Kevin Leon 11/5/12 Period 5 Ionic vs.

Covalent Bonding Lab Investigation Introduction: Many atoms are found by bonding together atoms with each other. The atoms are combined by ionic or covalent bonds that allow new atoms to be made, strong or weak. This happens because covalent bonds share valence electrons and ionic bonds transfer all of their valence electrons. Many atoms are able to bond because of the strong attraction of the electrons that produce molecules. Hypotheses: Table 1: The expected results of testing five different chemical substances Compounds to be Tested Distilled (pure) water Sodium Chloride Sucrose Dextrose Sodium Sulfate Chemical Formula H2O NaCl C12H22O11 C6H12O6 NaSO4 Hypothesis 1: Ionic or Covalent? Covalent Covalent Covalent Covalent Covalent Hypothesis 2: High or Low Melting Point? Low Low High High Low Hypothesis 3: Will it conduct electricity? No No No No No

Procedures: Part I: Melting Point and Strength of Bonds 1. Fold aluminum foil into a square and place a sample of all 4 compounds.

2. Place the tray on the ring stand and heat up with Bunsen burner.

Kevin Leon 11/5/12 Period 5

3. Record your observations and keep track of the samples that melt first and which ones have strong or weak bonds?

4. Allow foil to cool and then wash off.

Part II. Electrical Conductivity 1. Test the dry compound for conductivity and record observations.

2. Dissolve compound with distilled water.

3. Test for conductivity (Yes or No) and wash conductivity tester with distilled water after every use.

4. Repeat for each sample.

Results: Name/Chemical Formula PART I: Melting Point (1-5; High, Med. or Low?) PART II: Conducted Electricity? (Yes/No) Dry 1. Distilled (pure) Water/ H2O 2. Sodium Chloride/ NaCl 3.Sucrose (sugar)/ C12H22O11 4. Dextrose 1 5 2 3 N/A NO NO NO Dissolved NO YES NO NO Covalent Ionic Covalent Covalent FINAL CONCLUSION: Ionic or Covalent Bonds

Kevin Leon 11/5/12 Period 5 4 NO YES Ionic

Conclusion: After this laboratory, it was concluded that Sodium Chloride and Sucrose, were ionic compounds, while Water, Sucrose, and Dextrose were covalent compounds. All of the initial hypotheses were correct except for the ones regarding Sodium chloride and Sodium; because they both conduct electricity and they are ionic compounds. From the results, the ionic compounds were those that conducted electricity in water and had high melting points. However, the covalent compounds did not conduct electricity and they had a low melting point, which gives them a weak bond. Ionic bonds are formed from metal cations (+) and non-metal anions (-) so when they dissolve in water, electricity can flow through the solution. Additionally, ionic bonds are very strong since they have a crystal lattice pattern, which makes them very tight and difficult to remove from each other. If the pattern werent arranged properly the structure would be very unstable. Covalent bonds in the other hand do not conduct electricity. They also tend to be very weak since they are molecules. Molecules are strongly put together because of the positive nucleus that is attracted to the negative electrons being shared.