Unit Two -156- Chapter four

DENSITY
• Rule: …………………………………………………………………….

• Definition: ……………………………………………………………….

• Dimensional formula: ………………………………………………….

• Unit: …………………………………………………………………….

Factors affect density of substance:

• Kind of material: where the density …………….. by increase of atomic

mass and ………………….. the distance between molecules

• Temperature: where the density ………….. by increase the temperature.

• Pressure (gas/ liquid./ solid) state only, where the density ……………… by

increase the pressure.

Give reasons:

• Density of diamond is deferent than that of carbon, while both are the same

material.

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

• The density of gases affected by pressure, while that of solid or liquid does

not.

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

• Density is not affected by mass nor volume.

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

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Questions:

• The relation between density and temperature is (inversely / directly)

proportional.

• The relation between density of gases and pressure is (inversely/ directly)

proportional.

Examples:

• Find the density of a cube of wood has length of 20 cm and mass of

7000 gm.

• Mass = …………………………………………………… kg

• Volume = ………………………………………………… m3

• Density = …………………………………………………..

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

[875 kg/m3]

• Find the mass of a spherical ball made of iron has a radius of 5 cm. Given

that the density of iron is 7600 kg/m3.

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

[3.98 kg]

• Calculate the density of a cuboid 2 x 2 x 5 cm, if its weight is 0.98 N.

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

[5000 kg/m3]

Relative density (specific weight or specific gravity):

• Rule (depends on density): ……….………………………………………….

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• Definition: …………………………………………..……………………….

• Rule(depends on mass): ………….………………………………………….

• Definition:…………………………………………………………………….

• Rule(depends on volume): ………….……………………………………….

• Definition:…………………………………………………………………….

• Unit: ……………………… because ……………………………………….

• Dimensional formula: …………………………………………………….

Application of density:

• Car’s battery: if the battery is discharged the density of the electrolyte will

(increase/ decrease) because ………………………………………, while,

when the battery is charged the density of the electrolyte will (increase /

decrease) because ………………………………………….

• The average density of blood (hematocrite) is between 1040 to 1060 Kg/m3,

the increase of its density indicates…………………, while the decrease of

its density indicates………………. , which diagnostic as …………….

• The average density of urine is about 1020, and the increase of its density

means……………………

G.R:

• Relative density does not affected by temperature, while density is affected

by temperature.

• ……………………………………………………………………………

Questions:

• The relation between density and relative density is written as: …………

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Unit Two -159- Chapter four

• The relation between density and density in gm/ cm3 is written as: …………

…………………………………………

• The relation between relative density and density in gm/ cm3 is written as: …

…………………………………………………

• The relation between density and density in gm/ litter is written as: ………

……………………………………………

• What is meant by density of Al = 2700 kg/m3

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

• Calculate the relative density of a piece of metal has a mass of 300 gm and

volume of 20 cm3.

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

[15]

• If the ratio between the volume of certain mass of water the volume of the

same mass of oil is 3/4, find the density of oil.

• ……………………………………………………………………………..

[750 kg/m3]

N.B.:

• ρ (kg/m3) = 1000 x ρ (relative)

• ρ (kg/m3) = 1000 x ρ (gm/cm3)

• ρ (gm/cm3) = ρ (relative)

• ρ (gm/liter) = ρ (kg/m3)

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Unit Two -160- Chapter four

Pressure inside a fluid and measurement

The pressure at a point:

•Rule: ……………………………………………………………………..

•Definition: ……………………………………………………………….

•Dimensional formula: …………………………………………………….

•Unit: …………… or …………………… or ……………………………

Enriched notes:

• At constant force, the pressure is (directly/

inversely) proportional to the area. It means

that the pressure of woman’s pointed shoes

is (greater/ smaller) than the pressure of an

elephant.

Calculation of the pressure at a point inside

liquid:

•At any point inside a liquid the pressure can act in any

direction.

•Suppose that a horizontal plate (X) of area (A) is placed at a

depth (h) below the liquid surface.

•This plate acts as a base of liquid column having a form of a

parallelogram.

•The force exerted by the liquid on the plate is equal to the

weight of liquid column of height (h) and uniform cross sectional area (A)

•The weight (W) = ……………………

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•From the rule of density M can be replaced by ………..

•Then the weight considered as (W) = …………………………………..

•The volume of liquid = ……………..

•From the rule of volume; the weight can be written as …….………

Force weight .............
P= = = = hgρ ·
Area area .............

•The total pressure P = Pa + hρg

•Where Pa is …………………………….

•ρ is: …………………………………

•g is: ………………………………… = ………………………..

•h is: …………………………………

Examples:

•The pressure at a point inside a lake: P = ……………………………..

•The pressure at a point inside closed vessel contain certain amount of liquid: P

= ……………………………..

•The pressure at a point inside closed vessel full off with liquid: P = …………

…………………..

Factors affect on pressure at a point inside liquid:

P1 .........
=
•…………………, P α …………………, P2 .........

P1 .........
=
•…………………, P α …………………, P2 .........

•Also; the relation between pressure and height is …………… proportional,

where: P α …………………,

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P1 .........
=
P2 .........

Example:

•If the pressure resultant by liquid is 105 N/m2 at depth 2 meters from the liquid

surface; find the depth at which the pressure becomes 106 N/m2.

•…………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………..……………………………

Exercises:

I. Draw a graphical relation between the presser at a point

inside liquid in open container at y-axis and the depth of

the point at x-axis.

•The slope means: …………………… …………..

•The intersected point with y-axis means: …………………………………….

II. Draw a graphical relation between the presser at a point

inside liquid in closed container filled by liquid at y-

axis and the depth of the point at x-axis.

•The slope means: …………………… …………..

III. Draw a graphical relation between the presser at a point

inside liquid in open container at y-axis and the height of

the point at x-axis.

•The intersected point with y-axis means: …………

………………………….

•The intersected point with x-axis means: …………………………………….

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IV. Draw a graphical relation between the presser at a point

inside liquid in closed container filled by liquid at y-

axis and the height of the point at x-axis.

•The intersected point with y-axis means: …………

………………………….

•The intersected point with x-axis means: …………………………………….

G.R

•All points that lie in the same plane inside

a liquid have the same pressure.

•…………………………………………

……………………………………………

…………….……………………………….

•The circus player can sleep over nails, but he cannot stand on them.

•…………………………………………………………………………

Examples:

Calculate the force per unit area which cause pressure of 600 N/cm2

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

[6x106 N/m2]

Inclined force of 1200 N acts on a table with an angel of 30°; if the dimensions

of the table are 2 x 3 m. calculate the pressure on the table.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………

[100 Pascal]

Solid cuboid of dimensions 5 x 10 x 20 m and density of 5000 kg/m3 is placed

on flat surface. Calculate its maximum and minimum pressure (consider the

acceleration due to gravity 10 m/s2)

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

[1x106, 25x104 Pascal]

A layer of oil has thickness of 5 cm; layer of water has thickness of 10 cm and

another layer of mercury. The difference of pressure at the free point and the

point at the bottom of the container = 2760 N/m2. Find the thickness of mercury
layer and the pressure at a point between water and oil. (Pa = 1.013x105 N/m2, ρ

for oil, water and mercury are 800, 1000 and 13600 kg/m3, g = 10 m/s2)

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

[0.01 m, 101700 Pascal]

If the pressure inside a submarine is kept at atmospheric pressure. Calculate the

pressure and the force that act on its circular door of diameter of 80 cm at depth
of 60 m under sea water. (ρrel = 1.03, Pa = 1.013x105 N/m2)

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

[706940 Pascal, 304427.87 N]

Balance of liquid in U shaped tube:

Pressure at A = ………………………………………………….

Pressure at B = ………………………………………………….

The two points A and B are lie in the same horizontal plane.

So, the pressure at A = PA & the pressure at B = PB

PA = PB

Pa + ……………………….. = Pa + …………………………..

h1 ρ 1 = h2 ρ 2
h 1 ..........
=
h 2 ..........

Questions:

•The relation between the density and height in the u shaped tube is ……………

proportional.

G.R.:

•The height of the liquid doesn't depend on the

radius of the tube.

•…………………………………………………

………………..

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Explain an experiment to determine the relative density of oil by using of u-

shaped tube:

1. …………………………………………..

2. …………………………………………..

3. …………………………………………..

4. …………………………………………..

Torricelli barometer:

•It consists of …………………….………………

…………

•It is used to ………………………………………

……….

•The pressure at the point A = …………..

•The pressure at the point B = …………..

•Since A and B lie at the same horizontal line therefore ………………………

….

•Pa = ρ g h

•Pa = ………….. X …………. X ………

•Pa = …………… N/m2

The atmospheric pressure:

•Definition: ……………………………………

………………………….………………..

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The units of atmospheric Pressure:

Pa = ………………………………….. N/m2

Pa = ………………………………….. Pascal

Pa = ………………………………….. bar

Pa = ………………………………….. m Hg

Pa = ………………………………….. Cm Hg

Pa = ………………………………….. mm Hg

Pa = ………………………………….. torr

Pa = ………………………………….. atm

Question:

•What is the role of Eustachian tube on ear drum..

•………………….……………………………………………………………

Example:

•If the pressure at a point is 1.1 bars, calculate the pressure at this point in unit

of N/m2 and cm mercury.

•………………………………………………………………

[1.1x105 N/m2, 82.5 cmHg]

Manometer:

•It consists of: …………………………………

…… …………….……

•It is used to ……………………………..

If we take 2 points A, B in the same horizontal plane.

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•In the first figure PA = …………….,, PB =…………….

•In the second figure PA = …………….,, PB =…………….

P = ……… ± ………..

N.B.:

•If the opened column is higher than the attached one,

P = ……………..

•If the opened column is lower than the attached one,

P = ………………

G. R

Mercury is used as a manometer material instead of water.

•………………………………………………………………………….

Water is preferred to Mercury in case of small different in pressure.

•………………………………………………………………………….

N.B.:
* P = Pa ± ρgh In case of using …………….. as unit of pressure.
* P = Pa ± h In case of using …………….. as unit of pressure

Examples:

A mercury manometer is used to measure the pressure of a gas inside a

container. The surface of the mercury inside the free side is higher than that in

other side attached to the container by 36 cm what is the value of the gas
pressure in cm Hg, N/m2 and atmospheric pressure. (ρHg = 13600 kg/m3,

Pa=1.013x105 N/m2)

………………………………………………………………………….

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………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………

[112 cmHg, 1.49x105 N/m2, 1.474 atm]

U-shaped tube has a height of 50 cm filled with Hg to its middle, if water is

board in one branch to fill it, calculate the increase of Hg height in the other
branch. (ρ of water and Hg are 1000 and 13600 kg/m3)

•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

[0.95 cm]
N.B.:

•Pressure at bottom = Pressure at top + the pressure resultant due to the air

column.

•PB = Pt + ρghair

•ρghbottom = ρghtop + ρghair

Mercury barometer measured 75 cm Hg at the bottom of mountain & 73 cm Hg

at the top of the mountain, given that the average density of air is 1.25 kg/m3.
Calculate the height of the mountain (ρ Hg = 13600 kg/m3)

•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

[217.6 m]

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Unit Two -170- Chapter four

A barometer measured 75.5 cm Hg at the bottom of mountain & 10 m water at

the top of the mountain, given that the average density of air is 1.25 kg/m3.
Calculate the height of the mountain (ρ Hg = 13600 kg/m3)

•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

[214.4 m]
Applications:

1. In case of normal blood pressure, the systolic pressure is ……… torr, and

that for diastolic is ……….torr.

2. Pressure is ……………. proportion to the area, therefore increase the

pressure inside the car tire will ……………. the area of contact with the

rode.

Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle states: ………………………………………………………… …
….………………………………………………………………………………..

Applications of Pascal's Principle

Hydraulic Press:

•Force at the small piston is (equals / not

equals) to that of large pistons.

•Pressure at the small piston is (equals / not

equals) to that of large pistons.

•The pressure at the small piston:

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........
P=
...........
........
P=
•The pressure at the large piston: ...........

•Since the pressure at the small and large

pistons are equals therefore:

............. .............
P= =
........... ............. ·

•Plarge = Psmall
.............. .............. .............. .............. ..............
η= = = = =
.............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

Mechanical advantage of the hydraulic press (η):

Definition: ……………………………………………………………………

•What is meant by the mechanical advantage of a press = 100

•……………………………………………………………………………

G. R.:

•Pascal's principle is not applied on gases.

•…………………………………………………………………………….

Examples:

The small area of a hydraulic piston is 10 cm2, a force of 100 N is applied to it.

If the cross sectional area of the large piston is 800 cm2 and the acceleration due to

gravity is 10 m/sec2 calculate:

•The maximum mass applied to the large piston.

•The mechanical advantage of the piston.

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•The distance moved by the small piston to move the large piston by 1 cm.

…..……………………………………………………………………………

…..……………………………………………………………………………

…..……………………………………………………………………………

…..……………………………………………………………………………

[800 kg, 80, 80 cm]

In a service car station, the ratio between radiuses of the small piston to that of

the large piston is 1:5, a force of 200 N acts on its small piston. Calculate the max. mass

can be lifted by this hydraulic press.

…..……………………………………………………………………………

…..……………………………………………………………………………

…..……………………………………………………………………………

[510.2 kg]

Prove that the mechanical advantage is equals to the ratio between the distances

moved by the small piston to that by the large one.

By using of work’s rules:

…..……………………………………………………………………………

…..……………………………………………………………………………

By using of volume rules:

…..……………………………………………………………………………

…..……………………………………………………………………………

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Enriched notes:

What is the base idea of each of the following:

• Hydraulic brake, Hydraulic lift, Caterpillar and diving suit.

• …………………………………………………………………………………

Archimedes principle
Let us consider an imaginary cylindrical volume (Vol) of a liquid enclosed in a

container. The cylinder is of cross sectional area (A) and height (h).

There are forces acting on it:

•The effect of the horizontal forces (F3 = F4) is

…………..

•In the vertical direction:

F3 F4
•F1 in …………….. direction; and it is equals to

…………………….

•F2 in …………….. direction; and it is equals to the difference between the force

acts on the upper face and the force acts on the lower face, and that force is called

…………………. thrust force or ………….. force (Fb)

•From the law of pressure the force at the upper face = ……… = …….

•From the law of pressure the force at the lower face = ……… = …….

•Therefore up thrust force which considered as (Fb) = ………. - …………

•(Fb) = ……………..(….. - ……..)

•(Fb) = ……………..(…..…..)

•(Fb) = …………………….; so it is equal to the weight of displaced liquid.

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•If (W) and (Fb) are in balance therefore:

•………………………………………..

The relation between the weight of a body in air and in liquid:

The net force acting on the body immersed in a liquid is the difference between

the two horizontal forces (real weight or weight at air and beyond force or up thrust

force):

Ft = Fb - W in air

Ft = Vol ρL g - Vol ρs g

Ft = (ρl - ρs) Vol g

So; the three different cases of the immersion or flotation:

1. When ρ s > ρ l

W (less than / equal to / greater than) Fb

The object (sinks / floats / suspends / moved upward).

W' (apparent weight) = ………. - ………..

2. When ρ l > ρ s

The object (sinks / floats / suspends / moved upward).

Since the object will floats, so the immersed volume will (increase / decrease),

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(increasing/ decreasing) the weight of displaced liquid; which (increase / decrease) the up

trust force until it reaches equilibrium case and the two forces becomes equal.

W (equals / not equals) Fb

3. When ρ s = ρ l

The object is in equilibrium and it is suspended in liquid.

and also:

W (equals / not equals) Fb

Archimedes principle:

Archimedes Principle states: ……………………..………..………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………….

G.R.:

* A ship is travel from fresh water to sea water, it rise a little.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

N.B.:

Fb = ρl g vim

* If Fb is constant then ρL α …………….

* If ρL is constant then Fb α …………….

* If Vimm is constant then Fb α ……….

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N.B.:

In case of floating body:

•Fb = weight of …………………...

•Fb = weight of …………………….

In case of suspend:

•Fb = weight of …………………...

•Fb = weight of …………………….

In case of sink:

•Fb = weight of …………………...

Therefore in all cases the relation can be written as:

•Fb = ρ…. g V…….

And in case of balance (floating or suspending) the relation can be written

as:

•Fb = M….. g = ρ…. V….. g

In case of floating body:

•The relative density of the body equals to ……………………….. of

that body.

•A body floats on the surface of water where ¼ of its volume floats; therefore its

relative density = ……………., and its density ………………

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Float Suspend Sink

ρs (< / > / =) ρL ρs (< / > / =) ρL ρs (< / > / =) ρL

Apparent weight (< / > / =) zero • Apparent weight (+ve / zero

Weight of solid (less than / equal to / greater than) / -ve) value.

weight of displaced liquid. • Weight of solid (< / > / =)

Weight of solid (less than / equal to / greater than) weight of displaced liquid.

buoyant force • Weight of solid (< / > / =)

buoyant force.
• Weight of displaced liquid

(< / > / =) buoyant force.

ρsgvs (less than / equal to / greater than) ρLgvimm Fb (< / > / =) ρLgvimm

Buoyant force (< / > / =) weight of body Buoyant force (< / > / =)
Fb (< / > / =) ρsgvs weight of body
Fb (< / > / =) ρsgvols

Buoyant force (< / > / =) weight of displaced liquid

Fb (< / > / =) ρLgvimm

N.B.:

When an object attached to the bottom of the container with a thread, or hanging

upward. It will be in Equilibrium State and the forces will be in equilibrium.

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It means that the summation of forces upward (equal to / not equal to) the

summation of forces downward

In case of attaching to the bottom

ΣF↓=ΣF↑ Ft W Fb

……… + …………. = …………..

Ft = ………………………………

•And this case exactly like the case of

balloon filled with light gas, and the tension Ft Fb W

force may call ……………………

•Lifting force = ………………………..

In case of hanging

ΣF↑=ΣF↓

………… + ………….. = ……………..

Ft = ………………….. (Ft is called ……………………….)

* Apparent weight = …………………………………………

Examples:

An object has a mass in air equals to 0.1 kg and density 4000 kg/m3. It is

immersed in a liquid of density 800 kg/m3. Calculate its apparent mass.

•……………………………………………………………………………

[0.08 kg]

A piece of metal has weight of 0.25 N in air. when immersed in water of density

1000 kg/m3 its weight becomes 0.2 N. calculate the density of the metal (g = 10 m/s2)

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•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

[5000 kg/m3]

A body has a volume 0.01 m3 and density 600 kg/m3. It is fixed by a string to the

bottom of a container filled with water such that it is wholly immersed. The

density of the water is 1000 kg/m3 and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2

calculate:

•The up thrust force.

•The tension in the string.

•If the body is released, calculate the up thrust force and the appeared fraction of

the volume.

•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

[100 N, 40 N, 60N, 0.004 m3]

A wooden cube of length 50 cm and density 800 kg/m3 floats at the surface of

water; calculate the maximum mass it can carry without sinking.

•……………………………………………………………………………

•……………………………………………………………………………

[25 kg]

N.B.:

•The ratio between the density of substance and density of water equal the ratio

between the immersed volume to ……………………..

•The relative density of substance equal to the ratio between …………………

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Enriched notes:

There is a similarity between Archimedes principle and Newton’s ………… law,

where the body acts on the liquid by force equal ……………., therefore the liquid

acts on the body by force called ………………, And it is clear that the up thrust force

depends on the density of liquid, where:

If the density of liquid is greater than the density of body, the body will (sink,

suspend, floats)

If the density of liquid is equal to the density of body, the body will (sink, suspend,

floats)

If the density of liquid is smaller than the density of body, the body will (sink,

suspend, floats)

Application on Flotation law:

• Water therapy depends on ……………………, where the up thrust force is

approximately equal to the weight therefore the patient (need / don’t need) much

effort to use his muscles.

• Weightless training can be done in containers full of liquid has density (smaller

than / equal to / greater than) that of human body, therefore the up thrust force

compensate the weight of body.

• Submarine can dive or float by changing its weight, where filling special tanks

with air (decrease / increase) its weight than up thrust force casing the (flotation /

sinking), and filling that tanks with water (decrease / increase) the weight than the

up thrust force casing the (flotation / sinking) of the submarine.

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• What happen with the submarine is similar to that in diver suit, also the diver use

(compressed / rarefaction air) in breathing to compensate the outer pressure at

their lungs

Enriched notes:

• Archimedes principle applied on gases too, and that is the cause of rise up of

balloons, and the up thrust force will be (smaller than / equal to / greater than) the

weight of displaced air, but the volume of balloon will (equal / not equal to) the

volume of displaced air because gases are comprisable.

• The lifting force of balloon can be calculated from the relation …………………..

Give reasons:

• Iron nail sink, while ship can float.

• ………………………………………………………………………………..……

• Swimming in sea water (especially Dead Sea) is much easer than swimming in

fresh water.

• ………………………………………………………………………………..……

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