TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Chapter 1
COMPANY RPOFILE

Shivam Infocom Pvt. Ltd is a registered telecom networking solution provider company with
its headquarter in 185 DSIDC complex Okhla Phase 1 New Delhi. Our company offers
services & solutions to address the network lifecycle requirements of Telecom carriers &
technology provider. It was established in Year 2000 as Shivam consultants, and was
renamed to Shivam infocom Pvt. Ltd in October 2003.Now the company is driven in all
business segments of telecom fraternity with a focus on building new businesses in emerging
markets. It globally delivers quality for on-site engineering projects, services & consulting. It
has become Indias best companies partner for delivery to run reputed cellular networks.

Chapter 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO GSM
Page 1

GSM is known as Global System for Mobile Communication. A technology developed in

1985 by a French company known as Group Special Mobile. Cellular radio provides
mobile telephone service by employing a network of cell sites distributed over a wide
range. A cell site contains a radio transceiver and a base station controller, which
manages, sends, and receives traffic from the mobiles in its geographical area to a cellular
phone switch. It also employs a tower and its antennas, and provides a link to the distant
cellular switch called a mobile telecommunication switching office. This MTSO places
calls from land based telephones to the wireless customers, switches calls between cells as
mobile travel across cell boundaries, and authenticates wireless customers before they
make calls. GSM calls are either based on data or voice. Voice calls use audio codes
called half-rate, full-rate and enhanced full-rate. Data calls can turn the cell phone into a
modem operating at 9600 bps. It uses digital technology and time division multiple access
transmission methods.
Voice is digitally encoded via a unique encoder, which emulates the characteristics of
human speech. This method of transmission permits a very efficient data rate/information
content ratio. One of its great strength is the international roaming capability that gives
consumers seamless and same standardized same number contact ability in more than 170
countries. GSM satellite roaming has extended service access to areas where terrestrial
coverage is not available. GSM technology is continually evolving. Having made great
leaps forward in the past 10 years. It is facing an even greater evolution in the years ahead.

2.2 HISTORY OF GSM

The first mobile telephone service started in 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri, USA as an
manually operated system. Between 1950 and 1960, it evolved as an automatic system
with reduced cost and increased, but small subscriber base. Mobile telephony service in its
useful form appeared in 1960s.
The period from 1940 60

The 1st mobile telephone service started in 1946 in St. Louis Missouri, USA.

Between 1950 and 1960 it evolved as an automatic system.

Mobile telephony service in its useful from appeared in 1960s.

The period from 1980 - 95

TRAINING REPORT
BTS &GSM

Each country developed its own system

In 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study
group called the Group Special Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a European public
land mobile system which had to meet certain criteria :

Good subjective speech quality.

Low terminal and service cost.
Support for international roaming
Ability to support hand held terminals.
Support for range of new service and facilities.
Spectral efficiency.
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to European Telecommunication Standards
Institute (ETSI) GSM specifications were published in 1990 as:Commercial service started in mid 1991 By 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22
countries
The First Generation Mobile Communication System appeared in 1970s and remained till
1980s.They used analog transmission techniques for radio link and confined its users to
their respective systems areas for which the mobile phone was designed. Capacity of
system was limited and roaming between the coverage areas of different systems was
impossible. Apart from being very expensive these system provides very poor QoS and
supported only voice communication. The Second Generation Mobile Communication
System has grew out of the limitation of first generation systems. They supported large
subscriber base, carried both voice and data and have capable of design and deliver new
value added services. GSM and CDMA emerged as the trend setting technologies. The
domination of 2G systems became apparent in second half of 1990s. The Third Generation
Mobile Communication Systems provide high functionality with seamless global roaming.
Apart from providing very high data rates, 3G systems seek to integrate the wire line
systems with mobile systems. 3G would provide users consistent voice, data, graphical,
multi-media regardless of their location in the network. They also integrate the Intelligent

Page 3

Network (IN) capabilities into mobile systems.

2.3 Cellular Principal And Mobility Issues: In mobile communication the wired 2W subscriber line is replaced with a wireless mobile
link. Once the customer is liberated from the confines of the wire and made free to move,
the following issues arise :

Demand on the scarce radio resources.

Authentication of the customer.

Security and privacy on the radio

Provide unique service profile.

Keep track of the user as they move.

Proving service across networks.

Billing the customer whenever and wherever he makes and receives calls from.

An important issue in mobile communication is the need to authenticate the genuineness

of the customer whenever he receives or attempts to make communication. Since the
media being open space, it is necessary to verify whether the customer is the one whom he
claims to be before resources allocation. Security of the mobile account is to be ensured to
prevent unauthorized use and also misuse of ones subscription. Privacy of the
communication over radio is to be ensured though the radio signals are available
everywhere for interception. One of the important issues for the customer is the
availability of seamless service profile irrespective of his location. This is an essential
feature of the mobile communication, particularly when the customer visits a service area
served by an operator different from his own. Different dialing codes for accessing the
same service in different networks can lay havoc in realizing the services by the customer.
Yet another challenging issue in mobile communication is the need to keep track of the
customers location so that an incoming call can be connected to him. Equally important is
the need to main established

TRAINING REPORT
BTS &GSM

figure 1

The central concept that made mobile communication as a usable commercial proposition
is the cellular principle. BELL Laboratories, US in 1970 first introduced cellular
principle Under cellular concept, the service area is divided into a number of
CLUSTERS, each cluster consists of a number of CELLS and each cell is assigned as
many CARRIERS as required by the traffic in that cell. There is a one-to-one
correspondence between the cells in each of the clusters that these cells use the same
carrier frequencies.
Since the frequency used being the same, the principle of frequency reuse demands that
the interference between them when serving different cells and therefore different

Page 5

customers should be kept within permissible limits

Figure 2

Above figure shows a 7-CELL reuse pattern. The 7 cells, shown as seven different
hexagons that are tagged in contiguity are called a cluster. The cluster is repeated in such
a manner that the distance between the cells using the same frequency is kept as far as
possible.

INTRODUCTION
A GSM system is basically designed as combination of 3 major subsystems:

Network subsystem

Radio subsystem

Operation support subsystem

In order to ensure that network operators will have several sources of cellular
infrastructure equipment, GSM specify not only the air interface, but also the main
interfaces that identify different parts.

2.4 GSM NETWORK STRUCTURE

Every telephone network needs a well-designed structure in order to route incoming called
to the correct exchange and finally to the called subscriber. In a mobile network, this
structure is of great importance because of the mobility of all its subscribers. In GSM
system, network is divided into following partitioned areas:-

GSM service area :- It is the total area served by the combination of all member
countries where a mobile can be serviced.

PLMN service area :- Based on its size these can be several within a country. All

TRAINING REPORT
BTS &GSM
incoming calls for a GSM/PLMN network will be routed to a gateway MSC which works
as an incoming transit exchange. The gateway MSC consists the inter working functions
to make these connections.

MSC service area :- There can be several MSC / VLR in one PLMN . To route a call
to a mobile subscriber, the path through links to MSC in the MSC area where the
subscriber is currently located. The mobile location can be uniquely identified since the
MS is registered in a VLR, which is generally associated with an MSC.

Location areas :- LAs are several within a MSC/VLR combination. A LA is a part of

the MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location
information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. In a LA a paging message is
broadcast to find the called mobile subscriber. LA can be identified by using the location
area identity. LA is used to search for the subscriber in an active state.

Cells :- It is an identity served by one BTS The MS differentiate between cells using
BSIC (Base Station Identification Code) that the cell site broadcast over the air.

Figure 3

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2.5 MOBILE STATION

The mobile station (MS) includes radio equipment and the man machine interface that a
subscriber needs in order to access the service provided by the GSM PLMN. The MS may
include provisions for the data communication as well as voice. A mobile transmits and
receives message to and from the GSM system over the air interface to establish and
continue connections through the system.
Each MS is identified by an IMEI that is permanently stored in a mobile unit. Upon
request, the MS sends this number over he signaling channel to the MSC. The IMEI can
be used to identify mobile units that are reported stolen or operating incorrectly.
The mobile subscriber ISDN number (MS ISDN) is the number that the calling party dials
in order to reach the subscriber. It is used by the land network to route calls towards an
appropriate MSC. The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) is permanently
assigned to him. Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI) is also assigned by the
GSM system which can be periodically changed and protect the subscriber from being
identified by those attempting to monitor the radio channel.

FUNCTIONS OF MOBILE STATION

The primary functions of MS are to transmit and receive voice and data over the Air
interface of the GSM system. MS performs the signal processing function of
digiting, encoding, error protecting, encrypting, and modulating the transmitted
signals. It also performs the inverse functions on the received signals from BS.

In order to transmit voice and data signals, the mobile must be in synchronization
with the system.

To achieve this, the MS automatically tunes and synchronizes to the frequency and
TDMA timeslot specified by the BSC.

The MS monitors the power level and signal quality, determined by the BER for
known receiver bit sequences from both its current BTS and up to six surrounding
BTSs. This data is received on the downlink broadcast control channel. The system
then uses this list for best cell handover decisions.

MS keeps the GSM network informed of its location during both national and
international roaming, even when it is inactive.

MS includes an equalizer that compensates for multi path distortion on the received
signal

The MS can store and display short received alphanumeric messages on the LCD.

TRAINING REPORT
BTS &GSM
These messages are limited to 160 characters in length.

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2.7 GSM FREQUENCIES

GSM systems use radio frequencies between 890-915 MHz for receive and between 935960 MHz for transmit.RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 124
carriers for use.An RF carrier is a pair of radio frequencies, one used in each
direction.Transmit and receive frequencies are always separated 45MHz.

Figure 4
Extended GSM (EGSM)
EGSM has 10MHz of bandwidth on both transmit and receive.
Receive bandwidth is from 880 MHz to 890 MHz.
Transmit bandwidth is from 925 MHz to 935 MHz.
Total RF carriers in EGSM is 50.

Figure-5
2.8 DCS1800 FREQUENCIES
DCS1800 systems use radio frequencies between 1710-1785 MHz for receive and between
1805-1880 MHz for transmit.RF carriers are spaced every 200 kHz, allowing a total of 373
carriers.There is a 100 kHz guard band between 1710.0 MHz and 1710.1 MHz and between
1784.9 MHz and 1785.0 MHz for receive, and between 1805.0 MHz and 1805.1 MHz and

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

between 1879.9 MHz and 1880.0 MHz for transmit.

Fig. 2.3 UPLINK & DOWNLINK FREQUENCY

2.9 GSM NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE

The following figure depicts a typical GSM network (called, Public Land Mobile Network
or PLMN) infrastructure.Ref: Wireless Communications Systems and Networks, By
Mullett, Thomson Publisher

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Figure-6
The solid lines are for user traffic plus control signaling, if any. The dotted lines
representControl/management signaling/messaging only..
AUC Authentication Center
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station Subsystem
BTS Base Transceiver System (Antenna System + Radio Base Station)
EIR Equipment Identification Register (for IMEI verification)
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
FNR Flexible Numbering Register (for number portability)
GMSC Gateway MSC
HLR Home Location Register

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BTS &GSM

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

IWF Interworking Function
ILR Interworking Location Register (for roaming between AMPS and GSM system)
IWMSC Interworking MSC
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile Switching Center
NSS Network Switching Subsystem
OSS Operation and Support System
PDN Public Data Network
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
SMS Short Message Service
VLR Visitor Location Register

The GSM divides the infrastructure into the following three parts.

Network Switching Subsystems (NSS)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Network Management Subsystem (NMS)

Any telecommunications network requires some kind of NMS. A part of NMS is generic
for any telecom system. The billing and messaging are two examples. The core of the NSS
is the MSC (Mobile Switching Center) which is basically a PSTN switch with mobility
management related enhancement/add-on. The BSS is entirely new (compared to PSTN)
that are required for wireless access and mobility

Page 13

Figure -7
2.10 GSM Receivers.

GSM 900 in Europe and Asia Pacific. With 890 MHZ 915 MHZ Uplink and 935 MHZ
960 MHZ Downlink Frequencies. There are 124 carriers per channel and carrier width is
200 KHZ, Bandwidth 25 MHZ, Wavelength 33cm. and Channel separation 20 MHZ.
( Freq MHz = 890 + 0.2 * n ) where 1 n 124

GSM 1800 in Europe, Asia Pacific and Australia. With 1710 1785 MHZ Uplink and 1805
1880 MHZ Downlink. The carrier width is 200 khz , Band width 75 Mhz, and channel
Separation is 20 Mhz. There are 375 carriers per channel.

Freq. MHz = 1710 + 0.2 * (n 512) , where 512 n 885

GSM 1900 US , Canada, Latin America and Africa. With 1850 1910 MHZ Uplink and
1930 1990 MHZ Downlink. There are 300 Careers per channel, 60 MHZ Band width,
Channel Separation is 20 MHZ.

Modulation Used in GSM 900 is GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift

Keying)

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Page 15

Chapter 3
PSTN
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world
public circuit-switched telephone networks. It consists of telephone lines, fiber optic
cables, microwave

transmission links, cellular

networks, communications

satellites,

and undersea telephone cables, all inter-connected by switching centers, thus allowing any
telephone in the world to communicate with any other. Originally a network of fixedline analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its core and
includes mobile as well as fixed telephones.The technical operation of the PSTN utilizes
standards created by the ITU-T. These standards allow different networks in different
countries to interconnect seamlessly. There is also a single global address space for
telephone numbers based on the E.163 and E.164 standards. The combination of the
interconnected networks and the single numbering plan make it possible for any phone in
the world to dial any other phone.The task of building the networks and selling services to
customers fell to the network operators. The first company to be incorporated to provide
PSTN services was the Company in the United States.In some countries however,
the job of providing telephone networks fell to government as the investment required was
very large and the provision of telephone service was increasingly becoming an
essential public utility. For example, the General Post Office in the United Kingdom
brought together a number of private companies to form a single nationalized company.In
recent decades however, these state monopolies were broken up or sold off
through privatization.In most countries, the central government has a regulator dedicated to
monitoring the provision of PSTN services in that country. Their tasks may be for example
to ensure that end customers are not over-charged for services where monopolies may
exist. They may also regulate the prices charged between the operators to carry each others'
traffic.

3.1 Network topology

The PSTN network architecture had to evolve over the years to support increasing numbers
of subscribers, calls, connections to other countries, direct dialing and so on. The model
developed by the US and Canada was adopted by other nations, with adaptations for local
markets.The original concept was that the telephone exchanges are arranged into

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

hierarchies, so that if a call cannot be handled in a local cluster, it is passed to one higher
up for onward routing. This reduced the number of connecting trunks required between
operators over long distances and also kept local traffic separate.However, in modern
networks the cost of transmission and equipment is lower and, although hierarchies still
exist, they are much flatter, with perhaps only two layers.

3.2Digital channels
As described above, most automated telephone exchanges now use digital switching rather
than mechanical or analog switching. The trunks connecting the exchanges are also digital,
called circuits or channels. However analog two-wire circuits are still used to connect
the last mile from the exchange to the telephone in the home (also called the local loop). To
carry a typical phone call from a calling party to a called party, the analog audio signal is
digitized at an 8 kHz sample rate with 8-bit resolution using a special type of
nonlinear pulse code modulation known asG.711. The call is then transmitted from one end
to another via telephone exchanges. The call is switched using a call set up protocol
(usually ISUP) between the telephone exchanges under an overall routing strategy.The call
is carried over the PSTN using a 64 kbit/s channel, originally designed by Bell Labs. The
name given to this channel is Digital Signal 0 (DS0). The DS0 circuit is the basic
granularity of circuit in a telephone exchange. A DS0 is also known as a timeslot because
DS0s are aggregate in time-division multiplexing (TDM) equipment to form higher
capacity communication links.A Digital Signal 1 (DS1) circuit carries 24 DS0s on a North
American or Japanese T-carrier (T1) line, or 32 DS0s (30 for calls plus two for framing and
signaling) on an E-carrier (E1) line used in most other countries. In modern networks, the
multiplexing function is moved as close to the end user as possible, usually into cabinets at
the roadside in residential areas, or into large business premises.These aggregated circuits
are conveyed from the initial multiplexer to the exchange over a set of equipment
collectively known as the access network. The access network and inter-exchange transport
use synchronous optical transmission, for example, SONET and Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH)

technologies,

although

some

parts

still

use

the

older PDH technology.Within the access network, there are a number of reference
points defined. Most of these are of interest mainly to ISDN but one the V reference
point is of more general interest. This is the reference point between a primary
multiplexer and an exchange. The protocols at this reference point were standardized
Page 17

in ETSI areas as the V5 interface.

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Chapter 4
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is composed of two parts, the Base Transceiver Station
(BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). These communicate across the specified Abis interface, allowing (as in the rest of the system) operation between components made
by different suppliers.

Fig 8- The Base Station Subsystem

Fig 9- GSM BSS

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) houses the radio tranceivers that define
a cell and handles the radiolink protocols with the Mobile Station. In a large urban area,
there will potentially be a large number of BTSs deployed. The requirements for a BTS are
ruggedness, reliability, portability, and minimum cost.

The Base Station Controller (BSC) manages the radio resources for one or
more BTSs. It handles radiochannel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers, as described
below. The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the Mobile service Switching
Center (MSC). The BSC also translates the 13 kbps voice channel used over the radio link
to the standard 64 kbps channel used by the Public Switched Telephone Network or ISDN.

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4.1 Base Transceiver Station (BTS ):

CDMA, Wireless local loop, WAN, WiFi, WiMAX, etc. The BTS houses the radio
transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio link protocols with the MS. In a large
urban area, a large number of BTSs may be deployed. A base transceiver station (BTS) is
a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE)
and

network.

UEs

are

devices

like

mobile

phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless

internet connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX devices and others. The network can be that of
any of the wireless communication technologies like GSM,
BTS is also referred to as the radio base station (RBS), node B (in 3G Networks) or,
simply, the base station (BS). For discussion of the LTE standard the abbreviation eNB for
evolved node B is widely used.
Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication standards, it
is generally associated with mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA. In
this regard, a BTS forms part of the base station subsystem (BSS) developments for system
management. It may also have equipment for encrypting and decrypting communications,
spectrum filtering tools (band pass filters), etc. antennas may also be considered as
components of BTS in general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a
BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to serve several different
frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the case of sectorised base stations). A BTS
is controlled by a parent base station controller via the base station control function (BCF).
The BCF is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in compact base
stations. The BCF provides an operations and maintenance (O&M) connection to
the network management system (NMS), and manages operational states of each TRX, as
well as software handling and alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the
BTS remains the same regardless of the wireless technologies.

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

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7b634a4aefdedee7d6ce2921213939319c8c8c948484080000101010313129080800291818e7d6d6ffefefad9c9c
5242421000005a52525a52520000002929292929291010104a42394a42395a524a635a526b635a635a527b736b
847b73736b636b63635a5a5a4242420808081010101818104a4a426b6b6b8c8c8ca59c9c8c8c8c4a4a522929313
1313129293129293129292939394239394242424a42424a42424a39394242424a6b6b739c9ca594949c9494949
c9ca59c9c9c9c9c9c8c8c94949c9c94949c94949494949c9494949c949c9494949c9c9c9494949c9c9c9c9c9cada
dad6b636b080000a5a5a5cec6c6c6b5b5ceb5bdd6bdc6c6b5b5cebdbdc6b5b5bdadadd6c6c6c6b5b5d6bdbdd6bd
c6cebdbdd6bdc6e7ced63929311008081018183942424242397b6b6b6b5a525a5252524a4a5242424a42424a42
423939394239394239393131291810104a4a424a42423129213129294242394a4242524a4a736363c6b5bddec6
ced6c6c6dececedececeded6d6deced6e7d6deded6d6ded6dee7d6dee7dedee7d6dee7d6dedeced6deced6d6c6c6d
6c6c6dec6c6dec6c6dec6c6dececed6bdbdd6bdbdd6bdbdd6bdbdffe7ef7b7b7b291818ceadb5080000a59494ffde
dedececedec6c6dececedec6c6e7cecedec6c6dececedecec6e7cecedec6c6e7cecedec6c6e7cecedec6c6decec6dec6
c6dececedec6bddec6c6decec6e7ceced6bdbdf7e7dedecece3121217b6b6bfff7f75a4242a58c84f7dedee7cece292
118423931947b7bbdadad1810100000001010102929290000005a5252f7efefb5adad524a4a948c8c8c84846363
5a2121213942393131313131294a42424a42425a524a6b5a5a5a4a4a635a527b73737b7373635a5a5a52525a52
523939391008082121211010104242426b63638c8c8c8c8c8c9c9ca57b737b5252523131393131392929292931
3131313939394231313939393929293152525a7373738c94949c9ca59c9c9c8c8c8c94949c9494949c9c9c8c8c8
c9c9ca58c949494949c8c949494949494949494949494949494949c9494949c9c9ca5a5ad63636b000000948c8c
d6c6c6ceb5bdceb5b5d6bdc6bdadadcebdbdc6b5b5d6cecebdadadc6b5b5c6b5b5c6bdbdd6c6c6e7d6d6efdee784

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

7b7b000000101818182921525a523131292921212121212129211821212121211821182121211821212129294
23939211818524a425a4a4a3931294a4a423931314242393129212918183121214a3942dececedec6cee7ced6de
ced6e7d6d6ded6d6e7d6deded6d6e7d6dee7d6dee7dedee7d6deded6d6dececedececed6c6c6dececed6c6c6decec
edec6c6dec6c6d6bdbddec6c6d6bdbdffefef636363291010debdc6080808a59494ffdeded6c6c6d6bdbdd6bdbdde
c6c6dec6c6dececedec6c6e7cecedecec6e7cecedec6c6e7cecedec6c6decec6dec6c6decec6dec6c6decec6d6c6bdd
6c6bddecec6dececeefdede7b6b6b392929f7e7e78c7373312118d6bdbdefd6d6d6bdbd312121423931947b7bceb
dbd292121000000181818211818393139080000948484e7dede393131c6bdbdffffff847b7b0800004a4a4a524a4
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94949c94949494949c9494949c9c9c9494949c9c9c9c9c9cadadad6363630800007b7b7bd6c6c6ceb5b5ceb5b5c
6adadd6bdbdc6adb5bdb5b5c6b5b5bdadadbdadadcebdbdc6bdbd73636b6b63638c7b846b5a630000001018181
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6d6c6c6d6bdbdffe7e7636363180000efcece101008948484f7d6d6d6c6bdceb5b5d6bdbdd6bdbdd6c6c6d6c6c6d
ec6c6d6c6c6dec6c6dec6c6e7cec6dec6bddec6c6dec6bddec6c6d6bdbddec6bddec6bddec6bdd6bdb5d6bdbde7d
6ceb5a59c392929948c84fffff7291810422121efd6cee7cec6e7d6ce3121214239319c8484cebdbd312929181818
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4a42424a42395a524a5a4a4a736b63736b6b736b6b635a52524a4a4242424a4242181818181818181818292929
6b6363948c9494949484848494949494949c8c8c948c8c8c6b6b735a63635a5a6363636b6b6b737b7b8494949c
94949c94949c9c9c9c8c8c948c8c949494949ca5a594949c9c9ca5848c8c9c9c9c8c949494949c8c949494949c94
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08212118081010212921313931212921101810212121182121292929212121393131524a4a524a42292121393
12939313163635a5a524ac6bdbdf7efefefdee7dececedececeded6d6ded6d6e7d6deded6d6e7dededed6dee7d6ded
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5a525a524a6b635a635a5a4239392929292118184a42423931312929292929214239396b63639c94949c94948c
8c8c7b7b848484848c8c8c9494949c9c9c94949c9c9c9c94949494949c9c9c9c9c9ca58c8c8c8c8c94949494949
Page 23

49c9c9c9c9ca5a58c8c949c9ca59c9c9c8c8c9494949c94949c94949494949c94949c9c949c9494949c949c94949
49c9c9c9c9ca5adadad5a5a5a080000393131f7efefc6adadc6adb5d6bdbdceb5b5c6b5b5c6b5b5d6c6c6a5949c94
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49c9c9ca584848c94949484848c8c8c948c8c949494949494949494949494949c9c9c9c9c9c949494adadb55a5a
63080808101010f7efefc6b5b5bdadadd6bdbdc6b5b5ceb5bddec6c6b59ca58c7b7ba58c8c9c8484a58c8c291818
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c6d6c6c6dec6c6d6c6bddec6c6d6bdbdd6bdbdceb5b5ffefef5a5a52180800ffefef212121847373efcececebdbdd6c
6bdd6bdbddec6c6dec6c6e7cecedecec6e7cecedec6c6e7cec6e7cec6e7cecee7c6c6e7cec6dec6c6e7cec6dec6bdef
d6ced6bdb5f7dedee7cece100000524239ffffffc6b5b5180000a5948cf7deded6bdbdf7deded6c6bd312921524a42
8c736befded66b63631010101010100000009c94947b73732921210800001818103129298c8c84524a4a524a4a
2118182118213129293939394239394239394239314a42394231314a42424242394a4a424a424239313142393
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d8c8c8c8c8c8c8484847b7b7b7b7b848c8c9494949c9c9c9c8c949494949c9c9c9c94949494949c9494949c9ca5
94949c94949494949c8c8c9494949494949c9494949494949c9c9c9c9ca5b5b5bd52525a080000211818f7e7e7b
dadadcebdbdd6bdbdcebdbdcebdbdd6bdc6c6adadbda5addec6c6efd6d6d6bdbd4a313929101031181821101031
29293931312929211818181818102118101818101018102929212929212121212118182118182929292921213
13129524a425242423931294a42424a42426b63636b635ac6bdbde7deded6c6c6dececee7d6d6deced6e7d6d6de
cecedececedececedececedececee7ced6dececedececedec6c6dec6c6d6c6bddec6c6d6c6c6d6c6c6cebdbdd6bdbdc
ebdbdd6bdbdceb5b5cebdbdf7d6d66b6b63180800ffefef424242524242f7d6d6cebdbddec6bddec6c6d6bdbdd6b
dbdd6bdbddebdbdd6bdbdd6bdbdd6bdbddec6c6d6bdbddebdbdd6bdbddec6bdd6bdb5d6b5b5ceb5adc6adade7d
6ce6b5a52180808b5ada5fff7f7392929180808e7cececeb5b5bda5a5dec6c6c6b5b51810084242396b5252efd6d6
9c9494080000313131181818000000736b6b4a4a4231313108080008100831313118181821212129212121182
1312929313131292929292929393939423939524a424a42424a42423131292929292118183931312121212118
18393139312929212121080008000000080808080808080808101818212129080808181818636363737b7b525
25a6b6b6b5a636363636363636373737384848c9c9c9c949c9c949494949494a5a5ad8c949494949484848c949

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

49c9494948c8c8c8c8c8c94949c9494949c9c9c9c9c9ca5a5a5adadad5a5a5a211818100808c6bdbdcec6c6cebdb
dcebdbdcebdbdc6b5b5c6adadcebdbdc6b5b5ceb5b5bdadadceb5bdad9c9cbda5ad8c7b7b736363392929393131
3931313129290800001008080800001008001810081008080800001008081810183129293939314a42425a525
24a39393121213939313939315a5a5252524acec6c6d6cececebdc6deced6dececee7d6d6dececee7d6d6dececede
cecedececee7ced6dececedececedec6c6dececedec6c6dec6c6d6c6bddecec6d6c6c6d6c6c6d6bdbddec6c6d6bdbd
d6c6bdcebdbdf7dede8c8c84180808f7dede7b7b7b100000ffefefcebdbddec6c6d6bdbdd6bdb5ceb5adceb5b5ceb
5b5d6bdb5d6b5b5d6bdb5ceb5b5ceb5b5ceb5add6b5b5ceb5b5ceb5b5c6adadb5a59ce7d6ceb5a59c1000008473
73e7d6ceb5a5a508000084736bd6bdbdc6adadbda5a5ceb5b5c6b5b5211818423939846b6be7cece948c8c31312
91008081818182118180800005a52523939392921211818180008001818181810104242423129292929294239
393131313931314242424242394a4242524a4a4a4242423939312929312929393939292929292121393939423
9426b636b736b6b7b7b7b6b636b5252524239422929311010102931311818180808083131314a4a4a42424a63
6363636b6b636363525a5a6b73738c8c949c9c9c8c94949c9ca58c8c9484848ca5a5a5a5a5a58c94948c8c94949
49c94949c948c949c9ca594949ca5a5ad8c8c94a59ca552525a6b6363080000b5adadd6cececec6c6c6bdbdcebdb
dc6bdbdc6b5b5ceb5b5ceb5b5c6adadc6b5b5ceb5bddececedec6c6efd6dec6b5b54231393121214a4242524a4a4
23939423131312929393129524a4a3931314239393931313931393931313939314239395a5252393129393129
423931524a4a63635a524a4ad6d6cee7deded6c6c6e7cecee7d6d6e7d6d6e7d6d6dececee7cecedececee7cecedece
cee7cecedececee7cecedec6c6e7cec6dec6c6dec6c6dec6c6dec6c6dec6c6dececedec6c6dec6c6d6bdbdd6bdbdffe
7de9c9c9c100000dec6bd9c9c94100000e7bdbdd6c6c6ceb5b5d6b5b5ceb5adceb5adc6adadceb5adceb5add6bdb
5c6adadceb5b5c6adadceb5b5c6adadc6adadc6adadc6adadcec6bdcec6bd291818291818c6b5b5fff7f76b5a5a100
000cebdb5bdadadbda5a5ceb5b5c6adadc6b5b52921214242398c6b73dececeada5a53931310000002121211008
08100000080000212121292929000000101010182118101010212118312929292121292929292121212121393
9393131294239394239394242393131313931312929293931312118183129293931395252528c848c9494949c
9c9c8c8c8c8c8c8c9494949494949c9ca55252523139393131311821212929293939424a4a4a636363636b6b63
6363525a5a6b6b6b8484849c9c9c94949c9c9c9c84848494949c9494949ca5a59c9c9c94949c8c848c9c9c9ca5a
5ad73737b9494949c9c9cadadb5525252948c8c080000a59c9cd6d6d6c6bdbdcec6c6bdb5b5cec6c6cebdbdc6bd
bdc6b5b5cebdbdcebdbdc6b5b5c6bdbdb5a5a5d6cececebdbd2921212921214a4242635252736b6b84737373636
3736363736b63524a4a423939393939312931312929212118312929524a4a3931313931314239394a42425a5a5
2393931cecec6ded6d6cec6c6dececedececee7d6d6dececee7d6d6e7ced6efd6d6e7ced6e7d6d6e7cecee7ced6dec
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9c9cadadad1808088c6b6be7d6ced6bdb5d6b5b5debdbdd6bdb5d6bdb5ceb5adceb5adc6adadceb5b5c6adadceb5
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6adadceb5b5d6bdbdbdadad292921393939846b73dec6cecec6c6423939101008000000736b631808083129292
92121080000000000525252081010000800181818393131181018101010100808181818212121292921393129
Page 25

3131292929292921212921213129293131312921213931312929294239428c848c8c8c8ca59c9c9494949c9c9c
9494949c9c9c3942422121293939393139394242425a63634242422929312929294a4a4a636363636b6b5a5a5a
73737b9c9c9c94949c9c9ca594949c94949c9c9c9ca5a5ad9c9ca5848484bdbdbd524a5231313142424ab5b5bda
dadb5a5a5a542424aded6d6080000948c8cfff7f7d6ceced6cecededed6cec6c6e7d6d6ded6d6e7d6d6ded6d6d6ce
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dec6c6dececee7cecedececee7d6cee7cecee7ceced6c6c6d6c6bdefd6d69c9c94180808846b6bbdbdb5100000422
121f7e7e7d6b5b5d6bdbdd6bdb5debdbdd6b5b5ceb5b5c6ada5c6adadc6adadc6adb5c6adadc6b5b5c6adadc6ada
dc6adb5d6bdbdc6bdb5100808312121cec6c6efdede52424a080000ad9c9cd6c6c6d6c6c6ceb5bdceb5bdd6c6c6c
ebdbd2118184a4a4a846b73deced6cec6c6524a4a100808080000b5ada5948c840800004a424231313110101000
00000000001010101818182918212118181810103131314242393131312929213129292929213131312921213
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939424a4a4a3939394a4a4a3131393939393939393131313939396363637373736b6b736b6b7384848cbdbdbda
dadad94949cbdbdc69c9ca563636b3131393939425a5a5a5a5a5a5252523939396363638c8c8c8c8c8c4a4a4ab5
adad0800005a5252b5b5b5948c8c948c8c9c9c9c848484736b6b7b73737b7b7b84848484847b8484846b6b6b6b
6b6b7b73736363631008081810102121212121213121293129293121212921182118182118181810102121211
01010101010181810181010292118181010181008211818181010292921101008393931393131393131e7d6d6
e7cecee7ced6e7cecee7cecedec6cedec6c6d6bdc6dec6c6d6bdbdd6bdbdceb5b5d6bdbdd6bdbde7cec6e7cec6e7d
6d6e7cecee7cecee7cecee7d6d6dececedec6c6d6bdbdffe7de9494941808004a3131e7e7de080000391010efdede
d6b5b5ceb5b5d6bdb5d6b5b5d6bdb5d6b5b5d6bdb5d6bdb5ceb5bdceb5b5ceb5bdceb5b5ceb5b5c6adb5d6bdbd
dec6c6ada59c0800009c948cefdedecebdbd423139211018cec6c6e7d6d6c6b5b5d6bdbdceb5b5d6bdc6d6cece10
10104a524a8c737bd6c6c6ded6d6736b6b1008080800006b6363f7efe7a59c9c080800080000182118182118081
0101018100808083129292921212118214242425a5a523939394242394239394a424239393118181008080831
2929524a4a393139393131312931292121848484a59ca59494944242423939393131310808081821211010180
81010181818101010181818101010181818101010081010080808081010080808080808000808000008080808
00000800000000000800080808101000080808081008000808080810101008080800000000000800000008000
01810101008080000001008080000000800000808081010101010101008080000000800000808080800000000
00080000181010212121181818212118292121312121211818292118211810211818211818211818292121181
818212121292921211818393129312921312929292121181810212118292929211818181010211018dececeefd
edee7d6d6decec6d6bdbddec6c6d6c6bdd6bdbdceb5b5cebdbdcebdbdd6bdbdd6bdbddec6c6dececee7d6d6e7ced
6dececedec6c6dececedec6c6dec6c6d6bdb5d6bdbddececebdadad181010211818efefef080000100808decececeb
5b5c6b5b5ceb5b5c6b5b5bdada5ceb5b5d6bdbdceb5b5bdadadceb5b5c6adadc6b5b5cebdbdc6b5b5cec6c6e7ded
e4a4242211818d6c6c6efdedea59c9c101010635a5aefdee76b6b6b9c9c9cd6cececebdbdf7efefb5adad101010313
131635a5aefe7e7f7efef948c8c1008080800004a3942ded6d6ffe7efe7d6de1810100800004a393984737b000000
212121080808080808000000100808181818393129423931524a4a5a52524a424221212108000000000010080

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

81008080000004a4242736b6b6b6b6b7373734242420000002121211818102121212121212921213129292921
21292121292121313131212121292929292929292929292929292929292929292929182118313129292921292
12921182918102110101810100810100808080018181008080010080010080808000018081810080818101031
29292921211808082921210800001810100800000800000800001008081008081810102118183129291010082
92929313931424a42424242524a4a6352525a4242524a424a4242524a4252524a4a42394a42425242425242424
a4242524a424a4242524a4a4a4242524a425a524a524a4a524a425a524a635a5a5a524ae7d6d6e7d6d6e7d6d6d6
c6c6d6bdbdd6bdbdd6bdbdceb5b5d6c6c6cebdbdd6c6c6d6c6c6dececee7ceceefd6d6e7d6d6efd6d6e7cecee7ced
6dececedecec6d6bdb5cebdb5ceb5ade7cecec6b5b5181010080800ffffff080000100000b5a5a5d6bdbdceb5b5c6b
5b5b5a5a5cebdbdceb5b5c6adb5ceb5b5d6c6c6ceb5bdd6bdc6cebdbdceb5bdd6c6c6dececeb5adad08000052424
af7e7e7efdede949494000000847b7bffffff636363adada5f7e7e7e7d6d6e7dede52524a181818080808292121948
c8cf7f7f78c8484181010080000312129e7d6de8c7b7b524a4a736b6b4a42421000000800001008081018183131
312121211818182121182921211010081008081810103129294a42426b63636b6363525252393131292121101
01008000010080808000000000010101008101029292931313129292929292939313139393939393939313942
42424a42424242424242424242423939393131312929292929292121211821181818101010081008101808180
80010181018181810181010000000211810181008313121101008181018211821292121181810181010292121
423939312921635a525242426b63635a5252524a4a39313129212121181818101008000021212118211831313
15a635a73736b635a5a7363637b636384736b7b6b6b84737373736b736b6b736b6b8473737b6b6b6b6363736b
63736b6b847b737b736b6b63637b7373847b7373736b635a525a5252736363dececedecec6d6bdbdd6bdbdcebd
b5d6bdbdcebdbdd6bdbdd6bdbdd6c6c6cebdbdd6c6c6dec6c6e7cecedec6c6dececee7cecedececed6bdc6d6c6c6d
6bdbdd6bdbdcebdb5d6bdb5ceb5b5d6c6c6211818080800f7f7f71818180800009c8c8cdec6cec6b5b5cec6c6dec
ecedeced6c6b5b5c6b5b5e7d6d6cebdbdd6bdc6cebdbdd6bdc6c6b5b5dececed6c6c6948c8c100000b5a5a5decec
edecece6b6b6b080000bdb5b5ffefef5a5252736b6bcec6c63931310800000800001810102929292918184239396
b5a5a423939312929181818000000635a5a2918211808106b6363392931291821312929181010000808000000
0808081818184239394a424239313129212129212118101010080808000018181829292139313121211810101
01810102921211010100808080810100808080000001010100808081010101010101818181810101818181818
18212121101010181818181818181818181818181818101010181818101010212121100810181010181010181
0101010081010081818211010181008082921210000001810102921213939394242425a5a52736b6b6b63637b
7373736b6b736b6b8c84846b6363847373847b7b847b7b8473737b6b6b524a4a3929291810082118181818184
242425a5a5a635a5a6352526b525263524a635252524a4a524a4a524a4a524a4a524242635252635a526b63634a
4242524a4a4a423952524a524a4a635a524a4a426b63635a5252423131e7ceced6bdbdcebdbdceb5b5d6c6c6d6b
dbdd6c6c6d6c6c6decec6d6c6c6d6c6c6d6c6bddec6c6d6c6c6d6c6c6cebdbdd6c6c6d6c6c6dec6ced6c6c6d6c6c6
d6bdbdd6bdbdd6bdbdd6bdbddecece312929000000bdb5b5000000080000635252ffffffdececedeced6ada5a5b5a
5a5e7d6d6ffe7efc6adadcebdbddec6c6d6bdc6cebdbddecececebdc6d6cece6b6363100000d6c6c6c6b5b5f7efef7
Page 27

b7b7b080000deced6735a5a080000080000080000423939736b6b4a42423129292921213121217b7373cec6c6a
59ca54a42420800001010109c949c84737b4a42425252525a4a525a525252424a1010103139394242423131312
12121080000080800100808292121211818312929211818080808080808100808181010181818181818211818
10080818101010101021212110101010101018181818181810101018181810101010101010080810081010080
81818181818181818181010101818181010101010100808081010101010101008101008081810101008082121
2131313142424a42424a7b737ba59c9c29292963635ab5adad736b73a5a5a56b6363424242948c8c736b6b3931
31524a4a736363847b7b7b73737b6b6b6b63636b6363635a5a524a4a423131181010212118181818181810313
1294239315242424a3131423131312118180808080000100808080000180808312121292118524a4239393129
21181810102921214239314a4a42736b6b948c8cc6bdbdada5a5e7cecedec6bdceb5b5d6bdbdcebdbdcebdbdceb
dbdd6c6c6d6c6c6d6c6c6d6c6c6d6c6c6d6c6c6d6c6c6cebdbdd6bdbdcebdbdcebdbdcebdbdd6c6c6dececeefd6d
6dec6c6cebdb5cec6bdbdb5b51008080000006363631010101008104a424aa59c9c635a6342394208000008000
8736b6bcebdbddeced6d6c6c6dec6ced6bdbdcebdbdd6c6c6c6bdbdd6cece3931314a3939ffefefc6adb5ffefef635a
5a100808ffefefbdadad392931211818211818ffffffffffff9c94945a4a4a5a4a4a31182194848cfff7f7e7dede4a424
2181010000000adadade7d6d6cebdbd4239398c8484cebdbdada5a50000003942394a4a4a4a42424a4a4a393939
393131393129393131292121181010292121292121393131211818292121212121313131393131423939524a4
a6363633131312121212121212929292121212929292121212121212118182121212118182118182121212929
292121212121211818182121212121212121211018182921313931426363636b73636b6b5a848c84b5b5c6bdb
5d6c6bddeada5c69c9cadb5b5bdb5b5b5adadad292121847b84292121100808635a5a181010080000181010211
8212918181810100800001000000800001000001808082918183121213929292118101818102118183129294a
4242634a4a5a4242634a4a4a39394231313939313931313129293129292921215a524a39313131292131292139
3131312929313129423942948c8cfffffff7e7efe7cec6d6bdb5d6bdb5cebdbdd6c6c6d6bdbdd6c6c6d6c6c6d6c6c
6d6c6c6decec6d6c6c6dec6c6d6bdbdd6c6c6d6bdbdcebdbdd6c6c6decececebdbdcebdb5cebdb5d6c6c6cebdbdff
fff7bdadad211818080808313131101010100808100808100808080000080808080000100808080000312129bd
adadefd6d6c6b5b5dec6c6ceb5bdcebdbdd6c6c6ded6d60800006b5a5aefd6ded6bdc6deced64a424a000000cebd
bdffefef7363632918181010084a4a4afff7f7c6bdbd1000005a424a635252bdadade7d6deefdee7635a5a10080808
0000736b6befdedefff7f7423942847b7bffffffdecece100808182118212121101010393939423939525252524a4a
6b6363635a528c84848c8484737373736b6b5a5a5a525252393939312929392931635a63a59c9cbdbdbd525252
39424239393939393929292929292929292929292931292931292931313131292921212121212129292921212
13131313939394a4a4a4a4a4a5a5a5a8c8c94b5adbdbdb5bdbdbdadadb59cadadada59cb5948cad7b7394948cad
9c9cad9c9c9c8c948cc6bdbd100810080000000000292129292121393131524a4a3931313931314a3939423131
4a42425a4a4a5a4a524a424252424a5a4a4a4a39394231313129292118182118183931317363637363636b5252
7b63636b5a5a423131423939524a4a4a4242292121313129524a4a393131211818393931312921211818181010
1008084a4242a59c9c524a4adebdbdd6bdb5ceb5b5d6bdbdd6bdbddec6ced6c6c6d6c6cecebdbdd6c6c6d6c6c6d
6c6c6cebdbdd6bdbdcebdbdd6c6c6d6c6c6cebdbdbdadadcebdbdefdedeffffffefdedecebdbd94948c5a525200080
0080808080808080810080808080008100810212129182121212129393942524a52423942c6bdbde7ced6c6ada
dd6bdbdceb5b5c6b5b5ded6d6948c8c0800008c737bf7d6dedec6c6d6c6c6393131181010b5a5a5ffefefceb5b54a

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

3939101010000000e7deded6cece392121523939a59494ffe7efcebdbdffeff7847373080000101010424242e7d6d
ee7dede4a424a7b73738c7b7b6352520000002929293129292121213939394239394a42424a42395a5252524a4
2635a5a7b73736b6b6b736b6b4242394242422921212921213129295252528484847373733131314242422929
292129293131313939393131393939393939394242423939393939393939393942423939393939423942424a4
a4a525252525a5a3942398c84949c94ad948c94949484a5a59c948ca56b5a9c4a3973524a84524284948cb59494
a59ca5a5b5b5b51008104239425a525a100810524a528c848c6b636b52424a4239424231314a39394a39425a4a
526352526b5a5a6b5a5a73636b846b6b634a4a3929292921211810103931296b5a5a736b63846b63846b6b5a4a
4a2918182118104a42424a42422929292921217b73737b736b423939524a424242394a42425a5a524a42422929
29100808080000e7c6c6dec6bddec6bdd6bdbddec6c6d6c6c6d6c6cecebdc6d6c6c6d6c6c6dececed6c6c6d6c6c6
cebdbdd6bdc6d6bdc6cec6c6efe7e7fff7ffe7d6d6b5a5a57b6b6b52424231212118101000000008080008101008
08080000001818182121214242424a4a4a52525a5a5a636363636b636b4a424aada5ade7d6d6ceb5b5d6c6c6c6a
db5d6c6c6d6c6c6393131100808948484efced6debdc6c6b5b5292121181010dec6cedec6c6ffe7e773636318101
0080808737373e7dedeb59c9cb59c9cbda5adefd6dedec6cefff7f79c9494080000080808293129e7d6d6ffeff7424
2423931316b5a637b6b6b0800000810102121212118184a42423931314a42425a524a7b736b5a4a4a736b6b847
b7b736b6b6b63634242424a42423939393939394239395a5252ada5a539393931393939423942424242424239
39393139393939393131313131393131313131312929293131312931313131313131313939393942424a4a4a4
24a4a4a524a73737b948c9c9c9ca5adada5949c947b73945242847b6ba57b6bad524a8c5a5a849c9cb5949494b5
b5b50800084242423129312921299c949c9c949cada5a5ada5a58c848cad9c9cad9ca5b5a5adb5a5a5bdadb5bda
db5c6b5b5bdadb5dec6c6735a5a4231314a42393129292118105a524a7b6b6b7b6363735a5a735a5a5a52525a52
4a5a52524a4242181010292121847b737b7373211818524a4a4a4a424239391810104242424a42422121213931
31dec6bde7cec6d6bdbdcebdbdd6bdbddececedec6cedeced6d6c6cedececedececedececed6bdc6d6c6c6d6bdbdd
6c6c6d6cece847b7b4a42423931311008080800000000000800001010101010100810101818182931314a525a3
13139636b736b6b736b6b735a636352525a525a5a5a5a63424242ada5add6c6c6c6adadd6bdbdd6bdbdc6b5b5de
cece080000212121ad8c94d6bdbdefd6d6a58c94080008292121bdadb5efd6d6e7cecec6adad2921211010100000
00efe7e7efd6d6efced6d6bdbde7cececeb5bdefdedead9c9c181010101010000000e7d6d6f7e7e7423939635a5ac
6b5bd9c8c941810104242423931312929293131313931314a42425a52526b635a736b636b63637b7373736b6b
6b6b6b4239394a4a4a312929393939393129524a4a94949439393918181842424221212939394231313931393
908101029292942424239393942393939393931313131313131313131313139393939424242424a42424a3939
3973737b9c94ad948c9cadadb5847b9c4a39847b63ce4a4284423184846bc64a42847b7b9ca5a5a5a5a59c635a6
32118214a4242524a52f7efefd6ced6ded6ded6ceceefe7e7f7dee7efdedee7d6d6e7d6d6deced6dececed6c6c6dec6
cee7c6c67b63632918186b636352524a080000524a4a736b6b7b5a5a735a5a7b63637b6b63524a42524a4a4242
42211818635a5a6b6363423939423939524a42524a42635a526b6b633939312121181818104a4a42efcecee7cec
ee7cec6d6bdbddec6c6dec6cedececedeced6ded6d6dececee7d6d6dececedececed6c6c6dececedec6cedecece3129
Page 29

291810101008081008081810101008082118182929292929293942424a5252636b6b73737b52525a6b6b736b6
b735a5a635a636b4a525a5a63634a4a52313131ada5adefdedebdadaddec6c6ceb5b5d6c6c6e7d6d608000029292
1ad8c94debdbdefd6de9c848c100808211818bdadadefd6d6d6bdbde7d6d65a5252211818100808847b7be7ced6
ceadadd6bdc6c6adb5ceb5bde7d6d6bdb5b5393131000808000000cebdc6f7efef5a5252635a5ae7d6d69c949418
10102931314242423931314a4242312929423939524a426b635a6b5a5a7b7373847b7b7b73736b63634a42424a
4a423131313131314239395a5a527b7b7b3139392929293131312929293131312929292931312931314a4a4a4a
4a4a3939393939394239393942423131393939392929293939393131314242424242424a524a52525a9c9cada5
9cada59cad6b6b846b5a9c4a319c4a3984524294523994524a8c848ca59ca5a5a5a5a54a424a736b6bb5adb5080
008ffffffd6ced6deced6e7dededeced6d6c6c6ceb5bdceb5bdc6b5b5ceb5bdc6b5b5ceb5bdceb5bddebdbd6b52522
92118635252635a5a1810104a4242736b6b846b6b735a5a846b6b7363635a4a4a524a4a4a42421818188c84846
35a5a52524a5a52524a4242524a428c8484847b73393931292118393129635a5ae7c6c6e7d6cedec6c6dec6c6d6
c6c6dececed6c6c6dececedececeded6d6dececedeced6dec6cedececedec6cedececeded6d63129294a4a425a525a
524a4a5252523131314a424a2929292929293942425a5a6363636b73737b525263636b7363636b63636b636b7
3636b6b6b73737373735a525ad6cecee7ced6d6bdbdceb5b5ceb5bddecececec6c6000000292929ad8c8cdebdc6e
7ced6948484080000101010a59494e7ced6bda5a5d6c6c6948c8c312929100808292121decececebdbdceb5bdc6
adb5c6adadd6c6c6c6b5bd4a4242000000000800a59494ffffff4a42426b6363ffffffffffff00000018181829212129
2929423939423939524a4a6b635a6b5a5a5a52527b7373847b7b6b6b6b6b6363424242524a4a29212129292942
39396b636352525229313131393929293129293131313131393921212929292942424a3939424242423939424
a4a523131313131393139392931313131313131313942424a4a524a524a5a5a5a9c9c9cada5b58c84ad5a4a9463
4aad31188c7b6bb56b5ab529187b6352a5736b948c94948c8c8c948c946b63634a4242312929ffffffc6bdbddece
d6e7d6d6d6c6ced6c6c6d6bdbdc6adadc6adadbdadadc6b5b5c6b5b5d6bdbdd6bdbd634a4a3121215a524a6b6b6
33129293129297b736b846b6b7b635a73635a73635a5a4a4a524a4a423939211818948c8c5a5a523129214a424
24a4242635a5a736b6b4a42391010082929214242397b7b73e7cec6e7cec6e7cecedec6c6dececedec6c6dececede
cecee7d6d6deced6ded6d6dec6cedececedec6cedececedececee7dede3931316b63635a525a42424242424242424
a42424a39393929292942424252525a63636b636b73636373636373636b736b6b7363636b2931391018180808
08080000211818ceb5b5efd6d6c6b5b5d6bdbde7d6d69c8c8c080808212121ad8c94d6b5bdefd6d694848408000
0080008a5949ce7cececeb5bdc6b5b5decece4242422121210800009c8c8ce7d6d6c6adb5d6bdc6d6bdbdcebdbde
7d6de4a42421818180000008c7b84ffeff74239396b636384737b18080818181810181829292929212142393939
31314a42425a5252736363736363736b6b736b6b6b6b6b6b63634a4a4a4a4a4a31292929212142423963635a42
4239212929424a4a21292931313131313939424208101039394242424a4a4a5242424239394239393942424a2
929312929312929314a52524a4a524a4a52313939424a4a737373ada5ad9c94ad8c7bad52428c52399c4a29a56b
5aa542318c3121845a529c7b7b9cadb5b58c8484c6b5bd3121294a394252424affffffdeced6deced6cebdbdd6c6c
edec6c6ceb5bdc6b5b5bdadadc6adadc6adadceb5bdcebdbddec6c6523939423131524a4a7b7b7b423939292118
7b6b6b8c736b73635a7b6363735a5a6352525a4a4a4a42422118186b63636b635a3129293129295a52525a5252
4239311810103131294a423963635aadada5d6c6c6e7cecedecec6dececedec6c6decec6dec6c6e7ced6deced6ded
6d6dececedececed6c6c6d6c6cedec6cee7d6d6e7e7de524a4a5a5252525252393939394242525a5a424a4a29313

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

12129213942425a636363636b6b6b7363637363637363636b73737b636b6b42424a1010101818183931311808
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Page 31

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24a4a4a42424239423939393131313131314a4a52393942424a4aadadb5a5adad9c9cb573739c635a945a529431
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TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

1736b636b5a5ab5ada5e7d6d6cec6c6cec6c6d6c6ced6b5adceb5adc6ada5d6b5b5d6bdb5debdbdd6bdb5dec6bdd
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Page 33

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TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

dadadad4a4a4a2121219c8c8c2921215a5252423931635a5a8c847bd6c6c6ceb5bdcebdbdc6b5b5c6b5b5bdadad
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b7b7b737b737b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b737b737b7b7b737b7b737b7b737373737b7b737b73737b7b737b7b7b7b7b
737b73737b7b737b7b737b7b737b73848c8c7373732118210800004a3939cebdbdffffff5a42421008080000005
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Page 35

b7b7b5a52524a4a4a4a4a4a3129292929293931314a42429c949c73737b3131392129294242423131313939423
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8084a39394239315a52526b635a52524a948c8ce7d6d6d6c6c6d6cecec6b5bdcebdc6ded6d6d6c6c6cebdc6deced
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73737b7b7373737b7b7b7373737b7b7b737373737b7b7373737b7b7b7373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7
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d6a594d6a594cea58cd6ad9cd6ad9cdebdb5debdb5e7c6bddebdbddec6c6d6bdc6dec6ced6c6c6e7ceced6cec64a4
a4a5a63635a5a523939394a4a4a4a525242424a313131313131313131423939423939312931080808080008000
0000800084242428c8c8c737373737b73737b737b7b7b7373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b
7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b84847b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7
3737394847bffe7dedecec63121212121180000006b5a5afff7f73931310800004242424a4242ffffffffffff4242420
008004a4a424a42424239393939314a42424a4242635a526b635a736b6b847b7b736b6b6b63634a4a4a4a4a4a2

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

121212921214a4242524a4a94949ca5a5ada5a5ad525a5a3939422121213939422929312929312929313939393
93942424a4a4a4a524a4a523939427b7b7ba5a5ada5a5a5a59ca5a5a5a58c8c8c9c9ca5a59ca5b5adb5c6bdc6d6c
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636b6b63ada5a5f7efefdeced6e7d6d6efdedee7dedee7d6d6e7dedee7d6d6ffffff8c84840800005a5252635a5a635
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df7d6ce84736b101008212921000000ffe7e74a42420808083939395a5252ffffffe7d6d618181800100821212142
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6b6b5a5a3931291818184a424a5a52526b5a5a7b63633129210808007b7b7331425218313918313931424a4a5a
5a636b6b949494c6b5b5c6adadc6a5adc6a5adc6adb5e7ad9cdead94dead9cdead94dead9cd6a594d6a594d6a594
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737b847b7b7b7b7b73737b7b7b7b7b7b7b847b737b7b7b847b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737
b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b84847b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b948473f7d6ceffe7deb5a59c293
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31314a4a42524a4a6b635a736b638c8484847b7b736b6b4a4a42524a4a424242313131313131292121524a4a94
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737b73737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737373737b7b7373737b7b7
Page 37

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37b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b7373737b7b7b7373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b
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849c8c8c9c8c94ad9ca5bda5adceb5bdd6bdc6dec6ced6c6c6d6c6c6cebdbdd6bdbdcebdbdcebdbdc6b5b5ceb5b5
d6c6c6dececedececedeced6dececeded6d6d6ceced6ced6d6cecef7dee7b5a5a5312129524a4a737b735a5a52635a
522921184a4239524a4a736b636b5a5a5a4a4a4a39391810107b6b6bd6c6c6cec6c6bdb5b5ded6d610000073636
3bdadad291818424239847b7b5a5a52101008312929423939524a4a63524a7b6b636b5a52735a5a5a4a4a29211
85a524a6b636329182939293931313942525263636b736b6bceadb5f7c6cec6b5b5cebdbdc6b5bdcebdbddea58c
d6a58cdea58cd69c84dea58cd6a584dea58cd6a584dead94d6a58cdea58cd6a58cd6a58ccea58cd6a594ce9c8cd6a
594ceada57b6b635a5a52636363636363525252393939524a4a5a52526363634a4a5284848c949ca5a5a5b5a5a5
b5b5b5c69494a57b848c737b7b636b6b7373737b7b7b73736b737b7b737b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7
b7b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b8484847b7b7b7b84847b

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

847b7b8484737b7b948c84e7cec6efcec6efceceffefe77b736b181818181818212118181818211818423939a59c
9c9c9494847373635a5a5a4a4a4231313931314239396b6b63736b638c84848c8c84bdadb5cec6c6736b736b73
736b6b6b636b6b2121210808082929293939396b6b6b9494949c949c9c9ca58c8c8c737373ad9ca5b5a5adc6b5
b5ceb5bdd6bdc6d6bdc6dec6cedec6cedececed6c6c6d6c6c6d6bdc6dec6c6dec6c6e7cecedececed6cecedececee7
d6d6dececedeced6dececeded6d6d6ced6d6cecef7e7e7bdadad3121215a5a5a7b7b736b6b6b7b736b4231315a4a
4a6b635a635a52948c847b73733931316b5a5a3121295a4a4acebdbdffefef635252100000e7cece947b84291818
524a4a736b6b2118181810104239394239395a4a4a7b6b637b6b637b636373635a635252211010635a5a6b6363
311831312131313142424a525a6363736363ceadb5efbdbdceb5bdc6b5bdcebdbdceb5bdd69c84dea584d69c84d
ea584d69c84dea584d69c84dea58cd6a58cdea58cd6a58cdea58cd69c8cdea58cd6a58cdea58cd69c8ccead9c8473
6363635a63635a6b6b6b5252523939394242394a4a4a5a52522121296b6b738c8c9c848c9c9ca5b5949cad8c949
c8c8c948c8c94636363737373737b73737373737373737b73737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b
737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b8484737b7b7b7
b7b8c8484e7d6d6f7d6d6efcec6ffe7e7c6b5b5312929181010081010212121292121292921b5adadffffffded6d6
bdadb5ada5a5948c84393129312929524a423931315a52526b63634a42426b63634a42425a5a5a292929292929
181818212121393931a5a5a5a5a5a58c848c848484948c8c8c8484bdb5b5ceb5b5d6bdc6d6c6c6dececedec6c6de
c6cedec6c6e7c6ced6c6c6d6c6c6cebdbdcebdbdcebdbdd6c6c6cec6c6d6ceced6cecedededee7dededededed6cece
ded6d6ded6d6e7e7e7e7dedeffefefb59ca5312121524a4a6b6b6b635a5a736b632921184239316b63636b5a5a94
8c84efe7e7ad9c9c3931314a4242392929423939ada5a51000005a4a4ad6c6c68473732921215a5a52212118101
8102929292929214a4242635a5a73636373635a736363736363524a4218100852524a6b636318424a184a4a185
252316b634a736b7b8484d6c6c6ffdededeced6ded6d6deced6ded6d6dea58cdea584dea58cd6a584dea58cd69c8
4dea58cdea584dea58cd6a58cdea58cd6a58cdea58cdea58cdead94dea58cdead94cead948c84736363526363636
b63635a5a5a39393939393939393952525239313963636b84848c6b6b7b9494ad7b848c94949c949ca584848c7
3737373737373736b7b847b737b737373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b
7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b8484847b7b7b7b84847b7b7b7b8484737b7b8c8484efdede
ffdedef7d6d6f7dedefff7f7635a63100808182121181810312929211818847b7bfff7f7e7d6d6ffefeffff7efd6cec64
a4242312929524a4a4239396b6363736b6b948c8c847b7b7b7b7b6b6b6b525252313131424242313131393931
636363736b739c9c9cbdb5bdc6bdc6c6bdbde7dededec6cedec6c6dec6ced6bdc6d6bdc6d6b5bdd6bdbdd6b5bdd
6c6c6cebdbdcebdbdcebdbdcebdbdcebdbdd6c6ced6c6c6cec6c6d6ceceded6d6d6ceced6ceced6cecedededededed
ecec6c6ffefefc6adb5292121524a4a7b7b737b7b736b6363292121524242635a526b635a948484e7dedeffffffd6c
ece6b5a5a6b5a5a5a4a4a080000292121ded6d6ffffff9c848c31312939313110101010101021212121212152524
a52524a5a524a524a426b5a526b5a525a4a4a2921185a52526b6363295a5a295a5a316b6b4273735a84847b8c8c
c6b5b5debdbdbdb5b5bdadadbdadb5b5adaddea584dea58cd69c84dea584d69c84dea584d69c84dea584d69c84d
ea58cd69c84dea584d69c84e7a58cdea58cdea58ce7ad94cead948c7b6b63635263635a6b6b6352525239393939
Page 39

31313931394a4a4a5a5a635a5a6b7b848c6b6b7b848c9c6b73848c949c94949c8484846b6b6b7b7b7b6b6b6b7b
847b737373737b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b7
37b7b7b7b7b7373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b8484737b7b737b7b8c8484e7dedef7d6def7dedee7d6cefff
fffad9ca53121291018101018102121212121216b5a5affffffe7d6d6e7d6d6fff7f7c6bdb53129293931314a42425
2524a635a5a736b6b847b7b847b7b6363634a4a4a4242423131310808080808083131312929295a525ad6d6d6c
ebdc6c6b5bdbdb5b5bdadb5c6c6bdcec6c6c6c6c6cececed6ceceded6d6ded6d6ded6d6e7ced6e7d6d6e7d6d6e7d
edeefdedef7efefffefeffff7f7ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffbda5ad3931316b6b6b9c9c9c848
47b524a4a3931294a42396b635a7b736b9c9494cec6c6cebdbddecece948c8c635a5a312929313129292121524a
4a9c8c8c393129211818100808211818100808000000312929292921292121180800180800211010291818211
01018101021181829292918101029182121101829212929212918212110181810212129181829181821181821
1818e7ad8cdea584dea58cdea584dea58cdea584dea58cdea584dea58cdea58ce7ad8cdea584dea58ce7a58ce7ad8
cdea58cf7b59ccea58c9484736363526b6b636b6b6b5a5a5a3939394a42423131314a4a4a63636b6363737b7b8c
8c94a5737b8c7b84947b7b8c9c9ca584848c635a637b7b7b84848473736b737b7b737b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b
7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b8484847b7b7
b8484847b84847b8484737b7b8c8c8cdececeffefefefd6d6efd6d6efdee7efdee75a424a101818081008181818292
121524a4afff7f7efdedeefdedefff7f7948c8c2118183931314239394a424252524a6b6363847b7b8c8c8c736b6b4
a4a4a101010212921080800212121101010181010524a52d6ced6efe7effffffffffffff7efeff7efefe7e7e7dededed6c
ececec6c6c6bdbdbdb5b5ada5a5b5a5a5ad9c9cad9c9c9c94949c9494948c8c948c8c9484848484847b7b7b7b737
36b63636b6363635a5a5a52524a4a4a4a4242524a4a423139100808393131212121212118292118393131524a4
25a5252847b737b6b6b3121212118181008083929310800002118212121213931311008081008082918102921
18181010212118292121292921212118211818100808312921292118312921291818312121313129212121181
818312929312931291821211821292929182121102121102921312121312121312929312929dea584dea584de
a584dea58cd69c84dea584dea584dea58cd69c84dea58cdea58ce7ad94dea58ce7a58cdea58ce7ad8ce7ad8cd6ad9
494846b635a4a63635a6363635a5a5a424a4a3931393131314a4a5263636b6b6b7b84849484849c848c9c737b8
4949ca5b5b5c6a5a5ad7b73737b7b73737b736b6b6b737373737b73737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b
7b737b737b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b84847b7b7b7b84847b7
b7b737b7b7b7b7bd6ceceffe7efefdedee7d6d6e7d6d6fff7ff94848c1018101018101818102921214a4242efe7e7e
fdedef7e7e7e7dede4a42420800004a4a424a4a425a52524a4a425a5252847b7ba59c9c7b7373212118211818211
81821212131313121181831292929212129212129182152424a31212131212121181839313129212129211818
18102121182118181818102110102918182918182918181810101810101010101810101810101810101808081
808101008081008081000001000080808080800001810101810101818101818180000002921183931314a4242
524a42948c84635a521810102118183931311808100800002921213931313129294239394239314a39394a393
94a42395242424a39395242425a4a4a4239316352524a42395a524a5242426352525a4a4a635a5252524a5a5a5
25a4a4a6b525a735a63846b7b634a5a6b525a6352526b635a6b5252634a4a735a5a735a5adea584d69c84dea58c
dea584dea584d69c7bdea584d69c84dea58cde9c8cdea58cdea58ce7a58cdea58ce7ad8cdea58ce7ad8cd6ad94a59
47b635a526b6b636b6363635a634242424242423931315a5a5a6b6b7373737b8484948c8c9c848c9c8c949c7b7

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

b8c3131393129316b636b737b73737b737b7b7b737b737373737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b
7b7b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b8484847b7b7b8484847b84847b84847
37b7b94949cded6d6f7dee7f7dee7f7e7e7e7d6d6fff7f7e7ced6313931080808080808312929312929e7d6d6fff7f
7fff7f7ffffff7b7b731008081810103931312929212921214239394a4242423939292929393931847b7b6b63631
81818181810181810181010212121181010100808080000100000291818313129181010292121292921393131
3129293931312921214231313929294231314231314a39394239394239393931314a42424a39424a42424a394
24a42424a39424a42424a39394242423931315242424231312929292931293939313931314239314a4239635a
5a7b736b847b7b5a4a4a7363634239391810102921211008103931316b63636b63637b6b6b7b6b6b7b6b6b6b6
35a7363638473738473737363638473738c7b7b7b7373847b73847373847373736b6b7b7373847b7b6b6b6b8c
7b7b84737b8c7b84947b8c846b7373636b846b73847373846b6b8c7b737b6b638c7373d69c84dea584d69c84d6
9c84d69c7bd69c84d69c7bd69c84d69c84d6a58cd69c84dea58cd69c84dea58cd69c8cdea58cd69c84d6ad949c8c
7b5a5a4a6b63636b63635252524a4a4a4242424239425a525a6b6b736b737b84849484849c848c9c848c9c737b
84000000292931847b7b8484846b736b7b7b7b737373737b7b737b737b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b737b7b7b737
b7b7b7b7b737b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b8484847b7b7b7b84847b7b7b7b8484737b7b7b
7b7b84848ce7dee7efdedef7e7e7e7d6d6e7dededed6d6ffffff313131080000181010313131080000a59c9cded6d
6bdb5b59c94944239312921214a424242393942423942393918101000000052525273736b6b6b631008080800
001818102929292121183931312118182921211808101008082918184a39395a3942523139634a4a6b525a5a4
2426b5a5a5a42425242424a39395242424a42424a424242393939313131292931312931292939293131212131
21212918182918181810101810101010102118181808102118182929292121181818102921184a42394239397
b7373847b7b524a4a4231314239395242420800003129290800007b7373bdb5b56b5a5a6b5a5a6b5a5a7363638
473737363637b6b6b735a5a7363638473737363636b635a736b636b5a5a635a5242313152524a6b63635a5a5a1
8635a085a52186b634a8c8c739c9cadadb5f7ced6ffe7e79c847be7c6c6ffe7e7efd6d6dea58cdea584dea58cd69c8
4dea584d69c84d6a584d69c84dea58cd69c84dea58cd69c8cdea58cd6a58cdea58cdea58cdea58cd6ad94a594845
252426b6b63635a5a525252525a5a525252424242635a636b6b737b7b84848494848c9c848c9c8c94a5737b840
00008423942847b7b736b6b7b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b847b
7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b8484847b7b7b8484847b84848484847b847b7b84847b7b7
b84848cefe7e7fffffff7e7e7efe7defff7f7efdedeffffffb5b5ad080000100808312929100808080000211010080000
1008000800002121184a4242524a4a39313131312931312931312984847b94948c6b63638c84849c949439393
14242394a42425a5a5a948c8cded6dec6bdbdffffff3931311810084a31313118183921212910184231314229292
110103921213121213129294239394a42425a5252635a5a6b6b6b736b6b7b73737b73738c7b84948c8cad9c9ca
da5a5bdadadb5adadb5b5b5f7efef847b7b3129295a5a523942393939317b736b4a42394239396b635a736b63ad
a5a5ffffffffffff8c84842118188c8484393131fff7f78c8c8c1000002921185242428c7b738c7b7b4a31313118187
b63638473736b5a5a5a4a4a635a52635252635a525a524a2918183931296b636352524a00393100524a2973732
Page 41

16b6b638c8cbdbdbdffe7e7ffc6c6e7cec6f7d6d6f7d6d6e7ceced69c84dea58cd6a584dea58cd69c84d6a584d69c8
4dea58cd69c84d6a58cd6a58cd6a58cd69c8cd6a58cd6a594d6ad94dead94d6b5a5a5948452524a6b6b6b5a5252
4242426363635a525a4a4a4a52525a73737b737b848c8c9c848c9c848c9c84949c7b7b8c000008393139736b6b
7373737b7b7b737b73737373737b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b737b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b737b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7
b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b8484847b7b7b8484847b7b7b7b847b7b7b7b7b84848c9494c6bdbdf7e7e
7f7efeff7f7effffffff7ef
Fig 10:- GSM BTS

Fig 11:- A BTS Antenna in Paris

BTS is a network element with transmission and reception devices (transceivers) to

and from the MS, including
antennas
signal processing specific devices for the Air interface management
It can be considered as a complex radio modem controlled by the BSC
It is involved also in the transmission and reception with the BSC through the A-bis
interface
It has just executive functions (no management function)
Broadcast/receive to/from the MS either signalling and traffic signals
Perform source and channel coding
Modulate/Demodulate signals to be broadcasted/received through the Air
interface radio channel
Multiplex the information to be transmitted over each carrier.

Transcoding and rate adaptation

Time and frequency synchronizing

A BTS in general has the following parts:

4.3 Transceiver (TRX)

Quite widely referred to as the driver receiver (DRX), DRX are either in the form of single
(sTRU), double(dTRU) or a composite double radio unit (DRU). It basically does
transmission and reception of signals. It also does sending and reception of signals to and

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

from higher network entities (like the base station controller in mobile telephony).

4.4 Power amplifier (PA)

Amplifies the signal from DRX for transmission through antenna; may be integrated with
DRX.

4.5 Combiner

Combines feeds from several DRXs so that they could be sent out through a single antenna.
Allows for a reduction in the number of antenna used.

4.6 Duplexer

For separating sending and receiving signals to/from antenna. Does sending and receiving
signals through the same antenna ports (cables to antenna).

4.7 Antenna

This is the structure that lies underneath the BTS; it can be installed as it is or disguised in
some way

4.6 Alarm extension system

Collects working status alarms of various units in the BTS and extends them to operations
and maintenance (O&M) monitoring stations.

4.7Control function

Controls and manages the various units of BTS, including any software. On-the-spot
configurations, status changes, software upgrades, etc. are done through the control
function.

4.8 Baseband receiver unit (BBxx)

Frequency hopping, signal DSP, etc.

INTERNAL VIEW OF BTS

Page 43

Fig 12:- Internal View of BTS

Chapter 5
The Base Station Controller (BSC):
The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio channel
setup, frequency hopping, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the mobile
and the MSC. The BSC also translates the 13 Kbps voice channel used over the radio link
to the standard 64 Kbps channel used by the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSDN)
or ISDN.
It assigns and releases frequencies and time slots for the MS. The BSC also handles
intercell handover. It controls the power transmission of the BSS and MS in its area. The
function of the BSC is to allocate the necessary time slots between the BTS and the MSC.
It is a switching device that handles the radio resources. The base station controller (BSC)
provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs. Typically a BSC has tens or even

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

hundreds of BTSs under its control. The BSC handles allocation of radio channels, receives
measurements from the mobile phones, and controls handovers from BTS to BTS (except
in the case of an inter-BSC handover in which case control is in part the responsibility of
the anchor MSC). A key function of the BSC is to act as a concentrator where many
different low capacity connections to BTSs (with relatively low utilization) become
reduced to a smaller number of connections towards the mobile switching center (MSC)
(with a high level of utilization). Overall, this means that networks are often structured to
have many BSCs distributed into regions near their BTSs which are then connected to large
centralized MSC sites.
The BSC is undoubtedly the most robust element in the BSS as it is not only a BTS
controller but, for some vendors, a full switching center, as well as an SS7 node with
connections to the MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It
also provides all the required data to the operation support subsystem (OSS) as well as to
the performance measuring centers.A BSC is often based on a distributed computing
architecture, with redundancy applied to critical functional units to ensure availability in
the event of fault conditions. Redundancy often extends beyond the BSC equipment itself
and is commonly used in the power supplies and in the transmission equipment providing
the A-ter interface to PCU.The databases for all the sites, including information such
as carrier frequencies, frequency hopping lists, power reduction levels, receiving levels for
cell border calculation, are stored in the BSC. This data is obtained directly from radio
planning engineering which involves modeling of the signal propagation as well as traffic
projections.

Page 45

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM
Figure-13

5.1 BSC Functions:

Control of frequency hopping

Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from the MSC

Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs

Time and frequency synchronization

Power management

Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS

Manage all the radio interfaces

Manage the handover procedures

5.2 Transcoder
The transcoder is responsible for transcoding the voice channel coding between the coding
used in the mobile network, and the coding used by the world's terrestrial circuit-switched
network, the Public Switched Telephone Network. Specifically, GSM uses a regular pulse
excited-long term prediction (RPE-LTP) coder for voice data between the mobile device
and the BSS, but pulse code modulation (A-law or -law standardized in ITU G.711)
upstream of the BSS. RPE-LPC coding results in a data rate for voice of 13 kbit/s where
standard PCM coding results in 64 kbit/s. Because of this change in data rate for the same
voice call, the transcoder also has a buffering function so that PCM 8-bit words can be
recoded to construct GSM 20 ms traffic blocks.
Although transcoding (compressing/decompressing) functionality is defined as a base
station function by the relevant standards, there are several vendors which have
Page 47

implemented the solution outside of the BSC. Some vendors have implemented it in a
stand-alone rack using a proprietary interface. In Siemens' and Nokia's architecture, the
transcoder is an identifiable separate sub-system which will normally be co-located with
the MSC. In some of Ericsson's systems it is integrated to the MSC rather than the BSC.
The reason for these designs is that if the compression of voice channels is done at the site
of the MSC, the number of fixed transmission links between the BSS and MSC can be
reduced, decreasing network infrastructure costs.
This subsystem is also referred to as the transcoder and rate adaptation unit (TRAU).
Some networks use 32 kbit/s ADPCM on the terrestrial side of the network instead of
64 kbit/s PCM and the TRAU converts accordingly. When the traffic is not voice but data
such as fax or email, the TRAU enables its rate adaptation unit function to give
compatibility between the BSS and MSC data rate.

5.3 Packet control unit

The packet control unit (PCU) is a late addition to the GSM standard. It performs some of
the processing tasks of the BSC, but for packet data. The allocation of channels between
voice and data is controlled by the base station, but once a channel is allocated to the PCU,
the PCU takes full control over that channel.The PCU can be built into the base station,
built into the BSC or even, in some proposed architectures, it can be at the SGSN site. In
most of the cases, the PCU is a separate node communicating extensively with the BSC on
the radio side and the SGSN on the Gb side.The Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital
cellular telephone network (known as a Public Land Mobile Network, or PLMN).They are
consistent with the world-wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension
of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between
the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment.

Chapter 6
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Figure-14
Fundamentally, the network and switching subsystems (NSS) is responsible for call
connection, supervision and release operations between calling and called stations, where
one or both of them are mobile stations (MS). Other functions include: Network Switching
Subsystem (NSS).Network switching subsystem (NSS) is the component of a GSM system
that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between mobile
phones and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). It is owned and deployed by
mobile phone operators and allows mobile phones to communicate with each other and
telephones in the wider telecommunications network. The architecture closely resembles a
telephone exchange, but there are additional functions which are needed because the
phones are not fixed in one location. Each of these functions handles different aspects of
mobility management and is described in more detail below.The Network Switching
Subsystem, also referred to as the GSM core network, usually refers to the circuit-switched
core network, used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS, and circuit
switched data calls.The Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register
Page 49

(VLR) , together with the MSC, provide the call routing and (possibly international)
roaming capabilities of GSM. The HLR contains all the administrative information of each
subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network, along with the current location of
the mobile. The current location of the mobile is in the form of a Mobile Station Roaming
Number (MSRN) which is a regular ISDN number used to route a call to the MSC where
the mobile is currently located. There is logically one HLR per GSM network, although it
may be implemented as a distributed database. Network Switching Subsystem
The Visitor Location Register contains selected administrative information from the HLR,
necessary for call control and provision of the subscribed services, for each mobile
currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR. Although each functional
entity can be implemented as an independent unit, most manufacturers of switching
equipment implement one VLR together with one MSC, so that the geographical area
controlled by the MSC corresponds to that controlled by the VLR, simplifying the
signalling required. Note that the MSC contains no information about particular mobile
stations - this information is stored in the location registers. The other two registers are
used for authentication and security purposes. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a
database that contains a list of all valid mobile equipment on the network, where each
mobile station is identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). An
IMEI is marked as invalid if it has been reported stolen or is not type approved. The
Authentication Center is a protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in
each subscriber's SIM card, which is used for authentication and ciphering of the radio
channel.

Handling short messages and packet data (email, fax and a variety of notifications)

Providing bearer channel for data communications

Maintaining database of its own users as well as visitors

Variety of authentication and encryption

Gateway to PSTN, other mobile networks and data networks including the Internet

6.1 Home Location Register

The home location register (HLR) is a database used for storing and managing
subscriptions. Generally a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) consists of several HLRs.

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

The first two digits of the mobile directory number (e.g. 0171 2620757) are the number of
the HLR where the mobile subscriber is stored. The data includes permanent data on
subscribers (such as subscriber's service profile) as well as dynamic data (such as current
location and activity status). When an individual buys a subscription from one of the GSM
operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator. The home location
register (HLR) is a central database that contains details of each mobile phone subscriber
that is authorized to use the GSM core network. There can be several logical, and physical,
HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN), though one international mobile subscriber
identity (IMSI)/MSISDN pair can be associated with only one logical HLR (which can
span several physical nodes) at a time.The HLRs store details of every SIM card issued by
the mobile phone operator. Each SIM has a unique identifier called an IMSI which is
the primary key to each HLR record.Another important item of data associated with the
SIM are the MSISDNs, which are the telephone numbers used by mobile phones to make
and receive calls. The primary MSISDN is the number used for making and receiving voice
calls and SMS, but it is possible for a SIM to have other secondary MSISDNs associated
with it for fax and data calls. Each MSISDN is also a primary to the HLR record. The HLR
data is stored for as long as a subscriber remains with the mobile phone operator.
Examples of other data stored in the HLR against an IMSI record is:

GSM services that the subscriber has requested or been given.

GPRS settings to allow the subscriber to access packet services.

Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN).

Call divert settings applicable for each associated MSISDN.

The HLR is a system which directly receives and processes MAP transactions and
messages from elements in the GSM network, for example, the location update messages
received as mobile phones roam around.

Data Elements (Subscriber) Examples:

Mobile Stations Identities:

IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) (the primary Key),

Page 51

Current TMSI (Temporary IMSI)

IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

Mobile Stations Telephone number

MSISDN (Mobile Stations ISDN number)

Current MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number), if assigned

Name and address of the subscriber

Current service subscription profile

Current location (MSC/VRL address)

Authentication and encryption keys

Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (KI)

Mobile Country Code (MCC) and MNC (Mobile Network Code)

List of MSC/VLR that belongs to this HLR

6.2 Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register

The mobile switching center (MSC) performs the telephony switching function. A mobile
station must be attached to a single MSC at a time (either homed or visitor), if it is
currently active (not switched off). The visitor location register (VLR) is a database
attached to an MSC to contain information about its currently associated mobile stations
(not just for visitors).A basic switch (that is a PSTN/ISDN switch) already has a database
for its telephone connections. However, it is not designed to include visitors since a visitor
has telephone number that does not belong to this switch. That is why a separate VLR is
needed. An MSC, with the help of the HLR, allocates a visitor a local telephone number
(the MSRN), which is not currently allocated to anyone. This allocation is temporary (like
visitor ID card). The VLR stores the MSRN as mobile stations telephone number (along
with other information). However, VLR also stores some information like security triple
(authentication and encryption information) for each mobile station that are currently
attached to the MSC. A VLR stores such information not only for its visitors but also for
the homed mobile stations. From this perspective VLR is for homed mobile stations as
wellThe mobile switching Centre server, abbreviated MSC Server or MSS, is a 3G core

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

network element which controls the network switching subsystem elements. Alternatively
or adaptively, MSS can be used in GSM networks as well,if the manufacturer has
implemented support for GSM networks in the MSS. Since an immediate upgrade of
existing GSM network to 3G is not viable due to various issues like handset
incompatibilities and high expenditure, most manufacturers do implement GSM support in
MSS. In fact, MSS along with other 3G network elements such as media gateway (MGW),
can be configured to support GSM network exclusively and can be considered as an
upgraded version of existing GSM mobile switching centers. The MSC Server is standardsbased and communicates with other distributed elements using industry open standards
such as media, megaco/H.248, session initiation protocol, M2UA and M3UA. The MSC
server

incorporates

industry

standards

as

defined

by ETSI, ITU, GSM, 3GPP and 3GPP2 and other leading standard bodies. The MSS
supports the regulatory environment set by governing bodies via its support for E911,
CALEA/legal intercept, wireless and local number portability, TTY/TTD, and Number
Pooling requirements. Alternatively MSS is also called an MTS-U (Motorola telephony
soft-switch) in Motorola terminology, and as MSC-S in Ericsson terminology. MSC server
functionality enables split between control (signaling) and user plane (bearer in network
element called a media gateway), which guarantees better placement of network elements
within the network.MSC server and MGW makes it possible to cross-connect circuit
switched calls switched by using IP, ATM AAL2 as well as TDM.The visitor location is a
database of the subscribers who have roamed into the jurisdiction of the MSC (Mobile
Switching Center) which it serves. Each base station in the network is served by exactly
one VLR, hence a subscriber cannot be present in more than one VLR at a time.
The data stored in the VLR has either been received from the HLR, or collected from the
MS (Mobile station). In practice, for performance reasons, most vendors integrate the VLR
directly to the V-MSC and, where this is not done, the VLR is very tightly linked with the
MSC via a proprietary interface. Whenever an MSC detects a new MS in its network, in
addition to creating a new record in the VLR, it also updates the HLR of the mobile
subscriber, apprising it of the new location of that MS. If VLR data is corrupted it can lead
to serious issues with text messaging and call services.

Page 53

Data contains in VLR:

Information of currently attached mobile stations

IMSI/TMSI numbers

MSISDN/MSRN numbers

Security triple (authentication and encryption information)

Location Area Identity (where the mobile station is currently located)

List of base stations that belong to this MSC/VLR (by their BSIC or Base Station Identity
Code)

6.3 Authentication Center

The authentication center (AUC) provides authentication and encryption parameters that
verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects
network operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world. The GSM
has standard encryption and authentication algorithm which are used to dynamically
compute challenge keys and encryptions keys for a call.

Equipment Identity Register

The equipment identity register (EIR) is a database that contains information about the
identity of mobile equipment that prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective
mobile stations. The AUC and EIR can be implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a
combined AUC/EIR node. The Central Equipment Identity Register is a database of
the IMEI numbers of blacklisted handsets. If a device's IMEI number is listed on CEIR, it
is not supposed to work on any service provider.A common usage of the CEIR is with
stolen cellphones. Once a user reports to the operator about the theft, the cell phone's IMEI
number goes to CEIR, supposedly making the device unusable in any network (although
this does not always work).Currently, the Central Equipment Identity Register is more
frequently called an IMEI DB(database) system which means that it is the central system
for network operators (those that have an EIR) to share their individual black lists with one
another so that service is denied for the particular devices that appear on that blacklist.
Thus, network operators have compiled one global black list through the IMEI DB.

6.5 Gateway MSC

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

The Gateway MSC (GMSC) is an MSC that connects the PLMN (Public Land Mobile
Network) to a PSTN/ISDN.

6.6 GSM Interworking Unit/Function

The GSM Interworking (IW) function or Unit (GIWF/U) is for data communication (such
as the Internet access) support. Though the basic function of MSC is voice traffic switching
the MSC has additional capability to forward data between the mobile station and GIWF/U

6.7 Message Service Gateway

The NMS (network Management subsystem) includes a message center. This includes
Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Message Service (MMS), Fax, Voice Mail,
Email and a variety of notifications. The MSC requires special capability to forward those
messages between the message center and the mobile station.

6.8 Flexible Numbering Register

The local number portability (LNP) service is an advance intelligent network (AIN) service
of telecommunications network. This service allows a person to move his residence to a
new city/province and still retain his/her old telephone number. The local telephone service
provider/switch will recognize the old telephone number, and no new number will be
assigned. A cell-phone with LNP service can do the same and Flexible Numbering Register
(RNR) takes care of that.

Operation and Support System

The operation support system (OSS) is to do a variety of operation and maintenance works
such as commissioning and integrating new network elements to the existing system,
software upgrade, collecting network performance statistics, reconfiguring network
dimension and frequency planning.

6.9 Message Center (MXE)

The MXE, also called Short Message Service Center (SMSC), is a node that provides
integrated voice, fax, and data messaging. Specifically, the MXE handles short message
Page 55

service, cell broadcast, voice mail, fax mail, e-mail, and notification.

Mobile Intelligent Service Node

Like PSTN/ISDN the GSM system supports AIN (Advanced Intelligent Network) services
through its mobile intelligent services node (MISN). This enables an operator to develop an
innovative service and deploy that in its network

Chapter 7
INSTALLATION AND COMMESIONING
Installation & Commissioning of BTS Equipment
Remove the drum pump and motor from its packaging and inspect for shipping damage.
Removethe quality tag from the top of the pump and spin the pump coupling to verify there
is no binding.Remove the black rubber coupling insert (item 1) from the attached plastic
bag, and install it onto the pump coupling. Adjust the coupling so that the empty slots in the
insert are at 3 and 9 oclockwith the pump discharge at 12 oclock. Remove the 2 mounting
bolts from the motor/motormount and adjust the motor coupling so that the coupling prongs
are at 3 and 9 oclock with thehandle (on electric motors), or the air supply line (on air
motors) at 6 oclock. Install the motoronto the drum pump until it seats all the way down
with the couplings connecting and install the 2mounting bolts with nuts. Attach discharge
hose and install into the container.
Maintenance Disassembly

Loosen the setscrew and remove the coupling half (item 2) from the end of the pump shaft.

Carefully holding the intake tube (so as not to crush the tube), use a 3/8 punch and
hammer to drive the bottom of the pump shaft (item 10) up through the intake tube (item
7) until the bearing assembly (item 3) is completely exposed.

Use a 1/8 punch to remove the roll pin that holds the bearing assembly (item 3) onto the
Pump shaft, and remove the bearing assembly.

Remove the setscrew (item 13) from the bottom of the intake tube and remove the bottom

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

bearing (item 12).

Now drive the shaft assembly back down through the intake tube and remove it from the
Bottom. Remove and discard the seal assembly (item 4) from the top of the pump head.

Inspect the bottom bearing for damage or wear (if ID is .400 or larger) and replace as
Needed.

Visually inspect the compressors (item 8) for damage or wear and replace as needed.

Visually inspect the pump shaft for wear in the bottom bearing area and in the seal
assembly area. Replace as needed.

Inspect the bearing assembly for rust, corrosion, or tightness and replace as needed.
Reassembly

Insert the shaft assembly up through the bottom of the intake tube (item 7) until the end of

the shaft sticks out above the top of the pump head.

Warm up the seal assembly (item 4) prior to installation by using a heat lamp or soaking
them in hot water. This will aid in the ease of proper seal installation. Make sure there are
no metal burrs on the pump shaft in the bearing hole location or the coupling half setscrew
location that could cut the seal during installation.

Lubricate the end of the shaft with Vaseline to aid in the seal installation. Carefully install
the seal down over the shaft with the two slots facing up toward the bearing assembly.

The raised lip in the center of the seal (that faces the bottom of the pump) must go on
straight and not buckle on one side.

After the seal is on the shaft correctly, install the bearing assembly (item 3) onto the shaft.

Use the bearing assembly to push the seal further down the shaft until the hole in the center
Of the bearing assembly matches up to the hole in the shaft. Install the roll pin through the
Bearing assembly and shaft.

Carefully press on the shaft end to slide the bearing assembly into the pump head. Use a
Block of wood and a mallet if needed to drive the assembly into the pump head. Be careful
not to mushroom the shaft head or the coupling half will not go on.

Install the coupling half (item 2) on the end of the shaft and tighten the setscrew into the
Dimple on the shaft. Make sure the setscrew bottoms out in the dimple.

Reinstall the bottom bearing (item 12), and tighten the setscrew that holds it in place.

Spin the pump coupling to insure there is no binding.

Page 57

Figure 15-Parts of antenna

7.1 Item Description Part Number

1 Coupling Insert J100096

2 Half Coupling J100351

3* Bearing Assembly w/Roll Pin A101672

TRAINING REPORT

7.2

BTS &GSM

4* Seal Assembly A100284

5 #8 Brass Lock Washer J100823

6 #8-32 x 1/4 Pan HD Brass M/S J100822

7 BTS 40 Intake Tube Assembly A100091-1

8* Compressor w/SSTL Pin A100092

9 Spacer Set A100106

10 BTS 40 Main Shaft M100083-1

11* Center Bearing M100073

12* Bottom Bearing M100084

13 #8-32 x 3/8 SSTL Set Screw J100072

BTS

Installation

(includes

the

following

activities):

Indoor Work

BTS Installation as per layout plan.

Battery Bank installation, interconnection & cabling of BTS.

Rectifier Rack/ SMPS installation.

PCM routing and crooning, alarm cable routine.

ECB, IGB, EMP installation & earthing.

FEP cutting, finishing, sealing, jumper routine, connect ordination and termination.

Indoor cable tray installation.

Labeling of all the cables and jumpers as per customer standard.

All

work

is

to

be

carried

out

as

per

Outdoor

layout.

Work

Horizontal cable tray fitting, pendulum support installation and grouting.

Antenna fixtures installation.

Antenna installation & alignment.

Feeder routine, Earthing, weather proofing & labeling

Page 59

7.3 COMMISIONING involves following activities :

Preparing the BT 3002 cable from BTS to DDF block with T 43 sockets at BTS end

and

Tdf Plug at DDF end.

Preparing the BT 3002 cable from DDF to M/W equipment with T 43 Plug at DDF end and
BNC Male Connector at M/W equipment.

Pix Alarm wiring to be done with termination of alarm points on the krone DDF.

Termination & Testing of all external alarms on the Krone DDF.

NMS Cable termination as per requirement.

VSWR test of antennas using site master test equipment.

Frequency calibrations through freq counter equipment.

Cross connection through Far end at bypassing.

Power Calibration & Power measurement through Digital Power Meter.

Call & Sector swapping testing using Net Monitor Software by cell phone.

Documents:

BTS & M/W inventory list with product serial numbers.

Final Site Layout drawing & plan.

Site inventory list with all equipment serial number.

Scope of work:

Receipt of site information from customer along with TND/RND

RFI check along with ensuring the site permissions

Material reception at the sites and checking as per packing list. Intimate to the customer in
case of any deficiency

Hoisting of GSM/CDMA antennas on tower as per TND/RND

Clamping and routing of RF cables from Shelter to Antennae

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Grounding the Antennae and RF cables at appropriate place

Ensuring drip loop/Z loop at cable entry plate

Ensuring no sharp bend on RF cables

Fixing OGB

Weather proofing

Fixing EMPs/Surge arrestors along with connectorization in shelter

Grouting the BTS

Extending, power cables, E1 cables, grounding cables to BTS

Fixing IGB and extending grounding to all peripheral equipment

Fixing DDF

Installation of Battery bank and rectifier

Installation of internal cable try

Installation of indoor jumpers

Checking VSWR

Switching on the equipment

Commissioning the equipment as per defined procedure

Power measurement

Filling the check list and execution of quality audit

7.4

MW

Installation

and

Scope of works:
Page 61

commissioning

Receipt of site information from customer along with TND/RND

RFI check in near end and far end besides ensuring the site permissions

Material reception at both ends and checking as per packing list and intimate the customer in case of
exigency

Assembling and hoisting of MW antennas & radios on tower in both ends as per TND/RND

Clamping and routing of if cables from Shelter to Antennae in both ends

Grounding the antennas and RF cables at appropriate place

Fixing Transmission rack if required in both ends

Installation & commissioning of IDUs in shelters

Alignment of MW antennas till we achieve required receive level

Grounding, weather proofing and labeling all cables in both ends

Acceptance test

BSC/MSC/STP/SDH/DWDM/PTN/XDM/DLC/FSO/DSLAM
Installation

and

commissioning

Scope of works:

Receipt of site information from customer along with TND/RND

RFI check at the site besides ensuring the site permissions. Sending the SDR to customer

Material reception and checking as per packing list and intimate the customer in case of
exigency

Grouting the equipment rack and inserting all required modules as per the manual/lay out
drawing

Interconnection with appropriate cables/jumpers

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Grounding the equipment

Installation of DCDB and extension of power to the equipment

Installation of DDF and extension of E1s to the equipment by Kroning

Installation of optical cables if required and measurement of power

Switching on the equipment and commissioning as per the procedure

Allotment of given IP address and extension of services to the subscribers

BER test if required

Preparation of AT document and sign off

Chapter 8
TROUBLESHOOTING
The telephony industry is rapidly moving toward increasingly complex environments,
involving multiple media types, multiple protocols, and interconnections to a wide variety
of networks. These new networks may be transit networks belonging to an Internet service
provider (ISP) or Telco that interconnect with private networks. The convergence of voice,
data, and video into these types of networks has also added to the complexity and the
importance of network reliability. More complex network environments mean that the
potential for connectivity and performance problems in internet networks is high, and the
source of problems is often elusive. This guide describes methodologies, techniques, and
procedures for troubleshooting problems that might arise in the day-to-day operations of a
telephony solution that employs the Cisco BTS 10200 Softswitch. The BTS 10200 interworks with a wide range of network elements (NEs), but there are certain limitations. Cisco
recommends that you keep the following caution in mind as you prepare to purchase and
use NEs for your network.

Caution

Some features involve the use of other NEs deployed in the service provider

network, for example, gateways, media servers, announcement servers, MTAs, and Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) phones. See the "Component Interoperability" section of the
Release Notes document for a complete list of the specific peripheral platforms, functions,
Page 63

and software loads that have been used in system testing for interoperability with the BTS
10200 Release 5.0 software. Earlier or later releases of platform software might be
interoperable and it might be possible to use other functions on these platforms. The list
certifies only that the required inter-operation of these platforms, the functions listed, and
the protocols listed have been successfully tested with the BTS 10200.

8.1 Symptoms, Problems and Solutions

Failures in networks are often characterized by certain symptoms. These symptoms might
be general (such as clients being incapable of accessing specific numbers) or more specific
(routes not existing in a routing table). In most cases symptoms can be traced to one or
more problems or causes by using specific troubleshooting tools and techniques. After
being identified, problems can usually be remedied by implementing a solution consisting
of a series of specific actions. This guide describes how to define symptoms, identify problems,
and implement solutions in those environments employing a BTS 10200. You should always apply
the specific context in which you are troubleshooting to determine how to detect symptoms and
diagnose problems for your specific environment. If you are having difficulty installing or starting
your BTS 10200, it could be caused by provisioning problems, or by problems with initial status or
control settings. If this is the case, your system should display one or more status or error messages.
These messages are described in detail in the following chapters along with the probable cause and
recommended action(s). General information about the managing the alarm and error messages is
provided in the "Managing Events and Alarms" section.

8.2 General problem solving model

When you are troubleshooting in a telephony environment, a systematic approach always
works best. An unsystematic approach to troubleshooting can result in a "quick fix" but it is
usually a waste of valuable time and resources and often makes the situation worse.
A systematic approach employs the following steps:

Define the specific symptoms

Identify all potential problems that could be causing the symptoms

Systematically eliminate each potential problem (from the most likely to the least likely) until the
symptoms disappear illustrates the process flow for the general problem-solving model. This process flow
is not a rigid outline for troubleshooting a network; it is simply a foundation from which you can build a
problem-solving process to suit your particular environment.

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Figure 16- General Problem-Solving Model

The following steps detail the problem-solving process outlined in Figure 16:
Step 1 When analyzing a network problem, make a clear problem statement. You should
define the problem in terms of a set of symptoms and potential causes. To properly analyze
the problem, identify the general symptoms and then ascertain what kinds of problems
(causes) could result in these symptoms. For example, hosts might not be responding to
service requests from clients (a symptom). Possible causes might include a mis-configured
host, bad interface cards, or missing router configuration commands.
Step 2 Gather the facts that you need to help isolate possible causes. Ask questions of
affected users, network administrators, system managers, and other key people. Collect
information from sources such as network management systems, protocol analyzer traces,
output from diagnostic commands, or the software release notes.
Step 3 Consider possible problems based on the facts that you gathered. Using the facts, you can
eliminate some of the potential problems from your list. Depending on the data, for example, you might be
able to eliminate hardware as a problem so that you can focus on software problems. At every opportunity,
Page 65

try to narrow the number of potential problems so that you can create an efficient plan of action.
Step 4 Create an action plan based on the remaining potential problems. Begin with the most likely
problem, and devise a plan in which only one variable is manipulated. Changing only one variable at a time
enables you to reproduce a given solution to a specific problem. If you alter more than one variable
simultaneously, you might solve the problem, but identifying the specific change that eliminated the
symptom becomes far more difficult and will not help you solve the same problem if it occurs in the future.
If a variable change does not resolve the network problem, change the variable back to its initial setting
before proceeding. This allows the resolution of the network problem to be traced to a single variable
change instead of a combination of variable changes.
Step 5 Implement the action plan, performing each step carefully while testing to see whether the
symptom disappears. Whenever you change a variable, be sure to gather results. Generally, you should
use the same method of gathering facts that you used in Step 2 (that is, working with the key people
affected, in conjunction with utilizing your diagnostic tools).
Step 6 Analyze the results to determine whether the problem has been resolved. If it has, then the
process is complete.
Step 7 If the problem has not been resolved, you must create an action plan based on the next most
likely problem in your list. Return to Step 4, change one variable at a time, and repeat the process until the
problem is solved.

8.3 Troubleshooting BTS Issues:

So now you have run into a problem, maybe something so simple as not remembering where your Ext
space is actually located, maybe you are getting bigger problems, in either case, this is when you need to
enable BTS tracing. This process is actually fairly straight forward, as BTS has provided 2functions to
handle this. First you will call bts_tracefile, to set your trace file location, then you should call
bts_tracelevel which will dump information to the file you specified. Lets say that you had just forgotten
the syntax and location of your bts. The quickest way would be to run the following:
execute function bts_tracefile('/tmp/bts.log');
execute function bts_tracelevel(10);
select * from customer where bts_contains(company,'all~');
After that just read the file bts.log
Below is a snippet from the trace file generated from the above query:

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

Taking a quick look at this you can see what your Ext space info is.
database name = stores_demo
owner name = Informix
ext. space name = bts1
You also know now that your Ext space is located in/work1/Informix/11.10.FC1/bts_idx/stores
demo/Informix
A quick word on Ext spaces. Ext spaces are spaces that are external to the database; as such there is no
on stat that monitors them. If you forget what the name of your ext. space is or forget its location, the
above method is essentially your only option by which to find them. One other important note about Ext
spaces, if you want to back them up, there is only one support method, and is as follows:
on mode -c block
External backup of external space
External backup of the instance
on mode -c unblock
What the above means is that rather than going through the above to safely backup your BTS indices you
should just plan on rebuilding your BTS indices in the case of a restore. One other consideration when
troubleshooting BTS issues, BTS does not allow for multiple bts_contains in the predicate portion of an SQL
Statement.
For example
select * from customer where bts_contains (company, "Fred") orbts_contains(company, 'all')
would fail with the error:
(BTS22) - bts_error bts_contains requires an index on the search column
This concludes my series on the bts blade.

8.4 Resolving Network Problems

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It is always easier to recover from a network failure if you are prepared for it ahead of time.
Possibly the most important requirement in any network environment is to have current and
accurate information about that network available to the network support personnel.
Intelligent decisions can be made about network change only with complete information,
and troubleshooting be done as quickly and as easily as possible. Downtime in a telephony
environment means loss of service to customers, which means an interruption in the
revenue stream that supports that network. During the process of network troubleshooting,
the network is expected to exhibit abnormal behavior. Therefore, it is always a good
practice to set up a maintenance time window for troubleshooting to minimize any business
impact. Always document any changes being made so that it is easier to back out if your
troubleshooting approach has failed to identify the problem within the maintenance
window. To determine whether you are prepared for a network failure, answer the
following questions:
Do you have an accurate physical and logical map of your network? Does your
organization or department have an up-to-date network map that outlines the physical
location of all the devices on the network and how they are connected, as well as a logical
map of network addresses, network numbers, subnetworks, and so forth?
Do you have a list of all network protocols implemented in your network? For each of the protocols
implemented, do you have a list of the network numbers, subnet works, zones, areas, and so on that are
associated with them?
Do you know which protocols are being used to route calls? For each protocol, do you have correct, upto-date configuration information?
Do you know all the points of contact to external networks, including any connections to the Internet,
the public switched telephone network (PSTN), or the Signaling System 7 (SS7) network? For each external
network connection, do you know what protocol(s) are being used?

Do you have an established baseline for your network?

Has your organization documented normal network behavior and performance at different
times of the day so that you can compare the current problems with a baseline?

Do you know current software and patch version of equipment? If you can answer yes

to all of these questions, you will be able to recover from a failure more quickly and more
easily than if you are not prepared. Lastly, for every problem solved, be sure to document
the problems with solutions provided. This way, you will create a problem and answer
database that others in your organization can refer to in case similar problems occur later.
This will invariably reduce the time to troubleshoot your networks and, consequently,
minimize your business impact.

TRAINING REPORT

BTS &GSM

8.5 Resolving System Problems

If the procedures presented in this guide do not clear the problems, contact your technical
support group. If additional support is needed, contact Cisco Technical Assistance Center
(TAC) for assistance.
When possible, have the following information on hand before calling Cisco TAC for
technical support:

Alarms currently active on the system

Summary of events that may be related to this problem

Current status of internal and external components (administrative and operational states)

Hardware documentation and cabling diagrams, if applicable

Current software version and patch level

Note any recent configuration, software, or topology changes

Page 69

REFRENCE
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_station_controller
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Transciever_Station
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Location_Register#Home_
location_register_.28HLR.29