CHEMISTRY FORM 4

[MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY]

NAME: MUHAMMAD ASLAM ASRAF BIN RAMLI FORM: 4-AL ABBAS SCHOOL: MJSC KT

CONTENT
CONTENT Introduction Objectives 1 Sulphuric Acid 1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid 1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid 1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid 1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid 2 Ammonia and its Salt 2.1 Properties of ammonia 2.2 The uses of ammonia 2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 3 Alloys 3.1 Physical properties of pure metals 3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys 4 Synthetic polymers 4.1 The meaning and types of polymers 4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers 4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers 5 Glass and Ceramics 6 Composite material Conclusion References PAGE

INTRODUCTION All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These objects exist as an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to humankind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves. Chapter 9 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufactured substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. It also gives me new knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in the laboratories. I hope, by learning this chapter, I will be more interested in learning chemistry as it will help me in the future. All the equations from this chapter make me more understand of the previous chapters.

OBJECTIVES Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts. Understand alloys. Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer. Apply the uses of glass and ceramics. Evaluate the uses of composite materials. Appreciate various synthetic industrial materials

1 SULPHURIC ACID

1.1 PROPERTIES OF SULPHURIC ACID Sulphuric acid is a strong mineral acid Its molecular formula is H2SO4 It is soluble in water Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid It it a highly corrosive,dense and oily liquid Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid 1.2 THE USES OF SULPHURIC ACID Sulphuric acid is very important industrially, and has many uses including: a) The production of fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, calciumsuperphosphate (Ca(H<2PO4)2), etc.; these are straight fertilisers, as they supply one of the important elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium (NPK) b)The manufacture of non-soapy detergents: modern detergents are organic compounds'sulphonated' with concentrated sulphuric acid

c) The making of artificial silks like rayon: here, the fine threads in the alkaline cellulose solution are neutralised by passing them through a bath of sulphuric acid d)The cleaning of metals by removing the surface oxide coating: this is called pickling and is important in preparing articles for electroplating e) Its use as an electrolyte inside batteries for cars: most car batteries are made up of leadplates in a sulphuric acid electrolyte; occasionally, the electrolyte needs to be 'toppedup' with distilled water ; this is because small amounts of hydrogen and oxygen gases are given off by the chemical changes inside the battery, and therefore the sulphuric acid loses water and becomes too concentrated ; in the manufacture of drugs, paints,dyes and many other chemicals .

1.3 Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid: The Contact Process

The large-scale manufacture of this acid is extremely important as it is the most common acid used in industry, with over 1 000 million metric tonnes being produced annually. It is manufactured by the Contact Process. Stage 1 Combustion of Sulphur: sulphur + oxygen sulphurdioxide S (s) + O2(g) ---> SO2(g) Heating of metal sulphide such as lead(II) sulphide 2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) ---> 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g) or Combustion of hiydrogen sulphide 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) + 2H2O(ce)(g) ---> 2SO2r 2 0

PageThe raw materials are sulphur and air (oxygen). Sulphur dioxide is produced by burning either sulphur or ores which contain sulphur Purification of sulphur dioxide

1.The sulphur dioxide is then purified, by removing impurities like arsenic compounds which would otherwise poison the catalyst.

2.It is then passed through an electrostatic dust precipitator, which, as its name implies,charges dust particles which are then removed by being attracted to oppositely charged plates

Stage 2 Formation of Sulphur trioxide sulphur dioxide + oxygen -> sulphur trioxide 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ->2SO3(g) Catalyst: vanadium(V) oxide Temperature: 450C Pressure: 2-3 atmospheres Sulphur dioxide and air are then washed, dried and passed over a vanadium(V) oxide catalyst at450C and 2-3 atmospheres. The reaction is reversible but at these temperatures and pressures, 98% conversion to sulphurtrioxide is achieved: This reaction is exothermic, which means it favours a low temperature for high conversion to sulphur trioxide

Stage 3 Formation of oleum H2S2O7 sulphur trioxide + concentrated sulphuric acid oleum SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq) ---> H2S2O7(l) The next step is to dissolve the sulphur trioxide produced in concentrated sulphuric acid, toform oleum, or fuming sulphuric acid. Stage 4 Formation of Sulphuric acid Oleum + water ---> sulphuric acid H2S207(1) + H2O (1) ---> 2H2SO4(aq) This oleum is then diluted with water to the required strength of acid Although this may seem a roundabout route to take to form the acid, it is necessary becausesulphur trioxide cannot be dissolved directly in water as it reacts too violently, forming tiny droplets of sulphuric acid which are very difficult to remove.

1.4Sulphur Dioxide as pollutant

1.Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is the pollutant primarily associated with acid rain. 2.Gaseous at normal temperature and pressure it dissolves in water and readily oxidises to sulphuric acid. 3.Levels of SO2 have reduced over recent years with a move away from widespread burning of coal in homes and factories. 4.It is one of the main pollutants that led to the introduction of legislation governing atmospheric pollution such as the 1956 Clean Air Act. 5.Sources of Sulphur Dioxide. 6.The principal source of SO2 is from the combustion of fossil fuels in domestic premises and ,more importantly, non-nuclear power stations. 7.Fossil fuel burning power stations account for around two thirds of total SO2 emissions in the UK.

8.Other industrial processes contribute a further 20%, with vehicles, primarily diesel, accounting for a mere 2%. 9.Health effects : SO2 is an irritant when it is inhaled and at high concentrations (over 1000ppb) may cause severe problems in asthmatics such as narrowing of the airways, known as bronchoconstriction.

2 Ammonia and its Salts 2.1 Properties of ammonia

React with acid to form salt and water 1.As an alkali, ammonia can react with acid to form salt and water. Example: H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ---> (NH4)2SO4(aq) HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) ---> NH4NO3(aq) H3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ---> (NH4)3PO4(aq)

Ammonia solution react with positive ions 2.Ammonia dissolve into water to form ammonium and hydroxide ion. NH3+ H2O ---> NH4+ + OH-

3.The hydroxide ion can react with many kinds of positive ion to form precipitate. Example Mg2++ 2OH----> Mg(OH)2 Fe2++ 2OH----> Fe(OH)2 Al3++ 3OH----> Al(OH)3

2.2 Uses of ammonia a.Manufacture of Fertilizers I.The main use of ammonia is in the manufacture of fertilizers. II.Approximately 75% of all ammonia produced is converted into various ammonium compounds like ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4, ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, ammonium phosphate(NH4)3PO4 and urea NH2CONH2. III.These compounds are called nitrogenous fertilizers. Example ; Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 H2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(aq) --->(NH4)2SO4(aq) Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 HNO3(aq) + NH3(aq) ---> NH4NO3(aq) Ammonium phosphate (NH4)3PO4 H3PO4(aq) + 3NH3(aq) ---> (NH4)3PO4(aq) Urea NH2CONH2 CO2(g) + NH3(g) ---> CO(NH2)2(p) + H2O(l)

IV.They are solids for ease in handling and water soluble so that they seep into the soil to be absorbed by the roots of the plant. V.Nitrogen is an essential element for healthy plant growth as we saw earlier with the nitrogencycle. Nitrogen is essential for making proteins which are needed for healthy growth of stems and leaves. The proportion of nitrogen present in a particular fertilizer can be calculated and is usually quoted as an 'N' value on the fertilizer bag. b.Solvent Uses 1.Aqueous ammonia is used as a degreasing agent, as it is a good solvent of grease and fat. 2.Many household cleaners boast of the 'power of ammonia' for removing grease stains around the kitchen. 3.However, it is wrong, as stated in some commercials, to talk of 'liquid ammonia'. 4.It is more accurate to say 'ammonia solution', as ammonia does not liquefy until atemperature of -34 C is reached.

2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia 1.Haber process is the industrial method of producing ammonia. 2.It needs direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst, often iron. 3.Nitrogen gas used in Haber process is obtained from the frictional distillation of liquid air 4.Hydrogen gas used in Haber process can be obtained by two methods: a)The reaction between steam and heated coke (carbon) C+H2O-->CO+H2 b)The reaction between steam and natural gas ( consisting mainly of methane) CH4+2H2O-->CO2+4H2

5 . I n t h e H a b e r p r o c e ss : a)A mixture consisting of one volume of nitrogen gas and three volume of hydrogen gas is compressed to a pressure between 200 500 atmospheres. b)The gas mixture is passed through a catalyst of powdered iron at atemperature of 450 - 550C. c)At this optimum temperature and pressure, ammonia gas is produced. N2+3H2--> 2NH3

Alloys 1.An alloy is a mixture of two or more metals mixed in a certain percentage. Characteristic of metal A pure metal has the following characteristics: 1.Ductile can be drawn into wires 2.Malleablecan be made into sheets 3.High melting and boiling points 4.High density 5.High electrical conductivity I.Many metal are also soft. Metals like iron and copper also form oxides easily. II.As a result, the uses of pure metals are limited, and alloys are made to improve the malleability,ductileness and hardness of a metal.

III.A pure metal is composed of layers of atoms which are arranged in an even, orderly and close manner at fixed positions (see Figure 9.8). Each atom is surrounded by 8-12 atoms.

IV.This arrangement of atoms causes the metal to be very dense with high melting and boiling points. The strong forces of attraction between atoms require a great amount of heat to overcome.

V.However, in spite of strong forces of attraction between atoms, the metal is not hard. If a force is applied on the metal, the layers of atoms can glide and slide on top of each other, causing them to move to new positions. This allows the metal to be drawn into wires (ductile). (SeeFigure 9.9.)

VI.The spaces left naturally between layers of metal atoms also make it easy to be beaten into sheets (malleable).

VII.The formation of alloys occurs when these empty spaces between metal atoms are filled with atoms of another metal, which may be higher or smaller than the original metal atoms. (Figure9.10) VIII.The foreign atoms are usually another metal but sometimes a non-metal, like a carbon or silicon is used.

Purpose of Making Alloys Alloys are made to 1.Increase the hardness of metals. 2.Prevent the corrosion of metals. 3.Improve the beauty and luster of metals.

Alloy

Composition, Characteristic, and Uses of Alloy Composition Properties Uses Cu 75% Ni 25% Al 95% Cu 4% Mg1% Hard, strong, resists Coins corrosion Light, strong Aeroplane parts, electric cables, racingbicycles Hard, strong, cheap Hard, rust resistant Vehicles, ships, bridges, buildings Kitchen appliances, watches,machineparts, knives, forks, spoons

Cupronickel (Coins) Duralumin

Steel

Fe 99% C1% Stainless steel Fe73% Cr 18% Ni 8% C1% Bronze Cu 90% Sn10%

Brass
Snider Pewter

Cu 70% Zn 30% Pb 50% Sn50% Sn 91% Sb 7% Cu 2% Al 70% Mg30%

Hard, strong, shining Decorative items, medals, artwork, pots and pans Harder and cheaper Decorative items, than Cu electrical appliances, bell, nails, screw, pots Low melting point, Welding and soldering strong work Malleable, ductile, Decorative items, rust resistant souvenirs Light, strong Tyre rim of racing car, skeletal body of aeroplanes

Magnalium

4 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 4.1 The meaning of polymers 1.Polymers can be defined as large molecules composed of numerous smaller, repeating units known as monomers which are joined by covalent bonds. 2.Polymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomers are joined together to form the big molecule known as the polymers. 3.There are two types of polymerization process: a)Addition polymerization b)Condensation polymerization 4.A polymer is a very big molecule (macromolecule). Hence, the relative molecular mass of a polymer is large. 5.The properties of polymer are different from its monomers.

6.Polymers can be divided into two types: a) Naturally occurring polymers 1.This type of polymer exists in living things in nature like the plants and animals 2.Examples of naturally occuring polymers are: a)Protien b)Carbohydrates c)Natural rubber 3.Naturally occuring polymers are formed by the joining of monomers by polymerization 4.Protien is formed by the joining of monomers known as amino acid 5.Carbohydrate is formed by the joining of monomers known as glucose 6.Natural rubber is formed by the joining of monomers known as isoprene

b)Synthetic polymers 1.This type of polymer are man-made by chemical process in the laboratories 2.The raw material for synthetic polymers are obtained from petroleum 3.The types of synthetic polymers include: a)Plastic b)Fibres c)Elastomers 4.Examples of plastics are: -Polythene(polyethylene), polyvinylchloride(PVC), polypropene(polypropylene), polystrene,perspex and bakelite 5.Polythene and PVC are produced by addition polymerization 6.Examples of synthetics fibre are nylon and terylene. They are produced by condensation polymerization.

4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers -Strong and light -Cheap -Able to resist corrosion -Inert to chemical reactions -Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured -Can be made to have special properties 4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers -As most of polymers are non-biodegradable, they will not decay like other organic garbage -Burning of polymers release harmful and poisonous gases 4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused by syntheticpolymers a)Reduce,reuse and recycle synthetic polymers b)Develop biodegradable polymers

5 GLASS AND CERAMICS Properties of glass and ceramic

Both have the following properties: a) Hard and brittle b) Do not conduct heat electricity c) Inactive towards chemical reactions d)Weak when pressure is applied e) Can be cleaned easily

Glass It is a mixture of two or more types of metallic silicates but the main component is silicon(IV)dioxide. Glass has the following properties: a) Transparent and not porous b)Inactive chemically c) Can be cleaned easily d) Good insulators of heat and electricity e) Hard but brittle f) Can withstand compression but not pressure Due to the above reasons and the low cost involved to produce glass, it is used in industry to make bottles, cooking utensils, plates and bowls, laboratory apparatus (such as conical flask,beakers and test tubes), window panes, bulbs and others. Different types of glass can be obtained depending on the composition of substances in it

Glass Soda lime,glass

Composition SiO270% Na2015% CaO10% Others 4%

Properties Low melting point(700C) Mouldable into shapes Cheap Breakable Can withstand highHeat High density and refractive index Glittering surface Soft Low melting point(600C)

Uses Glass containers, Glass panes,Mirrors,Lamps and bulbs, Plates and bowls,Bottles

Lead glass(crystal)

SiO270% Na2020% PbO 10%

Containers for drinks and fruit, Decorative glass and lamps, Crystal glassware, Lenses for spectacles

Borosilicate glass(Pyrex)

SiO280% B20313% Na2O4% Al2032%

Resistant to Glass apparatus in high heat and laboratories,Cooking chemical utensils reaction Does not break easily Allows infrared rays but not ultraviolet rays High melting

Fused silicate glass

SiO299% 6203 - 1%

6. Composite Materials Composite materials are substances which contain 2 or more materials that combine to producenew substances with different physical properties from the original substances. They are used to make various substances in daily life because of the following reasons: a) Metals corrode and are ductile and malleable b)Glass and ceramics break easily c) Metals are good conductors but have high resistance, leading to loss of electrical energy as heat d)Plastics and glass can withstand heat to certain level only. e) Composite materials have been created to overcome these problems and to make materialsstronger, more long-lasting and light for specific purposes

Uses of Composite Materials : 1.Reinforced concrete 2.Optical fibre 3.Photochromic glass 4.Plastic reinforced with glass 5.Superconductor

Conclusion 1.Chemical processes change raw materials into materials with certain properties that can we use 2.As technology evolves, new uses for existing materials would be found in many areas such as household use aerospace modern architecture, microelectronics, telecommunication and scientific research. 3.In many cases synthetic polymers, alloys and composites can be manufactured to meet ourneeds. 4.However, they can never totally replace the traditional materials that we have been using formany generations like wood and steel. 5.The synthetic materials, if not managed properly, will harm the environment.

References 1. http://wiki.oneschool.net/index.php/Synthesising _the_manufacture_of_ammonia_and_its_salts 2.Tan Yin Toon, Loh Wai Leng, Tan On Tin, Success Chemistry SPM, Oxford Fajar sdn Bhd. 3.Form 4 Chemistry Text Book. 4.Jamalia Jamil, Au Wei Leong, Smart Chemistry Form 4,Preston Corporation Sdn Bhd.

THE END