THE CORRELATION BETWEEN POVERTY AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

Andhea Debby Pradhita 030.08.023

JAKARTA, JUNI 2011 FACULTY OF MEDICINE TRISAKTI UNIVERSITY

1

PREFACE

In the name of Allah the most gracious and merciful, I can finish this paper with all its shortcomings and advantages. Paper entitled The Correlation between Poverty and Personality Development can be resolved on time and without significant problems.

This paper is made in order to do the job english 3 in the medical school Trisakti university As an author, Id like to thank those who helped me complete this paper either directly or indirectly: Allah SWT My parents who always support me My brother DR dr Rudy Hartanto, M.Fil Ratno Indrajaya who always there when I needed and also help me to check this paper margin. TBMTs famiy Nying-nying, my beloved bestfriends And the last is for all who have helped the writer, and writers can not put their names in this report because of space. Hopefully, this report can be useful to all who read this report, especially for medical students. The author believes its necessary to develop critiques and suggestions for the report writer in the future could be better.

Jakarta, 9 juni 2011

Andhea Debby Pradhita

2

ABSTRACT

In American and European, the persons psychologist and development theories are most applicable to white, middle-class, two parents household. It depens on how each person know their identity. An individual's personality is an aggregate conglomeration of decisions we've made throughout our lives. There are inherent natural, genetic, and environmental factors that contribute to the development of our personality. According to process of socialization, "personality also colors our values, beliefs, and expectations. Hereditary factors that contribute to personality development do so as a result of interactions with the particular social environment in which people live."

Keywords: development, enviroinment

TABLE OF CONTENT

PREFACE..............................................................................................................................2 ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................3 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background.................................................................................................................5 Purpose........................................................................................................................5 Method of collecting data............................................................................................6 Method of writting.......................................................................................................6

CHAPTER II PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Definition....................................................................................................................7 Phases of child development...7 Factors that influence childs developmental phases.. ...............................................7 Therapy.......................................................................................13

CHAPTER III DISCUSSION..............................................................................................16 CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION...........................................................................................18 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................19

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND

Developmental psychology, also known as human development, is the scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings over the the course field of has their life span. to Originally concerned

with infants and children,

expanded

include adolescence, adult

development, aging, and the entire life span. This field examines change across a broad range of topics including motor skills and other psycho-physiological processes; cognitive development involving areas such as problem solving, moral understanding, and conceptual

understanding; language acquisition; social, personality, and emotional development; and selfconcept and identity formation. Developmental psychology includes issues such as the extent to which development occurs through the gradual accumulation of knowledge versus stage-like development, or the extent to which children are born with innate mental structures versus learning through experience. Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social context, and their impact on development; others take a more narrowly focused approach. The social environment of an individual is the culture that s/he was educated and/or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom the person interacts. Therefore the social environment is a broader concept than that of social class or social circle. Nevertheless, persons with the same social environment often develop a sense of solidarity in social groups. They will often think in similar styles and patterns even when their conclusions differ. One of social class is a base on it. There is a poverty.

PURPOSE
5

Purpose of this paper is as one of the many readings to share knowledge about how poverty is provoke personality development in a children. Sometimes parents and government arent realize that economical state are important.

METHODE OF COLECTING DATA

To make a paper required additional data from various reliable sources. Starting from a colletion from various journals, textbook, browsing, and small research. All about fact in personality development written in this paper.

METHODE OF WRITING

After a variety of data from journal, textbook, and browse collected, this data begin to be processed, summarized, and analyzed. After getting the gist of the data, it will be done.

CHAPTER II PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

DEFINITION The development is a series of progressive changes that occur as a result of process maturity and experience, and consists of a series of changes which are qualitatively and quantitatively. (E. B. Hurlock)1 The development is a perfect function of the child tool increases body that can be

achieved through maturation and learning. Event

development can occur on

a change

of form and function maturation of organs from the aspect of social, emotional, and intellectual. The development according to the Association of Pediatricians Indonesia [IDAI] (2008), is the increased ability of the structure and bodily functions are more complex in a more

regular pattern, can be estimated, and can be predicted as a result of the process differentiation of cells, tissues, organs, and the system is organized.

PHASES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT Freuds Stages of Psychosexual Development Freud believed that we develop through stages based upon a particular erogenous zone. During each stage, an unsuccessful completion means that a child becomes fixated on that particular erogenous zone and either over or under-indulges once he or she becomes an adult. Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months). During the oral stage, the child if focused on oral pleasures (sucking). Too much or too little gratification can result in an Oral Fixation or Oral Personality which is evidenced by a preoccupation with oral activities. This type of personality may have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or bite his or her nails. Personality wise, these individuals may become overly dependent upon others, gullible, and perpetual followers.
7

On the other hand, they may also fight these urges and develop pessimism and aggression toward others. Anal Stage (18 months to three years). The childs focus of pleasure in this stage is on eliminating and retaining feces. Through societys pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn to control anal stimulation. In terms of personality, after effects of an anal fixation during this stage can result in an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive). On the opposite end of the spectrum, they may become messy and disorganized (anal expulsive). Phallic Stage (ages three to six). The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Freud believed that during this stage boy develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother. Because of this, he becomes rivals with his father and sees him as competition for the mothers affection. During this time, boys also develop a fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them. This group of feelings is known as Oedipus Complex ( after the Greek Mythology figure who accidentally killed his father and married his mother). Later it was added that girls go through a similar situation, developing unconscious sexual attraction to their father. Although Freud Strongly disagreed with this, it has been termed the Electra Complex by more recent psychoanalysts. According to Freud, out of fear of castration and due to the strong competition of his father, boys eventually decide to identify with him rather than fight him. By identifying with his father, the boy develops masculine characteristics and identifies himself as a male, and represses his sexual feelings toward his mother. A fixation at this stage could result in sexual deviancies (both overindulging and avoidance) and weak or confused sexual identity according to psychoanalysts. Latency Stage (age six to puberty). Its during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.

Genital Stage (puberty on). The final stage of psychosexual development begins at the start of puberty when sexual urges are once again awakened. Through the lessons learned during the

previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary focus of pleasure is the genitals.

Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development He was interested in how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development has eight distinct stage, each with two possible outcomes. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and successful interactions with others. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. Trust Versus Mistrust. From ages birth to one year, children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregiver(s). If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and security in the world around him and is able to feel secure even when threatened. Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability to trust, and therefore an sense of fear about the inconsistent world. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an over feeling of mistrust in the world around them. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. Between the ages of one and three, children begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like to wear, to eat, etc. If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their increased independence, they become more confident and secure in their own ability to survive in the world. If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate in their ability to survive, and may then become overly dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities. Initiative vs. Guilt. Around age three and continuing to age six, children assert themselves more frequently. They begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others. If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either through
9

criticism or control, children develop a sense of guilt. They may feel like a nuisance to others and will therefore remain followers, lacking in self-initiative. Industry vs. Inferiority. From age six years to puberty, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. They initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel good about what they have achieved. During this time, teachers play an increased role in the childs development. If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his potential. Identity vs. Role Confusion. During adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is most important. Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. During this period, they explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. This sense of who they are can be hindered, which results in a sense of confusion ("I dont know what I want to be when I grow up") about themselves and their role in the world. Intimacy vs. Isolation. Occurring in Young adulthood, we begin to share ourselves more intimately with others. We explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with someone other than a family member. Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within a relationship. Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Generativity vs. Stagnation. During middle adulthood, we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture. We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations. By failing to achieve these objectives, we become stagnant and feel unproductive.

10

Ego Integrity vs. Despair. As we grow older and become senior citizens, we tend to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. If we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness.2

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CHILDRENS DEVELOPMENT PHASE According Soetjiningsih (1995), factors that affect child development can be grouped into two, namely factor internal and external factors. a. Factor in the (internal) 1) Genetic Genetic influences are heredo-constitutional means that form to the constitution a person is determined by factors descent. Genetic factors will affect the speed growth, bone maturation, nutrition, sexual devices, and nerves. 2) The influence of hormones The influence of hormones has happened since the prenatal period is when 4-month-old fetus. At that time, there was growth fast and the pituitary and thyroid glands start working. Hormone which affect mainly the growth hormone somatotropin released by the pituitary gland. b. Environmental factors (external) 1) Factor prenatal (during pregnancy), includes: a) Nutrition Poor maternal nutrition before pregnancy and at the time was pregnant, more often resulting in infant LBW (Low Birth Weight) or stillbirth. Besides it can also cause a bottleneck fetal brain growth, anemia in newborns, infants newborns are susceptible to infection, abortion, and so on. b) Toxins, chemicals The period of organogenesis is a very sensitive chemical drugs because it can cause abnormalities congenital. Pregnant women who smoke or drink alcohol will gave birth to
11

deformed babies. c) Infection Infection in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy by TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes Simplex), STDs (Sexually Transmitted Disease), and disease Other viruses can cause abnormalities in the fetus. d) immunological abnormalities Immunological abnormalities would affect the growth and fetal development because it can cause abortion, it is also a lack of oxygen to the fetus also will affect the disturbance in the placenta that can cause low birth weight babies. e) Psychology mothers Stress experienced by mothers during pregnancy can affect fetal growth and development contained in because fetal participate in the womb can feel when his mother was sad. Pregnant women who experience disturbance psychology, then he will not consider the condition abortion and will result in the birth of babies unhealthy. 2) postnatal factors, including: a) Knowledge capital Knowledge is one of the factors that influence the behavior of mothers in child development. Mother who have less knowledge, then it will not stimulate the developmet of children so child development will be hampered, whereas mothers who have a good knowledge of it will provide stimulation on child development. b) Nutrition Food plays an important role in the process of growing development of the child. During growth and development, there is a necessary nutrient requirements of a child, such as: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins, and water. A child who needs little or no nutritional fulfilled, then it can inhibit growth and development. c) Culture environment Cultural environment in this case is that people can affect child growth and development in understand or perceive a healthy lifestyle. d) Socioeconomic status Socioeconomic status may also affect growth and development of children. It can be
12

seen in children with high socioeconomic status, compliance nutritional needs are very good compared to children the low economic status. e) The physical environment Poor environmental sanitation, lack of light sun, have a negative impact on the children. growth environment and hygiene individual plays an important role in the onset disease. Similarly, the population of good air came from the factory, smoke or fumes can cause disease. Children are often sick, then growth development will be disrupted. f) Environmental care In the nurturing environment, the interaction of mother and child are very important in influencing the development of the child. Reciprocal interaction between mother and child would lead to intimacy between mother and child. Children will open to his mother, so that communication can be bidirectional and all problems can be solved with due intimacy and trust between both. g) Stimulation The development requires stimulation or stimulation, for example: the provision of toys, child socialization, mother and involvement of other family members to activities child, maternal treatment on children's behavior. Children get regular directly dan stimulation will be faster developed compared with children who lack or did not receive stimulation. h) Sports or physical exercise Sports or physical exercise can stimulate the development of children, because it can increase blood circulation so that oxygen supply to the entire body can be irregular. In addition, exercise also improves muscle growth stimulation and cell growth.3

THERAPY The treatment that's best for you depends on your particular personality disorder, its severity and your life situation. Often, a team approach is appropriate to make sure all of your psychiatric, medical and social needs are met. Because personality disorders tend to be chronic and can sometimes last much of your adult life, you may need long-term treatment.
13

Several treatments are available for personality disorders. They include:

Psychotherapy Medications Hospitalization Successful treatment depends on your active participation in your care. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is the main way to treat personality disorders. Psychotherapy is a general term for the process of treating personality disorders by talking about your condition and related issues with a mental health provider. During psychotherapy, you learn about your condition and your mood, feelings, thoughts and behavior. Using the insight and knowledge you gain in psychotherapy, you can learn healthy ways to manage your symptoms. Types of psychotherapy used to treat personality disorders may include:

Cognitive behavioral therapy. This combines features of both cognitive and behavior therapies to help you identify unhealthy, negative beliefs and behaviors and replace them with healthy, positive ones.

Dialectical behavior therapy. This is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that teaches behavioral skills to help you tolerate stress, regulate your emotions and improve your relationships with others.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy. This therapy focuses on increasing your awareness of unconscious thoughts and behaviors, developing new insights into your motivations, and resolving conflicts to live a happier life.

Psychoeducation. This therapy teaches you and sometimes family and friends about your illness, including treatments, coping strategies and problem-solving skills. Psychotherapy may be provided in individual sessions, in group therapy or in sessions that include family or even friends. The type of psychotherapy that's right for you depends on your individual situation.
14

Medications There are no medications specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat personality disorders. However, several types of psychiatric medications may help with various personality disorder symptoms.

Antidepressant medications. Antidepressants may be useful if you have a depressed mood, anger, impulsivity, irritability or hopelessness, which may be associated with personality disorders.

Mood-stabilizing medications. As their name suggests, mood stabilizers can help even out mood swings or reduce irritability, impulsivity and aggression.

Anti-anxiety medications. These may help if you have anxiety, agitation or insomnia. But in some cases, they can increase impulsive behavior.

Antipsychotic medications. Also called neuroleptics, these may be helpful if your symptoms include losing touch with reality (psychosis) or in some cases if you have anxiety or anger problems. Hospitalization and residential treatment programs In some cases, a personality disorder may be so severe that you require psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric hospitalization is generally recommended only when you aren't able to care for yourself properly or when you're in immediate danger of harming yourself or someone else. Psychiatric hospitalization options include 24-hour inpatient care, partial or day hospitalization, or residential treatment, which offers a supportive place to live. Participating in your own care Try to be an active participant in your treatment. Working together, you and your doctor or therapist can decide which treatment options may be best for your situation, depending on your type of personality disorder, your symptoms and their severity, your personal preferences, insurance coverage, affordability, treatment side effects, and other factors.

15

CHAPTER III DISCUSSION Phase of development of each child is different. Sigmund Freud and Eric Erikson had to share it with several phases of development if there is one phase of development is not completed such as the phase. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to being unable to afford basic human needs, which commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter. It can be seen from the factors that influence the child's stage of personality development is that in fact poverty affects children from the external aspect that can be shared between a history of prenatal or posnatal. generally on the poor there are three aspects that can be assessed. Economy, the knowledge of parents, the child's environment. On weak

economy, generally that can affect nutrition and education of children is low. Knowledge of parents are also influential in providing stimulation and the way that parents educate their children. And the environment are usually influential in the development of the child because the child's behavior is usually reflected in her social and local culture. There are three factors determine the development of personality that is innate factors, early experiences in a family environment, and experiences in later life. That pattern is closely associated with physical maturity and mental traits that are innate elements of the individual. Self-concept and nature of each human being is different. Self-concept is how each individual to know himself and what people think about it. Nature is of how individuals react to everything that happens in front of him. All were affected by congenital, children's education, given the values of the parents, the role of children, social environment, selection in a social environment. To assess progress must also be careful to reduce subjectivity. Because basically every stage of psychomotor development and socialization age differently especially regarding the psychological. In children we often call the golden age is the stage where children begin to receive all sorts of changes and developments. All learned in this phase include satisfying individually and socially. Whereas at the stage of adolescence, hormonal and environmental
16

factors is more influential than family. Not to shabby and unhealthy environment became a major factor damage children's development. So its very important to realize we watched since childhood because it will affect the next life. Psychotherapy in the treatment is usually done because it is related to psychosis. But did not deny symptoms that required medical intervention that we can give through a consideration.

17

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Or Personality is generally defined as the deeply ingrained and relatively enduring patterns of thought, feeling and behavior. In fact, when one refers to personality, it generally implies to all what is unique about an individual, the characteristics that makes one stand out in a crowd. Personalities is the sum total of individuals Psychological traits, characteristics, motives, habits, attitudes, beliefs and outlooks. Heredity, enviroinment, and situation are factors that can make personality in every people are different.4

18

REFERENCES 1. Kompasiana. Hakikat Perkembangan Anak Didik. Available on

http://edukasi.kompasiana.com/2011/01/01/hakikat-perkembangan-anak-didik/. Accessed in july 5th, 2011.

2. All Psych Online. Stages of Psikosexual Development. Available on

http://allpsych.com/psychology101/sexual_development.html. Accessed in july 5th, 2011.

3. Soetjiningsih. 1995. Faktor Internal dan Eksternal pada Pola Perembangan Anak. Available on http://digilib.unimus.ac.id/files/disk1/110/jtptunimus-gdl-sitinoviar-5495-4babii.pdf. Accessed in july 5th, 2011.

4. Sadhuji. 2008. Personality Development. Available on http://sadhuji.blogspot.com/.

Accessed in july 5th, 2011.

19