Wu4c11 by Adel Khamis

Unit Four -251- Chapter Eleven
Electromagnetic Induction
Overview:
After Oersted discovery, where the magnetic field can be produced by the
effect of ……………………...
Faraday discovered that electric current can be produced as a result of ……
………………………….. by a conductor, and that kind of electricity is called ………
………………………….
Faradays Experiments:
• In the figure shown; the
galvanometer indicates ……
………………… in the coil
when the magnet pushed inside the coil.
• The galvanometer indicates ……………………… in the coil when the
magnet pulled from the coil; but the direction of current will be ………
…………. Compared with previous case.
• The galvanometer indicates ………………………… if the magnet is in
case of rest even inside the coil.
Give reasons:
A galvanometer connected to solenoid deflected when a magnet bar
withdraws from the coil.
………………………………………………………………………………..
Conclusion:
…………………… of magnetic field close to a coil causes electromotive
force and electric current to pass through the coil.
Work Sheet 2008/2009

Give reasons:
• The E.M.F resulted in a solenoid increase when an iron core is placed in
its axis.
………………………………………………………………………………..
Electromagnetic induction:
• Definition: ………………………………………………………………
………… ……………………………………….…………………………
…………………
Parameters affect on the magnitude of induced electromotive force:
• The magnitude of the induced electromotive force is ……………………
proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic field.
ε α …………..
• The induced electromotive force is ………………… proportional to the
number of turns N.
ε α …………..
Faraday’s law:
∆φ
ε = −N
∆t
Where:
ε: is ………………………………………………………………….
∆φ: is ………………………………………………………………….
t: is ………………………………………………………………….
N: is …………………………………………………………………
The negative sign indicates that: ……………………………………

Faraday’s law statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Lenz’s law:
To illustrate Lenz’s law, a magnet bar can be pulled and pushed into a coil,
and by using of a galvanometer; the
direction of current can be indicated.
In figure A:
The North Pole of the magnet
pushed into the coil, therefore the direction of the induced current at the face of the
coil close to the magnet is ………………… forming ……………. Pole to resist the
change of the magnetic field resultant by pushing of the magnet bar. (N – N repel).
In figure B:
The North Pole of the magnet pulled from the coil; therefore the direction of
the induced current at the face of the coil close to the magnet is ………………
forming ……………. Pole to resist the change of the magnetic field resultant by
pulling of the magnet bar. (N – S attract).
In figure C:
The South Pole of the magnet pushed into the coil; therefore the direction of
forming ………… Pole to resist the change of the magnetic field resultant by pushing
of the magnet bar. (S – S repel).

In figure D:
The South Pole of the magnet pulled from the coil, therefore the direction of
forming ………….. Pole to resist the change of the magnetic field resultant by pulling
of the magnet bar. (N – S attract).
Lenz’s rule statement:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
• What is the direction of the induced current in the face of solenoid moved
towards the North Pole of U-shaped magnet?
• ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
Direction of the induced current in a straight wire:
• When a current carrying wire is placed in magnetic field; force of motion
is result and its direction indicates by using of …………………………
…………..….
• When a straight wire moves in a magnetic field, an induced electromotive
force and induced current follow through the wire and the direction of
that current indicates by using of ……………………………..…..
Fleming’s right-hand-rule:
………………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
• A car moves from east to west raising its antenna, what is the direction of
the electric current in that antenna.
• ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
What is the benefit of each of the following:
• Ampere right hand rule:
• ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
• Lenz’s law:
• ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
• Flemming right hand rule:
• ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
• Flemming left hand rule:
• ……………………………………………………………………………
…..
Mutual induction between two coils:
• Induce electromotive force is produced when ……………………………
• The variable magnetic field may produce due to ……………………….
or ……………………………………………..
• If the induce electromotive force is produced due to variable magnetic
field resulting from coil of current I, therefore, the induce electromotive

force will be ……………….. Proportional to the rate of change of that
current.
ε 2 ∝ .............
∆I1
ε 2 = −M
∆t
Where:
• M is ……………………………………………………………………….
• (-ve) sign: ………………………………………………………………..
Mutual inductance coefficient between two coils:
M = ……………………………….. or …………………………..……………….…
• Definition: ………………………………………………………………
……..…… …………………..……………………………………………
…………………….
• Unit: ……………… or ……………………… or ………………………
…….…..
Factors affected on the mutual inductance between two coils:
1. ……………………………………………………………………………..
2. ……………………………………………………………………………..
3. ……………………………………………………………………………..
Experiments:
The change of magnetic field can be
caused as following:
To increase the field:
1. ………………………………………

2. ………………………………………
3. ………………………………………
In this cases the magnetic field changes to increase its value, and the induced
current of the secondary coil will be in the direction to ………………………………
………………
To decrease the field:
1. ……………………………………….……………………………………
2. ……………………………………….……………………………………
3. ……………………………………….……………………………………
In this cases the magnetic field changes to decrease its value, and the induced
current of the secondary coil will be in the direction to ………………… …………….
Example:
A solenoid coil of 200 turns, the cross sectional area of each turn equals 2
cm2; it is placed normally to a magnetic field of flux density 0.6 w/m2. Calculate the
induced e.m.f. for the cases when:
a) Flux density increases to 0.8 tesla in 2 x 10-3 sec.
b) The coil is turned back in 0.1 sec
……………………………………………………………………………………..…..
……………………………………………………………………………………..…..
……………………………………………………………………………………..…..
……………………………………………………………………………………..…..
[-4 volts, -0.48 volts]

Self-induction of a coil:
• When switching the key (on/ off), the
fluorescent lamp will not glow.
• When switching the key (on / off), the
neon lamp will glow. (Required 180
Volts, while the battery is only 6
Volts).
Conclusion:
Switch on:
• The main current of the coil will (increase / decrease) due to ……………
………………………..
• The change of current in each turn cause ……………………….. in the
neighborhood turn.
• The induced induction due to all the turns will be to resist the …………
of the main current of the coil. So, it will (increase / decrease) the total
electromotive force, which is (enough / not large enough) to glow the
florescent lamp.
Switch off:
• The main current of the coil will (increase / decrease) due to ……………
………………………..
• The change of current in each turn cause ……………………….. in the
neighborhood turn.
• The induced induction due to all the turns will be to (increase / decrease)
the total current of the coil. So, it will (increase / decrease) the

electromotive force to be (enough / not large enough) to glow the
fluorescent lamp.
The induction in this case called ……………………., and the self-induced
electromotive force will be directly proportional to ……………………………………
ε α ……………..
ε = ……………..
Where:
ε: is ………………………………………………………………………….
∆I: is ………………………………………………………………………….
T: is ………………………………………………………………………….
L: is ………………………………………………………………………….
(-ve) sign: ………………………………………………………………….
Self-induction coefficient of a coil (L):
• Rule: …………………………………………………………………….
• Definition: …………….…………………………………………………
………… ………………….………………………………………………
…………………
• Unit: …………………or ………………………… or …………………
……..
Henry:
• Definition: ………………………………………………………………
• Unit: …………………………………… or ……………………………
…..

Factors affect on the self-inductance of a coil:
• ……………………………………………………………………………
• ……………………………………………………………………………
• ……………………………………………………………………………
• ……………………………………………………………………………
G.R.:
• TV set must switched off before get the blug out of electric source.
………………………………………………………………………………..
• The Ohmic resistances are made of double wounded wires.
………………………………………………………………………………..
N.B.:
• Problems of self induction can be solved by using of the rules:
………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..
• Problems of mutual induction can be solved by using of the rules:
………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..
Example:
A solenoid has 200 turn and connected to battery of 2 A to produce magnetic
flux of 5x10-5 Weber, 70% of that field reaches another solenoid which has 800 turn
and its resistance is 40Ω. Find both of self induction coefficient and mutual induction
coefficient, then if the current is vanished in 10 millisecond, find the total e.m.f in
both of the coils and the electric current pass through the second coil.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Application of self induction:
The most common application of self induction is the function of …………
……. lamp, and in Ruhmkorff coil, which is used as an ignition coil in ………………
…………………..
Fluorescent lamp:
• It consists of ……………… tube contains amount of ………….. gas, and
its inner walls painted with ………………….. material.
• The electric energy stored in a coil outside the lamp in form of …………
… energy.
• The energy discharged in the lamp, casing the atoms of the inert gas to …
………. and collide with ……………. and ………………….. of the
tube.
• As a result of …………………….. the florescent material ………………
………..
Eddy currents:
• If an alternated current pass through a conductor, it will cause continues
change in the magnetic field.
• The change in the magnetic field through solid conductor produce ……
……………...

• The induced current in the solid conductor will be in form of ………….
and called …………………..
• This phenomenon can be used to build the induction furnaces, which are
used in ………………...
Question:
• How to avoid the eddy current.
• ………………………………………………….…………………………
………
E.M.F. induced in a moving straight wire:
• If straight wire of length (L) moves with
velocity (V) in a magnetic field for interval

of time (T), it will cover an area of L ∆X.
L
(where X is the distance covered by the
wire).
∆φ
ε= ∆X
∆t
......
B=
......
∴ ∆φ = .........
A = ........
∴ ∆φ = ............
∆φ BL∆X ∆X
ε= = = BL
∆t ∆t ∆t
ε = ..................
∴ ε = BLV
If the angle between the wire and the flux line is θ

∴ ε = BLV sin θ
Example:
Straight line wire of length 5 cm moves with a velocity of 25 m/s in a
magnetic field of intensity 7x10-5 Tessla. Calculate its electromotive force.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[8.75x10-5 V]
Alternating current:
Definition: …………………………………………………………………….
Alternating current generator:
It is a device to generate Alternating
current.
Structure:
1. A field magnet:
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
2. An armature:
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Slip rings with brushes:
………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………..
The mechanism of the generator:
The coil rotates itself between the magnet poles, therefore the velocity prefer
to be angular velocity ω.
V θ 2π
ω= = = = 2π f
r t τ
Where:
ω: is ……………………………………………
V: is ……………………………………………
F: is ……………………………………………
The induced E.M.F in one-side equals: ……… x ……… x ………..
But the coil consists of two sides connected in series, therefore:
E = ……………………
to convert the velocity from liner velocity into angular velocity V = ……….
Therefore; E = ………………
But A = …………………
Therefore; E = …………
In case of N turns:
E = ………………….
or:
E = B A N ω sin θ

Where:
• θ is the angle between the magnetic flux line and the direction of motion
of the coil. or it is the angle between the magnetic flux line and the
perpendicular to the coil.
• If θ equals to zero the coil is ……….. to the field and E.M.F equals ……
………...
• If θ equals 90 the coil is …………….. to the field and E.M.F equals ……
………….
N.B.:
• Unit of θ is ………….. and π = …………. in calculating sin(θ) or sin (ω
t)
• Unit of θ is …………. and π = …………. in calculating (θ) or (ω) out of
sin.
Instantaneous e.m.f:
• The instantaneous E.M.F can be calculated from the relation
E = Eo sin θ
I = Io sin θ
Where:
• Eo is the maximum E.M.F.
• Io is the maximum current.

Figure A:
• The coil is (perpendecular/ parallel) to the flux lines.
• The direction of motion of
each side (perpendecular/
parallel) to the flux lines.
• θ is equal ……………….
• E = (rule) ……………….
• E = (value) ……………..
Figure B:
• E = (rule) ……………….
• E = (value) ……………..
Figure C:
• E = (rule) ……………….
• E = (value) ……………..

Figure D:
• The direction of motion of each
side (perpendecular/ parallel) to
the flux lines.
• E = (rule) ……………….
• E = (value) ……………..
N.B.:
The E.M.F can be drawn in a sin curve as following:
E B
t
A C
Example:
The coil of a simple AC generator consists of 100 turns, the cross sectional
area of each is 0.21 m2. The coil rotates with frequency 50 Hz (cycle /second) in a
magnetic field of constant flux density B = 10-3 tesla. What is the maximum induced
E.M.F. generated? And what is instantaneous value at θ = 30°? Then find the e.m.f
after 0.1 sec and find the time when the e.m.f becomes 5 volt.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
[6.6 V, 3.3V, 0, 2.7x10-3]
Effective values of the alternating current and voltage:
• Since the value of the alternating current intensity is changes from (I)
maximum to (–I) maximum; therefore the mathematical average equal …
…………….
• For that reason, the average can be calculated by calculate its heat effect.
Effective value of alternating current:
• Definition: ………………………………
V
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
t
• Ieff = (Rule) ………………….…
• Eeff = (Rule) …………………...
N.B.:
The average electromotive force can be calculated by using of faraday’s law

∆φ
ε = −N
∆t
• The average electromotive force for a complete cyclee = zero (G.R.)
• ………………………………………………………………………
• The average electromotive force for half cycle = the average of quarter
cycle and can be calculated from faradays law.
Where:
• ∆ φ = ………………………………………………………………
………

• ∆ t = …………………………………………………………………
……
Example:
• An electric current of intensity 2 amp in a coil of 400 turns, the produced
flux is 10-4 Webber. Calculate the average produced e.m.f in the coil when
the current vanishes in 0.08 sec. also calculate the self-induction of the
coil.
• ……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
[0.5 volt, 0.02 H]
Current rectification in the dynamo:
To produce direct current, the two slip rings of the generator must replaced
with commentator (rectefier), which consists of ………………………………………
………, each of the two halves attach to …………….. The two brushes replaced
position each …………………...

V
The direction of the electric
current will be …………………..,

t
while the magnitude of the E.M.F.
and the magnitude of the current will be vary from ………. to ……….. through each
quarter cycle as shown in the graph. V
By using of two coils

t
perpendicular to each other the
current will be smoother as shown in the figure.

To obtain steady value of

V
electric current intensity the coil must
replaced with …………………….
and the commentator will ………… t

…………………..
Example:
If the effective intensity of current in a circuit equals 10 amperes and the
effective voltage is 240 volts. What is the maximum value for each of current and
voltage?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
[14.14 A, 340 V]
Transformer:
• It is a device used to ……………………………………………………...
• Since the value of power is constant therefore when the voltage steps up
the current intensity will ………………., and that will decrease the ……
………. while transfers electricity for a long distance.
• The idea of transformer depends on ………………………………….

G.R.:
• Transformer is used only with AC current.
• ………………………………………
……… ……….……………………
…………………..

Structure:
• ……………………………………….
• ……………………………………….
• When the primary coil connected to a source of AC, the potential
deference between its terminal can be calculated from the relation
(according to faraday’s law):
VP = ...................
VP ...............
= ...................................(1)
N P ................
• The potential deference between the terminal of the secondary coil can be
calculated from the relation (according to faraday’s law):

VS = .......................
VS .............
= ...................................(2)
N S .............
• From 1 & 2:
VS .............
=
VP ..............
NS
VS = VP
NP
• In general some of the electric energy is converted into heat energy and
the rest of the percentage is convert into electric energy in the secondary
coil.
NS
VS = ( % used of electricity ) VP
NP
The relation between IS & IP:
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

• Energy of the primary coil = ……………………………………….
• Energy of the secondary coil = ……………………………………….
• Therefore: VP IP T = …………………………
• VP IP = ………………..
IS ...........
=
I P ...........
The loosing of energy in the transformer:
Some of the electric energy will loss in the transformer because of the
following:
• A part of electric energy is converted into thermal energy in the wire of
coils.
It is recommended to ……………………………………………………
………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
• A part of the electric energy is converted into thermal energy in the soft
iron core.
………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………
• Some of the energy is converted into mechanical energy (F = BIL) to
move the molecules of the soft iron.
………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………

The efficiency of the transformer (η):
Definition: ……………………………… or ……………………………….
Rule: …………………………………………………………………….
Usage of transformer:
Heat energy is directly proportional to the square of the electric intensity.
W = ………………
From Ohm’s law: V = …………
W = ………………
• During transfer the electric energy part of it will convert into ……………
… due to ……………………………….. therefore it is preferred to use
(low / high) voltage with (low / high) current during transfer the electric
energy for along distance.
• Step (up / down) transformer is used at the power station (power plant) to
(increase / decrease) the voltage and (increase / decrease) the current.
• Step (up / down) transformer is used at the distribution regions to
(increase / decrease) the voltage and (increase / decrease) the current.
• This will (increase / decrease) the loss of electric energy in form of heat
energy during the transfer.
Comparison between the step up and step down transformer:
Item Step up Step down

transformer transformer
Number of turns
Ratio between Pd of primary to
that of secondary coil

Ration between I of primary to
that of secondary coil
Using
N.B.:
If the efficiency of transformer (η) equals 100% then
Vs N I
• = s = P
Vp N p I s
If the efficiency of transformer (η) is less than 100% then

Ns
• Vs = η Vp
Np
I sV s
• η=
I pV p
Examples:
1. A transformer, when connected to a 240 volts power source, gives 900
volts output electromotive force with current intensity 4 amperes. What is
the intensity of the source current assuming that the efficiency of the
transformer is 100%?
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
[15A]
2. An electric ring is connected to a transformer of efficiency 80% which
gives 8 volts output, if the input voltage in the house is 240 volts what is
the number of turns of the secondary coil if the number of turns of the
primary coil is 1100 turns? And what is the intensity of current in the
secondary coil if the current in the primary coil is 0.1 ampere?

………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………..|
[46, 2.4 A]
The electric motor:
• It is a device to convert the ………
… energy into ………… energy.
Structure:
• ……………………………
• ……………………………
• ……………………………
• ……………………………
• ……….…………………
• ……………………………………………………………………………
• ……………………………………………………………………………
• When the coil is parallel to the magnetic field; the angle between the coil
and the magnetic flux line is …..°, the coil affected by torque of (rule) …
……………. which equal to (value) …………….. and rotate between the
two poles of the magnet.
• When the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field; the angle between
the coil and the magnetic flux line is …..°, the coil affected by torque
force of (rule) ………………. which equal to (value) …………….. but it
will rotate due to its inertia.

Increasing the motor’s power:
• Number of coils may be used with equal angles between their planes to
increase the power of the motor, and the cylinder is splited into number
of sections equal ……………………..
Uniformity of rotation rate of the electric motor coil:
• The torque reaches its maximum value when the plane of the coil is ……
……………………, and that (increases / decrease) the angular velocity
of the coil.
• The torque reaches its minimum value when the plane of the coil is ……
……………………, and that (increases / decrease) the angular velocity
of the coil.
• When the coil start to rotate the angel between the plane of the coil and
the field will changes from ……….. to …………. and that causes the
angular velocity to changes each …………………..
• Although the previous two points but the angular velocity of the coil is
uniform due to the self-induction.
• The induced current will be maximum when the coil is ……………. to
the field, then the induced current will (increase / decrease) gradually by
the rotation of the coil.
• The reverse current generated due to the self-induction of the coil
decrease the total current in the coil when the coil tends to increase its
speed.

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Unit Four -251- Chapter Eleven

Faraday discovered that electric current can be produced as a result of ……

………………………….. by a conductor, and that kind of electricity is called ………

• In the figure shown; the

………………… in the coil

when the magnet pushed inside the coil.

• The galvanometer indicates ……………………… in the coil when the

…………. Compared with previous case.

• The galvanometer indicates ………………………… if the magnet is in

case of rest even inside the coil.

A galvanometer connected to solenoid deflected when a magnet bar

withdraws from the coil.

…………………… of magnetic field close to a coil causes electromotive

force and electric current to pass through the coil.

Work Sheet 2008/2009

• The E.M.F resulted in a solenoid increase when an iron core is placed in

Parameters affect on the magnitude of induced electromotive force:

• The magnitude of the induced electromotive force is ……………………

proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic field.

• The induced electromotive force is ………………… proportional to the

The negative sign indicates that: ……………………………………

Work Sheet 2008/2009

Faraday’s law statement:

and by using of a galvanometer; the

direction of current can be indicated.

The North Pole of the magnet

pulling of the magnet bar. (N – S attract).

of the magnet bar. (S – S repel).

Work Sheet 2008/2009

of the magnet bar. (N – S attract).

Lenz’s rule statement:

towards the North Pole of U-shaped magnet?

Direction of the induced current in a straight wire:

• When a current carrying wire is placed in magnetic field; force of motion

is result and its direction indicates by using of …………………………

• When a straight wire moves in a magnetic field, an induced electromotive

that current indicates by using of ……………………………..…..

Work Sheet 2008/2009

the electric current in that antenna.

What is the benefit of each of the following:

• Ampere right hand rule:

• Flemming right hand rule:

• Flemming left hand rule:

Mutual induction between two coils:

• Induce electromotive force is produced when ……………………………

• The variable magnetic field may produce due to ……………………….

• If the induce electromotive force is produced due to variable magnetic

field resulting from coil of current I, therefore, the induce electromotive

Work Sheet 2008/2009

force will be ……………….. Proportional to the rate of change of that

• (-ve) sign: ………………………………………………………………..

Mutual inductance coefficient between two coils:

• Unit: ……………… or ……………………… or ………………………

Factors affected on the mutual inductance between two coils:

The change of magnetic field can be

To increase the field:

Work Sheet 2008/2009

current of the secondary coil will be in the direction to ………………………………

To decrease the field:

current of the secondary coil will be in the direction to ………………… …………….

induced e.m.f. for the cases when:

a) Flux density increases to 0.8 tesla in 2 x 10-3 sec.