Wu1c3 by Adel Khamis

Chapter Three -1- Unit one
Light as wave motion

:Light
Light is a branch of …………………•

.… waves
It consists of …………….. field and•
…………… field perpendicular to each other and ……………
…. to the direction of
propagation, therefore it
considers as (longitudinal –
transverse) waves, and it
(required / not required)

.medium to propagate
:Propagation of light
……………………………………… Light propagates in•
..………
:Reflection of light
.…………………………………………………………………… : Definition
:The laws of reflection
……………………………………………………………………………
..…
2008/2009 Work Sheet

:Refraction of light
efi
niti
:on
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
………………………………………………
If the angle of incident is zero, the ray fall (normal /•

…………………… perpendicular) to the surface, it
..…
:.G.R
When the ray incident with angle equal zero it•

.suffers no refraction
………………………………………..………………………•
..…………
The optical piece used in the experiment is semi•
circular prism, and the light beam fall on the plane

.surface
………………………………………..………………………•
..…………

:The laws of refraction

:First Law states
…………………………………………………………………………………
:Second law states
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
:)Refractive index (n
sinφ C
refractiveindex (n) = =
sinθ V
………………………… :Definition
c
n=
v
.…………………………………………
:G.R
.The value of refractive index is greater than one
.………………………………………………………………………………

:)Relative refractive index (1n2

..………………………………………………………………… : Definition
v1 sin φ
1 n2 = =
v2 sin θ
•F
………… actors affected on relative refractive index
..…………… ,..…
……… Factor affected on absolute refractive index•

..……………………
:Relation between relative and absolute index
The first medium * The first medium * The first medium *

(1) has velocity of (air) has velocity (air) has velocity
light = V1 of light = C of light = C
The second * The second * The second *
medium (2) has medium (1) has medium (2) has
velocity of light = velocity of light = velocity of light =
V2 V1 V2
.......... . ..........
n12 == 1 n2 =
..........
............ .......... .
..…… C = ……… x .……… C = ………. x
… n… V… = n… V
V1 ..........
=
V2 ..........
..........
1 n2 =
..........
•
....... ....... .......
1 n2 = = =
....... ....... .......

The angle of incidence in a medium is 60° and the•
angle of refraction in the other medium is 30°, the
relative refractive index from the first to the second
medium is ……………………….. and that from the

..………………………… second to the first is
………………………………… = Refractive index of air•

.………………

:Snell’s law
).related to absolute refractive index( *
........
1 n2 = (1)
.........
)related to velocity( *
.........
1 n2 = ( 2)
.......... .
)From (1) and (2
*
n 2 .......... ..
= (3)
n1 .......... ...
*
sin φ V1
but = (4)
sinθ V2
)From (3) and (4
n1 sin ........ =n2 sin .......
:Prove that
•
1
1 n2 =
2 n1
………………………………………………………………•
………………………………………………………………
…………………………

:N.B
The medium, which has less velocity, considered•
optically (denser/ less dense) than the medium,

.which has great velocity
:What is meant by
The absolute refractive index of glass = 1.5
..………………………………………………………………………………
:Give reason for
Light passing into a denser medium is bent toward •

.the normal
………………………………………………………………•
..…………
Light passing into less denser medium is bent away•

.from the normal
………………………………………………………………•
..……………
You can see your image at window glass nightly,•

.while you can’t see it at day time
………………………………………………………………•
..……………
:Examples
Given that the velocity of light in air = 3x10 8 m/s•
and that in water equal 2x108 m/s, if a light ray fall

with angle of 30° with water surface, find the angle
.between refracted ray and reflected ray

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
]’84° 45 [
A light ray falls on the surface of glass of absolute•
refractive index 1.5 with angle of incidence that is

.equal to 30°. Find the angle of refraction
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
]19.47° [
Given that the absolute refractive index for water is•

:4/3 and that for glass is 3/2 find
.a) The relative refractive index from water to glass
.b) The relative refractive index from glass to water
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
]8/9 ,9/8 [
An incident ray by an angle 48.5° on one face of a•
glass rectangular block (n = 1.5) the angle of
refraction is …………………… and the angle of

……………… emerge is

:Give reason
When white light refract, it•

.separated into seven colors
……………………………………………•
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
:)Interference of light (young experiment
Explain an experiment to illustrate the interference of

:light by using of double slit
…………………….……………………………
…………….…………………………….………
…….…………………………….………………
………………………….………………………
……………………………………………………
…………………………………
:Where
R
∆y = λ
d
..………………… = ∆y•
…………………… = d•
…………………… = R•
………………… = λ•
:.N.B
.)meter (m) = ……………… Angstrom (Å 1

:Give reason for
.Monochromatic light is used in Young’s experiment•
………………………………………………………………•
……………
The fringes become clear when the distance•

.between two slits become small
.……………………………………………………………………………
.Red light is preferred to violet in young experiment•
.……………………………………………………………………………
In young’s experiment when a red light of•
frequency 1x1015 Hz is used the distance between
the fringes was 2 mm. Calculate the distance when

.violet light of frequency 0.6x1015 Hz is used
.……………………………………………………………………………
.……………………………………………………………………………
.……………………………………………………………………………
]3.3x10-3m [
What is the benefit of double slit in young•

.experiment
………………………………………………………………•
……………
:Diffraction of light
……………… …………………………………………… :Definition•
…………………………………………

The aperture or the slit must be (equal or•
less than / larger than) the wavelength of the

.light
If the aperture has circular shape•
the diffraction appear at the screen
as airy’s disk, where it consists of …
………………. at the middle followed

.by ………………… rings
If the aperture has rectangular•

………………………………… shape the diffraction appear as
………
:Give reason
Sound waves diffract at edges of the doors and windows but light
.not
.………………………………………………………………………………
:Question
What do you know about Airy’s disk
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….………………
.…………
:Light as wave motion

:Light considers as wave motion because
.………………………………………………………………………… •
.………………………………………………………………………… •
.………………………………………………………………………… •

.………………………………………………………………………… •
.………………………………………………………………………… •
:Critical angle and total reflection
When a ray of light passes•
from a denser optical medium
to a less dense medium, it
refracts ………………. the

.normal
By increasing of the incident angle, the refracted•

.angle will (increase/ decrease) to reach ……….°
By increasing of the incident angle, the emerge ray•

…………… will return at the same medium forming
...………………
:Critical angle
.…………………………………………………………………… : Definition
If the incident angle is smaller than the critical•
angle the ray will ……………….; while it will …………
……… if the angle of incident is greater than the

.critical angle
Find the relation between the critical angle•

:and the absolute reflective index
1 :Prove that•
n=
sin φ c
………………………………………… ……………………………
……
……………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………
If the critical angle for a medium to air is 45° then•

..…………… the absolute refractive index is
]1.4 [
:N.B
= anm•
1
n=
sin φ c
= mna•
1 n 2 = sin φ c
:Totally reflection
…………………………………………………………………… Definition
:.G.R
The totally reflection is preferred than the normal•

.reflection
………………………………………………………………•
……………
:Factors required for total reflection•
………………………………………………………………•
……………
………………………………………………………………•
……………
If the critical angle of water is 45° and for glass =•
40°. Find the relative refracted index between glass

and water. And find the critical angle of light from

.glass to water
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
]’65° 22 ,0.90903 [
Calculate the critical angle between glass and•
water given that their refractive indexes are 1.6

.and 1.33 respectively
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
]56° 13 [
:.N.b
:From less dens medium to dens medium
If φ = 0 then …………………………………………………•
)…… (G.R
………………………………………………………………•
.……………
……………………………………………… If φ > 0 then•

………………
:From dens medium to less dens medium
……………………………………………… If φ = 0 then•
………………

………………………………………… If φc > φ > 0 then•

………………
If φ = φc then …………………………………………...……,•
……… = θ
……………………………………………… If φ > φc then•

……………
:Application of totally reflection

:)Fiber optics (Optical fibers
It is a fine hollow fiber of a•
transparent material has (small/

.high) critical angle
When the incident ray enters, it falls at the surface •
with an angle greater than the critical angle,

..………………… therefore the ray will
Then the ray will emerge from the other end of the •
.fiber
It is widely used as ………………. in medicine and …•

.………………….. in communications
:Mirage
.…………………… :Definition
..………………………………
..………………………………
The layer of air with contact to the•
earth surface (high / low) in temperature and

)became (dens / less dens

The upper layer will be (denser / less dens) than•

.the lower layer
The ray falls from the object will refract many time•
through the layer of hot air (increasing/ decreasing)

.of its angle
When the angle of incident becomes (greater/•
smaller) than the critical angle the ray will …………

.……………… ……. forming
:Totally reflected prism
.It is used to change the path of light rays either by 90 or 180
Draw a diagram to change the path of light ray by •

..………180°. Which used in
.Draw a diagram for binoculars•

Draw a diagram to change the path of light ray by •

..……… 90°. Which used in
:Give reason
.The reflected prism is preferred to metallic mirrors•
………………………………………………………………•
……………………………..…………………………………
.….……………………
Reflected prism is painted with cryolite (reflected•

.)layer
………………………………………………………………•
……………………………..…………………………………
.….……………………

A
3
2
1
φθθφα θ1
θ2
φ1
φ2
α
Deviat
ion
with a
triang
ular
:prism
From the
previous
:diagram
= A + 3
..………
θ1 + φ2
… = + 3
.……
A = …
)(1 ….. + ……….
)(2 α = ……… + ……….
)3( ………… - ……… = 1
)4( ………… - ……… = 2
)From (2) and (3) & (4
……… - ……… + .……… - ……… = α
)……… + .……( - .……… + ………… = α
)From equation (1
..……… - .……… + .……… = α

:Where
A is ………………………... and it called ………………•

………………… or ……………… or …..……………… or
…
...……………………… α is•
...……………………… φ1 is•
...……………………… θ2 is•
:.N.B
The emergent ray always emerge towards ………………… of the

.prism
n
A
θ2
φ2
θ1
φ1
α
:Example
A ray•
falls on a
prism
whose
angle is
45°, the
angle of
incidence
is 60°,
the ray emerges normal to the other side of the
prism, find the refractive index of the prism and the

.angle of deviation

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
.……………………
]15 ,1.225 [
)Angle of deviation (α
..………………………………………………………………… : Definition
:Factors affected on the angle of deviation

.…………………………………•
.…………………………………•
.…………………………………•
:Tracing the path of the ray through the prism
The deviation angle decrease by increasing of the•
incident angle to a certain value then it increases

.by increasing of the incident angle

φ1
α
………… The ray will ……………… = φ1 .……………… = φ1

..………… ………………… = φ2 ..……………… = θ1
.… .……………… = α

.……………… = θ2 ……… Reflected ray
… The immerge ray ……
………………
:Notes
From the graph of minimum deviation, when the•
angle of incident increases then the angle of
deviation ………….. until it reaches …………… then
by increasing the angle of incident, the angle of

.……… deviation will
If the angle of incident is less than the value in•

which the graph starts therefore the prism acts as
..……………
The minimum angle of incident is corresponding to•
angle of incident at the second face equal …………
… and the emigrant ray will be ………….. to the

second surface of the prism, and the emerge angle
…………… =
:In the case of minimum deviation

.The refracted ray will be ……….. to the base of prism
θ1 = ф2 = θ
..…………… = A
........
θ=
..........
And
φ1 = θ2 = φ

..…… - ..……… = α
......... + .........
φ=
..........
*
sin φ
n=
sinθ
 ..... + ..... 
sin 
 ..... 
n=
 ..... 
sin 
 ..... 
:Examples
In an experiment it was found that the angle of•
minimum deviation is 48.2°, given that the angle of
the prism is 58.8°. find the refractive index of the

.material of the prism
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
]1.64 [
A triangular prism of refractive angle 60° adjusted•
to the minimum deviation position; when the angle

.of min. dev. is 37.2° find its refractive index
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
]1.5 [

Experiment to determine the ray path through a

:glass prism and its refractive index
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
………………………………………………•
:The dispersion of light by a triangular prism
The angle of deviation depends on ……………
….., which depends on …………………... Therefore,
each color of light going to deviate by a certain angle,

.deference than the other color
:Give reason for
When beam of white light falls on a triangular•
prism adjusted in min. deviation, the emergent ray

.)deviated into different colored rays (spectrum
………………………………………………………………•
..……………

The violet ray has the biggest deviation (max. α).•

.)but the red ray has the least deviation (min. α
………………………………………………………………•
..……………
:Question
The relation between the angle of deviation and•
the wavelength of light is (directly / inversely)

.proportional
The relation between angle of refraction at the first•
face and angle of incident at the second face is

.(directly / inversely) proportional
Draw a graphical relation between angle of•
refraction at the first face θ1 and angle of incident
at the second face φ2
………………………… The mathematical relation is•

..…………………
………… The intersected point with Y axis indicates•

……………………
………… The intersected point with X axis indicates•

……………………

Trace the light ray in the opposite figure where n =•
1.5
:The thin prism
It is a triangular prism, with an angle not more than•

.10°. It is always in a position of minimum deviation
In case of the small angles the angle in radian unit•

.is equal to its sin
......... + .......
n= 2
.......
2
......... + ........
n=
.......... .
..……… + ………… = nΑ
..………… - .……… = α
)……… - ..……( α = A
:The relation between α and A can be drawn as

A
α

………………………………… :Mathematical relation•

………
……………………………………………………… Slope•
…
………………= The point of intersection with Y-axes•

…
…………… = The point of intersection with X – axes•

…
:The relation between α and n can be drawn as

n
α
………………………………… :Mathematical relation•

………
……………………………………………………… Slope•
…
:Factors affects α
..…….……………………•
……………………………•
:.N.B
Rule Case of application
……………………… All cases Min Thin

......................… deviation prism

……………………………………
..…
X Min Thin
deviation prism
X X Thin
prism
:In case of thin prism for the red color
………………… = αr
:In case of thin prism for the blue color
..…………………… = αb
αb - αr) known as the angular size; it is also known(•
as ………………… or ………………………. or ….………

..…………………… …….. or
…………………………………… :Define angular size•

…………………………………………… …………………
..………………………………
:Give reasons
.Thin prism is always in minimum deviation•
………………………………………………………………•
.……………
)Prove that the angular size equals A (nb - nr
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

:Factors affect angular size

………………………………………………………………•
.……………
………………………………………………………………•
.……………
A thin prism has an angle of 5° its refractive index•

… 1.6 produces angle of deviation that is equal to
..………………
]3° [
A ray of light falls on a thin prism with an angle of •
deviation 4° and its refractive angle 8° its refractive

………………… index is
]1.5 [
:)Depressive power (ω
.…………………………………………………………………… : Definition
..………………………………………………………………………… :Rule
:Prove that
αb − αr nb − nr
ω= =
α n −1
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

:)Factor affects Depressive Power (ω

………………………………………………………………•
.……………
:.N.B
α = αy = ………….. (Relation between α for the blue•

)color and α for the red color
n = ny = ………….. (Relation between n for the blue•

)color and n for the red color
…………………………………………………… = )α (total
..…………………………………………… = )αb - αr (total
…………………………………………………… = )α (total
..…………………………………………… = )αb - αr (total

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Chapter Three -1- Unit one

Light as wave motion

Light is a branch of …………………•

It consists of …………….. field and•

…………… field perpendicular to each other and ……………

transverse) waves, and it

(required / not required)

:The laws of reflection

2008/2009 Work Sheet

If the angle of incident is zero, the ray fall (normal /•

When the ray incident with angle equal zero it•

The optical piece used in the experiment is semi•

circular prism, and the light beam fall on the plane

2008/2009 Work Sheet

:The laws of refraction

:Second law states

.The value of refractive index is greater than one

2008/2009 Work Sheet

:)Relative refractive index (1n2

……… Factor affected on absolute refractive index•

:Relation between relative and absolute index

The first medium * The first medium * The first medium *

2008/2009 Work Sheet

The angle of incidence in a medium is 60° and the•

angle of refraction in the other medium is 30°, the

relative refractive index from the first to the second

medium is ……………………….. and that from the

………………………………… = Refractive index of air•

2008/2009 Work Sheet

)From (1) and (2

)From (3) and (4

n1 sin ........ =n2 sin .......

2008/2009 Work Sheet

The medium, which has less velocity, considered•

optically (denser/ less dense) than the medium,

The absolute refractive index of glass = 1.5

:Give reason for

Light passing into a denser medium is bent toward •

Light passing into less denser medium is bent away•

You can see your image at window glass nightly,•

Given that the velocity of light in air = 3x10 8 m/s•

and that in water equal 2x108 m/s, if a light ray fall

2008/2009 Work Sheet

A light ray falls on the surface of glass of absolute•

refractive index 1.5 with angle of incidence that is

Given that the absolute refractive index for water is•

.a) The relative refractive index from water to glass

.b) The relative refractive index from glass to water

An incident ray by an angle 48.5° on one face of a•

glass rectangular block (n = 1.5) the angle of

refraction is …………………… and the angle of

2008/2009 Work Sheet

When white light refract, it•

:)Interference of light (young experiment

Explain an experiment to illustrate the interference of

.)meter (m) = ……………… Angstrom (Å 1

2008/2009 Work Sheet

:Give reason for

.Monochromatic light is used in Young’s experiment•

The fringes become clear when the distance•

.Red light is preferred to violet in young experiment•

In young’s experiment when a red light of•