o m these boundary conditions. To do this we put ~* -- t2/~ in Eq. (1.1) (since ~ ~* = t 2 on the surface of a cylinder), expand w in a Laurent s e r i e s in ~, and equate it to the velocity (1.3) on the s u r f a c e of the cylinder. F r o m the resulting s y s t e m of algebraic equations for a2n and b2n we obtain the f i r s t coefficients with an a c c u r a c y to within t e r m s of o r d e r t 2Moscow. Translated f r o m Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zh[dkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 133136, July-August, 1972. Original article submitted September 4, 1970.

9 1974 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 g/est 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilmi'ng, recording or otherwise, withottt written permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

656

ao-~ ------ - [ 2 in 2t - - t - - 2/3t2 -- 2TK(I - - '/3t 3) ]

b2/ao:--t2(t

- 2vK),

a2~/ao-~O(#~),

b 2 . / a o - ~ O ( t 2(2~-'))

(1.4)

T h e f o r c e a c t i n g p e r u n i t c y l i n d e r l e n g t h m a y be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the r e l a t i o n s h i p [1] P = 8~a0~u0 w h e r e p is the c o e f f i c i e n t of d y n a m i c v i s c o s i t y of the m e d i u m . We d e n o t e the d i m e n s i o n l e s s f o r c e a c t i n g on a u n i t c y l i n d e r l e n g t h by F* = F ( P u 0 ) -1, and u s i n g the r e l a t i o n s (1.5) and (1.4), w e o b t a i n (1.5)

4 ~ / F* = - - l n 2t -]- '/2 + '/3t 2 ~- ~ ( t - - '/~t 2) K

or

(1.6)

1 IF* ~ t/Fo* --}- ~ / 4 ~ ( t - - '/3t2)K

w h e r e F~ is the d i m e n s i o n l e s s f o r c e a c t i n g on a u n i t c y l i n d e r l e n g t h i n the h y d r o d y n a m i c flow r e g i m e

(1.7)

(K

= o).

The pressure drop through the lattice is related to F* through the obvious formula
Ap
=

F*~t~zoN,N,~

(1.8)

w h e r e N 1 i s the n u m b e r of c y l i n d e r s p e r u n i t w i d t h of the l a t t i c e and N2 i s the n u m b e r of g r i d s . 2. Our e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h a m o d e l f i l t e r c o n t a i n i n g 24 g r i d s m a d e of gold w i r e w i t h a s m o o t h s u r f a c e of d i a m e t e r 2a = 8.90 0.10/~. T h e l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r s w e r e as f o l l o w s : t h e n u m b e r of w i r e s i n t h e l a t t i c e , n = 80; l a t t i c e s p a c i n g , 2h = 62.7 p; the d e v i a t i o n of h f r o m its m e a n w a s l e s s t h a n 10%; l e n g t h of e a c h w i r e , l = 0.53 c m ; and the a r e a of the l a t t i c e , S = 0.265 c m 2. T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n e i g h b o r i n g g r i d s w a s 2h 1 = 1.1 ram. It w a s d e t e r m i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y t h a t w h e n h l / h >_ 1 the s e r i e s do n o t show a n i n t e r h y d r o d y n a m i c effect [2]. Up to R ~ 0.4 the flow for K = 0 w a s s t r i c t l y s e l f - s i m i l a r : A p / u 0 = c o n s t , w h e r e a s f o r R = 0.6 the q u a n t i t y A p / u 0 i n c r e a s e d by 4 . 7 ~ (here R i s the R e y n o l d s n u m b e r ) . In s o m e of the e x p e r i m e n t s the s u r f a c e of the w i r e s w a s u n i f o r m l y c o a t e d w i t h a t h i n l a y e r of d i b u t y l p h t h a l a t e (DBP); t h i s w a s e f f e c t e d by p a s s i n g a s p r a y of DBP p a r t i c l e s of r a d i u s ~ 0.3 # t h r o u g h the m o d e l f i l t e r f r o m b o t h s i d e s . T h e gold w a s w e t t e d w e l l by the DBP. T h e p r e s s u r e d r o p i n the m o d e l f i l t e r f o r Ap > 0~ t o r r w a s m e a s u r e d by m e a n s of a U - s h a p e d d i f f m a n o m e t e r f i l l e d w i t h DBP (7 = 1.045 g i n / e r a 3) and a c a t h e t o m e t e r ; f o r Ap < 0.2 t o r r , it w a s m e a s u r e d by m e a n s of a n A t l a s MMM m e m b r a n e m i c r o m a n o m e t e r . T h e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d i n a n a t m o s p h e r e of c a r b o n d i o x i d e gas and a i r , w i t h and w i t h o u t d r y i n g , f o r fixed v a l u e s of the m a s s outflow r a t e of t h e g a s and f o r f i x e d R. T h e v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i n a s e c t i o n p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the axes of the w i r e s is p r a c t i c a l l y c o n s t a n t : a n e v a l u a t i o n shows that, e x c e p t f o r two w i r e s at the b o u n d a r y , all the w i r e s e x p e r i e n c e the s a m e r e s i s t a n c e [3]. M o r e o v e r the r e s i s t i n g f o r c e a c t s n o n u n i f o r m l y a l o n g the l e n g t h of e a c h w i r e ; t h e r e f o r e F* c a l c u l a t e d f r o m Eq. (1.8) y i e l d s a n a v e r a g e d v a l u e of the f o r c e < F * > . T h e s p e e d of the flow for g i v e n p m a y be c a l c u l a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g w a y : u o = 760 Q / S p , w h e r e Q (cm3/sec) is the outflow r a t e of the gas u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s (t = 23~ and p = 760 t o r t ) , p = p' + 1/2A p (torr) i s the a b s o l u t e p r e s s u r e i n the m i d d l e of the m o d e l f i l t e r , and p' i s the p r e s s u r e b a c k of the f i l t e r . In o u r c a l c u l a t i o n s we a s s u m e d t h a t u n d e r n o r m a l c o n d i t i o n s # = 1.84 9 I0 -4 P and k = 6.53 9 10 -~ c m f o r a i r ; f o r CO2, # = 1 . 4 4 . 10 -4 P and A = 5 . 1 1 . 10 -~ ore. T h e r e s u l t s of o u r m e a s u r e m e n t s of the r e s i s t a n c e of the f i l t e r in the s e l f - s i m i l a r flow r e g i m e for v a r y i n g v a l u e s of t h e p r e s s u r e a r e s h o w n i n Fig. 1 as a d e p e n d e n c e of < F * > - I on p-1 (or o n K). In F i g . 1 p o i n t s 1 - 7 r e f e r to e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h a i r , p o i n t s 8-12 to e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h CO2, at R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s e q u a l , r e s p e c t i v e l y , to (1.07 9 10-3), 4.98 9 10 -3, 1.44 9 10 -2, 2.69 9 10 -2, 3.08 9 10 -2, (4.74 9 10-2), 5.80 9 10 -2,
4.15 9 I0 -2, (4:.26 9 10-2), 4.62 - 10 -2, (4.62 - 10-2), 4.92 9 I0 -2.

657

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- .2

~7
c~B AIO
All

~#
9

/
p-t
0.2
I

O.Z! ( F , ) _ 1
13

*12

0,3

O.17
Q

0.03
9

//
Air
I

0.13
0,1
t

.Z

Y
0.9; 0.0#

0165

o2o6 ~ 3 z, 7

A2.5 K

p-!
O.06

C{}~

0.0/

0.2

O.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Here the e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a in p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r to e x p e r i m e n t s in which the s u r f a c e of the w i r e s w a s coated with DBP. It should be noted, f i r s t of a l l , that when p-1 = 0 the e x p e r i m e n t a l value of < F * > for a i r and CO2 a g r e e s e x a c t l y with the value of F~ c a l c u l a t e d f r o m Eq. (1.6} with K = 0. F u r t h e r it is evident f r o m F i g . 1 that the d a t a obtained l i e on s t r a i g h t l i n e s up to l a r g e v a l u e s of K. T h i s c i r c u m s t a n c e m a k e s it p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e m o r e p r e c i s e l y a c o r r e c t i o n on the s l i p p a g e . F r o m the s l o p e of t h e s e l i n e s , given by Eq. (1.7), we found that T ---- 1.18 for a i r and T = 1.12 f o r CO 2. Coating of the w i r e s with a l a y e r of DBP did not affect the value of T. In our e x p e r i m e n t s as w e l l as in M i l l i k a n ' s e x p e r i m e n t s with falling oil d r o p s and c o a x i a l r o t a t i n g c y l i n d e r s , the s l i p p a g e c o r r e c t i o n f o r CO 2 t u r n e d out to be b a r e l y l e s s than that f o r a i r [4]. The v a l u e s of T obtained a r e v e r y c l o s e to the t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e of ~- = 1.15, obtained by a n u m b e r of a u t h o r s for the c a s e of a f i a t s u r f a c e w i t h the a s s u m p t i o n of diffuse r e f l e c t i o n of the m o l e c u l e s f r o m it [5]. Attention should be c a l l e d to the f a c t that although the t h e o r y f u r n i s h e s a c o r r e c t i o n on the s l i p p a g e only for s m a l l Knudsen n u m b e r s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , the r e c t i l i n e a r n a t u r e of the d e p e n d e n c e of <F*> -1 on p-1 is m a i n t a i n e d up to v e r y l a r g e v a l u e s of K, as in the e x p e r i m e n t s with f a l l i n g d r o p s [4] or in the e x p e r i m e n t s with a s y s t e m of c a p i l l a r i e s of m i c r o n - s i z e d i a m e t e r [6]. In all t h e s e e a s e s the flow is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s m a l l Reynolds n u m b e r s . It w a s o b s e r v e d that as R i n c r e a s e d , t h e l i n e a r dependence of < F*> -1 on K broke down, the l a r g e r the R value the q u i c k e r the breakdown. A p a r a d o x i c a l r e s u l t w a s obtained: as R i n c r e a s e d f r o m 0~ to 1.4, the influence of s l i p p a g e i n c r e a s e d ; i . e . , f o r K = const the quantity A p / u 0 d e c r e a s e d ~ In F i g . 2 we p r e s e n t the d a t a f r o m e x p e r i m e n t s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for the following v a l u e s of R: 0.148, (0.150), 0.333, 0.88, 1.39, (0.177), 0.190. Lines I and II c o r r e s p o n d to the d a t a shown in F i g . 1. P o i n t s 1-5 c o r r e s p o n d to e x p e r i m e n t s with a i r ; points 6 and 7 to e x p e r i m e n t s with CO2. Deviation of the points f r o m the line t a k e s p l a c e for v a l u e s of p f o r which the l i n e a r s p e e d a t t a i n s a value of 10 m / s e c . However this effect is not connected with the n a t u r e of the i n t e r a c t i o n of the gas m o l e c u l e s with the s u r f a c e of the w i r e s . Additional e x p e r i m e n t s , which w e r e c a r r i e d out with the F P P - 1 5 f i l t e r , the l a t t e r c o n s i s t i n g of u l t r a t h i n f i l a m e n t s of d i a m e t e r l e s s than 1 p, at l a r g e flow s p e e d s (but f o r s m a l l R values) showed that the l i n e a r dependence of < F * > - I on K is m a i n t a i n e d up to u 0 = 80 m / s e c and K ~ 10; in addition, the R e y nolds n u m b e r r e m a i n e d s m a l l (R < 5 9 10-2). In addition, we conducted e x p e r i m e n t s at t h e s e s a m e high flow v e l o c i t i e s and l a r g e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r s with a f i l t e r m a d e of c o p p e r w i r e s with 2a = 28 # . The d a t a obtained a r e shown in F i g . 3. P o i n t s 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 c o r r e s p o n d to the following v a l u e s of R: 0.105, 0.50, 1.68, 2.61, and 4.45. It is evident f r o m F i g . 3 that with an i n c r e a s e in R f o r K = 0, the r e c i p r o c a l of the r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e s d e c r e a s e s . In addition, the influence of the s l i p p a g e on the r e s i s t a n c e of the f i l t e r i n c r e a s e s in both the c a s e of the d a t a p r e s e n t e d in F i g . 2 as well as that r e l a t i n g to i n c r e a s e d Reynolds n u m bers. 658

We conclude by pointing out the w o r k done by Coudeville et al. [7], the only e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k , to our knowledge, in which e x p e r i m e n t s r e l a t i n g to the r e s i s t a n c e of l a t t i c e s as a function of K w e r e c a r r i e d out for s m a l l M and K n u m b e r s . Unfortunately, the r e s u l t s of this w o r k cannot be used for c o m p a r i s o n since their r e s i s t a n c e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e made by m e a n s of a balance method: the lattice was s e m i p e r m e a b l e to the flow; Joe., as the flow speed i n c r e a s e d , the lattice, to an e v e r g r e a t e r d e g r e e , acted as a single obstacle in the flow. F o r this r e a s o n the r e s u l t s obtained in [7], also for K = 0, contradict the theory. The authors thank B. I. Ogorodnikov for help during individual s t a g e s of the work. LITERATURE
!.

CITED

2. 3.

4.

5. 6. 7.

T. Mijagi, ~Viscous flow at low Reynolds n u m b e r s past an infinite row of equal c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r s , " J. P h y s . Soc. Japan, 1_3, No. 5, 493-496 (1958). A. A. K i r s h (Kirsch) and N. A. Fuks (Fuchs), "Studies on fibrous a e r o s o l f i l t e r s - I I , P r e s s u r e drop in s y s t e m s of p a r a l l e l c y l i n d e r s , " Ann. Occupato Hyg., 1_0_0 No. 1, 23-30 (1967). , A. A. K i r s h (Kirsch) and No A. Fuks (Fuchs), "The fluid flow in a s y s t e m of p a r a l l e l cylinders p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the flow direction at s m a l l Reynolds n u m b e r s , " J. P h y s . Soc. Japan, 2__2, No. 5, 1251-1255 (1967). R. A~ Millikan, "Coefficient of slip in g a s e s and the law of r e f l e c t i o n of m o l e c u l e s f r o m the s u r f a c e of solids and liquids," P h y s . Rev., 21, No. 3 , 2 1 7 - 2 3 8 (1923). S. Albertoni, C. Cercignani, and L. Gotusso, " N u m e r i c a l evaluation of the slip coefficient," P h y s . Fluids, 6, No. 7, 993-996 (1963). A. A. K i r s h (Kirsch) and K. Ro Spurny, "Flow of a gas through a n u c l e a r - p o r e filter," Zh. P r i k l . Mekhan. i Tekh. Fiz., No. 3, 109-112 (1969). H. Coudeville, P. T r e p a n d , and E. A. Brun, ~Drag m e a s u r e m e n t s in slip and t r a n s i t i o n flow," in: P r o c . of the F o u r t h R a r e f i e d Gas Dynamics S y m p o s i u m , Vol, 1 (i965), p. 444.

659